第一篇：名词从句
名词从句(Noun Clauses）。
名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
1.连词：that（无任何词意）
whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）
as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）
2.连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever,whomever
3.连接副词：when, where, how, why 二.主语从句
1.作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，和连接代词
what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.Who will win the match is still unknown.It is known to us how he became a writer.Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.2.有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。
（1）It + be + 名词 + that(a pity, a shame, a strange thing, common knowledge…)
（2）It + be + 形容词 + that(strange, necessary, important,likely,…)
（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that(said, known, reported, announced,decided,…)
（4）It + 不及物动词 + that(happen, seem, appear, occur)
3.另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that …
It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.)that…
It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that…
三、宾语从句
在句中作谓语动词或介词宾语的句子。
1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不 可省。He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.We must never think(that)we are good in everything and that others are good in nothing.2.在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。
I insist that she(should)do her work alone.The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.3.用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
I want to know what he has told you.She always thinks of how she can work well.She will give whoever needs help a warm support.4.注意时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。当主句动词是过去时态，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：
We don’t think you are here.I don’t believe he will do so.6.在喜欢，憎恨，理解，感激等词后加宾语从句，先加it作形式宾语再加从句like, love, hate, dislike, prefer, appreciate..+it + clause;see to it that;take it for granted
I’d appreciate it if you help me.I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.7.think/ feel/ find/ make/ believe +it+adj/n+clause He made it clear that he wouldn’t change his mind.I found it hard that we made him change his attitude.8.It makes no/a difference +clause
It made no difference whether he would come or not.四、表语从句
1.表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + 从句。
The fact is that we have lost the game.That’s just what I want.This is where our problem lies.That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.固定句型：
（1）The reason why…/for…is /was that
(2)It looks/ seems/ appears as if/ though(3)It turned out that…
It looks as if it is going to rain.The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.It turned out that it became a doctor.五、同位语从句
1.同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从 句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting.I have no idea when he will come back home.The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.2.同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that 引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
名词从句注意的事项：
1.what 和that 的区分
what 既起连接作用，又充当成分，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语；that只起连接作用，不充当成分，在主，宾，表从句中不省略。
(1).The village we see today is no longer ________it was ten years ago.(2).After months of voyage, Columbus arrived in_________later proved a new continent.(3).The trouble is __________we are short of hands.2.whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
a.引导主语从句并在句首时；Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.b.引导表语从句时；
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? c.引导从句作介词宾语时；
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.d.从句后有“or not”时；
I wonder whether he will come or not.e.后接动词不定式时。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 3.重点句型
（1）What surprised/ frightened/ disappointed/attracted us most was that …（2）think/ believe/ feel/ find/ make +it +adj/n+clause（3）It is +n/adj/ved that / It happens/seems/appears/occurs that（4）It occurred to me that（5）It turned out that
（6）It makes no/ a difference +clause（7）like/love/ hate/ dislike/ prefer/ appreciate +it +clause
1.________that they found an unusual plant in the forest.A.It is said B.They are said C.It said D.It says
2._____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What B.That C.How D.Where
3.It worried Mary a lot _____ she would pass the college entrance examination.A.whether B.if C.that D.how
4.Shanghai has taken on a new look.It isn’t like _____ it used to be.A.what B.how C.that D.which
5.____ is no possibility ______ Bob will win the first prize in the match.A.There, that B.It, that C.There, whether D.It, whether
6.Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster ____ he had done the day before.A.that B.how C.what D.where
7.The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _____ up to be during the past few years.A.had his daughter grown B.would his daughter grow
C.his daughter would grow D.his daughter had grown
8.Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _______.A.how she is getting along B.how is she getting along
C.what she is getting along D.what is she getting along
9.____surprised me most was _____such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.A.That;what B.What;that C.That;that D.What;what
10.These wild flowers are so special I would do ______ I can to save them.A.whatever B.which C.that D.whichever
11._____ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.A.Who B.Anyone C.Whoever D.The person
12.Eat _____ you like and leave the others for _____ comes in late.A.any;who B.every;whoever C.whichever;whoever D.either;whoever
13.___ she couldn’t understand was ____fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A.What;why B.That;why C.What;because D.Why;that
14.It was ____ he said ___ disappointed me.A.What;that B.That;that C.What;what D.That;what
15.It was ordered that all the soldiers _______to the front.A.should send B.must be sent C.should be sent D.must go
16.The true value of life is not in ______, but _______.A.which we get;what give we B.what we get;what we give
C.which do we get;what do we give D.how we get;that we give
17.We are all for your suggestion that the discussion _______.A.be put off B.was put off C.should put off D.is to be put off
18.Go and get your coat．It's ____ you left it．
A.where B.there C.here where D.where there
19.Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______ shares her interests.A.anyone B.whomever C.whoever D.no matter who
20.You can’t imagine ______ when they received these nice Christmas presents.A.how they were excited B.how excited they were
C.how excited were they D.they were how excited
名词性从句（87-2006）
1._____________ you have done might do harm to other people.(87)
A.That B.What C.Which D.This 2.They have no idea at all ____________.(87)
A.where he has gone
B.where did he go
C.which place he has gone D.where he had gone 3._____________ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.(88)
A.Anyone B.The person C.Whoever D.Who 4.Upon graduation he asked to be sent to _______________.(88)
A.where he is most needed B.where he needed
C.where he is mostly needed D.where is he mostly needed 5.These photographs will show you _____________.(89)
A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like
C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like 6.Can you make sure _____________ the gold ring?(90)
A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put
C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put 7.No one can be sure _____________ in a million years.(91)
A.what man will look like B.what will man look like
C.man will look like what D.what look will man like 8._____________ the Games will be held in Beijing is not known.(92)
A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That 9.It worried her a bit _____________ her hair was turning gray.(92)
A.what B.that C.if D.for 10._____________ you don’t like him is none of my business.(92)
A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether 11._____________ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.(93)
A.What B.That C.The fact D.The matter 12.He asked _____________ for the violin.(93)
A.did I pay how much
B.I paid how much
C.how much did I pay
D.how much I paid 13.— Do you remember ____________ he came?
— Yes, I do, he came by car.(94)
A.how B.when C.that D.if 14._________ _ is a fact that English is accepted as an international language.(95)
A.There B.This C.That D.It 15.Sarah hopes to become a friend of _____________ shares her interests.(95)
A.anyone B.whomever C.whoever D.no matter who 16.____________ we can’t get seems better than ____________ we have.(96)
A.What;what B.What;that C.That;that D.That;what 17._____________ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.(96)
A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where 18.It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____________ he or she wants.(97)
A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.whenever 19.___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.(98)
A.What B.That C.How D.Where 20.It was a matter of ____________ would take the position.(98)
A.who B.whoever C.whom D.whomever 21.— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.— Is that ____________ you had a few days off?(99)A.why B.when C.what D.where 22.___________ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.(99)
A.Who B.The one C.Anyone D.Whoever 23.These wild flowers are so special I would do _____________ I can to save them.(00)
A.that B.which C.whichever D.whatever 24._____________ she couldn’t understand was _____________ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.(00)
A.That;what B.What;why C.What;because D.Why;that 25.What the doctors really doubt is _____________ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.(01)
A.when B.how C.whether D.why 26._________ is no possibility ___________ Bob can win the first prize in the match.(01)
A.There;that B.It;that C.There;whether D.It;whether 27.When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the mokey exactly ____________ he wants.(2002上海)
A.what B.which C.when D.that 28.There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _________ road conditions need ____________.(2003上海)
A.that;to be improved B.which;to be improved
C.where;improving D.when;improving 29.— Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
— Oh, that’s ____________.(2003 北京春季)
A.what makes me feel excited B.whatever I feel excited about
C.how I feel about it
D.when I feel excited 30.We cannot figure out _______ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out.(2004 北京)
A.that B.as C.why D.when 31.I think Father would like to know ___________ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note.(04 湖南)
A.which
B.why C.what D.how 32.A modern city has been set up in ________ was a wasteland ten years ago.(04 天津)A.what
B.which C.that D.where 33.Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.(04广东)
A.that
B.how C.such D.so 34.The road is covered with snow.I can't understand ______they insist on going by motor-bike.(04)A.why B.whether C.when D.how 35.After Yang Li Wei succeeded in circling the earth, _______ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.(04上海)
A.where B.what C.that D.how 36.A story goes ______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.(04上海)
A.when B.where C.what D.that 37.The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ________ I thought was a dangerous speed.(04上海春季)A.as B.which C.what D.that 38.Along with the letter was his promise ________ he would visit me this coming Christmas.A.which B.that C.what D.whether 39.Mary wrote an article on ________the team had failed to win the game.（05 北京）
A.why B.what C.who D.that 40.Danby left word with my secretary ____________ he would call again in the afternoon.(05 浙江)
A.who B.that C.as D.which 41.The way he did it was different _________we were used to.(05 江西)
A.in which
B.in what C.from what D.from which 42.I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ___ silly mistakes I had made.(05 湖南)
A.what
B.that C.how
D.which 43.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _____ he was a man of action.(06 湖南)
A.which
B.that C.what D.whether 44.We haven't settled the question of ______________ it is necessary for him to study abroad.（06江苏）
A.if B.where C.whether D.that 45._________makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.（06辽宁）
A.What B.Who C.Whatever D.Whoever 46.See the flags on top of the building? That was _______we did this morning.（06全国I）
A.when B.which C.where D.what 47.Please remind me _____he said he was going.I may be in time to see him off.（06全国I）
A.where B.when C.how D.what 48.---What did your parents think about your decision?
---They always let me do _______ I think I should.（06全国III）
A.when B.that C.how D.what 49.Engines are to machines _________ hearts are to animals.（06山东）
A.as B.that C.what D.which 50.I just wonder __________ that makes him so excited.（06山东）
A.why it does B.what he does C.how it is D.what it is 51.One advantage of playing the guitar is _________ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.（06上海）
A.how
B.why
C.that
D.when 52.He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning ________ his teammates had done.（06上海）
A.what B.which C.why D.while 53.---It’s thirty years since we last met.---But I still remember the story, believe it or not, __________ we got lost on a rainy night.（06四川）
A.which
B.that C.what D.when 54.There is much chance __________Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.（06天津）
A.that
B.which
C.until D.if 55.Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________he had to meet his uncle at the airport.（06重庆）
A.why
B.that
C.where
D.because 56.These shoes look very good.I wonder __________.（06上海春季）
A.how much cost they are
B.how much do they cost
C.how much they cost
D.how much are they cost 57.Doris' success lies in the fact _________ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.（06上海春季）
A.which
B.that
C.when
D.why 58.---Could you do me a favor?
---It depends on ________it is.A.which
B.whichever
C.what D.whatever
答案：
1------5 BACAB 6------10 CACBC 11------15 ADADC 16------20 ABBAA 21-----25 ADDBC 26------30 AAAAC 31------35 CABAB 36-----40 DCBAB 41------45 CABCA 46------50 DBDCD 51-----55 CABAB 56------58 CBC
第二篇：名词从句讲解加题目
判断句型
1.What I want to do is taking a bath.2.The news that they won the game spread the whole school.3.I don’t think(that)he is an honest boy.4.The fact is that he stole the car.5.Do you know the fact that he stole the car?
6.Do you know the man who is standing over there?
7.It is said that they won the game.引导名词性从句的连接词
I really feel that he needs more experience.I want to know whether/if she still lives here.What she said is not true.Who broke the window has not been found out.He asked whose handwriting is the best in our class.That is why she left home yesterday.Have you heard the news that Mary will be back soon?
8.I will give it to whoever needs it.9.It is unwise to give your child whatever he wants.10.I’ve just bought five new books;you can take whichever book you like.宾语从句
She said(that)she is going to learn English.I want to know whether/if she still lives there.I don’t know who all these people are.She wants to know which film I like best.Please tell me where she lives.注意：that在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常常被省去。但如果从句是并列句时,第二个及以后的分句前that不可省.We all think(that)she is working hard and that she will surely go to a good college.注意：在宾语从句中，表示“是否”既可以用whether,也可以用if.但是，whether常与or not连用；作介词宾语只用whether;从句是否定句时一般用if。
I don’t know whether/if he will come.I want to know whether he will come or not.Are you talking about whether he will come?
He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.4.He always thinks ______ he can do better.（how, who）
5.I really don't know ________ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon）
They don't know __________ we are going hiking.7.She wanted to know ___________ her coat would be ready the next day.8.I was really surprised at ______ I saw.9.I don't know ______ so many people crowding round him
10.Do you know _________ shirt it is?
宾语从句的时态和语序
Could you tell me if it _____ tomorrow?
A.rainsB.is raining
C.will rainD.rain
2.The teacher told his students the sun_____
in the east.A.riseB.rises
C.roseD.risen
Peter knew _______.A.whether he has finished reading the book
B.why the boy had so many questions
C.there were 12 months in a year
D.when they will leave for Paris
Could you tell me ______?
A.where is the nearest railway station
B.where the nearest railway station was
C.where the nearest railway station is
D.where was the nearest railway station
I really don't know if she _______ it when she ________.A.finds/ arrives
B.finds/ will arrive
C.will find/ will arrive
D.will find/ arrives
─Where do you think _____ he ____ the TV set? ─ Sorry, I've no idea.A./, bought
B.has, bought
C.did, buy
D.did bought
句型转换
1.When does the train arrive? Please tell me.（改为宾语从句）→
Please tell me ________ _________ _________________.2.What does he do? Do you know?（改为宾语从句）→
Do you know _______ he _______?
3.Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys.（改为宾语从句）→
He asked the boys ___________ they _______ fried chicken.表语从句
在句中充当表语的从句(即放在be动词后面)叫做表语从句
我们的目的是他能认识到错误。
Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.注意：引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。
问题是它是否值得做。
The question is whether it is worth doing.注意：表语从句表示“是否” 只用“whether” 而不用“if”
试区分以下句子
Is this museum what you visited?
Is this the museum that you visited?
Is this museum the one that you visited?
注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词。然后把句子变换成陈述句，接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。
It appears that they are in need of help.It happened that he had no money on him.That house is _______ the garden tools are stored.The reason I don’t want to go there is ______ I’ve just got a new job here.That was ______ they had made the mistake.Everything in the room is _____ it was ten years ago.The dream Jack has in mind is ______ he will become a scientist in the future.6.What we care about is _________ it will be a fine day tomorrow.主语从句
he will come here on Wednesday is certain.他星期三来这里是肯定的he will come here on Wednesday is
not certain.他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。
What he said is not true.Who broke the window has not been found out.How he escaped is still a mystery.Whom she borrowed money from still puzzled him.she said puzzled him._______ she said such a thing puzzled him._____________ we should send to take part in the party is to be discussed._______ they don’t want to drop the plan is clear._______ he finished the work in so short time remains a question.________ it is going to snow this evening is not certain._____________________________(她离开他)cut him to the cut.______________________________________(月球上没有生命)is known to all.it 做形式主语
That he can’t attend the party is a pity.It is a pity that he can’t attend the party.How much money is needed is hard to say.It is hard to say how much money is needed.That the moon moves around the earth is known to all.It is known to all that the moon moves around the earth.用it形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配：
It + be + 形容词 ＋ that从句
It is necessary that„有必要„
It is important that „.重要的是„
It is obvious that„„很明显„„
It + be +-ed分词 ＋ that从句
不及物动词 ＋ that从句„
t appears that„似乎„
It happens that „.碰巧„
It occurred to me that„„我突然想起„„
It is a wonder _____ you weren't injured.It is still unknown ______ and ______ this took place.It doesn't matter _______ you are going to do it.你昨天错过了这部新的电影，真是太遗憾了。
同位语从句
在句中用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句一般放在如idea, news, fact, promise, suggestion, belief, truth等含有丰富内涵的抽象的词语后面，用来说明前面那个词的具体内容。一般说来，同位语从句都用that来作连接词，而且不能省略。也可用how, when, where等。
他给了她一个承诺，他会在两个月后回来。
He gave her a promise that he would come back after two months.试区分以下句子
Do you know the fact that he stole the car?
Do you know the fact that they were talking about?
注意：1.如果是定语从句，它的从句肯定是不完整的，关系词肯定在句中充当成分的；而同位语从句中的that只起连接作用。
2.定语从句是对先行词起修饰作用，而同位语从句则解释说明先行词的具体内容。Tell the difference
1.The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.2.The news that is spreading around the airport isthat a heavy storm is coming.3.The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.1.The question is ____the film is worth seeing.A.ifB.whatC.whetherD.how
2.They received orders _____ the work be done at once.A.whichB.whenC./D.that
3.The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.A.why;whyB.why;becauseC.why;thatD.that;because
4.___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind.A.What;whyB.Which;howC.That;whyD.What;because
5.____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Even if
6.It is known to us ___ where there is pollution, there is harm.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that
7.I have the information ____.A.of what he’ll come soonB.that he’ll come soon
C.of that he’ll come soonD.his coming soon
8.---I saw your neighbor break your window with a basketball.---____ it made me nearly mad.A.That he brokeB.What he brokeC.He brokeD.His break
9.It remains a question ____ we can get so much money in such a
short time.A.howB.thatC.whenD.what
10.---Can I help you?
---Yes, do you know ____?
A.when comes the busB.when will come the bus
C.when does the bus comeD.when the bus comes
11.He made a promise ___ anyone set him free he would make him very rich.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.that if
12.They lost their way in the forest and ____ made matters worse was ___ night began to fall.A.what;thatB.it;that
C.what;whenD.which;what
第三篇：名词从句(unit two Grammar)
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1 引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom，whose, which.连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1.介词后的连词
2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1.whether引导主语从句并在句首 2.引导表语从句
3.whether从句作介词宾语 4.从句后有“or not”
Whether he will come is not clear.一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2.用it 作形式主语的结构
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a.It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that…
有必要……
It is important that…
重要的是……
It is obvious that…
很明显……
b.It + be +-ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that…
人们相信……
It is known to all that…
从所周知……
It has been decided that…
已决定……
It is reported that…
据报道…
c.It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that…
……是常识
It is a surprise that…
令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that…
事实是……
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
d.It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that…
似乎……
It happens that…
碰巧……
It occurred to me that…
我突然想起……
It seems that… 似乎…
3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2)It is said ,(reported)…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)
(3)It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)
(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(wrong)
(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong)4.What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
1)What you said yesterday is right.2)That she is still alive is a consolation.二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
1.作动词的宾语
(1)由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：
I heard that be joined the army.(2)由what, whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：
1)She did not know what had happened.2)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.2.作介词的宾语
例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3.作形容词的宾语
例如：I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4.It 可以作为形式宾语
It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month..5.后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：
I admire their winning the match.(right)I admire that they won the match.(wrong)6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
He impressed the manager as an honest man.(right)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.(wrong)7.否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）
1)将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you.我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill.我想你没有生病吧。
2)将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3)有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.我记得从未见过这样一个人。(not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。
(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4)有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.(否定because状语)他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck 3 by her beauty.(否定状语many weeks)她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。三．表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people
3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四．同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1.同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）
第四篇：从句
从句
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，比如what分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。
如：What I say and think are none of your business.(我说的和我想的都与你无关。)注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究，并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： ⑴It + be + 名词+ that从句 ⑵It + be + 形容词+ that从句
⑶It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句 ⑷It +不及物动词+ that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“（should)+do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that… 宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省。例如： He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：
I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。
2.用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：
I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么。
3.用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
a.引导主语从句并在句首时；b.引导表语从句时；c.引导从句作介词宾语时；d.从句后有“or not”时；e.后接动词不定式时。例如：
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
4.注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用
不同时态。例如：
He studies English every day.（从句用一般现在时）He studied English last term.（从句用一般过去时）
I know(that)he will study English next year.（从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998.（从句用现在完成时）
当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：
We don’t think you are here.我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不会这样做。
表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于联系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语+ 系动词+ that从句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That’s just what I want.这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句：
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
其他从句 that从句 5.1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That she is still alive is her luck.她还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是最近谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.最近谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
5.2)That-从句做主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系： a.It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明显…… b.It + be +-ed分词+ that-从句 It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知…… It has been decided that… 已决定…… c.It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事实是…… d.It +不及物动词+ that-从句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… wh-从句 6.1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语：How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语： I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。
6.2)Wh-从句做主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。if,whether从句
7.1)yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同，例如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语：She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。7.2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。if和whether的区别：
1、在动词不定式之前只能用whether。如：
I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。
2、在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如：
I want to know whether it’s good news or not.我想知道是否是好消息。3、在介词后，只能用whether。如：
His father is worried about whether he lose his work.他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether。如： Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know.这是否真的，我真的不知道。
5、用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如：
Could you tell me if you know the answer
这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？”。如用whether可避免歧义。
形容词性从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
含义：在定语的位置上是个句子。why 关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.我们不知道他为什么没有来。
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。
与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如： That’s one of the reasons(why, that)I asked you to come.这就是我请你来的原因之一。
另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.when
关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：
There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必须作出抉择的时候到了。
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。
注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：
Don’t forget the time(that, which)I’ve told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。where
关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：
This is the village where he was born.这就是他出生的村子。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer.这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如： He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets.他在一家电视机厂工作。
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。
另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如： We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了必须改一改的地步。
There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。
第五篇：名词
一、名词：
教学目标：名词的概念
名词的分类
教学重难点：可数名词复数的构成和不可数名词 教学类型：复习课 教学手段：投影仪 教学过程
1、名词的概念：名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。
2、名词的分类：专有名词：China, Mike, English, the Great Wall…
普通名词：可数名词(有单、复数之分, 在可数名词单数之
前要用a/an)table, life, tomato…
不可数名词（无复数形式）food, duty, news, knowledge…
3、可数名词复数的构成：
⑴一般情况是在名词后加-s ⑵以s, x, sh, ch结尾的加-es ⑶以辅音字母+ y结尾的，要变y为i再加-es，如：city--family –
以元音字母(Aa ,Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu)+ y结尾的，加-s, 如：boy--⑷以f /fe 结尾的变f/fe为v再加-es，如：half--self--shelf--leaf--knife--wife--life--⑸以o结尾的，只有tomato和potato是加-es，其余的都加-s，如：photo--radio--kilo--zero--zoo--⑹特殊情况：man--woman--policeman--Englishman--Frenchman--但：German--child--foot--tooth--⑺单、复同形：Chinese--Japanese--sheep--⑻形式上是单数，实际上表复数概念：people，police 如：The people / police are working hard.⑼有两种形式的：fish作“鱼”时，可数，其复数是 fish或fishes
作“鱼肉”时，不可数。
⑽复合名词的复数形式：man player--men players，woman doctor--women
doctors，apple tree--apple trees
4、不可数名词：无复数形式，不能与a /an或数词连用，必须用a cup of… , a piece of …, a pair of… , some , much , so much , too much , little , a little , a lot of , lots of…等表数量。如：much work, a little money, two bags of rice…
注：一条裤子 a pair of trousers is … The trousers are …
一双袜子/鞋子 a pair of socks / shoes is … My new shoes are …
一副眼镜 a pair of glasses is … 数杯橘子汁 glasses of oranges 数张纸 pieces of paper 如果这些短语中需要用形容词，形容词应该放在冠词后。a full bottle of milk ten big pieces of paper 如果…of 短语后的名词为可数名词时，必须用复数。
a bag of books a basket of apples a box of pens
5、名词的所有格：
⑴单数名词的所有格：①加 ’s the student’s book
②以s结尾的单词, 加 ’ James’ book ⑵复数名词的所有格：①以s结尾的, 加 ’ the students’ books a few years’ time twenty minutes’ walk
②不以结尾的,加 ’s children’s dolls men’s shoes ⑶以and连接的：①共同拥有，共同一个 ’s Lily and Lucy’s father is
②分别拥有，每个名词后加 ’s Li Lei’s and Jim’s fathers ⑷无生命名词的所有格：①表时间、距离、重量、世界、国家、城镇等的加’s 或 s’
an hour’s walk , ten minutes’ talk , China’s capital ,(in)today’s
newspaper
world’s population
②用of短语。（语序与汉语不一致）
a picture of my family , the classroom of our school ，teachers of Class 1 ⑸双重所有格：a friend of my brother’s a new photo of mine
an old friend of Kate’s some flowers of hers the name of her cat ⑹表“在……办公室”“在……店/家”的名词所有格后面的名词常省去： at the doctor’s in Uncle Wang’s in the teachers
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