高二英语Unit19 The Merchant of Venice知识点总复习教案

第一篇：高二英语Unit19 The Merchant of Venice知识点总复习教案

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高二英语Unit19 The Merchant of Venice知识点总复习教案

1.pay back偿还；报答；报复

Can you lend me some money? I’ll pay you back tomorrow.你能借给我一些钱吗？我明天就还你。

Susan doesn’t know how to pay him back for his help.苏珊得到他的帮助，不知如何报答。

He paid me back by not coming.他没来，以示对我的报复。

2.mercy n.仁慈，怜悯，宽恕；侥幸，幸运

The general showed no mercy,and his prisoners were all killed.那位将军没有仁慈，他所有的犯人都被处死了。

It’s a mercy that the accident happened so close to the hospital.很侥幸，这次事故发生在离医院不远处。

have mercy on/upon sb.;show mercy to sb.宽恕、怜悯某人

They have no mercy on the poor father and daughter.他们不怜悯这对可怜的父女。

Have mercy on me,please.请宽恕我吧。

beg for mercy 乞求/请求宽恕

He went down on his knees and begged for mercy.他跪下来，乞求宽恕。

at the mercy of “任由……摆布，在……掌握中”

I shouldn’t like to be at the mercy of such a cruel man.我不想任由这个残忍的家伙摆布。

We were at the mercy of the enemy.我们的命运在敌人的掌握中。

3.envy vt.羡慕，妒忌

What a grand thing it is to be a musician!How I envy you.当一名音乐家有多伟大啊!我真羡慕你。

envy sb.sth.“忌妒某人的……，羡慕某人的……”。

I envy you your health.我羡慕你的健康。

I envied him his experience.我羡慕他的丰富经验。

4.tear up撕毁；取消

John tore up his test paper so that his father wouldn’t see his low grade.约翰撕毁了他的试卷，生怕他爸爸看到他得了那么低的分数。

They tore up the agreement without any reason.他们无缘无故地取消了那份协议。

5.declare vt.宣布；声明

The Chinese government declared that Taiwan is part of China.中国政府声明，台湾是中国的一部分。

Jones was declared the winner of the match.琼斯被宣布是这场比赛的胜者。

declare sb./sth.(to be)…“宣布成为……；声明是……

He declared himself to be a member of their Party.他宣布加入他们的党派。

His actions declared him to be an honest man.他的行为表明他是个诚实的人。

6.court n.法庭，法院；开庭；球场

The prisoner was brought to court for trial.那个犯人被带上法庭接受审判。

He met her at the tennis court.他在网球场见到了她。

take sb.to court 对某人起诉，控告

She decided to take him to court.她决定控告他。

注：court很多情况下不加冠词。

7.worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj.意为“值得”。

(1).worth： be worth + n.当名词为金钱时，表示“…… 值得……”

be worth doing sth.“……某事值得被做” The question is not worth discussing again and again.优质文档，精彩无限！

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(2).worthy：be worthy of +n.当名词为抽象名词时表示“……值得……”

be worthy to be done “某事值得被做” The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.(3).worth-while： be worth-while to do sth

“值得做某事”

worth while： It is worth while doing sth

It is worth while sb to do sth.典型例题

It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while 答案C.由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选C。Section I 课前准备、听力、口语 1.Deny your father, and refuse your name„ 否认你的父亲，拒绝你的名字。(p.65 Warming up)▲ deny(denied，denying)(1)vt.否认，不承认Can you deny the truth of his statement? 你能否认他的声明的真实性吗? He denied telling me／that he had told me.他否认告诉过我。注意：deny后跟动名词或跟宾语从句作宾语。

(2)vt.不给；不准 I was denied the chance of going to college.不给我上大学的机会。

(3)vt.(正式)抛弃；背弃He has denied his country and his principles!他背弃了他的国家和他的原则1 ▲ refuse(refused，refusing)(1)vt.拒绝；不接受；不肯He asked her to marry him, but she refused(to marry him).他向她求婚，但是她拒绝了。She refused his offer.她不接受他的求婚。

(2)refuse还可跟动词不定式构成refuse +to do；也可用于被动结构。She refused to go home.她不回家。They were refused admittance.他们被拒绝入内。

(3)vi.拒绝 He can't refuse if you ask politely.你如果礼貌地请求，他是不会拒绝的。

注意：refuse只接不定式，不接动名词，不接不定式的复合宾语结构，也不接宾语从句，如：不说，He refused me to go(going)there.而应说：He didn't allow me to go there 或 He refused to let me go.他不让我去那儿。辨析：refuse与reject refuse和reject都有“拒绝”的意思，有时可以通用，有时用法又不同。refuse强调坚定地拒绝，后可接动词不定式。reject强调当前拒绝对方的请求、提议的情况，一般后面不接动词不定式。如：He refused to speak at the meeting.他拒绝在会上发言。He rejected my request.他当面拒绝了我的要求。Section II 阅读

2.As far as I know„ 据我所知„(p.67 Useful expressions)as far as的用法和意思 ▲ as far as或so far as，此处意为“据”“就„‘尽”，常与动词know，see等词连用。如： ① As far as they know, the room is empty.据他们所知，房间是空的。② So far as I can judge, she is quite efficient.据我判断，她的工作效率是相当高的。③ There aye no mistakes as far as I can see.在我看来没什么错误。④ So far as I know, their work is far from satisfactory.据我所知，他们的工作并不令人满意。

【注】类似的用法还有：as far as sb./ sth.is concerned，意思是“就某人 ／某事而言”“对某人／某事来说”。如：① As far as I am concerned, it's all nonsense.在我看

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来，这全是一派胡言。② This has been a difficult period as far as the country's economy is concerned.就我国经济而言，最近是其困难时期。

【注】也可以用as far as sth.goes。如：① so far as content goes, it is all right.就内容而言，这还不错。② It's a perfectly good law as far as it goes, but it doesn't deal with the real problems．该法就其本身而言非常不错，但是它未解决实际问题。

【注】 as far as的原意是“到达”“一直到”。如：① The flood waters came as far as the roof.洪水一直漫到屋顶。② They didn't go as far as we.他们走得不如我们远。3.The way I would go about it„ 我要做这件事的方法„(p.67 Useful expressions)▲ go about的用法

(1)go about此处意为“从事于„„” “进行„„”。如：① You are not going about it the right way.你的做法不对。② Peter has no idea how to go about finding a better job.彼得不知道怎样才能找到更好的工作。③ Bobby is going about his homework very seriously tonight.博比今天晚上在非常认真地做功课。④ How will you go about building the bird home? 你打算怎样着手建鸟舍?(2)go about可作“流传”解释，此时about是副词，后面不需要跟宾语。如：① There are a lot 0f colds going about now.目前感冒传染很厉害。② A story is going about that there will be another party on the 15th of August.据说八月十五日要举行另一次聚会。③ The rumor is going about that John and Mary are getting married.谣传约翰和玛丽要结婚了。(3)go about还有“到处走走”之意，此处about也是副词，相当于around。如：① People are going about more now that the weather's better.因为天气热些了，人们外出增多了。② Is it dangerous to go about bareheaded when it's mining? 下雨的时候光着头到处走有危险吗? ③ Mother is much better, thank you, she's able to go about a bit more.谢谢你，母亲好多了，她已能更多地走动了。

4.Have mercy on Antonio, Shylock.宽恕Antonio吧，Shylock.(p.67 Reading 第二行)have mercy on sb.宽恕某人 ▲ mercy n.仁慈、怜悯、宽恕 She has mercy on little animals.她怜悯小动物。They showed little mercy to their enemies.他们对敌人毫不仁慈。

(1)这一意思也可以用show mercy to sb.或give mercy to sb.表示。如：① Have mercy on me.饶了我吧!② They showed mercy to the defeated enemy.他们饶恕了被打败的敌人。③ In Iraq, the American soldiers had no mercy on the prisoners of war.在伊拉克，美军士兵对战俘毫无怜悯之意。④ The judge showed mercy to him.法官宽恕了他。(2)mercy也可作可数名词，这时意为“幸运的事”“值得感激的事”。如：① What a mercy he escaped the fire!他从火里逃生，真是幸运。② He is thankful for small mercies.他对小恩小惠也很感激。③ It was a mercy that she wasn't seriously injured.谢天谢地，她没有受重伤。

注意：表示被动意义时可以说：We were given no mercy.我们没有得到宽恕。No mercy was shown to the prisoners.对囚犯毫不宽恕。联想：(复)mercies(同)charity, grace 拓展：at he mercy of 任由„„摆布，在„„掌握之中;have mercy on ／ upon sb.／ sth.= show mercy to sb./ sth.对„„表示同情；对„„有怜悯之心;without mercy 毫不留情地

5.I’ve promised to take my pound of flesh.我说过一定要拿走我的那一磅肉。(p.67 Reading 第三行)▲ promise(1)vt.答应，允诺约定I don't remember I ever promised that.我不记得我答应过这件事。

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(2)vt.promise + to + v.(原型)I never promised to obey her commands.我从未答应过要服从她的命令。

(3)vt.promise + n./ pron.+ n./ pron.She promised me a gift for my birthday.她答应送我一件生日礼物。

(4)vt.promise + that从句He promised that he would come.他答应来。

(5)n.诺言、约定Give me your promise that you'll never do that again.答应我你永远不要再干那种事。

联想：promise n.诺言、约定、预示;promiser n.做出诺言的人。

拓展：make a promise 做出承诺，允诺;keep one's promise遵守诺言;break one's promise食言

6.It’s useless trying to argue with Shylock.跟夏洛克讲理是没有用的。(p.67 Reading 第七行)▲ It's useless + doing是一固定句型，意思是“做某事没有用处”。

拓展：It's useless / no use / no good + v.-ing做某事没有用处(好处)It's no use quarreling with her.跟她吵架没有用。It's of no use arguing about it.争论这事没有用。It's no good crying over spilt milk.后悔是没有用的。(谚语)覆水难收。Is it any good just crying? 光哭有什么用呢? 7.You might as well go stand upon the beach and argue with the sea.你到不如站在海滩上跟大海讲理。(p.67 Reading 第七行)▲ may / might / just / could as well do sth.(as do sth.else)意思是“还是„„的好”“倒不如”“干脆”“不妨”。如：① If that's the case, I may as well try.如果真是那样的话，我不妨试试。② I may as well admit that I knew the answer all along.我干脆承认了吧，我早就知道答案。③ The weather was so bad we might as well have stayed home.天气这样糟糕，我们还不如呆在家里呢。④ Anyway, you're here;you might as well stay.反正你已经来了，最好还是住在这儿吧!⑤ I might as well tell you the truth.我不妨告诉你真相。⑥ I'll come with you if you like;I might as well.如果你愿意，我就和你一起去，我无所谓。⑦ If I've got to go somewhere, I may as well go to Birmingham.如果我非得到什么地方去的话，我还是去伯明翰的好。

8.Pass judgment on me and give Shylock what he wants.对我审判吧，把夏洛克想要的东西给他把。(p.67 Reading 第八行)▲ pass judgment(opinion)on sb./ sth.pass judgment(opinion)on sb./ sth.对„„进行评价(批评)，此处表示“作出判决”。如：① It's very hard to pass judgment on yourself.对自己作出评价是很难的。② The voters will pass judgment on the government tonight.选民们今晚得对政府作出评价。③ It's difficult to pass judgment on the affair when we know so little about what happened.对发生的情况了解这么少，要作出判断是困难的。④ I can't pass my opinion on your works without examining it thoroughly.不仔细看，我不能对你的作品提出意见。

【注】 也可以说make one's judgment on / about / of sb./ sth．。如：① I shall make my own judgment on the matter when I see the results.看了结果后我将自作评价。② I don't really want to make any judgments on the decisions they made.我真的不想对他们作出的决定作任何评价。

9.If you offered me six times what you have just offered,„ 你愿意给我六倍于刚才你提出的那个钱数，„(p.67 Reading 第十行)▲ 动词offer的用法

(1)offer有“主动提出”“提供”之意，表示提供一种东西或提出一项建议。如：① The young man offered the old woman his won seat.那个年轻人要把自己的座位让给老大娘。② They offered him a job at the factory, but he refused.他们提出在工厂给他安排工作，优质文档，精彩无限！

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但他拒绝了。③ They offered a reward for the return of the jewel that had been lost.他们悬赏寻找失去的珠宝。④ It began to rain, so I offered her my umbrella, but she would not take it.天开始下雨，所以我把雨伞拿给她用，但她不要。(2)offer表示“出价”，与介词for连用，后接某事物。如：① I offered him thirty thousand dollars for the house.我向他出价三万美元买这幢房子。② They offered their boat for sale for 2000 dollars.他们把船拿来出售，索价两千美元。③ They offered him 3000 pounds for the computer.他们愿意出三千镑来买他这台计算机。④ They offered two hundred francs for the right to reproduce the painting.他们愿意出二百法郎取得这幅画的复制权。【注】offer后接价钱，表示主语愿买；后接事物，表示主语愿出售该事物，请比较例句①～④。

(3)offer既可作动词也可作名词用，不论作何种词，后面均可跟动词不定式。如：① He offered to lend me some books.他主动提出要借一些书给我。② Thank you for your kind offer to lend me some books.谢谢你好心借给我这些书。③ Thank you for your offer to help us.谢谢你表示愿意帮助我们。④ He offered to drive us to the station, but we preferred to walk there.他说他可以开车送我们去车站，但我们宁愿走着去。▲ 倍数的表示方法

times作“倍数”解释时，是可数名词，用times表示“A是B的几倍大(或高、长、宽、深等)”“A比B大(或高、长、宽、深等)几倍”，常见的句型如下：

(1)A is three(four...etc)times the size(height，length，width，depth，etc)of B。如: ① The new bridge is four times the width of the old one.这座新桥是旧桥的四倍宽。② The meeting room is three times the size of the classroom.会议室是教室的三倍大。③ The tower is three times the height of the building.这座塔是那座楼房的三倍高。④ The river is five times the depth of the brook.这条河是那条小溪的五倍深。(2)A is three(four...etc)times as big(high，long，wide，deep，etc)as B。如: ① Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。② This box is three times as heavy as that one.这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。③ This new highway is three times as wide as the old one.新公路是旧公路的三倍宽。④ The classroom is four times as big as our dormitory.教室是我们寝室的四倍大。

(3)A is three(four„etc)times bigger(higher，longer，wider，deeper etc)than B.如：① The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.会议室比我们办公室大三倍(会议室是我们办公室的四倍大)。② Asia is three times larger than Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。【注】用times表示倍数，一般只限于表示基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数，表示两倍不用two times，而用twice或double。如：① My income is now double what it was.我的收入是以前的两倍。② Now the number of sheep is more than double that of 1990.现在羊的数目是一九九。年的两倍多。

10.„ I would still take my pound of flesh.我还是要拿回我应得的那一磅肉。(p.67 Reading 第十行)flesh:(1)肌肉，肉A fat man has a great deal of flesh.胖子肉多。(2)肉体 The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.心有余而力不足。辨析：flesh与meat的区别(1)flesh和meat都解释为肉，但涵义有所不同，flesh指人和动物身上的肉，如指食用肉，则来指兽类的肉，不包括鱼禽类的肉。如：① Mr Green is losing flesh.格林先生瘦了。② Have you ever tasted the flesh of the snake? 你尝过蛇肉吗? ③ You should get up early and do some exercise.Otherwise, you'll put on flesh.你应该早起锻炼，否则会发胖的。④ The Great Wall was made not only of stone and earth, but of the flesh and blood of

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millions of men.长城不仅是用石头和泥土砌成的，而且是由几百万人的血肉所组成的。(2)meat指供食用的肉，是兽类肉的总称；如pork，mutton，beef可统称为meat；有时也指植物的肉。如：the meat of an apple。① What kind of meat is it? 这是什么肉? ② I like meat while my brother likes fish.我喜欢吃肉，而我弟弟喜欢吃鱼。

【注】 meat是不可数名词，“一块肉”是a piece of meat；“一磅肉”是a pound of meat, 我们看到的meats是指多种肉。

11.Shylock, how can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none? 夏洛克，如果你对别人一点都不仁慈，你自己怎么能希望得到别人对你的仁慈呢？(p.67 Reading 第十三行)▲ hope for hope for意为“希望”“盼望。如：① Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.抱最好的希望，作最坏的准备。② After this dry weather，people all hope for rain.经过了这段干旱，人们普遍希望下雨。③ We hope for better weather soon.我们希望天气尽快好转。④ This time they really hoped for better results.这次他们的确希望取得较好的成果。⑤ How I hoped for his speedy recovery!我多么希望他早日康复啊!⑥ That would be too much to hope for.那是期望过高了。

【注】hope后不能跟名词，但可以跟介词短语。如“盼望下雪”，不能 说成hope snow，而应该说hope for snow；hope可以跟不定式作宾 语，但不定式不能作宾语补足语。例如我们不能说I hope you to come soon，而应该说I hope that you'll come soon。辨析：hope for；wish for与long for 这三个词组都可作“希望、愿望”讲，但含义略有区别：

① hope for指盼望得到好的或有好结果，这种希望或能实现或实现不了。② wish for常指想拥有很难得到的东西。③ long for指强烈的愿望或渴望，语气最强。

How I wish for a pair of wings!我多么希望有一双翅膀啊!How he longs for a sense of being able to do things!他多么渴望有能力办成事情啊!拓展：pay for 为„„付钱；fight for 为„„而战；for all 尽管；for good 长期地；for nothing 不收费

12.I desire my pound of flesh.我想要我的那一磅肉。(p.67 Reading 倒数第六行)▲ desire的用法

(1)desire意为“期望”“想”“希望”，后接名词或代词。如: ① All he desired then was some spare time for study.那时候他想的只是有些空余时间进行学习。② I desire rest after such a long walk.在那么长的散步后，我很想休息一下。③ The stranger said that he desired an interview.那个陌生人说他希望受到接见。④ He couldn't well express his feelings however much he desired it.他没法恰当地表达出他的感情，不管他多么想这样做。(2)desire后可跟不定式作宾语。如: ① She had never desired to do anything like that.她从来没希望做这样的事。② There are a number of things that I desire to say.有几件事我想讲一下。③ She desires to go south.她希望去南方。④ There's one small point which I should desire to clear up.有一个小问题我想澄清一下。

(3)desire偶尔也可跟不定式作宾语补足语。如:① What do you desire me to do? 你希望我做什么? ② They desired him to go there at once.他们希望他马上到那里去。

(4)desire也可作“请求”“要求”解释，后面接宾语从句。在从句中常用虚拟语气，即should + 动词原形。如：① He desired that all letters should be burnt after his death.他请求在他死后把全部信件烧掉。② She desired that you should go and see her at once.她请你马上去见她。③ The doctor desired that we should wait.医生请求我们等一等。④ The teacher desired that all the exercises should be handed in before school was over.老师要求所有的作业在放学前交出。

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13.Enter Portia, dressed as the judge.鲍西亚走进法庭，穿着法官制服。(p.67 Reading 倒数第五行)▲ dress的一种用法: 在本课中作“打扮自己”解释，常用于短语dress up as sb.或 dress up for sth.。如: ① They all dress up as PLA men.他们都打扮成解放军模样。② The little boy likes to dress himself as a policeman.这小男孩喜欢扮成警察。③ They tried to dress him up as a “national hero”.他们想把他打扮成一个“民族英雄”。④ She dressed up in Elizabeth costumes for the fancy dress ball.她穿上伊丽莎白时代的服装去参加化装舞会。⑤ Mary Was dressed up to play Cinderella.玛丽化好装，扮演灰姑娘。

14.Greetings, learned judge!I do not envy you your job.您好，博学的法官，我并不嫉妒您的工作。(p.67 Reading 倒数第四行)▲ greetings(1)greeting的意思是“问候语„‘招呼(或动作)”，包括Hello / Hi / Good morning(after noon，evening)/ Welcome / How are you等见面时的问 候，也包括在节日致以的问候，如Merry Christmas / Happy New Year /Happy birthday等，在本课中，直接用Greetings是一种非常正式的问候语，用在极为正式的场合说话者带有一种很恭敬的语气的情景中。如：① “Greetings, Reverend” he said respect-fully.他恭敬地说：“牧师，您好”。

(2)greetings可表示“祝愿”“祝贺”“问候语”，如我们常看到的圣诞卡片上的词语Season's Greetings致节日的问候、birthday greetings生日贺词、Christmas Greetings圣诞快乐以及greeting card贺卡等。▲ envy(1)羡慕；嫉妒 My success excited his envy.我的成功引起了他的嫉妒。(2)vt.嫉妒；羡慕 常用予 v.+ n./ pron.或 v.+ n./ pron.+ n./ pron.(双宾)结构。John envied his friend's success.约翰嫉妒朋友的成功。I envy you your good fortune.我羡慕你的好运。注意：① envy后接两个宾语时，这两个宾语都是直接宾语，都可以直接和动词连用。② envy后不接从句。③ envy作名词时，其后接介词at或of。如：The boy’s new toy was the envy of his friends.这个男孩的新玩具是他的朋友妒忌的对象。▲ envy也可以作名词用，为不可数名词，后接介词at，of或toward。① They only say such unkind things about you out of envy.他们是出于忌妒才讲了你那么多的坏话。② He felt envy at my success.他羡慕我的成功。③ His envy of his brother soon turned into jealousy.他对哥哥的羡慕很快变成了忌妒。

辨析：envy与jealousy 这两个词都有“嫉妒”的意思。jealousy着重对别人占有的东西恼恨不满。envy着重由于别人获得了自己本想获得的东西或成就而产生不快。如：His envy of his brother soon turned to jealousy.他对弟弟的嫉妒很快变成了恼恨。

联想：admire 钦佩、赞赏；envious adj.羡慕的；嫉妒的；enviously adv.羡慕地；嫉妒地

15.This is a most troublesome case.这是一个非常麻烦的案子。(p.67 Reading 倒数第三行)▲ most(1)most adv.常与两个音节以上的 adj.或 adv.构成最高级；adj.最高级要加定冠词the，而adv.最高级前可加可不加the。如：This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.这是我所看到的最有趣的电影。She works(the)most carefully in her office.她是办公室里工作最仔细的。

(2)adv.最 What people like most about the doctor is his kindness.人们最喜欢这医生的一点是他很和蔼。

(3)(用于强调)非常；得 She was a most beautiful woman.他是个很美丽的女人。

(4)adj.几乎全部的，大多数的。He has visited most countries in Europe.他访问过欧洲大多数国家。

(5)n.几乎全部，大部分 I was in London most of the time.大部分时间我在伦敦。

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联想：mostly adv.大部分地；通常地、主要的

拓展：at most至多不超过，for the most part大部分，多半，most of多数的 16.Please be seated.请坐。(p.67 Reading 倒数第一行)▲ seat(1)seat是及物动词，后必须跟宾语或用被动语态形式。如: ① The young couple seated themselves upon a bench that stood by the lake.这对年轻的夫妇在湖畔的长椅上坐下。② He seated himself near the window and began to read.他坐在窗户附近开始读书。③ She was seated at the piano with her back to them.她坐在钢琴旁，背对着他们。④ Please be seated, ladies and gentlemen.女士们，先生们，请坐下。⑤ I seated him in the armchair.我使他坐在安乐椅上。⑥ Seat the telescope on the tripod.把望远镜安装在三脚架上。(2)seat可解释为“能坐„„人”。如: ① That big cinema can seat 2000 people.那家大型电影院能坐两千人。② There are seven waiting room there, seating 17000 people in all.那里有七个候车室，总共可坐一万七千人。

【注】seat与sit的区别在于前者是及物动词，后者是不及物动词，我们可以说sit down，但不可以说seat down，而应该说He is seated。

17.Do you still ask for this pound of flesh? 你还要求得到那一磅肉吗？(p.68 Reading 第八行)▲ ask for, ask about及ask after(1)ask for在本课中意为“要求(得到)”。如: ① After Oliver finished his bowl of porridge, he asked for more.奥立弗吃完一碗粥以后要求再添一些。② Everything that was asked for has now been sent.所要的东西现在全送去了。③ The workers asked for an increase in their pay.工人们要求提高工资。④ She walked up to the counter mad asked for a pound of sugar.她走到柜台前，要买一磅白糖。⑤ Mr Smith, a lady is asking for you at the door.史密斯先生，门口有位太太要找您。⑥ He is not the man you are asking for.他不是你要找的那个人。⑦ Has anyone asked for me during my absence? 我不在的时候有人找过我吗? ⑧ Just now someone asked for you on the phone.刚才有人打电话找你。【注】 ask sb．for sth．意为“向某人要某物”“请求给予”。如: ① Ask Xiao Lin for anything you want.你要什么东西，可以找小林。② They asked the waiter for their bill.他们向服务员要帐单。

(2)ask about意为“询问” “打听”。如: ① The commander asked about the wounded soldier's condition.指挥员询问了那个伤兵的情况。② He rang up the station office to ask about the trains.他给车站办公室打了个电话询问关于火车的事。

(3)ask after意思是“问候”。如: ① When I met Mrs Smith this morning, she asked after you and the children.今天早晨我碰见史密斯太太时，她问候你和孩子们。② They were all very concerned, and your health was asked after.他们都很关心，并问候你的身体情况。③ “My mother asked after you.” “Oh, how kind of her.” “我母亲问候你。”“多谢她的好意。”

18.„ and let me tear up this paper.让我把这张借条撕了。(p.68 Reading 第十九行)▲ tear up撕毁，撕碎 ① He tore up the letter angrily and threw it into the waste-paper basket.他气愤地把信撕掉，扔进废纸篓里。② He tore up sheet after sheet of music before producing the happy tune he wanted.他撕掉一篇又一篇的乐谱，最后才写出他想要的满意的调子。③ John tore up his test paper so that his mother won't see his low grades.约翰撕碎试卷，以便妈妈看不到他糟糕的成绩。④ Yuan Shikai openly tore up the constitution.袁世凯公开撕毁了宪法。

▲ tear up有“(完全地)拔起、提起”“撕开”之意。如： ① The wind tore up several trees.风把几棵树连根拔起。② Dozens of miles of railway track have been torn up.几

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十里的火车道被拔起。

▲tear up可作“撕毁(取消)协议、契约”解释。如: ① A contract cannot be tom up at will.合约不能任意取消。② He told the lawyer to tear up the old contract and to prepare a new one.他告诉律师撤消旧合同，制订一份新的。

▲ tear up也可引申为“飞快地跑上„„”之意。如: The sportsman tore up the stairs two steps at a time.那运动员两级一跨地飞奔上楼。

19.I declare the court allows it and the law gives it to you.我宣布法庭可以允许这样做，法律把他判给你。(p.68 Reading 倒数第一行)▲ declare一词的用法

(1)declare意为“宣布”“宣告”“声明”，后接名词或从句。如: ① Britain declared war on / against Germany on 3rd, September 1939.一九三九年九月三日英国对德国宣战。② The colonies declared their independence from England.这些殖民地宣告脱离英国而独立。③ He declared to us that he bad done the work himself.他一本正经地向我们说他独自完成了工作。④ Charles declared the result of the election.查尔斯宣布了选举结果。⑤ Miss Alice declared that she had nothing to do with it.艾丽斯小姐声称她和这事无关。⑥ She declared that she didn't want to see him any more.她声称她再也不想见到他了。

(2)declare后面可接复合结构，该复合结构可由形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词充当。如: ① The teacher declared Tom chosen.老师宣布汤姆被选上了。② The chairman declared the meeting open.主席宣布开会。③ The boys declared themselves against cheating.男孩子们宣称他们自己也反对欺骗行为。④ They declared his story to be true.他们声明他的说法是真实的。

辨析：announce 与 declare ① announce 宣布(含有“预告”的意思)It was announced that there would be a celebration on Sunday.据宣布，星期日要举行庆祝(会)。

② 用announce说个人要做什么事时，常含有“郑重其事”的意思。The boy announced that he was going to try out his toy plane that afternoon.那男孩向大家宣布，他下午要试飞他的玩具飞机。

③ declare宣布(如：公开宣布战争、和平、中立、意见等)This power country declared war on that small country.这个大国向那个小国宣战。联想：declarer n.宣告者；declared adj.公然宣称的(同)announce announcement n.(可数)通告，布告 拓展：declare oneself 表明自己的立场；declare peace 宣布和平；declare war on(against)对„„宣战

Section III 词汇语法、综合技能 20.Antonio lost all his ship at sea „ Antonio在茫茫大海上丢了所有的船(p.69 Language Study Ex.2)▲ at sea及其他(1)at sea表示“在茫茫大海上”，意指“离海岸很远”。如: ① Now his ships were all at sea.现在他的船都出海了。② The ship hit an iceberg and buried at sea.这船撞上了冰山，葬身海底。③ Several ships were lost at sea owing to the hurricane.由于飓风，好几艘船在海上失踪。(2)at sea前面加上all或completely时，引申为“茫然不知所措”之意。如: ① I'm all at sea.I can't understand that problem.我简直是一片茫然，我无法理解这个问题。② He was all at sea when he began his new job.他开始新工作时，茫然不知所措。③ Would you please explain it again? I'm all at sea.你能否再解释一下?我一点儿也不懂。④ The girl was completely at sea when her mother scolded her.当母亲责怪她时，女孩茫然不知所措。

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▲ 请注意by sea与by the sea的区别，前者表示“经海路”，后者表示 “在海边”。如: ① “How did you go there? By train?” “No, we went there by sea.” “你们怎么到那里去的?乘火车?”“不，我们乘船去的那里。” ② The Turners lived by the sea.特纳一家住在海边。

▲注意go to the sea与go to sea的区别，前者意为“去海滨”(度假或野餐)，后者表示“去当水手”。如: ① Last Sunday, the students in Class Two went to the sea.上星期天，二班的学生去海边玩。② “I want to go to sea when I grow up.” said the boy to his mother.这小男孩对母亲说：“我长大了要去当水手。”

21.Shylock advances towards Antonio and prepares to use his knife.夏洛克朝安东尼奥走去，准备割肉。(p.71 Integrating Skills 第一行)▲ 动词advance及其用法(1)advance在本课中意为“前进„‘发展„‘往前走”，相当于step forward。如: ① They advanced to meet the guests.他们走上前迎接客人。② About 80 percent of the graduates advanced to senior middle school.约有百分之八十的毕业生升入高中。③ We were ordered to advance on the enemy position under cover of darkness.我们得到命令，在黑夜的掩护下向敌人阵地进攻。④ The troops advanced rapidly to the village.部队迅速前进到那个村庄。

(2)advance可作及物动词用，意为“提出”。如: ① He was among the first to advance the idea that the earth was round.他是最早提出地球是圆的这一观点的人中的一个。② The proposal he advanced at the meeting was not accepted.他在会上提出的建议没有被接受。③ He had no chance to advance his opinion.他没有机会提出自己的意见。

(3)advance还有“增进„‘促进”“提前”“提升”之意。如: ① This will further advance the friendly relations between the two countries.这将进一步增进两国之间的友好关系。② The time of the meeting was advanced by an hour.会议时间提前了一个小时。③ He was soon advanced to the position of Secretary of State.不久他就被提升为国务卿了。④ Such books are likely to advance your knowledge of European history.这一类书可能会增进你对有关欧洲历史知识的了解。(4)advance也可作名词用，意思和动词差不多。如: ① The enemy couldn't make any advance, nor could they go back.敌人进不得，也退不得。② Great advances have been made in medical science.医疗科学取得巨大的进展。

【注】in advance意思是“预先”“在前面”，而in advance of意思是“在„前”“超过„”。如: ① The subject of the discussion is announced a week in advance.讨论的题目提前一周公布。② I had asked everyone to raise questions in advance of the meeting.我要求大家在会议前提出问题。③ He arrived half an hour in advance.他提前半小时到达。

【注】in advance of也可引申为“比„先进”。如： Our equipments are far in advance of theirs.我们的设备远比他们的先进。

22.If you let one drop of his blood fall, you will lose„要是你让他身上的血流下一滴，有就会失去„(p.71 Integrating Skills 第三行)▲ drop(1)n.滴, 点滴 There were a few drops of rain．下了几滴雨。(2)v.使滴下 The wet leaves dropped water.湿叶在滴水珠。

(3)v.使落下 Please drop it into the mail-box.请把它投到邮箱里。辨析：drop 与 fall drop 可作及物动词，而fall不能。表示无意或故意“掉下来”某一物体，或故意“跌倒”时，用drop，不用fall。drop 和 fall 都可作不及物动词，表示“掉下” “落下”。The Class 2 runner dropped his stick on the ground.2班的运动员不小心把接力棒掉在了地上。The glass dropped(或fell)out of her hand.杯子从她手里掉了下来。He dropped(或fell)to the ground.他摔倒在地上。

联想：dropcurtain 吊幕；droplight 吊灯；dropshot 扣球；dropsy 水肿

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拓展：drop asleep 入睡；drop back 退后；drop across 偶然遇到；drop in 顺便走访；drop into 不知不觉地进人某种状态；have a drop in one's eye 有点醉意

23.You wanted justice, so you shall get justice, more than you wanted.你要求公正，那么就让你得到公正，比你要求的还要多。(p.71 Integrating Skills 第六行)▲ shall作为情态动词的用法

作为情态动词shall可用于任何人称，在陈述句中表示允诺、威胁、命令、决心、规定、要求等。如:(1)表示允诺。如: ① Tell her that she shall get the book tomorrow.告诉她明天就可以拿到那本书了。② I promise you shall see them again before long.我保证你不久就会见到他们。③ Don't worry, you shall get the answer this very afternoon.别着急，今天下午你就可以得到答复了。④ You shall have higher pay if you work well.如果你工作得好，你就可以得到较高的工资。⑤ You shall hear everything directly you come.你一来，就什么都会听到。

(2)表示威胁、命令。如: ① You shall suffer for this!你会为这件事吃苦头的!② As a mall sows, so he shall reap.善有善报，恶有恶报。③ They shall suffer for this;they shall answer for what they have done.他们将没有好下场，他们要为他们的所作所为付出代价。④ “If you won't do as I tell you, you shan't get your birthday gift.” said father to Tom.父亲对汤姆说：“如果你不听话，你就得不到生日礼物。” ⑤ “You shall do everything as I do, so look carefully.” said the teacher to the students.老师对学生说：“你们必须照我做的去做，看仔细了。”

(3)表示决心。如: ① Everything shall be done to save the ship.必须尽一切力量来营救这艘船。② I shall never do such a thing, never!这种事我是绝对不干的，绝对不干!③ You shall not catch me so easily next time.下次你决不会那么容易赶上我。④ The enemy shall be wiped out.敌人一定会被消灭。(4)用在条约、规则、法令等事件中。如: ① The new regulation shall take effect on June 1st.新章程六月一日起施行。② The National Party Congress shall be held every five years.党的全国代表大会每五年举行一次。(5)用在某些从句中，表示意图，要求，相当于should。如: ① We are anxious that he shall be given a chance to try it out.我们热切希望能给他机会试一试。② My demand is that you shall get it ready before five.我要求你在五时前把它准备好。③ I wish that you shall stay at home tonight.我希望今晚你会留在家里。④ I'm anxious that it shall be done in time.我急于要把这件事及时做好。⑤ My mother is determined that I shall stay on.妈妈决定让我待下去。

24.The law of Venice says that if anyone tries to kill or murder any citizen of Venice, „ 威尼斯法律规定，任何杀害或谋杀威尼斯公民的人，„(p.71 Integrating Skills 倒数第14行)▲ murder(1)vt.谋杀He murdered his rival in cold blood.他残忍地杀害了他的对手。(2)n.谋杀罪He was accused of committing murder.他被指控犯了谋杀罪。辨析：murder，kill与shoot ① murder 指谋杀 ② kill 笼统地表示“杀”的事实 ③ shoot 表示用枪或箭射杀 One day, a man was murdered in a small town.一天，一个人在一小城被谋杀。The polluted air killed the crops.被污染了的空气使庄稼死亡。He was killed in an accident.他在一次事故中死去。The prisoner of war shot himself.那个战犯自杀了。联想：(派)murderer 凶手；murderess 女凶手

拓展：political murder 政治谋杀；a mass murder 大屠杀；get away with murder 逍遥

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法外；The murder is out 真相大白

25.His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke.他的生命全凭公爵来处理。(p.71 Integrating Skills 倒数第11行)▲ at the mercy of 这一短语的意思是“任由„„摆布”“在„„的掌握(支配)中”，相当于in the power of。如: ① The ship hit a rock and sank down, the crew were at the mercy of the winds and waves.船撞上礁石下沉了，船员在风浪中随波飘流。② People at Altorf would not like to be at the mercy of Gesler, the cruel governor.阿尔托夫的人们不愿意忍受总督盖斯勒的摆布。③ The dog's life was at the mercy of its master.狗的生命掌握在它主人手中。④ The mouse caught just now was at the mercy of the cat, his cruel enemy.刚才被抓住的那只老鼠现在由它的残忍的敌人猫任意摆布。

26.Therefore, go down on your knees and beg the Duke for mercy.因此，快去跪下请求公爵宽恕你吧。(p.71 Integrating Skills 倒数第11行)▲ go down on one's knees 跪下、屈膝

此短语中的go也可以用get替代．即get down on one's knees。如: ① Never go down on one's knees before enemy.在敌人面前决不能屈膝。② He went down on his knees and begged for mercy.他跪地求饶。③ Father went down on his hands and knees and let his son ride on his back.父亲趴在地上让儿子骑在他背上。④ The young man went down on his hands and then stood on his bead against the wall.这年轻人双手着地，然后靠墙倒立。

【注】 go down on one's knees与get down on one's knees意思相同，但go down和get down意思不同。这一点请同学们务必注意go down作“下落”“减弱”解释，而get down作“放下”“打下”解释。如: ① On the third day, his fever went down.到了第三天，他的烧退了。② The prices of computers are expected to go further down.计算机的价格可望进一步下跌。③ The moon has gone down and it is dark around.月亮已经西沉了，四下里黑漆漆的。④ At night the north wind went down and the river froze again.晚上北风减弱，河里又结了冰。⑤ I couldn't get down what he said.我没能把他说的话都记录下来。⑥ They got down two enemy aircrafts last night.昨晚他们打下了两架敌机。⑦ The medicine was so bitter that I couldn't get it down.这药太苦，我吃不下去。⑧ Will you give me a hand to get this trunk down? 你帮我把这皮箱拿下来好吗? 27.My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself.我的钱财对我就像生命一样宝贵。(p.71 Integrating Skills 倒数第5行)▲ dear的几种用法(1)adj.亲爱的，可爱的 What a dear little child!多么可爱的小孩。

(2)dear此处作“珍贵的”解释。如: ① He lost everything that Was dear to him.他丧失了他所珍视的一切。② Fame and power are very dear to him.名誉和权力对他来说是非常珍贵的。③ To him very dear is the power by which he can control people and get money.对他来说，权力是非常珍贵的，通过它可以支配人并得到钱财。

（3）dear可以作“(价格)昂贵的”“索价高的”解释。如: ① It is too dear.这价钱太贵了。② It you want to make money, you must buy cheap and sell dear.如果你想赚钱，你必须便宜的买进昂贵的卖出。

【注】dear与expensive的异同点。dear与expensive都有“价格昂贵” 之意，都不能与price连用。例如我们不能说“The price of the motorcycle is too dear / expensive, 而只能说The motorcycle is too dear / expensive或The price of the motorcycle is too high.因为修饰price的只能是high或low。以上讲的是dear与expensive这两个词相同的地方。但这两个词也有不同的一面。dear所表示 的价格贵，是超乎常情的贵，讲得通俗一点，是指某个商品价格很贵，但实际不值那么多钱，而expensive所表示的贵，有“物美价高非购买者财力所及”之意，举例来说，如果一辆价值十万元的车卖十万元，就不能说dear，而只能说

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expensive；但如果一斤桔子通常卖一元，如卖一元五角，就应该说dear。

▲ dear还可用作感叹词，相当于汉语的“天啊”“哎呀”，表示伤心、焦急、惊奇、遗憾、同情等。如: ① Oh, dear!What shall I do? 噢!天啊!我该怎么办呢? ② ”Dear me“, said the old minister to himself, ”Am I foolish or unfit for my office?“ “天哪”，老大臣心里想，难道我也愚蠢或不称职了? ③ ”Oh，dear!How call you draw on the wall?" “噢，天啊!你怎么能在墙上乱画?”

28.They are my only comfort.他们是我唯一的安慰。(p.71 Integrating Skills 倒数第5行)▲ comfort(1)n.安慰、慰籍The nurse spoke a few words of comfort to the sick boy.护士对小病人说了几句安慰的话。

(2)n.舒适，安逸The news brought comfort to all of us.这个消息使我们所有人都感到安慰。

(3)v.安慰 He always comforts me when I'm in trouble.每当我处于困境时，他总是来安慰我。

联想：comfortable adj.舒适的(反义词)uncomfortable 不舒适的；comfort [U] 舒适(反义词)discomfort 不舒适

拓展：give comfort to 安慰；live in comfort 生活舒适；offer sb.comfort 给人以安慰

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第二篇：高二英语Unit14知识点总复习教案

高二英语Unit14 Making a difference知识点总复习教案

Section I 课前准备、听力、口语

1.Martin Luther King.Jr formed an organization for American black leaders to work together in 1957.马丁.路德.金在1957年组成了一个为黑人领袖们共同工作的组织。(P.25 Martin Luther King, Jr 第五点)★ form vt.(1)vt.组织，组成 He formed a class for beginners.他成立了一个初学班。(2)vt.形成(人格、精神)；养成习惯 Group activities help to form a child’s character.团体活动对小孩的性格形成有帮助。(3)vt.& vi.想出(计划、意见等)，(希望，想法等的)产生I can't form an opinion about it.这件事我想不出什么意见。An idea formed in his mind.他心中产生了某种想法。(4)vt.使„„排队(成„„)The captain formed soldiers into a line.那位上尉让士兵排成一列。

(5)n.[U, C] 形状，外形The cookies were all in the form of stars.那些饼干的形状都像星星。

(6)[C]形态，种类Different countries have different forms of government.不同的国家有不同的政治形态。

(7)[C]格式，表格纸 fill in the form 填写表格 辨析：form，figure与shape form 应用最广，意义最不受限制，可指外在的形状或内在的形式等。the form of a square 正方形;literary form 文学形式figure 线条决定的形状、图案；可指人的身材。draw a figure of a circle 画个圆形;a slim figure 修长的身材shape 指外部的线条，但有较强的“团、块”概念。the shape of a bottle 瓶子的形状;work the clay into the shape of a woman 将陶土塑成一个女人的形状

联想：(后缀)former adj.从前的，早先的the former 前者(与the latter相对)formative adj.构成的，形成的

from prep.自，从

拓展：in form / on form 情况良好;out of form / off form情况不好

2.Nelson Mandela was put in prison from 1962 till 1989.Nelson Mandela 从1962年到1989年被投入监狱。(P.25 Nelson Mandela 第六点)★ prison: put／throw／send sb.in(into)prison 将„„送进监狱，注意：prison前不加冠词，表示较为抽象的概念。其被动形式为be put in(into)prison(被关进监狱).be sent to prison(被送进监狱);be thrown into prison(被投进监狱)。如：Law-breakers are put in／into prison.犯法的人都要坐牢。The thief was sent to prison for a year.那个小偷被送去坐了一年牢。He was put in prison／thrown into prison／sent to prison／taken to prison for political reasons.由于政治原因，他被关进了监狱。Whoever refused to bow was thrown into prison.任何拒绝鞠躬的人都被关进了监狱。拓展：go to prison 入狱;be out of prison 出狱;be in prison 在狱中;escape from prison 越狱;come out of prison 出狱;break prison 越狱

3.In 1850 a law was made to forbid people to help run-away slave.1850年通过一项法律阻止人们帮助逃跑的奴隶。(P.26 Harriet Tubman 第三点)★forbid(过去式forbade, forbad;过去分词 forbidden)vt.“禁止；不许；阻止”，常用的结构是：forbid + doing“禁止干某事”；forbid + sb.to do sth.“禁止某人干某事／阻止某人干某事。” Smoking is forbidden in our school.我们学校禁止吸烟。If you want to go, I can't forbid you.你想去，我也拦不住你。I forbid you to use my tape recorder.我不许你用我的录音机。They forbid walking in the fields.他们禁止在地里走。

注意：“阻止某人干某事”的说法还有：

stop／prevent／keep sb.from doing sth.Parking forbidden!= No parking!禁止停车!联想：forbidden adj.被禁止的，禁止的forbidding adj.难以接近的；可怕的；令人生畏的，令人毛骨悚然的 forbiddingly adv.难以接近地，令人毛骨悚然地 Section II 阅读

4.I HAVE A DREAM我有一个梦(p.28Reading ‘title’)★ dream(1)vt.“做梦；梦见”，后面可跟名词或that-clause。I dreamed my grandfather.我梦见过我的祖父。He dreamed that he was flying to the moon.他梦见他正在飞向月球。注意：当dream表示“梦想到”时，常用于否定句中，后面可接带不定式的复合结构或that-clause(从句通常用将来时)。如：I never dreamed her to go to college.= I never dreamed that she would go to college.我连做梦也没想到她会上大学。(2)vi.“做梦；梦见；向往”，常用的结构为：dream of + n./ doing sth.。She said that she had dreamed of you.她说她梦见过你。The people all over the world dream of peace.全世界人民向往和平。(3)n.“梦；心愿；愿望”，为可数名词。Last night I had a good／bad／wonderful／strange dream.昨晚我做了一个好／坏／美／奇怪的梦。His dream has come true.他的愿望实现了。5.Martin Luther King.Jr gave a speech to thousands of black people who marched on Washington DC.马丁.路德.金给成千上万在华盛顿特区游行的黑人发表了演说。(P.28 第一段第1－2行)★on此处作介词，意为“朝向” “向„„方向”，是正式用语。如：① The workers marched on the Capital.工人向国会大厦进发。②Take the first turning on your right.在第一个路口向右拐。③ Fortune smiled on his enterprise.他的企业兴旺发达。④ Ellen is eating，her eyes on her food.海伦吃东西时两眼盯着食物。【注】on作副词用时，也有“向前”之意。如：① If you walk on, you'll come to the church.如果你再向前走，就到教堂了。② If any letters come while you are away, shall I send them on? 如果你不在的时候有信来，我是不是要转寄给你? ③ The two strolled on, arguing.两人辩论着往前溜达。④There's no use staying on.继续呆下去没有用。

6.At that time in the southern states, blacks were not treated as equal citizens.那时在南方各州黑人不被当作平等的公民对待。（P.28 第二段 第1－2行）

★ 动词treat与as或like连用，表示“把„„当作„„看待”。如：① They treated me as one of the family.他们把我当家里人看待。②Why do you treat the matter as a joke? 你为什么把这件事当作玩笑呢? ③They treated each other like brothers.他们亲如手足。④ He didn't want to be treated as a distinguished guest.他不愿别人把他当上宾对待。⑤ She treated me as if I were a child.她把我当作小孩看待。

▲treat可作“探讨”“处理”“讨论”解。如：① This problem has been treated by many experts.这个问题已有很多专家探讨过了。②The novel treats the subject of justice.这部小说的主题是正义。③ The theme of the play is skillfully treated.这个剧的主题处理得很巧妙。

▲treat亦有“款待”“待客”之意。如：① Let me treat you to a good meal.我请你吃一顿好的吧!②I think I’ll treat myself to a holiday in Guilin next year.我想明年去桂林好好地度个假。③ He treated his friends to a soda, and they treated him to a movie.他请他的朋友们喝汽水，他们请他看电影。【注】treat作上述“款待”“待客”解释时，与介词to连用。

▲treat与of连用时，表示“论述”“推论”。如：① The report treats of the progress

of cancer research.该报告论述了对癌症研究的进展情况。② He treats of his subject scientifically.他科学地论述了他的题目。③ This lecture treats of the history of Ireland.这一讲座论述了爱尔兰的历史。

【注】treat还可作“治疗”解释，请参见《1+1同步讲解》高二上册第228页。

7.King fought for political rights for black people in the USA.金为美国黑人的政治权利而战斗。(P.28第三段第1行)★ fight(1)vt.& vi.打仗、打架、奋斗、战斗 如：Did your father fight in the last war?(fight作不及物动词)你父亲参加上一次的战斗了吗? If we all fight(against)pollution, we'll have a cleaner world(fight作及物动词，不加介词)如果我们都同污染作斗争，我们将拥有一个更干净的世界。They fought the enemy to the end.他们同敌人战斗到底。

(2)n.战斗、搏斗、拳击赛The police were called in to stop the fight.警察被叫来阻止这场争斗。The fight against pollution goes on.反对污染的斗争在继续。辨析：fight against，fight with与fight for fight against意为“为反对„„而战”；fight with既可表示“和„作斗争”，相当于fight against，也可表示“和„„并肩作战”；fight for意为“为争取„„而斗争”。如：Who'll fight with you for better working conditions? 谁会和你一起为争取更好的工作条件而斗争? The slaves were fighting for their freedom.奴隶们为争取自由而斗争。Two dogs fought for a bone，and a third runs away with it.鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。They fought against the Japanese during the Anti-Japanese War.在抗日战争期间，他们曾经同日本人打过仗。You should be ready to fight against difficulties.你们应该准备同困难作斗争。The slaves fought against / with the slave owners for their freedom.奴隶们为了争取自由而和奴隶主们进行斗争。England fought with France against Germany in the First World War.在第一次世界大战中，英国和法国一起为反对德国而战。

8.By doing this, he set all example to the rest sections of the world.他以此给世界其他地区树立了榜样。(P.28 第三段 第1－2行)★ by为介词，表示方式、方法、手法，现将其用法归纳如下：

(1)by + n.(名词前无冠词)。如：by mail / post / fax / radio / telephone / telegraph / telegram...(2)by + doing结构。如：by increasing／speaking／teaching／begging...He earns his living by teaching.他以教书为主。The six blind men made their living by begging.那6个盲人靠要饭为生。

(3)by + n.(表交通路线、工具的名词)。如：by land／road／rail／train／bus／jeep／car／taxi／truck／bike;by sea／water／ship／boat;by air／plane(4)by + n.(表面积、体积等的名词)。如：by area / volume / weight / length / width / height / depth...(5)by + the + n.(表度量衡的名词)。如：by the hour / day / week / month / year / kilogram / yard / metre...In England, sugar is sold by the pound, eggs by the dozen and cloth by the yard.在英国，糖是按磅卖，蛋是按打卖，布是按码卖。

▲by和with都可以用来表示某人如何做某事，但这两个词之间有重要区别：by用于表示动作或方式，后跟动名词或抽象名词；而with 通常表示用的是什么工具或其他具体的东西。试比较： ① I killed the spider by hitting it.我拍死了蜘蛛。(动作)② I killed the spider with a notebook.我用笔记本把蜘蛛打死了。(工具)③ He got what he wanted by talking cleverly.他由于说话灵巧而得到了他想要的东西。(动作)④ He got what he wrested with flowers and chocolates.他靠鲜花和巧克力得到了他想得到的东西。(具体的

东西)⑤ The street is lighted by electricity.街道用电照明。(方式)⑥ The street is lighted with lights.街道用电灯照明。(工具)▲在被动语态的句子中，by表示执行动作的人或东西，with表示所用的工具。试比较下列句子：① Tile bird was killed by a cat.那只吗是被猫弄死的。(猫是动作执行者)② The bird was killed with a stone.那只鸟是用石头打死的。(未说明执行者)③ He was killed by a heart stone.(A stone fell and killed him.)他被一块大石头砸死了。④ He was killed with a heavy stone.(someone used a stone to kill him.)他是被人用石头砸死的。

★ rest意为“其余的人”或“剩余物”，与定冠词连用，作主语时如代表复数名词，则谓语动词要用复数形式，如代表不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式。如：① These are mine;Robert, the rest are yours.这些是我的，罗伯特，剩下的是你的。② Mary and Beth will go to the movies and the rest of the girls are to go shopping.玛丽和贝思要去看电影，其余的女孩则要去购物。③ One of the books is written in Chinese, and the rest are English.那些书中有一本是中文的，其余都是英文的。④ Only 55 percent of the raw material is canned.The rest is thrown away, or fed to cows.只有55％的原材料做了成罐头，其余的不是扔了就是成了牛的饲料。

9.His message was that black people should not be separated but should be treated with respect in the same way as other people.他的理想是黑人不应该被分隔开，应该像其他人一样受到尊重。(P.28 第三段 第2－3行)★本句中的表语从句中的动词用的是虚拟语气，当表示“要求„” “建 议”“命令”这类意义的名词作主语时，其后的名词性从句应该用虚拟语气，动词形式为“should + 动词原形”或直接用动词原形，这类名词常见的有sug-gestion，proposal，demand，request，order，requirement，advice，idea等。如： ① The workers' requirement was that their working conditions be improved.工人们的要求是他们的工作条件应得到改善。② Our decision is that the school(should)remain closed.我们的决定是学校暂不开学。③ Sophia's idea was that they should lock up the home.索菲娅的想法是把大门锁起来。④ Her suggestion was that they carry on their conversation in French.她的建议是他们用法语对话。

【注】上述例句①－④均是表语从句，下面是这类名词后的同位语从句，谓语动词也用“should+动词原形”或直接用动词原形。⑤ They were faced with the demand that this tax(should)be abolished.他们面对着废除这个税的要求。⑥ They expressed the wish that she(should)accept the award.他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。⑦ What do you think of the proposal that we(should)put on a play at the English evening? 你觉得要我们在英语晚会上演一个剧的建议怎么样? ⑧ The boss didn't accept the workers demand that their pay(should)be raised, so the strike went on.老板没有接受工人们增加工资的要求，所以罢工仍在继续。

★ the same...as...意为“和„„相同的”，在这个结构中，as为关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句中，as可作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时，as也不能省略。如：①This is the same person as we talked about yesterday.这就是我们昨天谈论过的那个人。② Mary wears the same kind of glasses as Helen does.玛丽戴着海伦常戴的那种眼镜。③ You have the same opinion as I have.你的观点和我的观点是一样的。④ He gave the same answer as I did.他给的答案和我的一样。

【注】as还可以和such，so，as连用，构成定语从句。如：① They visited such places as they wanted to.他们游览了想要游览的地方。② Such books as you have ale sold out.你有的那种书已卖完了。③ Let's discuss only such questions as we are all interested in.让我们只讨论我们感兴趣的问题。④ I felt a weight at my heart such as I had never had before.我感到心中有一种从未有过的沉重。⑤ Here is so heavy a stone as no one call remove.这里有一块重得没有人能移动的石头。⑥ The picture was so beautiful as drew many

people's attention.这幅画太美了，吸引了很多人的注意力。⑦ Have you ever seen such beautiful gold fish as I bought yesterday? 你可曾见过像我昨天买的一样美的金鱼吗? ⑧ You will see as many children as come.你将见到所有到来的孩子们。

【注】除了和上述the same，such，so等搭配引导定语从句外，as也可以引起定语从句，这时，关系代词as常常代表主句的整个意思或部分意思。如：① He must be an Asian, as we can see from his looks.他肯定是亚洲人，这一点我们可以从他的外表看出来。② The football game was very exciting, as we had expected.正如我们所料，足球赛非常令人激动。③ As is known to all, China is a developing country.众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。④ He didn't lose heart, as could be judged from his expression.他没有失去信心，这从他的表情中可以看出。⑤ Lincoln was killed in a theatre by an actor, as is described in this book.正如这本书所描写的，林肯是在一家剧院里被一个演员谋杀的。

【注】as作为关系代词代表前面主句的意思，和which代表主句的意思很相似，但as有“正如”的涵义，而which没有。

10....where black people had equal rights and were free to live, study and work as they wished.那儿的黑人享有同等的权利，能自由地按自己的意愿生活、学习和工作。(P.28 第四段 第3行)★ be free to do sth.意为“自由自在、不受拘束地做某事”。如：① You are free to go or stay as you please.去或留随你的便。② Everyone is free to express himself.每个人都可以畅所欲言。③ She is not free to marry because she has to look after her parents.她不能结婚，因为她必须照顾双亲。④ She felt free when she left home and moved to the city.他离开家乡到城市后感到无拘无束。⑤ The prisoner will be set free next week.那个囚犯在下周释放。

【注】free还可解释为“免费的”，相当于without payment of any kind，cost nothing。如：① ”Are the drinks free?“ ”No, you have to pay for them.“ “这些饮料是不是免费的?”“不，你必须付钱。” ② Anyone who buys this breakfast food gets a free gift of a small plastics toy.购买这份早餐食物的人都可得到一件免费的塑料玩具。③ This is a free ticket for the concert.这是一种免费的音乐会入场券。

【注】free还可作“空闲的”“未被利用的”解。如：① ”Is this seat free?“ ”Yes, no one is using it.““这座位没人坐吗?”“是的，没人坐。” ② She picked it up with her free hand.她用闲着的那只手把它捡起来。③ The doctor will be free in ten minutes.Can you wait that long? 医生十分钟后有空，你能等一下吗? 【注】 free from／of意为“不受„影响的”。如：① The old lady is never free from／of pain.那位老太太从未摆脱过病痛。② She was free from all blame for the accident.那次事故完全不能怪她。

【注】free还可作副词用，意为“自由地”“免费地”“松动地”。如：① Don't let the dog ran free on the main road.别让那条狗在大街上随便乱跑。② Babies are allowed to travel free on buses.婴儿可免费乘公共汽车。③ Two of the screws in this old wooden door have worked themselves free.那扇旧木门上的两颗螺丝钉松动了。【注】free还可作动词用，意为“使自由”“免除”“解放”“使松动”。如：① The little boy freed the bird from its cage.那小男孩把笼子里的鸟放了。② I need to go out.Can you free me for an hour? 我需要出去一下，你能让我离开一小时吗? ③ At last he freed himself from debt.他终于还清了债务。

【注】 freely也是副词，但与free作副词时解释不同。freely意为“主动地„”“慷慨地”“坦率地”“自由地”。如：① I freely admit that what I said just now was wrong.我主动承认刚才我说的话错了。② He gives his time freely to help the school.他用自己的大量时间来为学校办事。③ You can speak quite freely in front of me.I shan't tell

anyone what you say.你有话可坦率地对我说，我不会告诉任何人。

★ wish v.& n.希望；意愿

(1)wish用作及物动词，后可接不定式短语、不定式复合结构、双宾语及宾语从句。如：We wish to visit the Great Wall one day.我们渴望有一天去长城参观。I wish you to finish your homework on time.我希望你能按时完成作业。I wish you success.祝你成功。(2)当wish后跟that引导的宾语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气。如：① 在宾语从句中，表示现在不可能实现的愿望时，谓语动词用过去式(动词be的过去式用were)。② 表示过去未能实现的愿望时，谓语动词用过去完成式。③ 表示与将来事实可能相反的愿望时，谓语动词一般用”would／could+动词原形”。如：I wish it were spring all the year round.(= But in fact it is not spring all the year round.)要是一年到头都是春天该多好啊。I wish I had your address.(= I'm sorry don't have your address.)很遗憾我没有你的地址。She wishes she had been here last week.(=But in fact she wasn't here last week.)她想，要是她上星期在这里就好了。I wish they would come again tomorrow.(= But in fact they will not come again tomorrow.)我但愿他们明天会再来。

(3)当wish用作不及物动词时，常与介词for搭配。如：All of us wish for happiness.我们都渴望幸福。

比较：hope表希望时所接从句用陈述语气，表示可能实现的愿望。试区别：I hope that it is true.我希望这事是真的。I wish that it were true.这事要是真的就好了。11.All his life he believed that it was right and necessary to demand changes in society if people did not have their civil rights.金一生都认为，如果老百姓没有民权的话，他们就应改而且必须要求进行社会改革。(P.28 第四段 第3－4行)★ demand(1)vt.& n.需要，需求 = to ask for sth.；需要，需求 = to require, need；后面可跟名词，代词，不定式或从句。

注意：demand后接从句时，从句应用虚拟语气，即(should)+ 动词原形。例：The workers are demanding better pay.工人们要求提高工资。I demand that John(should)go there at once.我要求约翰立即去那儿。This sort of work demands great patience.这种工作需要极大的耐心。(2)n.多用作可数名词，表示“要求、请求、需求、需要”。如：It's impossible to satisfy all your demands.满足你所有的要求是不可能的。The workers' demands for high pay were refused by employers.工人们想提高工资的要求遭到雇主们的拒绝。

辨析：demand，ask，beg与require 这四个动词均表示“要求”。

ask通常表示在感到其要求可能能得到满足的情况下提出要求；beg表示一再恳切地提出要求；demand表示以强硬、断然的口吻提出要求；require表示有需要或有权力提出要求。如：She asked me to wake her at five.她要我5点叫醒她。She begged not to be left at home.她恳求不要把她留在家里。She demanded an answer of me.她要求我给予答复。She required every man here to wear a tie.她要求这里每个男人都戴领带。

拓展：in demand非常需要的、受欢迎的；on demand一经要求 如：These silk goods are not much in demand.这些丝织品没有多少销路。Passengers must show their tickets on demand.查票时，旅客需出示车票。

12.King led a boycott of the bus company.金领导黑人对公交公司进行了联合抵制。(P.28 第五段 第2－3行)★ lead(1)vt.领导、带领、引导 常用的结构为：lead sb.to some place和lead sb.in doing sth.。如：He led us to a room upstairs.他把我们领到楼上的一个房间里。

(2)vi.通向、导致 常用词组为lead to。如：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗

马。Carelessness leads to failure.粗心导致失败。

(3)vt.过(某种生活)。如：We are leading a happy life.我们正过着幸福生活。拓展：led by...在„„的领导下；under the leadership of sb.或under sb.'s leadership 在某人的领导下。如：Led by the Party, we have had great changes in our hometown.在党的领导下，我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。

(4)n.[U] 领先、带头。gain／have the lead in the race 在赛跑中领先;take the lead 带头;with him in the lead 在他的带动下

13.He led many non-violent demonstrations against the racial discrimination and the Vietnam War, „ 他领导了许多次反种族歧视和反对越南战争的非暴力示威游行。(P.28 第五段 第5－6行)★ against(1)反对，逆 He swam against the stream.他逆流游泳。They sailed against the wind.他们顶着风航行。

(2)撞击；碰着 He hit against a tree.他撞在一棵树上。Rain beats against the window.雨打在窗户上。

(3)紧靠，倚在 A piano stood against the wall.靠墙放着一架钢琴。He put the ladder against the wall.他把梯子靠在墙上。

(4)以„„为背景，与„„对比 The picture looks good against that light wall.在浅色墙壁的衬托下，这幅画很好看。A ship appeared against the sky.一艘船出现在天边。(5)防备He saved money against old age.他攒钱防老。Squirrels store up food against winter.松鼠贮藏食物以备过冬。

拓展：be against 表示“反对”，其同义词组是object to，反义词是be for，be in favour of，support。如：I knew she was against us.我知道她反对我们。Are you against or for the plan? 你是反对这个计划还是赞成这个计划? 14.Martin Luther King Jr.was murdered in 1968.马丁·路德·金于一九六八年被谋杀。(P.28 第八段 第1行)★ murder意为“谋杀”“凶杀”，既可以作动词，也可以作名词，作名词时意为“凶杀案”，是可数名词。如：① There's something about the murder in today's news-paper.今天的报纸上刊登了这个谋杀案的一些情况。② Police ale still looking for the murder weapon.警察们仍在寻找谋杀用的凶器。③ There happened two murders this month in the town.这个镇上本月发生了两起凶杀案。④ One day, a man was murdered in the street.有一天，一个人在街上被谋杀了。

【注】请注意murder与kill的区别，kill是个普通的词，意为“造成(任何生物)死亡”，其主语可以是人，也可以是物或大自然；而murder的意思是“谋杀”，是有目的、有预谋的行为。试比较：① My uncle was killed in a plane crash.我叔父在飞机失事中遇难。② The cold weather killed our tomato plants.寒冷的天气冻坏了我们种的西红柿。③ She was sent to prison for murdering her husband.她因谋杀丈夫而被关进监狱。

▲murder还可作“因缺乏技术或知识而损毁”解。如：① He murdered a piece of music.他把一支曲子演奏得不成样子。② Do you ever murder the English language? 你有没有胡乱使用英语? ③ It's a beautiful song, but they murdered it.这首歌很动听，但他们唱砸了。

【注】murder在非正式用法中，可解释为“极艰难的事”。如：① At last I repaired the clock, but it was murder getting the pieces back in.我终于把钟修好了，但把所有的零件重新装好，可真是一件艰难的事。

15.If you were asked to move paragraph 1 to another place in the reading passage, where would it best fit in.如果要求你把第一段移到文章的另一个地方，你认为哪里最合

适。(P.29 Post-Reading No.2)★ fit in意为“(使)适合”“配合”，常与with连用。如：① I've filled the box, and all the books fit in nicely.我已装好了箱子，所有的书都放下了。② The home fits in beautifully with its surroundings.这房子同它周围的环境非常协调。③ Your ideas fit in with mine.你的想法跟我一样。④She joined the club but didn't seemed to fit in，so she left.她参加了那俱乐部，但不适应，所以退出了。⑤ The piece of evidence does not fit in with that of the other witness.这一证据同另一证人提供的不一致。

▲fit in可作“安排时间或地方”解。如：①I'm sure you can fit me in somewhere.我相信你能找个地方安排我。② Sorry, I can't fit in any more callers this morning.对不起，今天上午我不能再接待更多的来访者了。③ I think one can fit in an additional room behind the kitchen.我想我们可以在厨房后面辟出一间房间。Section III 词汇、语法、综合技能

16.He is known as a freedom fighter for equal rights of black people in America.他被认为是为了美国黑人平等权利而斗争的自由斗士。(P.30 Grammar EX.1 Example)★ be well-known for，be well-known as及famous的异同 ▲be well known for和be well known as都有“以„„而著称”之意，但前者表示主语以某一方面著称，而后者则意为主语作为一个整体以什么著称。请阅读下面例句，体会其中的差别：① Martin Luther King was well-known for fighting for equal rights for blacks.马丁·路德金以为黑人的平等权利战斗而著称。② Martin Luther King was well-known as a freedom fighter.马丁·路德金以一名自由战士而著称。③ Beijing is well-known for the Great Wall, the Summer Palace and some other places of interest.北京因长城、颐和园和其他名胜著称。④Beijing is well-known as a beautiful city.北京以一个美丽的城市而著称。⑤ Lu Xun was well-known for his essays.鲁迅以他的杂文著称。⑥ Lu Xun was well-known as a great writer and thinker.鲁迅作为一个伟大的作家和思想家而著称。

【注】well-known的近义词是famous。famous是个普通词，使用最广泛，多用于褒义。侧重好名声，语义比well-known强；读上面的几个例句中well-known可用famous替代。well-known通常与名声好坏无关，也表示“广为人知”。下面的句子中，well-known不能用famous替代。如：① It is well-known that bamboo shoot is a panda's main food.众所周知竹笋是熊猫的主食。② It's a well-known fact that smoking can cause lung cancer.吸烟可导致肺癌，这是众所周知的事实。

17.Freedom fighters can be found everywhere, and they are of all times.只有战士到处都有，他们属于所有时代。(P.30 第一段 第1行)★ 再谈“be + of + 名词”： 关于”be + of + 名词”，我们在高二上册已作过分析，这里我们从另一角度来阐述一下。介词of在这里表人或物的特征，这是of的一种最常见的用法，只不过在这里是用在be动词之后作表语。构成了我们所要谈的这个结构，而在其他情况下，多用在名词后作定语，也表示人或物的特征。如：① The work I am doing is of much value.我做的工作很有价值。(表语)② This is the work of much value.这是一件很有价值的工作。(定语)③ They were both of middle height.他们两人都是中等身材。(表语)④ Tom's father is a man of middle height.汤姆的父亲是中等身材。(定语)⑤ The manager is of the same opinion.经理也持同样看法。(表语)⑥ He is a man of progressive views.他是个有进步观点的男子。(定语)⑦ That's one true act of friendship.这是一个真正的友好行动。(定语)⑧ The act is of true friendship.这个行动是真正友好的。(表语)★ time 1)n.常用复数。时代，时期，有时特指某些艰苦的时期。in modern times是一个固定词组，意思是“在现代／近代”。time在指“时代”时常用复数。如：The times are different now。but he still lives in the past.时代不同了，但他仍生活在过去。In ancient times，man lived on wild plants and wild beasts.古代的人们靠野果和野兽生存。Some people were lucky to have lived through the hard times of the war.有些幸运的人从艰难的战争年代熬了过来。Country music is one of the most popular music in modern times.乡村音乐是当今最流行的音乐之一。

2)n.次数，常以词组的形式出现

(1)at a time 每次、一次 You can borrow two books at a time.每次你可以借两本书。(2)at one time 曾经、一度、过去某个时期 At one time we met frequently.有一个时期我们常常见面。

(3)at any time任何时候、随时 You may drop in at any time.欢迎您随时光临。

(4)at no time决不、在任何时候都不 At no time will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.中国在任何时候都不首先使用核武器。注意：at no time位于句首时，句子常倒装。

(5)at the same time 同时、尽管如此The two visitors arrived at the same time.两位来访者同时到达。

(6)at times 有时、间或I do feel a little nervous at times．有时，我的确感到有点儿紧张。(7)after a time 过了一段时间，过一会儿。常与非延续性动词的一般过去时连用。After a time she came back with a basket in her hand.过了一会儿，她手里提着一个篮子回来了。(8)behind time 在原定时间以后，迟到 The train is ten minutes behind time.火车晚点10分钟。(9)for a time一段时间、一会儿、暂时、一度。常与延续性动词连用。He rested for a time and went on with his work.他休息了一会儿，又继续工作了。

(10)from time to time 不时地，有时Even though the Smiths have moved, we still see them from time to time.虽然史密斯一家已经搬走，我们仍然时常见到他们。

(11)time and time again = time after time 多次、反复Thousands of people have proved it time and time again.成千上万的人反复证明了这一点。

(12)in time 及时、迟早We were just in time to catch the bus.我们正好赶上那班公共汽车。

(13)on time准时、按时He seldom goes to work on time.他很少按时上班。(14)in no time立刻、很快 I’ll be back in no time.我很快就回来。

(15)at all times 无论何时、一直We should at all times be aware of our own shortcomings.我们应该时时清楚地看到我们自己的短处。(16)in time of...在„„时候These ants act as guards and soldiers in time of trouble.这些蚂蚁在遇到麻烦的时候就担当警卫和士兵。(17)in one's spare time 在某人的业余时间里He often goes swimming in his spare time.业余时间，他经常去游泳。

(18)all the time 一直、始终They were there all the time.他们自始至终都在那儿。(19)have a good time 玩得很高兴He had a good time during the holidays.他假期过得很愉快。

(20)take one's time 不着急、慢慢来Take your time, don't work too hard.别着急，不要太辛苦了。

18.From the late 18th to well into the 19th century different groups of people struggled for their rights.从十八世纪后期到进入十九世纪，很多不同的人们为他们的权利而斗争。(P.30 第二段 第1－2行)★ well此处为副词，表示程度常用来修饰介词短语。如：① He's well past forty.他已四十好几了。② The necklace is worth well over a thousand dollars.这条项链的价钱远

远超过一千美金。③ The students of the senior high school numbered well over five thousand 这所高中的学生大大超过五千人。④ It's well past six o'clock.Let's hurry.六点多了。快点吧。

【注】well表示程度时，也可修饰部分形容词或副词。如：① He's well advanced in his years.他年纪相当大了。⑥ They were well down in front.他们坐得很靠前。⑦ The wheat is well forward now.小麦已经长得相当高了。⑧ The film is well worth seeing.这电影很值得一看。★ struggle(1)n.[C]挣扎，努力，搏斗Each age has its own struggle for rights.每个时期都会为争得权力而努力。Don't give up without a struggle.不要未经努力就放弃。

(2)vi.挣扎着进行，艰苦进行We struggled through the crowd.我们在人群中挣扎前进。拓展：struggle for 为„„而挣扎，努力;struggle with／against 为反对„„而挣扎，搏斗

★ right(1)n.权利；正确性。在表示“做某事的权利”时，常用作可数名词；在表示“正义，正确性”时，常用作不可数名词。如：Everyone has a right to speak out his mind.大家都有权利把自己的想法讲出来。Dr King fought for the human rights of the blacks.金博士为争取黑人的人权而斗争。He is too young to tell right from wrong.他太年轻，还无法区别正确与错误。

(2)right作“正确”讲时，其反义词为“wrong”；作“右边”讲时，其反义词为“left”。19.These struggles started with the ideas of the French Revolution and the American War of Independence.这些斗争起源于法国大革命和美国独立战争的理想。(P.30 第二段 第2行)★start with意为“以„开始”“从„善手”“开头有”。如：① Our group had five members to start with.我们小组开始时有五个人。② His illness started with a slight cough.他的病开始时只是轻微的咳嗽。③ We'll now hear the students read their poems, starting with Tom.我们现在听学生们朗读诗歌，从汤姆开始。④ Westerners start the meal with soup.西方人吃饭先喝汤。

【注】start with可作“开始时”“首先”解释，这时常作插入语。如：①You have no right to raise this question, to start with.首先，你们无权提这个问题。②Our difficulties are many;to start with, we can't get the workers.我们有许多困难，首先是找不到工人。③To start with, the day was fine, but then it turned showery.开始时天气很好，可是后来下起雨来了。

【注】to start with也可作状语。如：① They paid him only five dollars a week to start with.开始时，他们每周只给他五美金的工资。② We had no blueprints and no material to start with.开始时，我们没有图纸没有材料。③The school bought a big basket of seeds for us to start with.学校先给我们买了一大篮子的种子。

20.There were famous books about the rights of man and later the rights of woman.有很多著名的书籍讨论人权，以及后来的女权的问题。(P.30 第二段 第3行)▲later(1)adj.较迟的，较后的(↔ earlier)Let's take a later train.我们搭晚一点的火车吧。

(2)adv.较迟地，较后地(↔ earlier)He came later than usual.他比平常来得晚。See you later.回头见，再见。

辨析：late，later，lately与latest

late adj.& adv.迟到的，晚的；later是late的比较级形式，意思为“稍后，后来，在

某事之后”。lately adv.相当于recently；表示“最近，没多长时间”等。latest是late的最高级，意为“最近的，最新的”等。例：He often goes to bed late and gets up late.他总是晚睡晚起。That happened in the late 1870s.这事发生在19世纪70年代末。He returned three days later than expected.他比原来预料的晚回来了3天。What did the latest news say? 最新消息是怎么说的? I haven't heard of him lately.What's happened? 最近没听到他的消息，不知怎么回事? 21.In the nineteenth century, women all over the world, st6arted asking for equal rights.在19世纪，全世界的妇女开始要求平等权利了。(P.31 第二段 第5行)★ ask for的意思和用法

(1)ask for在此处作“要求得到”“需要”解。如：① He asked for time to think all this over.他要求给他点时间，把这一切仔细想一想。② The employees asked for an increase in their pay.员工们要求提高工资。③ Everything that was asked for has now been sent.所要的东西现在全送去了。④ If you get into difficulties, don't hesitate to ask for advice.你要是碰到困难，赶紧向人求教。

(2)ask for有“求见”“找(某)人”之意。如：① Mr Smith, a lady is asking for you at the door.史密斯先生，门口有位女士要找您。② Has anyone asked for me during my absence? 我不在时有人找过我吗? ③ He is not the man you are asking for.他不是你要找的人。④Just now someone asked for you on the phone.刚才有人打电话找你。

(3)ask sb.for sth.有“向某人要某物”之意。如：① Why don't you go and ask her for help? 你为何不去找她帮忙? ② They asked us for our impressions of the fair.他们要我们谈谈对交易会的印象。

22.What all these groups have in common is that they ask to be treated with respect, „ 所有这些群体的共同要求是受到尊重，„(P.31 第三段 第4行)★ in common意为“共用„‘共有„‘共同”(如要表示“与„„共有(用)”，后接介词with等)。如：① Freedom fighters in history had something in common, that is they fought for freedom of most people, not few.历史上的自由战士有共同点，那就是他们为大多数人的自由而斗争，不是为少数人。② The swimming pool is used in common by all the children in the town.这个游泳池供镇上所有的孩子共同使用。③ To my surprise, I found I had a lot in common with this stranger.令我惊讶的是，我发现我与这陌生人有很多相似之处。④ Their methods have a lot in common.他们的方法有很多相似之处。⑤ He had little in common with his little sister.他与妹妹没有多少共同之处。⑥ In common with most Italian lakes, access to the shores of Orta is restricted.和大多数的意大利湖一样，进入奥培湖泊受到限制。⑦ In common with most people, he prefers classical music to pop music.和大多数人一样，他喜欢古典音乐，不喜欢流行音乐。

23.But in the twentieth century organizations were formed to give voice to groups that do not have a voice to speak for themselves.但是在20世纪成立了一些组织为那些无法出声说话的群体代言。(P.31 第四段 第3行)★ give voice to意为“提出(意见)”“吐露(感情)”。如：① Only Jack dared to give voice to his discontent.只有杰克敢于表达他的不满。② He gave voice to his anger in his letter to me.他在给我的信中表达了他的愤怒。【注】有关voice的词组很多，常见的有： raise one's voice放大声音讲话，with one voice异口同声地，at the top of one's voice高声地，lose one's voice发不出声音，keep one's voice down说话声要小一点等等。

如：① I don't want to have to raise my voice to you again.我不想再对你大声嚷嚷。② Keep your voice down, and don't wake up the sleeping child.声音小一点，不要吵醒熟睡的小孩。③ With one voice, they agreed to go on strike.他们一致同意继续罢工。④ He gave lessons at the top of his voice.他放开嗓门讲课。⑤ I've got a bad cold, and I've lost my voice.我得了重感冒，嗓子都发不出声来了。24.at first sight 乍一看, 初见之下(P.32 Tips 第一点)At first sight their demands seemed reasonable.乍看之下，他们的要求似乎是合理的。拓展：与sight相关的常见短语：

(1)lose one's sight失去视力；丧失视力The poor boy lost his sight at the age of five.这个可怜的男孩5岁时就失去了视力。

(2)catch sight of(突然)看见 I was walking along the country road when I caught sight of a fox catching a cock in its mouth.我正在乡间小路上走着，突然看见一只狐狸嘴里叼着一只公鸡。

(3)lose sight of 看不见 We lost sight of the birds, for they flew high above the sky.我们看不见那些鸟了，因为它们在天空中飞得很高。

(4)in／within sight在视野之内；看得见We looked to the south and the train was in／within sight.我们向南望去，看见了那列火车。(5)out of sight 在视野之外，看不见He stood at the airport and looked until the plane was out of sight in the sky.他站在机场上看着，直到飞机消失在空中。

(6)have good／bad／poor sight视力好，视力不好 have near／short sight患近视;I have good sight.我视力很好。

第三篇：高二英语Unit18 Inventions知识点总复习教案

高二英语Unit18 Inventions知识点总复习教案

Section I 课前准备、听力、口语

1.Never throw away or wash chopsticks again.千万不要扔掉再洗这些筷子。(p.57 A)▲ throw(threw，thrown)(1)投，抛，扔 He threw the ball 20 metres.他把球投出20米。

(2)摔倒„„ The policeman threw the thief to the ground.警察把小偷摔倒在地面上。(3)发射，射 China has throw a satellite into space recent-ly.中国最近向太空发射了一枚卫星。

辨析：throw...to sb.与throw...at sb.throw sth.to sb.指“把某物扔向某人”，其目的在于“传递”(for sb.to catch)介词to纯粹表示行为的方向，其动机是善意的；throw sth.at sb.指“把某物打向某人”，其目的在于“打”(= try to hit sb.)。介词at表示动作在于企图攻击的目标，其动机是恶意的。如：He threw the ball at me.(= try to hit me)他扔球打我。He threw the ball to me.(= for me to catch)他把球传给了我(= He threw me the ball.)辨析：throw与cast throw是普通用词，使用频率高，它指用力抛掷这一行为。cast比throw正式，指迅速扔出一重量较轻的物体。经常用作比喻或无意识行为，在某些成语及特殊用语中须用cast，如cast a net “撒网”；cast a vote“投票”；cast anchor“抛锚”等等。如：Will you move, please? You're casting(throwing)a shadow on my book.你走开点好吗?你的影子正好投射在我的书上。He quickly threw the ball into the basket.他迅速地将球投入篮里。The dice is cast.事已定局。

拓展：throw oneself into 积极从事;throw away 扔掉;throw about 乱丢；乱扔(东西);throw back 扔回;throw„at„ 朝„„扔，向„„砸去;throw off 匆匆脱掉

throw...to...把„„传给„„；把„„摔倒;throw out 扔出；逐出;throw aside 扔在一旁;throw up 呕吐

2.Save trees and have a snack at the same time 挽救了树木并且同时成为小吃。(p.57 A)▲ save(1)vt.救、挽救 The brave soldier saved a child from a burning house.那勇敢的战士从着火的房子里救出了一个孩子。Only socialism can save China.只有社会主义才能救中国。

辨析：save与rescue: save与rescue两者都有“营救”之意；但save侧重于“保全”之意，而rescue则侧重于“从囚禁中救出”之意。如：In order to save the country, many gentlemen laid down their lives.许多志士仁人为国捐躯了。They rescued him from prison.他们营救他出狱。

(2)节省；储蓄 Don't spend all your money, save some of it for future use.别把钱全部花光，储蓄一点儿以备将来之用。

3.You will never have to worry about having your bike stolen again.你再也不必担心自行车会被偷走了。(p.57 D)▲ worry(1)vi.“发愁，着急，焦虑” Mother always worried when the girls stayed out late.女孩们要是很晚还不回家，母亲总是很担心。

(2)vt.“使麻烦；使发愁；使着急” Don't worry her, She is busy.别去麻烦她，她很忙。There's only one point that worries me.只有一点使我发愁。(3)n.“烦恼”不可数；“使人发愁的事(人)；烦心的事”(可数)，且常用复数。This worry is enough to drive one mad.这烦恼足以令人发狂。He has many worries.他有很多的烦恼的事情。

辨析: worry与trouble: trouble的含义宽广，事无巨细都可用它，且含有一定的惊慌意味；worry"担心”“发愁”，它指没有根据的，经常是不必要的忧虑不安的心情。如：

Uneasiness troubled her heart.她感到心神不定。I'm troubled by the doctor's report.医生的诊断结果令我焦急。Don't worry，tomorrow will be better.别担心，明天会更好。We're all worried about you.我们都在为你担心。

拓展：worry sb.使某人烦恼(着急)；worry about sb.为某人而担心；worry through 艰苦进行

4.This new invention will make it possible for people to...这项新发明将使人们做„成为可能。(p.58 Useful expressions)▲ makes it possible...(1)此处it为形式宾语，本身为先行代词，它既可作形式宾语，又可用作形式主语，代替句中的真正主语或宾语，即从句、动名词、不定式等。I think it a pity that he can't swim.我认为他不能游泳是件令人遗憾的事。It is important for us to master English.掌握英语对我们来说是重要的。It is no use telling him that.告诉他那件事是没有用的。

(2)it作形式宾语时，其前的动词有：think, find, consider, believe, suppose, feel, make等，而if后常跟形容词或名词。He feels it his duty to help others.他觉得帮助别人是他的职责。We make it clear to the world that we'll never behave like a superpower.我们向全世界表明我们永远不做超级大国。I consider it a great honour to be present at the meeting.我觉得能出席这个会议很荣幸。He found it necessary to study the situation in Russia.他发现研究俄罗斯的形势是必要的。I believe it helpful to use such a dictionary.我相信使用这样的一本词典是有帮助的。I suppose it possible to finish such a join in three days.我想三天之内完成这样一件工作是有可能的。

5.Decide which of the inventions you think is the most useful and...决定你认为哪一种发明是最有用的。(p.58.Patent Officer)▲ decide 决定, 决心；使下决心, 使决断；对...起了决定作用；解决, 裁决, 判决

(1)跟名词或代词 I’ve got to decide our whole future.我得决定我们的整个未来。We must decide that ourselves.这得由我们自己决定。

(2)跟不定式(不可跟动名词)They decided to move to Wuchang immediately.他们决定马上搬到武昌去。He decided to do his homework.他决定做他的家庭作业。

(3)跟疑问词 + 不定式 We must decide what to do with them.我们必须决定拿他们怎么办。She hasn’t decided when to start.何时动身她还没有决定。She hasn't decided when to start.何时动身她还没有决定。

(4)跟从句 Let's first decide where we should go.我们先决定到什么地方去。Only you can decide what's best for you.只有你才能决定什么对你最合适。

辨析：decide;determine;resolve;make up one's mind 都有“决定”的意思。decide 指“经过询问、研讨和考虑之后, 在几种可能的选择之中作出决定”, 如: She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday.她决定星期日而不是星期一离开这里。determine指“决心作某一件事而不动摇”, 如: We have determined to get the work done ahead of schedule.我们已经决定要提前完成这项工作。resolve指“打定主意做某事或不做某事”, 如: I resolve to study English.我决定学英语。make up one's mind 指“打定主意”“下了决心”；其主语必须是人，不可是物，而且不可用于被动语态。如: He made up his mind not to stay there any longer.他决定不再在那里呆下去了。

拓展：decide for doing sth.决定做某事;decide in favour of sth.作出有利„„的决定或判决;decide on(upon)决定，选择(多指从两个或多个可能性中选择);decide between从两者中选择、决定。

联想：decided adj.明确的，坚决的；deciding adj.起决定作用的；decision n.决定，决心(同义词)determine；make up one's mind

Section II 阅读

6.How do they come up with ideas for new inventions? 他们怎么提出新发明的想法的?(p.59.Pre-Reading 3)/(p.59 Reading 第一段第二行)比较：解释3 ▲ come up with意为“提出”“想出”。如：① The teacher asked a difficult question，but finally Tom came up with a good answer.老师提出了一个难题，但汤姆最后想出了一个好答案。② The magazine recently came up with some advice on smoking.那本杂志最近就吸烟问题提出了一些忠告。③ I hope you can come up with a better plan than this.我希望你能想出一个比这个更好些的计划来。④ Scientists will have to come up with new methods of increasing the world's food supply.科学家们必须找出增加全世界食品供应的新方法。⑤ You have no choice but to come up with the ￡18000.你别无选择，必须拿出那一万八千英镑来。

【注】come up 也有“被提出来”之意，但主语一般是表示问题、建议、计划等的名词。如：① The program came up for final decision.这一计划被提出来以便作最后决定。② These problems will come up for discussion at the meeting.这些问题会在会议中提出来讨论。③ We solved problems as soon as they came up.问题一出现我们就解决。

【注】 come up with还有“赶上”之意。如：① Let's hurry up so that we may come up with them.咱们快些走，好赶上他们。② We shall have to work hard to come up with the other team.我们得努力干才能赶上另一队的进度。③ I came up with her as she was rounding the corner.她在拐弯时，我追上了她。

【注】come up with可引申为“拿出”“提供(一笔钱)”之意。如：① The rich man came up with a large sun of money to those poor students who can't afford their tuition.那个有钱人拿出一大笔钱来给那些因贫困而交不起学费的学生。

7.Throughout history, great thinkers have used their creativity and imagination to change the world.纵观历史，为大的思想家们用他们的创造力和想象力改变了世界(p.59 Reading 第一段 第一行)▲ throughout(1)prep.遍及We have friends throughout the world.我们的朋友遍天下。Schools were opened throughout the country.全国中小学都开学了。

(2)prep.在整个(一段时期)Throughout the summer and autumn he continued to go to the office work.整个夏秋季节他都连续在办公室上班。

(3)adv.整个地，全部地The timber was rotten throughout.这块木料已经整个儿地腐烂了。

(4)adv.一直地，从头到尾Prices remain stable throughout.物价始终保持稳定。The house is painted throughout.这所房子全部油漆一新。

8.How do they come up with ideas for new inventions? 他们那些新发明的思想是怎么来的呢?(p.59 Reading 第一段第二行)▲ come up with(1)赶上 We shall have to work hard to come up with them.我们要努力工作，赶上他们。

(2)提出，提供 I hope you can come up with a better plan than this.我希望你们能提出比这个更好的计划。

拓展：come up 走近，长出;come up against 遭到„„;come up to 达到，符合;come out with 发表，出版

9.Thinkers who have changed the world do not seem to have much in common.改变了世界的思想家们似乎并没有很多共同之处。(p.59.第一段 第三行)▲ in common意为“共用”“共有”“共同”，后接介词with时，意为“和„一样”。如： ① The swimming pool is used in common by all the children in the town.这个游泳池供镇上的孩子共同使用。② They have nothing in common with one another.他们相互之间

没有共同点。③ In common with many people, he prefers classic music to pop.和很多人一样，他喜欢古典音乐，不喜欢流行音乐。④He believed，in common with the majority, that it was tree.他与大多数人一样，认为这是真的。⑤ In common with most Italian lakes, access to the shores of Orta is restr-icted.和大多数的意大利湖一样，进入奥塔湖滨受到限制。⑥ To my surprise, I found I had a lot in common with this stranger.令我惊讶的是，我发现我与那陌生人有很多相似之处。⑦ He had little in common with his little sister.他与他的小妹妹没有多少共同之处。⑧ Their methods have a lot in common.他们的方法有很多相似之处。

【注】 注意out of the common意思是“异乎寻常的” “不平常的”。如：It is something out of the common.这是异乎寻常的东西。

10.It seems that creative thinking,„, is a matter of habits.人们似乎觉得创造性是关于习惯的问题。(p.59 Reading 第一段倒数第二行)比较：U.17 p.51 The best way to help is often simply a matter of opening doors and offering guidance.帮助残疾人的最好办法就是开门提供引导的问题。▲ a matter of(关于)„„的问题(1)a matter of„„的问题，matter意为“事情”“问题”。This is a matter of principle.这是一个原则性问题。It's not a matter of laughing.这可不是开玩笑的事情。

(2)the matter 麻烦事What's the matter with you? Why are you crying? 发生了什么事，干吗哭呢? 拓展：a matter of opinion 看法不同的问题；a matter of life and death 生死攸关的事情；as a matter of fact 事实上，其实；no matter what(how，when，where，who„)；无论什么(怎样，何时，哪里，谁„„)；for that matter(for the matter of that)就此而言；What's the matter with...? „„怎么了? / „„出了什么毛病?；in the matter of...就„„而论； It doesn't matter.没关系

11.Knowledge and learning are important if we want to be successful,„ 假如我们想要成功，知识和学习都是很重要的„(p.59 Reading 第二段第一行)▲ knowledge(1)n.知识，认识Knowledge is power，知识就是力量。

(2)n.知道，了解He has no knowledge of life in the small village.他对那个小村子的生活不了解。She has a good knowledge of London.她对伦敦十分熟悉。I have no knowledge of his arrival.我不知道他来了。辨析：knowledge与learning knowledge泛指一个人通过观察、调查、学习研究而获得的事实或真知灼见，它不仅包含通过正规教育获得的知识，而且包括日常生活中的阅历。

learning常指“通过长期的、细致的学习而获得系统的知识，这种知识往往不是肤浅的，而广博的、深奥的”。该词也可指全部学识和智慧的总和，或者科学知识，但更多用于语言、文学、历史、法律等人文学科。This dusty knowledge needs brushing up after the passage of years.多年以后，这种原先学过的知识需温习一下。They have no direct knowledge of conditions in the East.他们对东方的情况缺乏直接了解。He is a man of learning.他是个学问渊博的人。

12.„ what we have learnt may also limit our thinking.我们已经学到手的东西也可能限制我们的思维。(p.59 Reading 第二段第二行)▲ limit(1)vt.限制We must limit our spending.我们必须限制开销。She limited her conversation to ten minutes.她将说 话时间限制为10分钟。

(2)n.限制、限度、极限 She has reached the limit of her patience.她的耐性已经达到了极限。There is a limit to one's life, but no limit to serving the people.人的生命是有限的，但为人民服务是无限的。

拓展：to the limit 到顶点；limited company 有限公司；a limited number of...有限的

几个；be limited in...在„„方面受限；within limits 在一定范围内；without limit 无限地

联想：limit vt.限制limited adj.有限的；limitation n.限制，局限性； limitless 无限制的

13.Inventors often rephrase a problem to allow for creative solutions and„ 发明家常常会换一种说法来表述一个问题„(p.59 Reading 第二段第三行)*▲ allow for 顾及，考虑到，体谅：We must allow for his youth.我们必须体谅他年轻。He allowed for her great age and was very patient.他考虑到她年纪大因而很耐心。拓展：allow of 允许„„；allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事：Such conduct allows of no excuse.这种行为不得宽怒。They allowed me to enter.他们准许我进入。辨析: allow与allow for ▲ allow意为“允许”“准许”。如：① Smoking is not allowed in public places.公共场所不允许抽烟。② The government servants aren't allowed to accept rewards.公务员不得接受酬谢。③ The children ale too young to be allowed out at night.孩子们太小，夜间不能让他们出去。

▲ allow for意思是“估计到”“把„„考虑在内”。如：① When he made the plan, he failed to allow for the unexpected.他作计划时没有把意外情况考虑进去。② He missed the target because the wind hadn't been allowed for.因为没有考虑到风的影响，他没有击中目标。③ You can't make it in an hour, you must allow for traffic delays.你一个小时到不了，你必须考虑到在路上会遇到耽搁。④ We must allow for his lack of experience.我们必须考虑到他缺乏经验这一点。⑤ Allowing for exceptions, the rule may stand.在允许有例外的情况下，这条规则还是可以成立的。)14.If we look only for the correct answer and reject ideas that do not provide a complete answer, we may get stuck.如果我们只找正确答案，拒绝那些不能给我们完整答案的想法，那么我们就可能被框住。(p.59 Reading 第二段第四行)▲ reject(1)vt.拒绝；抵制；指不肯承认，采用、相信或服从，不肯接受。They had rejected our request contemptuously.他们轻蔑地拒绝了我们的请求。Several publishers rejected the manuscript.几家出版商都拒绝了这份手稿。(2)vt.抛弃；丢掉；剔除 Under the guidance of the Party he has rejected the idealist view of history in favour of the materialist.在党的教导下，他已经抛弃唯心主义历史观，接受了唯物主义历史观。

辨析：refuse与reject：两者都有“拒绝”之意。

refuse不仅可用来拒绝别人的请求和要求，而且还可用于拒绝别人的邀请或帮助；其后能跟不定式；

reject不能用于拒绝别人的邀请或帮助，其后不能跟不定式。He refused the invitation from John.他拒绝了约翰的邀请。He refused to believe what I said.他拒绝相信我说的话。

▲ provide(1)vt.提供；装备The government provided them with money and clothes.政府向他们提供金钱和衣服。The country provides free medical service to college students.国家为大学生提供了公费医疗。You must provide yourselves.你们必须自备必需品。

(2)vi.provide for 提供生计；作准备 provide against预防 Who provides for her? 谁为她提供生活费? He provided for the entertainment of his guests.他为招待客人作好了准备。They had to provide against a shortage of water.他们不得不作好缺水的准备。They provided against the attack.他们做好准备以防受攻击。

辨析：afford，provide与supply: 三个词都有“提供”“供给”之意。但在用法上有区别：

afford 作“向某人提供某物”解时，它的句型是afford sb.sth.(sth.常为抽象名词)Travel affords us pleasure.旅游会给我们带来快乐。He afforded me an opportunity.他给我提供了一次机会。

provide与supply用法相似，可以换用，某句型为：provide(supply)sb.with sth.;provide(supply)sth.to(for)sb.;The sun provides(supplies)light and heat for us.= The sun provides(supplies)us with light and heat.太阳为我们提供光和热。▲ stuck get stuck意思是“被困住”“被卡住”“处于困境”，此处get是连系动词，也可以用be等其他的连系动词。如：① The bus was stuck in the mud.公共汽车陷在泥里了。② The shuttle often got stuck, causing a lot of broken ends.梭子常常卡住，造成大量断头。③ What shall we do? We seem to be stuck.怎么办?我们似乎干不下去了。④ Have you got stuck over your maths problems? 你的数学题做不下去了吗? ⑤ I'm stuck now, there is no more material for the work.我无法进行下去了，这工作缺少资料。⑥ I Was stuck there for a week by the bad weather.由于天气不好，我在那里待了一个星期。

15.Creative thinking is a conscious effort to break away from old thought patterns in order to explore new possi-bilities.创造性思维是一种有意识的努力，即为了探索新的可能性而摆脱旧的思维模式。(p.59第二段倒数第一行)

▲ effort作“努力”解释时，后常跟不定式，如本句即是，请看下列例句。① His effort to reform her at last succeeded.他要改造她的努力终于成功了。② Despite all my efforts to improve his life-style, he's still smoking twenty cigarettes a day.尽管我尽力改变他的生活方式，但他还是一天吸二十支香烟。③ He's jogging round the park every morning in an effort to get fit for the football season.他为了锻炼身体迎接足球赛季的到来，每天早晨都绕着公园慢跑。

【注】effort可作“艰难的事”解释，为可数名词。如：It's such an effort to get up on these dark winter mornings.冬季早晨到处黑沉沉的，起床真艰难呀!▲ break away from 意为“脱离”“摆脱”“断绝来往”。如：① Fortunately he broke away from that lawless group years ago.幸好几年前他就脱离了那个不法集团。② The criminal tried to break away from the policeman.罪犯试图从警察手里逃跑。③ Smith has broken away from the Labour Party.史密斯已脱离工党。

【注】break away from亦可作“改掉”“破除”解。如：① You should break away from such bad habits.你应该改掉这些坏习惯。② Modem music has broken away from the 18th century rules.现代音乐不再遵守十八世纪的条条框框。③ Modern art has broken away from old traditions.现代美术已摆脱了旧的传统。④ The child broke away from all disciplines.这孩子一点也不守规矩。

16.Good solutions and new ideas are often the result of change in perception.好的解决方法和新的思路常常是改变一种观念的结果。(p.59第三段 第一行)▲ solution意为“解决(办法)”“解答(释)”，通常后接介词to。如：① There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulations.对于人口过多的问题，没有简单的解决办法。② We are looking for a solution to our financial difficulties.我们正在寻找解决财政困难的方法。

17.By looking at a problem in as many ways as possible, creative thinkers can find solutions that would other-wise remain invisible.通过尽可能多的角度来看待一个问题，富有创造力的思考者可以发现其他情况下可能觉察不了的答案。(p.59第三段 第二行)

▲让我们先分析一下句子的结构，本句的主语是creative thinkers。谓语动词是can find，宾语solutions后带了一个定语从句。句首的 by短语是方式状语。

▲ otherwise在本句中是副词，意为“要不然”“否则”“在另外的情况下”。如：① He was

tired but otherwise in good health.他很疲惫，但除此之外，健康状况良好。②The rent is high，but otherwise the house is satisfactory.租金昂贵，但在其他方面这房子还令人满意。③ He has a squint，but is otherwise a handsome fellow.他有点斜视，但除此之外，倒是个英俊的小伙子。

【注】 otherwise也可作“不同地„用别的方法”解。如： ④ She says it's true，but we think otherwise.她说这是真的，但我们却认为并非如此。⑤ I hate him but I pretend other-wise.我恨他，但是我假装不恨。⑥ I have never observed him do otherwise.我从未看到过他不是这样做的。

【注】 otherwise可用作连词，意为“否则”“要不然”，相当于or。如: ① Hurry up, otherwise you'll be late.快点，不然你要迟到了。② Do what you have been told otherwise you'll be punished.照吩咐的去做，否则你将受罚。③ I'm lucky that I'm interested in school work, otherwise I'd go mad.很幸运我对学校里的功课感兴趣，不然我要疯掉的。【注】 otherwise可作形容词。如：①The fact is other-wise.真相并非如此。② Their political enemies were also their otherwise friends.他们的政敌在其他方面也正是他们的朋友。

▲ remain为连系动词，意为“处于(某种状态)”。后接形容词性的词作表语。① How can we remain silent on this question? 对这个问题我们怎么能保持沉默呢? ② The boundary questions still remain unsettled.边界问题仍然没有解决。③ She remained sitting when they came in.他们进来时，她仍然坐着。

【注】remain也可以接名词、代词、介词短语作表语。如：① This still remains a serious problem.这仍然是一个严重的问题。② It remains below 13℃ for about five months of the year.一年约有五个月那里温度保持在13摄氏度以下。

18.„ the process includes a series of different attempts and several false starts.这个过程涉及到一系列不同尝试和一些错误的开端。(p.59 Reading 第三段第三行)▲ attempt的一些用法

(1)vt.试图做，试图夺取(后跟名词，不定式，动名词等)The enemy attempted an attack by night.敌人准备趁夜色偷袭。He attempted the examination but failed.他试图通过考试，但没有成功。The enemy attempted to break through our lines.敌人企图冲破我们的防线。I attempted walking until I fell over.我挣扎着走路，直到摔倒才停止。

(2)n.尝试(常为可数名词)We failed in our attempt to climb the mountain.我们试图爬上山去，但失败了。The two superpowers both collude and struggle with each other in a vain attempt to redivide the world.这两个超级大国又勾结，又争夺，妄图重新瓜分世界。

拓展：make an attempt to do sth.试图做某事；make an attempt at doing sth.试图做某事；make an attempt on...企图夺取„„；

联想：attempt vt.& n.尝试；attemptable adj.可以尝试的

19.Every new thought or idea has to be connected to what we already know.每一个新思想或新思路都会与我们已有的知识联系起来。(p.59第四段 第一行)▲ connect connect to意思是“与„„相连接(有关)”，其后的介词既可用to，也可以用with。如：① The police didn't connect him with the murder.警方没有把他和凶杀案连在一起。② He is connected with the Whites by marriage.他与怀特家是姻亲。③ A search of Brady's house found nothing that could connect them with the robberies.对布拉迪的房子的搜查没有找到任何他与抢劫有关的内容。④ We usually connect spring with sunshine and flowers.我们通常把春天和阳光及鲜花联系在一起。20.Great thinkers are aware of this and „ 伟大的思想家了解到了这一点„(p.59 Reading

第四段第三行)▲ be aware of(意识到；知道)(1)adj.意识到的，知道 Are you aware of the difficulty?你知道那项困难吗?(2)跟从句时，省去of He was not aware that he was in danger.他没有觉察到自己处境危险。She was not aware how much her husband earned.她不知道她丈夫挣多少钱。(3)aware为表语形容词，前面不能用very修饰，习惯用well，quite等词。I am quite(well)aware how you must feel.我很能体会你会有什么样的感受。拓展：be tired of 厌烦„„；be afraid of„ 害怕„„；be short of„ 缺少„„；be sure of...对„„有把握；be full of„ 充满的„„；be proud of„ 以„„为自豪 ▲ aware aware意为“意识到”“觉察到”，是形容词，多用作表语，后接介词of，of后通常接名词、代词、动名词或名词性从句，接名词性从句应用疑问词引导，这时of可省去。① Are you aware of the problems involved? 你有没有意识到这里存在的问题? ② He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him.直到她对他说话，他才意识到她的存在。③ He become aware of Jane’s coming to-wards him.他觉察到简向他走来。④ We were quite aware(of)how you would respond to our terms.我们十分清楚你能对我们提出的条件作怎样的反应。⑤ I Was not aware(of)how dangerous it was.我不知道这有多危险。

【注】aware后可接that引导的从句，这时不可再用of。如: ① I'm well aware that this is not the perfect solution.我非常清楚这不是完美的解决办法。② He was painfully aware that the deadline had passed.他痛苦地意识到限期已过。③ You must be aware that what you ale doing is illegal.你必须明白你做的事是非法的。

【注】be aware后也可以直接跟连接副词how引起的从句。如：① I'm quite aware how you must feel.我完全明白你会有什么感觉。② I'm too sleepy to be aware how cold it was.我太困了，没意识到天有多冷。)21.They all knew that for each new invention that works, there are at least ten that don't.他们都知道，每有一个成功的发明就至少有十个是不成功的。(p.60第二段第四行)▲ 此处介词for表示对比或比例。常与each，every或数词连用。意思是“每„„就”“与„„成比例”。如：① For every enemy, he has fifty friends.他每有一个敌人就有五十个朋友。② Plant three trees for every one that is cut down.每砍一棵树就要种三棵树。③ The prisoners of war were exchanged man for man.一对一地交换了战俘。④ Let's translate the sentence word for word.让我们逐字翻译这个句子。Section III 词汇语法、综合技能

22.Anywhere we go, we Pan hear the ringing of a cell-phone.我们无论到哪里，都能听到手机的铃声。(p.62第一段第二行)▲ anywhere是副词，意为“无论何地”，此处用来引导地点状语从句，相当于一个连词，意思和wherever或no matter where相近。① I'll take you anywhere you like.我将带你到你喜欢的任何地方。② Anywhere you go, it is all the same.无论你到什么地方都一样。③ You can camp anywhere you like these days.如今你可以喜欢在哪儿宿营就在哪儿宿营。④ Anywhere I go, I find the same thing.不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样的情况。【注】在英语中，副词起到连词的作用，用来引导状语从句很常见。如：directly，instantly，immediately等。如：① I came immediately you called.你一来电话我就来了。② Directly he said those words, there was a dead silence.他刚说完这些话，大家就立刻沉默下来。③ The machine will start instantly you press the button.你一按电钮，机器就会开动。④ I knew something was wrong immediately I arrived.我一到就知道出事了。⑤ We came directly we got your telephone.我们一接到你的电话就来了。⑥ Instantly I saw him, I knew he was the man the police were looking for.我一看见他就知道他正是警察在寻找的男子。

【注】the moment，the minute，the instant和the second等名词也可以这样用。如：① Telephone me the instant you get the results.你一得到结果就给我打电话。② I recognized her the minute I saw her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。③ He liked the painting the instant he saw it.他一看见这幅画，就喜欢上它了。④ The moment I came into the room, I found the old man lying on the floor, panting.我一进屋子，就发现那老人躺在地上，气喘吁吁的。

23.A computer’s “memory” is similar to human memory in some ways, but„ 电脑的记忆在某些方面和人脑的记忆是相似的„(p.63第二段第六行)▲ similar(1)adj.相似的(常作表语和主语)The products of these two factories are similar.这两家工厂的产品很相似。We have similar opinions.我们都有类似的意见。

(2)用法上，be similar后接介词to，不跟with Your situation is similar to mine.你的处境与我的相似。

(【注】similar的反义词是different，其后跟介词from。如：① This is a different girl from the one he used to go out with.这个姑娘不是他过去交往的那个姑娘。② I couldn't help being different from when I left school.我与当年离开校园时的我判若两人，这是不可避免的。

【注】请注意similar与same的区别，前者表示“大致相同”“十分相像”，而后者则意为“完全一样”“没有变化”。如：① We've still got the same problem as we had before.我们现在和过去一样存在同一个问题。② The two cars ate similar in appearance, but the new one is more brightly coloured.这两部车看起来差不多，但那部新的颜色更亮些。

【注】请注意similar与familiar的差异，后者意为“熟悉的”。当主语是物时，familiar后也接介词to。如：① Your name is very familiar to me.你的名字我很熟悉。② French is familiar to him as English.他对法语就像英语一样熟悉。③ These folk songs are familiar to the local people.这些民歌是当地人很熟悉。

【注】当人作主语时，即表示某人对某物熟悉时，familiar后接介词with。如：① I'm of course familiar with his works.我当然对他的作品很熟悉的。② She has become familiar with the house.她对这房子得很熟悉了)辨析：similar，like与alike similar指有明显的共同性质但不完全一致或同一。

like指事物在外貌、性质或特征上非常相似以致区别不开，但并非同一。alike意义同like，但只能作表语。

A similar mistake occurs at the end of the paragraph.这一段末尾有一个类似的错误。Like thinking produces like ideas.相似的思维产生相似的主张。He and his brother are very alike.他们兄弟俩太相似了。

联想：(派)similar adj.类似的 similarly adv.类似地 similarity n.类似

24.After all, what makes a new invention such a wonderful thing is that it allows us to do sth.we could not do before.不管怎样，使一项新发明成为如此奇妙的事情就在于他可以让我们做以前不能做的事情。(p.63第二段倒数第二行)▲ after all 毕竟。归根到底

(1)毕竟，到底 He is a good man after all.毕竟他是一个好人。(2)在句首时，常译为“别忘了”。After all, my son's birthday is in two weeks’ time.别忘了，我儿子的生日还有两周时间。

拓展：above all 尤其是；all in all 完全，整个地；and all 等等； at all 全然，根本；first of all 首先 in all总计；not at all 一点也不 辨析：after all，at all 与 in all

after all意思是“终究”“毕竟”。如：① After all, I've nothing to be ashamed of.说到底，我没有什么可羞愧的。② So you see I was right after all.因此你知道最后还是我对。③ What harm does it do after all? 它到底有什么害处? ④ After all, he's only six years old.他毕竟才六岁。

【注】注意: after all与at all和in all的区别。

① at all用在否定句中，以加强否定语气，表示“一点儿也不”“完全没有”。如：① It will do you no harm at all.这对你完全没有害处。② I'm not interested in it at all.我对这毫无兴趣。

② at all可用于疑问句、条件句中起强调作用，意为“真的”“竟然”“确实”等。如：① Are you going to do it at all?你真的准备这样做吗? ② If you want to discuss with me at all, give me a ring.如果你确实想同我商量，可以打个电话给我。

③ in all用来表示“总计”。如：① There are four questions in all.总共有四个问题。② How much is it in all? 总共多少钱?)

25.Now that we are developing new technology at such a high pace,„ 既然我们如此高速地发展着新技术„(p.63第三段第二行)▲ now that既然，由于 表示原因 Now that you are grown-up, you must stop this childish behavior.既然你已长大，你必须停止这种幼稚的行为。Now that he is well again, he can go on with his English study.既然恢复了健康，他就可以继续学习英语。【注】口语中now that中的that可省略。

拓展：now and then 时而，不时；from now on 从现在起；just now 刚才；now then(位于句首，表警告、抗议或引起注意)喂；up to now 直到现在

联想：now n.现在past n.过去future n.未来 present n.目前 辨析：now that 与 once 引导的状语从句

now that意为“既然”“由于”；once意为“一旦”，它们在句中起连词作用，引导时间状语从句。如： ① Now that you mention it, I do remember.你一提，我就想起来了。② Now that we have decorated the house, we can move in.既然房子已装修好，我们就可以搬进去了。③ Once over the pass, you will see the town before you.一过关口，你就会看到那座城市呈现在你面前。④ I'll tell him once I see him.我一看见他就告诉他。⑤ Now that the rain has stopped, we call leave.雨既然停了，我们就可以走了。⑥ Now that you are settled, why don't you take up some serious study? 既然你已经安顿下来，为什么你不开始正式地学些东西呢? ⑦ Once she arrives, we can start.她一到我们就可以动身了。⑧ Once you show any fear, he will attack you.你一表现出恐惧，他就要攻击你。【注】now that中的that可省略。

第四篇：高二英语Unit11 Scientific achievements知识点总复习教案

高二英语Unit11 Scientific achievements知识点总复习教案

Section I 课前准备、听力、口语

1.Solar energy 太阳能。(p.1 Warming Up最后●)energy 1)n.[U] 精力；活力 Young people usually have more energy than the old.年轻人通常比老年人有活力。

2)n.[U]能，能量atomic energy原子能

辨析：force，power，energy，strength与might * force力；指活动的力，是strength所展示出来的力；常被作“势力”用。* power力；用途最广，用于各种身的、心的、隐藏的、外显的力，和strength同义，但暗示能动的意思。* energy在物理学上指“能”；精力，活力。* strength体力；是内部的力，是在身体组织内存在的体力。* might力；势力；强有力的力。You must use force to open that bottle.你必须用力打开那个瓶子。/ Some animals have the power to see in the dark.有些动物具有在黑暗中能看见东西的本领。/ To everyone's surprise, the old painter seemed to have more energy after his recovery from his serious illness than even the young.使大家感到惊讶的是这位老画家在重病复原后似乎比青年人精力还要充沛些。/ I haven't the strength to lift the table.我没有力气抬这张桌子。/ It's beyond your might.此事非你力所能及。

联想：energetic adj.精力充沛的，积极的;energize vt.使活跃，给予精力，加强;energizer n.抗抑制剂；情绪兴奋剂

2.That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.这对一个人来说是一小步，但对人类而言却是一大步。（p.2 Words 第一行）/ You are working on sending a manned spaceship to Mars.你正在从事发射载人飞船上火星的工作。（p.2 Speaking Dr Winfey）1)男人[C] In many countries in the world, men kiss each other when they meet.在世界上许多国家里，男人们会晤时彼此亲吻。

2)人类[U](前面不用冠词)Man must make the earth support more people.人类必须使地球养活更多的人。

3)vt.操纵；给„„配备人员Ten workers were assigned to man the production line.十名工人被派到生产线上进行操作。

4)manned adj.载人的，由人操纵的。

联想：mankind人类;manner n.方法、举止;manual adj.手工的、体力的;manly 有男子气概的；刚强的;man-made人造的

3.You and your team are working on a cure for AIDS.你和你的队员们正在进行艾滋病治疗。(p.2 Speaking / Dr Wilson)辨析：work on与work at

* work on从事某项工作(创造、创作、作画、制订、设计、草拟、研究„„)。* work at学习；研究；致力于；在„„下功夫。

I'm working at my study.我正在努力学习。/ He is working on a new dictionary.他正在撰写一部新词典。

4.You want to develop new technology that will make it possible to grow food in areas where there is very little water.你想发展新的技术，使得在没有水的地方生长食物成为可能。(p.2 Speaking ‘Dr Smith’)* make的复合结构

1)make+宾语+名词使„„In 1849, Marx went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work.1849年，马克思到了英国，把伦敦作为从事革命工作的基地。

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2)make+宾语+形容词使„ They have made their home-town rich.他们已使家乡富有了。/ The policemen have made it clear that he is a thief.警察已弄清楚他是个贼。* 注意：上句it作为形式宾语代替后面that引导的从句。

3)make sb.do sth.使某人做某事 The boss made him work 10 hours a day.老板让他每天工作十小时。

4)be made to do sth.被迫做某事 The workers were made to work 10 hours a day.工人们每天被迫工作十小时。

5)make + 宾语 + 过去分词使某人／某事被„„

She couldn’t make herself heard.别人听不到她的话。

5.If I got the money, I would...要是我得到钱。我会„„(p.3 Useful expressions 左1)

1)本句为虚拟结构，表示与现在事实相反的假设，从句用一般过去式，主句为would(或should，could，might)+ 动词原形 If I know the answer to the question, I should(would)tell you.如果我知道问题的答案，我会告诉你的。2)虚拟条件句中be的过去式一般为were。If I were you, I couldn't accept her suggestion.如果我是你，我不会接受她的建议。

6.I'd like...(=I'd love to...；反义词组：I'd hate to...)我想要„„(p.3 Useful expressions 右2)本句型是should like或would like的缩略式，常用来表示“愿意”，尤其是礼貌地提出邀请或愿意提供帮助时。like后可接名词或带to的动词不定式，但不接动词-ing形式。

1)would like to do sth愿意做某事--Would you like to go to the cinema with me tomorrow ? 明天你愿意和我一起去看电影吗?--Yes, I'd love to.(to不能省略掉)是的，我愿意去。注意：其否定式为would like not to do sth.2)would like(sb.)to do sth.I would like Tom to do it at once.我想要汤姆立刻去做这件事。

3)would like sth.要什么东西 Would you like some bread or coffee? 你想要些面包还是喝咖啡? Section II 阅读

7.Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China, it is 1ikely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing.无论中国将来会有什么样的伟大成就，其中许多很有可能会诞生在北京的西北部。(p.3 第一段1－2行)1)be likely to do sth.很可能(发生某种情况)Our team is likely to win the game.这场比赛我们队很可能赢。

2)It is likely that + 从句 It is likely that we’ll go on a picnic in the forest tomorrow.很可能明天我们去森林里野餐。辨析：likely，probable与possible:

* likely系常用词，指“从表面现象看很有可能”。* possible指“由于有适当的条件和方法，某事可能发生或做到”，强调“客观上有可能”，但“实际希望很小”。

* probable语气比possible强，指“有根据、合情理、值得相信的事物，带有‘大概’、‘很可能’”的意思。

* likely之后常跟不定式(be likely to do sth.)，而possible，probable之后通常不跟不定式；likely的主语可以是人，而possible，probable的主语不能是人。

The hurricane is likely to come.飓风可能要来。/ It is possible to go to the moon now.现在有可能登上月球。/ I don't think the story is probable.我不认为这个故事合情合理。联想：likely;friendly;fatherly;motherly;sisterly brotherly;manly;lovely;

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lively;lonely;orderly 8.Zhongguancun was set up as a special economic zone in the late 1990s and„ 中关村是20世纪90年代末建成的经济特区„(p.3 第二段 第1－2行)1)set up:(1)竖立起来 Let's set up the tent first.我们先把帐篷搭起来。(2)建立，成立 Edison set up a chemical lab of his own at the age of ten.爱迪生10岁就建立了他自己的化学实验室。(3)使(自己或他人)从事某职业(as)He has set himself up as a bookseller.他开始经营书籍。辨析：set off与set out set off与set out这两个动词短语都有“出发”和“动身”的意思，都可以解释为start to move或begin a journey。set off的原意是“使爆炸”(cause to explode)；set out的原意是“着手做”(begin work with the intention of achieving a particular aim)。注意：set out在用来表示“着手做”时，后面总是跟动词不定式。The slightest spark can set off the explosives stored here.一点点火星就能够使储存在这里的火药爆炸。/ The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them.那位新闻记者立即着手去获得这些重要的资料，但是他把这些资料寄来却用了很长时间。

拓展: set about着手(开始)做;set an example树立榜样;set apart留出，拔出;set fire to点燃，生火;set foot in(或on)登上；涉足；访问 2)as用法小结(1)as用作连词

① 作“当„„的时候”解，引导时间状语从句，表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生、同时进行。As he looked at her she made a face.他看她时，她作了个鬼脸。/ He sang as he walked.他一边走，一边唱。

② 作“由于”、“因为”解，引导原因状语从句，表示比较明显的原因。由as引导的原因从句通常放在主句之前。As he didn't know much English，he got out his dictionary and looked up the word.由于他不懂得多少英语，他拿出来词典查了这个词。③ 作“如(不如)„„一样”解，引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句。He does not speak as the other people do.他不像其他人那样肯说话。He is not so diligent as you.他不如你勤奋。(so„as„只用于否定句。若为肯定句必须用as„as„)

④引导让步状语从句时，作“虽然”、“尽管” 解，这时，要将表语或状语提到主语之前，使句子部分倒装。如果表语是名词，放在句首时不能加冠词。Young as he is, he knows a lot.尽管年轻，他懂得很多。Old man as he is, he still works hard.尽管他是个老人，他仍然工作很努力。

(2)as用作代词

① 作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句，先行词前常有such，the same与之呼应，构成such...as，the same(„)as„。We'll make such computers as are needed in different branches of science.我们将制造出科学的各部门所需要的那种计算机。/ I'm reading the same books as you.我读的书与你读的书相同。

②引导非限制性定语从句，as常常作主语、定语、表语等，在这种情况下as指的是前面或后面的整个句子。The two cities are far away from each other, as you can see in the map.正如你在地图上看见的那样，这两座城市相距甚远。/ As everybody knows, all that glitters is not gold.大家都知道，闪光的东西不都是金子。

3)as if(as though)用作连词，作“就像„似的”“仿佛”解(1)as if(as though)引起的方式状语从句或表语从句中动词一般用虚拟语气, be通常为were或was。如从句动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时；若从句动作在主句动作之前发生，从句用过去完成时。

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Jane shouted in surprise as if she saw the land.珍妮惊喊着，好像看见了陆地。/ Tom is talking about China as if he had been there.汤姆正在谈着中国，好像他去过一样。(2)若主句谓语动词为look，seem，taste，smell等词时，as if引导的表语从句常常使用陈述语气。It looks as if it is going to rain.看起来天好像耍下雨。/ This meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.这肉尝起来好像已变坏了。

(3)当从句中主语和句子主语一致，从句谓语又包含动词be时，这个主语和be可以省略。He glanced about as if(he was)in search of something.他四处打量着好像在搜寻什么。(4)as if(as though)可以接一个不定式短语。He waved his hand to me as if to have something to tell me.他向我挥了挥手好像有事要告诉我。辨析：as，when与while

as，when，while作为连词，都有“当„„的时候”的意思。* as常可与when或while通用，但它较强调主句和从句中的动作或事情同时发生。因此，常作“一面„„一面„„”解。* while常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程，强调主句的动词和从句的动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。用while引导的从句中用延续性动词。As(When／While)I was walking down the street, l noticed a police car in front of Number 37.我沿着大街往前走的时候，注意到37号门前停着一辆警车。/ When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out.钟敲12下时，灯全熄了。/ When I went into the lab, the professor was doing an experiment.当我走进实验室时，那位教授正在做实验。/ Please keep quiet while others are studying.别人在学习的时候，请保持安静。/ While I was writing letters last night, he was watching TV.昨晚我在写信的时候，他在看电视。误：As he is old, my teacher works hard.正：Old as he is, my teacher works hard.尽管我的老师年龄很大了，但是工作很努力。

误：So as to catch the early bus, he got up very early.正：He got up very early so as to(in order to)catch the early bus.他起早是为了赶早班车。

拓展：as a matter of fact实际上;as a result(of)结果;as far as就„„而言；远至as follows如下as for至于，关于as long as只要;as well as还，也;as to至于，关于;as many as(表可数)和„„一样多，达„„之多 9.The science park is also home to a growing number of overseas Chinese who have grasped the opportunity to develop their ideas at home.越来越多的海外华人抓住机会到国内来实现他们的理想。（p.3第三段第1行）grasp的用法：(1)抓住 v.grasp sb.by the arm 抓住某人的胳膊(2)([同]understand)掌握，领会n.grasp sb.’s meaning 懂某人的意思(3)n.[常用单数]紧握；把握；理解；理解力

辨析：grasp，grip，seize，snatch与grab grasp抓紧 / grip紧握；比grasp更强 / seize抓紧；还有“夺过去强占”的含义 / snatch较突然迅速的“掠夺” / grab匆忙，以满有把握的动作抓住某事(1)I grasped him by the arm.我抓住他的手臂。

(2)The frightened girl gripped her mother's arm.那受惊的女孩紧抓住她母亲的手臂。(3)They seized all the belongings of the peasants.他们抢走了农民所有的财物。(4)The man snatched her bag and ran away.那人抢了她的包逃跑了。

(5)Each of you may have a sweet, but don't grab.你们每人可以吃一块糖，但不要抢。拓展：beyond sb.’s grasp力量达不到 Grasp all, lose all.[谚]样样都要，全数失掉。within sb.'s grasp力量达得到

10.Zhongguancun made it possible for him to follow his dreams and help the country

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he loves.中关村使他有可能实现自己的梦想，同时为他所热爱的国家做出自己的贡献。(p.3 第三段第3－4行)follow:(1)vt.遵照，遵循 Gandhi was married at the age of thirteen, following the local custom.甘地按照当地的风俗，十三岁就结了婚。

(2)vt.听从，服从 The soldiers must follow the officer's orders.士兵们必须执行军官的命令。

(3)vt.明白；懂 He spoke so fast that I could not follow him.他说得太快，我听不懂他的话。

(4)vt.沿着„„前进 We followed the road to the top of the hill.我们沿着这条路走到了小山顶。

(5)vt.跟随 The children followed their mother into the room.孩子们跟着母亲进了房间。

The results are as follows...结果如下„„。

to follow through a plan 实行计划 That's an interesting idea, and we'll certainly follow it up.那是一个有意义的想法，我们一定要进一步予以研究。拓展：as follows如下;follow through完成；把„„进行到底;follow up追究，追查；(对„„)采取进一步的行动

11.I studied abroad because I wanted to see more of the world and work with some of the top scientists in my field.我到国外学习是因为我想多看看外边的世界，并在我所学的领域跟一些顶极科学家们一起工作。(p.3第四段 第1行)more:(1)n.较大量，较多量 I'm afraid I’ve eaten more than enough.我怕我是吃得过多了。(2)adj.& adv.(many和much的比较级)更多的(地)；较多的(地)；更This lesson is more difficult than that one.这课比那课难些。They have more books than us.他们的书比我们的多。We have more time than before.我们比以前有较多的时间。拓展：① more and more愈来愈多More and more people are learning how to use computers.越来越多的人在学如何用计算机。② more or less或多或少，在一定程度上What he has said will be proved more or less right．他说的话或多或少是对的。③ more than多于;...多She is more than thirty．她三十多岁了。④ no more = not...any more不再He smokes no more.(He didn't smoke any more.)他不再吸烟了。⑤ no more than仅仅；同„„一样不„„ The writer wrote no more than two novels.那位作家仅仅写了两部小说。This book is no more interesting than that one.这本书和那本一样没趣。⑥ not more than 至多，不超过；不比„„更There are not more than five students in the classroom.教室里至多有五名学生。Lesson 2 is not more difficult than Lesson 3.第二课不比第三课更难。⑦ once more(=once again)再一次You'd better try it once more.你最好再试一次 ⑧ 句型：The more„+主句the more„；The + 比较级...the + 比较级„越„„就越„„ The more I look at the picture the less I like it.这张画我越看，我就越不喜欢它。

12.I was so happy.It was wonderful, like a dream come true.我真高兴，这太棒了，就像梦想成真一样。(p.4 第三段 第1行)(1)like doing sth.喜欢做某事(经常性爱好)I like drawing and collecting stamps.我喜欢画画和集邮。

(2)like to do sth.喜欢做某事(具体的)I like to play football this afternoon.我今天下午想去踢足球。

(3)should(would)like to do sth.想要，愿意 I would like to have some soft drinks.我想喝些软饮料。

(4)would(should)like sb.to do sth.想让某人做某事I would like you to do it now.我想让你现在做这件事。

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注意：口语中like亦可作连词，意为“如同、好像”。如：Do it like I tell you.照我告诉你的做。

辨析：as与like

as和like都用以表示“相像”。as表示“相像”时是介词或连词。as作介词用时可译为“作为”，而like则不能。like表示“像”的意思，一般是作为形容词、介词，也可以作为连接词。We united as one.我们团结得像一个人。Study as Lenin studied.像列宁那样学习。The work is not so easy as you think.这个工作不像你想的那么容易。The picture is not at all like.这张画画得一点不像。He looks like a girl.他看上去像个女孩子。He can drive the tractor like you do.他能像你一样开拖拉机。Let me speak to you as a father.让我以父亲的身份与你讲话。(me是父亲)As your teacher, I think it my duty to point out your mistakes.作为老师，我认为指出你的错误是我的责任。

13.Not all the new companies can succeed,„ 并不是所有的公司都会取得成功，„(p.4最后一段 第2行)all(1)adj.所有的，全部的，整个的 All the people stand-ing by and those at the windows cried out.站在街道两旁和窗口的人都叫喊起来。I've never had anybody speak to me that way in all my life.在我一生中我从未让任何人对我用那种方式讲话。

(2)pron.所有的人或东西，一切。作主语指人时，谓语动词用复数；指物时，谓语动词用单数。All the children are busy.所有这些孩子们都很忙。So all she could d0 was to go back home.她能做的一切就是回家去。

(3)all后接定语从句，指物时不能用which，要用that。This is a11 that you want．这就是你要的一切。

(4)all与否定副词not，never等连用是部分否定，表示“一切„„不都是”“不是所有的„„都„„”。Not all the ants go out for food.不是所有的蚂蚁都出去觅食。

拓展：all day long整天;all kinds of各种各样的;all night long整夜;all one's life某人一生，终身;all over全身，到处;all over the country(world)全国(世界)all the afternoon整个下午 in all总共，总计 after all毕竟，终究 Section III 词汇、综合技能

14.Chinese history is filled with great achievements in science and technology.中国的历史充满着科技方面的成就。(p.7 第一段 第1行)with的复合结构。即with + 宾语 + 宾补

(1)He likes to sleep with the window open.(adj.作宾补)他喜欢开着窗户睡觉。(2)With her son away from home, she was worried.(adv.短语作宾补)由于她的儿子离家出走，所以她很担心。

(3)She came in with a baby in her arms.(介词短语作宾补)她抱着孩子进来了。(4)With the problem settled, we went on smoothly.(过去分词作宾补)由于问题得到解决，我们进展顺利。

(5)With a local guide leading the way, we got there easily.(现在分词短语作宾补)由于当地向导带路，我们很容易到了那儿。

(6)With her husband to help her, she worked it out.(不定式作宾补)由于她丈夫帮助她，她解决了这个问题。

注意：with的复合结构既可以作状语，又可以作定语。

15.In 1995, the Chinese government put forward a plan for “rejuvenating the nation by relying on science and education”„ 1995年，中国政府提出了“科教兴国”的规划。(p.7 第一段4－5行)

1)put forward:(1)提出(意见、建议)He put forward a better plan.他提出了一个更

用心 爱心 专心

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好的计划。(2)推荐，提名 Shall we put her forward as the candidate for chair-man of the committee? 我们提名她为委员会主席的候选人好吗? 拓展：put in打断；插嘴，进港;put off推迟；延期;put on穿；上演;put away放好;put down写下;put on weight发福;put out生产、扑灭

2)rely vi.(与on，upon连用):(1)依靠；依赖 rely on one's own efforts 依靠自己的努力(2)信任；信赖 depend on with confidence You may rely on me.你可以信赖我。辨析：rely与depend

rely 指“在过去经验的基础上，依赖、相信某人或某事物，希望从中得到支持或帮助”。如：He can be relied On to keep secret.相信他能保密。

depend 指“出于信赖而依靠他人或他物，以取得支持或帮助，这种信赖可能有过去的经验或了解为根据，也可能没有”。如：He can depend on his wife for sympathy.他相信妻子会同情他。16.When you are writing to persuade the reader,„ 当你在写文章说服读者，„(p.8 Tips 第1行)persuade:(1)vt.说服 He persuaded her to go to school，even though she did not want to.即使她不想去上学，他还是说服她去。(2)vt.使相信(常与of，that连用)I am almost persuaded of his honesty.我几乎相信他是诚实的。(3)vi.被说服The boy persuades easily.这孩子听劝。

辨析：persuade，convince 与 advise

persuade和convince意思均为“说服”；前者着重情感上的“敦促，劝告”，后者着重理智上的“辩论、证明”，两者结构相同，即：persuade(或convince)sb.that...;persuade(或convince sb.of sth.)而advise只表“劝说”，而不强调其结果如何。He advised her to go, but she didn't.= He tried to persuade her to go, but she didn’t.他建议她去，可她没去。Finally they were persuaded to give up their foolish plans.最后总算说服了他们放弃了他们愚蠢的计划。

拓展：persuade sb.to do sth.= persuade sb.into doing sth.说服某人做某事;try／want to persuade sb.to do sth.试图说服某人做某事;advise sb.to do sth.劝说某人做某事 语法专题

Section IV 语法 构词法

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第五篇：高二英语Unit19 知识点总复习教案

高二英语Unit19 The Merchant of Venice知识点总复习教案

Section I 课前准备、听力、口语

1.Deny your father, and refuse your name„ 否认你的父亲，拒绝你的名字。(p.65 Warming up)▲ deny(denied，denying)(1)vt.否认，不承认Can you deny the truth of his statement? 你能否认他的声明的真实性吗? He denied telling me／that he had told me.他否认告诉过我。

注意：deny后跟动名词或跟宾语从句作宾语。

(2)vt.不给；不准 I was denied the chance of going to college.不给我上大学的机会。

(3)vt.(正式)抛弃；背弃He has denied his country and his principles!他背弃了他的国家和他的原则1 ▲ refuse(refused，refusing)(1)vt.拒绝；不接受；不肯He asked her to marry him, but she refused(to marry him).他向她求婚，但是她拒绝了。She refused his offer.她不接受他的求婚。

(2)refuse还可跟动词不定式构成refuse +to do；也可用于被动结构。She refused to go home.她不回家。They were refused admittance.他们被拒绝入内。

(3)vi.拒绝 He can't refuse if you ask politely.你如果礼貌地请求，他是不会拒绝的。

注意：refuse只接不定式，不接动名词，不接不定式的复合宾语结构，也不接宾语从句，如：不说，He refused me to go(going)there.而应说：He didn't allow me to go there 或 He refused to let me go.他不让我去那儿。辨析：refuse与reject refuse和reject都有“拒绝”的意思，有时可以通用，有时用法又不同。refuse强调坚定地拒绝，后可接动词不定式。reject强调当前拒绝对方的请求、提议的情况，一般后面不接动词不定式。如：He refused to speak at the meeting.他拒绝在会上发言。He rejected my request.他当面拒绝了我的要求。

Section II 阅读

2.As far as I know„ 据我所知„(p.67 Useful expressions)as far as的用法和意思 ▲ as far as或so far as，此处意为“据”“就„‘尽”，常与动词know，see等词连用。如： ① As far as they know, the room is empty.据他们所知，房间是空的。② So far as I can judge, she is quite efficient.据我判断，她的工作效率是相当高的。③ There aye no mistakes as far as I can see.在我看来没什么错误。④ So far as I know, their work is far from satisfactory.据我所知，他们的工作并不令人满意。

【注】类似的用法还有：as far as sb./ sth.is concerned，意思是“就某人 ／某事而言”“对某人／某事来说”。如：① As far as I am concerned, it's all nonsense.在我看来，这全是一派胡言。② This has been a difficult period as far as the country's economy is concerned.就我国经济而言，最近是其困难时期。

【注】也可以用as far as sth.goes。如：① so far as content goes, it is all right.就内容而言，这还不错。② It's a perfectly good law as far as it goes, but it doesn't deal with the real problems．该法就其本身而言非常不错，但是它未解决实际问题。

【注】 as far as的原意是“到达”“一直到”。如：① The flood waters came as far as the roof.洪水一直漫到屋顶。② They didn't go as far as we.他们走得不如我们远。3.The way I would go about it„ 我要做这件事的方法„(p.67 Useful expressions)▲ go about的用法

(1)go about此处意为“从事于„„” “进行„„”。如：① You are not going about it the right way.你的做法不对。② Peter has no idea how to go about finding a better job.彼得不知道怎样才能找到更好的工作。③ Bobby is going about his homework very seriously tonight.博比今天晚上在非常认真地做功课。④ How will you go about building the bird home? 你打算怎样着手建鸟舍?(2)go about可作“流传”解释，此时about是副词，后面不需要跟宾语。如：① There are a lot 0f colds going about now.目前感冒传染很厉害。② A story is going about that there will be another party on the 15th of August.据说八月十五日要举行另一次聚会。③ The rumor is going about that John and Mary are getting married.谣传约翰和玛丽要结婚了。(3)go about还有“到处走走”之意，此处about也是副词，相当于around。如：① People are going about more now that the weather's better.因为天气热些了，人们外出增多了。② Is it dangerous to go about bareheaded when it's mining? 下雨的时候光着头到处走有危险吗? ③ Mother is much better, thank you, she's able to go about a bit more.谢谢你，母亲好多了，她已能更多地走动了。

4.Have mercy on Antonio, Shylock.宽恕Antonio吧，Shylock.(p.67 Reading 第二行)have mercy on sb.宽恕某人 ▲ mercy n.仁慈、怜悯、宽恕 She has mercy on little animals.她怜悯小动物。They showed little mercy to their enemies.他们对敌人毫不仁慈。

(1)这一意思也可以用show mercy to sb.或give mercy to sb.表示。如：① Have mercy on me.饶了我吧!② They showed mercy to the defeated enemy.他们饶恕了被打败的敌人。③ In Iraq, the American soldiers had no mercy on the prisoners of war.在伊拉克，美军士兵对战俘毫无怜悯之意。④ The judge showed mercy to him.法官宽恕了他。(2)mercy也可作可数名词，这时意为“幸运的事”“值得感激的事”。如：① What a mercy he escaped the fire!他从火里逃生，真是幸运。② He is thankful for small mercies.他对小恩小惠也很感激。③ It was a mercy that she wasn't seriously injured.谢天谢地，她没有受重伤。

注意：表示被动意义时可以说：We were given no mercy.我们没有得到宽恕。No mercy was shown to the prisoners.对囚犯毫不宽恕。

联想：(复)mercies(同)charity, grace 拓展：at he mercy of 任由„„摆布，在„„掌握之中;have mercy on ／ upon sb.／ sth.= show mercy to sb./ sth.对„„表示同情；对„„有怜悯之心;without mercy 毫不留情地

5.I’ve promised to take my pound of flesh.我说过一定要拿走我的那一磅肉。(p.67 Reading 第三行)▲ promise(1)vt.答应，允诺约定I don't remember I ever promised that.我不记得我答应过这件事。

(2)vt.promise + to + v.(原型)I never promised to obey her commands.我从未答应过要服从她的命令。

(3)vt.promise + n./ pron.+ n./ pron.She promised me a gift for my birthday.她答应送我一件生日礼物。

(4)vt.promise + that从句He promised that he would come.他答应来。

(5)n.诺言、约定Give me your promise that you'll never do that again.答应我你永远不要再干那种事。

联想：promise n.诺言、约定、预示;promiser n.做出诺言的人。

拓展：make a promise 做出承诺，允诺;keep one's promise遵守诺言;break one's promise

食言

6.It’s useless trying to argue with Shylock.跟夏洛克讲理是没有用的。(p.67 Reading 第七行)▲ It's useless + doing是一固定句型，意思是“做某事没有用处”。

拓展：It's useless / no use / no good + v.-ing做某事没有用处(好处)It's no use quarreling with her.跟她吵架没有用。It's of no use arguing about it.争论这事没有用。It's no good crying over spilt milk.后悔是没有用的。(谚语)覆水难收。Is it any good just crying? 光哭有什么用呢? 7.You might as well go stand upon the beach and argue with the sea.你到不如站在海滩上跟大海讲理。(p.67 Reading 第七行)▲ may / might / just / could as well do sth.(as do sth.else)意思是“还是„„的好”“倒不如”“干脆”“不妨”。如：① If that's the case, I may as well try.如果真是那样的话，我不妨试试。② I may as well admit that I knew the answer all along.我干脆承认了吧，我早就知道答案。③ The weather was so bad we might as well have stayed home.天气这样糟糕，我们还不如呆在家里呢。④ Anyway, you're here;you might as well stay.反正你已经来了，最好还是住在这儿吧!⑤ I might as well tell you the truth.我不妨告诉你真相。⑥ I'll come with you if you like;I might as well.如果你愿意，我就和你一起去，我无所谓。⑦ If I've got to go somewhere, I may as well go to Birmingham.如果我非得到什么地方去的话，我还是去伯明翰的好。

8.Pass judgment on me and give Shylock what he wants.对我审判吧，把夏洛克想要的东西给他把。(p.67 Reading 第八行)▲ pass judgment(opinion)on sb./ sth.pass judgment(opinion)on sb./ sth.对„„进行评价(批评)，此处表示“作出判决”。如：① It's very hard to pass judgment on yourself.对自己作出评价是很难的。② The voters will pass judgment on the government tonight.选民们今晚得对政府作出评价。③ It's difficult to pass judgment on the affair when we know so little about what happened.对发生的情况了解这么少，要作出判断是困难的。④ I can't pass my opinion on your works without examining it thoroughly.不仔细看，我不能对你的作品提出意见。

【注】 也可以说make one's judgment on / about / of sb./ sth．。如：① I shall make my own judgment on the matter when I see the results.看了结果后我将自作评价。② I don't really want to make any judgments on the decisions they made.我真的不想对他们作出的决定作任何评价。

9.If you offered me six times what you have just offered,„ 你愿意给我六倍于刚才你提出的那个钱数，„(p.67 Reading 第十行)▲ 动词offer的用法

(1)offer有“主动提出”“提供”之意，表示提供一种东西或提出一项建议。如：① The young man offered the old woman his won seat.那个年轻人要把自己的座位让给老大娘。② They offered him a job at the factory, but he refused.他们提出在工厂给他安排工作，但他拒绝了。③ They offered a reward for the return of the jewel that had been lost.他们悬赏寻找失去的珠宝。④ It began to rain, so I offered her my umbrella, but she would not take it.天开始下雨，所以我把雨伞拿给她用，但她不要。(2)offer表示“出价”，与介词for连用，后接某事物。如：① I offered him thirty thousand dollars for the house.我向他出价三万美元买这幢房子。② They offered their boat for sale for 2000 dollars.他们把船拿来出售，索价两千美元。③ They offered him 3000 pounds for the computer.他们愿意出三千镑来买他这台计算机。④ They offered two hundred francs for the right to reproduce the painting.他们愿意出二百法郎取得这幅画的复制权。【注】offer后接价钱，表示主语愿买；后接事物，表示主语愿出售该事物，请比较例句①～

④。

(3)offer既可作动词也可作名词用，不论作何种词，后面均可跟动词不定式。如：① He offered to lend me some books.他主动提出要借一些书给我。② Thank you for your kind offer to lend me some books.谢谢你好心借给我这些书。③ Thank you for your offer to help us.谢谢你表示愿意帮助我们。④ He offered to drive us to the station, but we preferred to walk there.他说他可以开车送我们去车站，但我们宁愿走着去。

▲ 倍数的表示方法

times作“倍数”解释时，是可数名词，用times表示“A是B的几倍大(或高、长、宽、深等)”“A比B大(或高、长、宽、深等)几倍”，常见的句型如下：

(1)A is three(four...etc)times the size(height，length，width，depth，etc)of B。如: ① The new bridge is four times the width of the old one.这座新桥是旧桥的四倍宽。② The meeting room is three times the size of the classroom.会议室是教室的三倍大。③ The tower is three times the height of the building.这座塔是那座楼房的三倍高。④ The river is five times the depth of the brook.这条河是那条小溪的五倍深。(2)A is three(four...etc)times as big(high，long，wide，deep，etc)as B。如: ① Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。② This box is three times as heavy as that one.这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。③ This new highway is three times as wide as the old one.新公路是旧公路的三倍宽。④ The classroom is four times as big as our dormitory.教室是我们寝室的四倍大。

(3)A is three(four„etc)times bigger(higher，longer，wider，deeper etc)than B.如：① The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.会议室比我们办公室大三倍(会议室是我们办公室的四倍大)。② Asia is three times larger than Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。

【注】用times表示倍数，一般只限于表示基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数，表示两倍不用two times，而用twice或double。如：① My income is now double what it was.我的收入是以前的两倍。② Now the number of sheep is more than double that of 1990.现在羊的数目是一九九。年的两倍多。

10.„ I would still take my pound of flesh.我还是要拿回我应得的那一磅肉。(p.67 Reading 第十行)flesh:(1)肌肉，肉A fat man has a great deal of flesh.胖子肉多。(2)肉体 The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.心有余而力不足。辨析：flesh与meat的区别(1)flesh和meat都解释为肉，但涵义有所不同，flesh指人和动物身上的肉，如指食用肉，则来指兽类的肉，不包括鱼禽类的肉。如：① Mr Green is losing flesh.格林先生瘦了。② Have you ever tasted the flesh of the snake? 你尝过蛇肉吗? ③ You should get up early and do some exercise.Otherwise, you'll put on flesh.你应该早起锻炼，否则会发胖的。④ The Great Wall was made not only of stone and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.长城不仅是用石头和泥土砌成的，而且是由几百万人的血肉所组成的。(2)meat指供食用的肉，是兽类肉的总称；如pork，mutton，beef可统称为meat；有时也指植物的肉。如：the meat of an apple。① What kind of meat is it? 这是什么肉? ② I like meat while my brother likes fish.我喜欢吃肉，而我弟弟喜欢吃鱼。

【注】 meat是不可数名词，“一块肉”是a piece of meat；“一磅肉”是a pound of meat, 我们看到的meats是指多种肉。

11.Shylock, how can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none? 夏洛克，如果你对别人一点都不仁慈，你自己怎么能希望得到别人对你的仁慈呢？(p.67 Reading 第十三行)▲ hope for

hope for意为“希望”“盼望。如：① Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.抱最好的希望，作最坏的准备。② After this dry weather，people all hope for rain.经过了这段干旱，人们普遍希望下雨。③ We hope for better weather soon.我们希望天气尽快好转。④ This time they really hoped for better results.这次他们的确希望取得较好的成果。⑤ How I hoped for his speedy recovery!我多么希望他早日康复啊!⑥ That would be too much to hope for.那是期望过高了。

【注】hope后不能跟名词，但可以跟介词短语。如“盼望下雪”，不能 说成hope snow，而应该说hope for snow；hope可以跟不定式作宾 语，但不定式不能作宾语补足语。例如我们不能说I hope you to come soon，而应该说I hope that you'll come soon。辨析：hope for；wish for与long for 这三个词组都可作“希望、愿望”讲，但含义略有区别：

① hope for指盼望得到好的或有好结果，这种希望或能实现或实现不了。② wish for常指想拥有很难得到的东西。

③ long for指强烈的愿望或渴望，语气最强。

How I wish for a pair of wings!我多么希望有一双翅膀啊!How he longs for a sense of being able to do things!他多么渴望有能力办成事情啊!拓展：pay for 为„„付钱；fight for 为„„而战；for all 尽管；for good 长期地；for nothing 不收费

12.I desire my pound of flesh.我想要我的那一磅肉。(p.67 Reading 倒数第六行)▲ desire的用法

(1)desire意为“期望”“想”“希望”，后接名词或代词。如: ① All he desired then was some spare time for study.那时候他想的只是有些空余时间进行学习。② I desire rest after such a long walk.在那么长的散步后，我很想休息一下。③ The stranger said that he desired an interview.那个陌生人说他希望受到接见。④ He couldn't well express his feelings however much he desired it.他没法恰当地表达出他的感情，不管他多么想这样做。(2)desire后可跟不定式作宾语。如: ① She had never desired to do anything like that.她从来没希望做这样的事。② There are a number of things that I desire to say.有几件事我想讲一下。③ She desires to go south.她希望去南方。④ There's one small point which I should desire to clear up.有一个小问题我想澄清一下。

(3)desire偶尔也可跟不定式作宾语补足语。如:① What do you desire me to do? 你希望我做什么? ② They desired him to go there at once.他们希望他马上到那里去。

(4)desire也可作“请求”“要求”解释，后面接宾语从句。在从句中常用虚拟语气，即should + 动词原形。如：① He desired that all letters should be burnt after his death.他请求在他死后把全部信件烧掉。② She desired that you should go and see her at once.她请你马上去见她。③ The doctor desired that we should wait.医生请求我们等一等。④ The teacher desired that all the exercises should be handed in before school was over.老师要求所有的作业在放学前交出。

13.Enter Portia, dressed as the judge.鲍西亚走进法庭，穿着法官制服。(p.67 Reading 倒数第五行)▲ dress的一种用法: 在本课中作“打扮自己”解释，常用于短语dress up as sb.或 dress up for sth.。如: ① They all dress up as PLA men.他们都打扮成解放军模样。② The little boy likes to dress himself as a policeman.这小男孩喜欢扮成警察。③ They tried to dress him up as a “national hero”.他们想把他打扮成一个“民族英雄”。④ She dressed up in Elizabeth costumes for the fancy dress ball.她穿上伊丽莎白时代的服装去参加化装舞会。⑤ Mary Was dressed up to play Cinderella.玛丽化好装，扮演灰姑娘。

14.Greetings, learned judge!I do not envy you your job.您好，博学的法官，我并不

嫉妒您的工作。(p.67 Reading 倒数第四行)▲ greetings(1)greeting的意思是“问候语„‘招呼(或动作)”，包括Hello / Hi / Good morning(after noon，evening)/ Welcome / How are you等见面时的问 候，也包括在节日致以的问候，如Merry Christmas / Happy New Year /Happy birthday等，在本课中，直接用Greetings是一种非常正式的问候语，用在极为正式的场合说话者带有一种很恭敬的语气的情景中。如：① “Greetings, Reverend” he said respect-fully.他恭敬地说：“牧师，您好”。(2)greetings可表示“祝愿”“祝贺”“问候语”，如我们常看到的圣诞卡片上的词语Season's Greetings致节日的问候、birthday greetings生日贺词、Christmas Greetings圣诞快乐以及greeting card贺卡等。▲ envy(1)羡慕；嫉妒 My success excited his envy.我的成功引起了他的嫉妒。(2)vt.嫉妒；羡慕 常用予 v.+ n./ pron.或 v.+ n./ pron.+ n./ pron.(双宾)结构。John envied his friend's success.约翰嫉妒朋友的成功。I envy you your good fortune.我羡慕你的好运。注意：① envy后接两个宾语时，这两个宾语都是直接宾语，都可以直接和动词连用。② envy后不接从句。③ envy作名词时，其后接介词at或of。如：The boy’s new toy was the envy of his friends.这个男孩的新玩具是他的朋友妒忌的对象。▲ envy也可以作名词用，为不可数名词，后接介词at，of或toward。① They only say such unkind things about you out of envy.他们是出于忌妒才讲了你那么多的坏话。② He felt envy at my success.他羡慕我的成功。③ His envy of his brother soon turned into jealousy.他对哥哥的羡慕很快变成了忌妒。

辨析：envy与jealousy 这两个词都有“嫉妒”的意思。jealousy着重对别人占有的东西恼恨不满。envy着重由于别人获得了自己本想获得的东西或成就而产生不快。如：His envy of his brother soon turned to jealousy.他对弟弟的嫉妒很快变成了恼恨。

联想：admire 钦佩、赞赏；envious adj.羡慕的；嫉妒的；enviously adv.羡慕地；嫉妒地

15.This is a most troublesome case.这是一个非常麻烦的案子。(p.67 Reading 倒数第三行)▲ most(1)most adv.常与两个音节以上的 adj.或 adv.构成最高级；adj.最高级要加定冠词the，而adv.最高级前可加可不加the。如：This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.这是我所看到的最有趣的电影。She works(the)most carefully in her office.她是办公室里工作最仔细的。

(2)adv.最 What people like most about the doctor is his kindness.人们最喜欢这医生的一点是他很和蔼。

(3)(用于强调)非常；得 She was a most beautiful woman.他是个很美丽的女人。

(4)adj.几乎全部的，大多数的。He has visited most countries in Europe.他访问过欧洲大多数国家。

(5)n.几乎全部，大部分 I was in London most of the time.大部分时间我在伦敦。联想：mostly adv.大部分地；通常地、主要的

拓展：at most至多不超过，for the most part大部分，多半，most of多数的 16.Please be seated.请坐。(p.67 Reading 倒数第一行)▲ seat(1)seat是及物动词，后必须跟宾语或用被动语态形式。如: ① The young couple seated themselves upon a bench that stood by the lake.这对年轻的夫妇在湖畔的长椅上坐下。② He seated himself near the window and began to read.他坐在窗户附近开始读书。③ She was seated at the piano with her back to them.她坐在钢琴旁，背对着他们。④ Please be seated, ladies and gentlemen.女士们，先生们，请坐下。⑤ I seated him in the armchair.我使他坐在安乐椅上。⑥ Seat the telescope on the tripod.把望远镜安装在三脚架上。(2)seat可解释为“能坐„„人”。如: ① That big cinema can seat 2000 people.那家大型电影院能坐两千人。② There are seven waiting room there, seating 17000 people in all.那里有七个候车室，总共可坐一万七千人。

【注】seat与sit的区别在于前者是及物动词，后者是不及物动词，我们可以说sit down，但不可以说seat down，而应该说He is seated。

17.Do you still ask for this pound of flesh? 你还要求得到那一磅肉吗？(p.68 Reading 第八行)▲ ask for, ask about及ask after(1)ask for在本课中意为“要求(得到)”。如: ① After Oliver finished his bowl of porridge, he asked for more.奥立弗吃完一碗粥以后要求再添一些。② Everything that was asked for has now been sent.所要的东西现在全送去了。③ The workers asked for an increase in their pay.工人们要求提高工资。④ She walked up to the counter mad asked for a pound of sugar.她走到柜台前，要买一磅白糖。⑤ Mr Smith, a lady is asking for you at the door.史密斯先生，门口有位太太要找您。⑥ He is not the man you are asking for.他不是你要找的那个人。⑦ Has anyone asked for me during my absence? 我不在的时候有人找过我吗? ⑧ Just now someone asked for you on the phone.刚才有人打电话找你。【注】 ask sb．for sth．意为“向某人要某物”“请求给予”。如: ① Ask Xiao Lin for anything you want.你要什么东西，可以找小林。② They asked the waiter for their bill.他们向服务员要帐单。

(2)ask about意为“询问” “打听”。如: ① The commander asked about the wounded soldier's condition.指挥员询问了那个伤兵的情况。② He rang up the station office to ask about the trains.他给车站办公室打了个电话询问关于火车的事。

(3)ask after意思是“问候”。如: ① When I met Mrs Smith this morning, she asked after you and the children.今天早晨我碰见史密斯太太时，她问候你和孩子们。② They were all very concerned, and your health was asked after.他们都很关心，并问候你的身体情况。③ “My mother asked after you.” “Oh, how kind of her.” “我母亲问候你。”“多谢她的好意。”

18.„ and let me tear up this paper.让我把这张借条撕了。(p.68 Reading 第十九行)▲ tear up撕毁，撕碎 ① He tore up the letter angrily and threw it into the waste-paper basket.他气愤地把信撕掉，扔进废纸篓里。② He tore up sheet after sheet of music before producing the happy tune he wanted.他撕掉一篇又一篇的乐谱，最后才写出他想要的满意的调子。③ John tore up his test paper so that his mother won't see his low grades.约翰撕碎试卷，以便妈妈看不到他糟糕的成绩。④ Yuan Shikai openly tore up the constitution.袁世凯公开撕毁了宪法。

▲ tear up有“(完全地)拔起、提起”“撕开”之意。如： ① The wind tore up several trees.风把几棵树连根拔起。② Dozens of miles of railway track have been torn up.几十里的火车道被拔起。

▲tear up可作“撕毁(取消)协议、契约”解释。如: ① A contract cannot be tom up at will.合约不能任意取消。② He told the lawyer to tear up the old contract and to prepare a new one.他告诉律师撤消旧合同，制订一份新的。

▲ tear up也可引申为“飞快地跑上„„”之意。如: The sportsman tore up the stairs two steps at a time.那运动员两级一跨地飞奔上楼。

19.I declare the court allows it and the law gives it to you.我宣布法庭可以允许这样做，法律把他判给你。(p.68 Reading 倒数第一行)▲ declare一词的用法

(1)declare意为“宣布”“宣告”“声明”，后接名词或从句。如: ① Britain declared

war on / against Germany on 3rd, September 1939.一九三九年九月三日英国对德国宣战。② The colonies declared their independence from England.这些殖民地宣告脱离英国而独立。③ He declared to us that he bad done the work himself.他一本正经地向我们说他独自完成了工作。④ Charles declared the result of the election.查尔斯宣布了选举结果。⑤ Miss Alice declared that she had nothing to do with it.艾丽斯小姐声称她和这事无关。⑥ She declared that she didn't want to see him any more.她声称她再也不想见到他了。

(2)declare后面可接复合结构，该复合结构可由形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词充当。如: ① The teacher declared Tom chosen.老师宣布汤姆被选上了。② The chairman declared the meeting open.主席宣布开会。③ The boys declared themselves against cheating.男孩子们宣称他们自己也反对欺骗行为。④ They declared his story to be true.他们声明他的说法是真实的。

辨析：announce 与 declare ① announce 宣布(含有“预告”的意思)It was announced that there would be a celebration on Sunday.据宣布，星期日要举行庆祝(会)。

② 用announce说个人要做什么事时，常含有“郑重其事”的意思。The boy announced that he was going to try out his toy plane that afternoon.那男孩向大家宣布，他下午要试飞他的玩具飞机。

③ declare宣布(如：公开宣布战争、和平、中立、意见等)This power country declared war on that small country.这个大国向那个小国宣战。联想：declarer n.宣告者；declared adj.公然宣称的(同)announce announcement n.(可数)通告，布告 拓展：declare oneself 表明自己的立场；declare peace 宣布和平；declare war on(against)对„„宣战

Section III 词汇语法、综合技能 20.Antonio lost all his ship at sea „ Antonio在茫茫大海上丢了所有的船(p.69 Language Study Ex.2)▲ at sea及其他

(1)at sea表示“在茫茫大海上”，意指“离海岸很远”。如: ① Now his ships were all at sea.现在他的船都出海了。② The ship hit an iceberg and buried at sea.这船撞上了冰山，葬身海底。③ Several ships were lost at sea owing to the hurricane.由于飓风，好几艘船在海上失踪。(2)at sea前面加上all或completely时，引申为“茫然不知所措”之意。如: ① I'm all at sea.I can't understand that problem.我简直是一片茫然，我无法理解这个问题。② He was all at sea when he began his new job.他开始新工作时，茫然不知所措。③ Would you please explain it again? I'm all at sea.你能否再解释一下?我一点儿也不懂。④ The girl was completely at sea when her mother scolded her.当母亲责怪她时，女孩茫然不知所措。▲ 请注意by sea与by the sea的区别，前者表示“经海路”，后者表示 “在海边”。如: ① “How did you go there? By train?” “No, we went there by sea.” “你们怎么到那里去的?乘火车?”“不，我们乘船去的那里。” ② The Turners lived by the sea.特纳一家住在海边。

▲注意go to the sea与go to sea的区别，前者意为“去海滨”(度假或野餐)，后者表示“去当水手”。如: ① Last Sunday, the students in Class Two went to the sea.上星期天，二班的学生去海边玩。② “I want to go to sea when I grow up.” said the boy to his mother.这小男孩对母亲说：“我长大了要去当水手。”

21.Shylock advances towards Antonio and prepares to use his knife.夏洛克朝安东尼

奥走去，准备割肉。(p.71 Integrating Skills 第一行)▲ 动词advance及其用法(1)advance在本课中意为“前进„‘发展„‘往前走”，相当于step forward。如: ① They advanced to meet the guests.他们走上前迎接客人。② About 80 percent of the graduates advanced to senior middle school.约有百分之八十的毕业生升入高中。③ We were ordered to advance on the enemy position under cover of darkness.我们得到命令，在黑夜的掩护下向敌人阵地进攻。④ The troops advanced rapidly to the village.部队迅速前进到那个村庄。

(2)advance可作及物动词用，意为“提出”。如: ① He was among the first to advance the idea that the earth was round.他是最早提出地球是圆的这一观点的人中的一个。② The proposal he advanced at the meeting was not accepted.他在会上提出的建议没有被接受。③ He had no chance to advance his opinion.他没有机会提出自己的意见。

(3)advance还有“增进„‘促进”“提前”“提升”之意。如: ① This will further advance the friendly relations between the two countries.这将进一步增进两国之间的友好关系。② The time of the meeting was advanced by an hour.会议时间提前了一个小时。③ He was soon advanced to the position of Secretary of State.不久他就被提升为国务卿了。④ Such books are likely to advance your knowledge of European history.这一类书可能会增进你对有关欧洲历史知识的了解。(4)advance也可作名词用，意思和动词差不多。如: ① The enemy couldn't make any advance, nor could they go back.敌人进不得，也退不得。② Great advances have been made in medical science.医疗科学取得巨大的进展。

【注】in advance意思是“预先”“在前面”，而in advance of意思是“在„前”“超过„”。如: ① The subject of the discussion is announced a week in advance.讨论的题目提前一周公布。② I had asked everyone to raise questions in advance of the meeting.我要求大家在会议前提出问题。③ He arrived half an hour in advance.他提前半小时到达。

【注】in advance of也可引申为“比„先进”。如： Our equipments are far in advance of theirs.我们的设备远比他们的先进。

22.If you let one drop of his blood fall, you will lose„要是你让他身上的血流下一滴，有就会失去„(p.71 Integrating Skills 第三行)▲ drop(1)n.滴, 点滴 There were a few drops of rain．下了几滴雨。(2)v.使滴下 The wet leaves dropped water.湿叶在滴水珠。

(3)v.使落下 Please drop it into the mail-box.请把它投到邮箱里。辨析：drop 与 fall drop 可作及物动词，而fall不能。表示无意或故意“掉下来”某一物体，或故意“跌倒”时，用drop，不用fall。drop 和 fall 都可作不及物动词，表示“掉下” “落下”。The Class 2 runner dropped his stick on the ground.2班的运动员不小心把接力棒掉在了地上。The glass dropped(或fell)out of her hand.杯子从她手里掉了下来。He dropped(或fell)to the ground.他摔倒在地上。

联想：dropcurtain 吊幕；droplight 吊灯；dropshot 扣球；dropsy 水肿 拓展：drop asleep 入睡；drop back 退后；drop across 偶然遇到；drop in 顺便走访；drop into 不知不觉地进人某种状态；have a drop in one's eye 有点醉意

23.You wanted justice, so you shall get justice, more than you wanted.你要求公正，那么就让你得到公正，比你要求的还要多。(p.71 Integrating Skills 第六行)▲ shall作为情态动词的用法

作为情态动词shall可用于任何人称，在陈述句中表示允诺、威胁、命令、决心、规定、要求等。如:(1)表示允诺。如: ① Tell her that she shall get the book tomorrow.告诉她明天就可以拿到那本书了。② I promise you shall see them again before long.我保证你不久就

会见到他们。③ Don't worry, you shall get the answer this very afternoon.别着急，今天下午你就可以得到答复了。④ You shall have higher pay if you work well.如果你工作得好，你就可以得到较高的工资。⑤ You shall hear everything directly you come.你一来，就什么都会听到。

(2)表示威胁、命令。如: ① You shall suffer for this!你会为这件事吃苦头的!② As a mall sows, so he shall reap.善有善报，恶有恶报。③ They shall suffer for this;they shall answer for what they have done.他们将没有好下场，他们要为他们的所作所为付出代价。④ “If you won't do as I tell you, you shan't get your birthday gift.” said father to Tom.父亲对汤姆说：“如果你不听话，你就得不到生日礼物。” ⑤ “You shall do everything as I do, so look carefully.” said the teacher to the students.老师对学生说：“你们必须照我做的去做，看仔细了。”

(3)表示决心。如: ① Everything shall be done to save the ship.必须尽一切力量来营救这艘船。② I shall never do such a thing, never!这种事我是绝对不干的，绝对不干!③ You shall not catch me so easily next time.下次你决不会那么容易赶上我。④ The enemy shall be wiped out.敌人一定会被消灭。

(4)用在条约、规则、法令等事件中。如: ① The new regulation shall take effect on June 1st.新章程六月一日起施行。② The National Party Congress shall be held every five years.党的全国代表大会每五年举行一次。(5)用在某些从句中，表示意图，要求，相当于should。如: ① We are anxious that he shall be given a chance to try it out.我们热切希望能给他机会试一试。② My demand is that you shall get it ready before five.我要求你在五时前把它准备好。③ I wish that you shall stay at home tonight.我希望今晚你会留在家里。④ I'm anxious that it shall be done in time.我急于要把这件事及时做好。⑤ My mother is determined that I shall stay on.妈妈决定让我待下去。

24.The law of Venice says that if anyone tries to kill or murder any citizen of Venice, „ 威尼斯法律规定，任何杀害或谋杀威尼斯公民的人，„(p.71 Integrating Skills 倒数第14行)▲ murder(1)vt.谋杀He murdered his rival in cold blood.他残忍地杀害了他的对手。(2)n.谋杀罪He was accused of committing murder.他被指控犯了谋杀罪。辨析：murder，kill与shoot ① murder 指谋杀 ② kill 笼统地表示“杀”的事实 ③ shoot 表示用枪或箭射杀 One day, a man was murdered in a small town.一天，一个人在一小城被谋杀。The polluted air killed the crops.被污染了的空气使庄稼死亡。He was killed in an accident.他在一次事故中死去。The prisoner of war shot himself.那个战犯自杀了。

联想：(派)murderer 凶手；murderess 女凶手

拓展：political murder 政治谋杀；a mass murder 大屠杀；get away with murder 逍遥法外；The murder is out 真相大白

25.His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke.他的生命全凭公爵来处理。(p.71 Integrating Skills 倒数第11行)▲ at the mercy of 这一短语的意思是“任由„„摆布”“在„„的掌握(支配)中”，相当于in the power of。如: ① The ship hit a rock and sank down, the crew were at the mercy of the winds and waves.船撞上礁石下沉了，船员在风浪中随波飘流。② People at Altorf would not like to be at the mercy of Gesler, the cruel governor.阿尔托夫的人们不愿意忍受总督盖斯勒的摆布。③ The dog's life was at the mercy of its master.狗的生命掌握在它主人手中。④ The mouse caught just now was at the mercy of the cat, his

cruel enemy.刚才被抓住的那只老鼠现在由它的残忍的敌人猫任意摆布。

26.Therefore, go down on your knees and beg the Duke for mercy.因此，快去跪下请求公爵宽恕你吧。(p.71 Integrating Skills 倒数第11行)▲ go down on one's knees 跪下、屈膝

此短语中的go也可以用get替代．即get down on one's knees。如: ① Never go down on one's knees before enemy.在敌人面前决不能屈膝。② He went down on his knees and begged for mercy.他跪地求饶。③ Father went down on his hands and knees and let his son ride on his back.父亲趴在地上让儿子骑在他背上。④ The young man went down on his hands and then stood on his bead against the wall.这年轻人双手着地，然后靠墙倒立。

【注】 go down on one's knees与get down on one's knees意思相同，但go down和get down意思不同。这一点请同学们务必注意go down作“下落”“减弱”解释，而get down作“放下”“打下”解释。如: ① On the third day, his fever went down.到了第三天，他的烧退了。② The prices of computers are expected to go further down.计算机的价格可望进一步下跌。③ The moon has gone down and it is dark around.月亮已经西沉了，四下里黑漆漆的。④ At night the north wind went down and the river froze again.晚上北风减弱，河里又结了冰。⑤ I couldn't get down what he said.我没能把他说的话都记录下来。⑥ They got down two enemy aircrafts last night.昨晚他们打下了两架敌机。⑦ The medicine was so bitter that I couldn't get it down.这药太苦，我吃不下去。⑧ Will you give me a hand to get this trunk down? 你帮我把这皮箱拿下来好吗? 27.My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself.我的钱财对我就像生命一样宝贵。(p.71 Integrating Skills 倒数第5行)▲ dear的几种用法(1)adj.亲爱的，可爱的 What a dear little child!多么可爱的小孩。

(2)dear此处作“珍贵的”解释。如: ① He lost everything that Was dear to him.他丧失了他所珍视的一切。② Fame and power are very dear to him.名誉和权力对他来说是非常珍贵的。③ To him very dear is the power by which he can control people and get money.对他来说，权力是非常珍贵的，通过它可以支配人并得到钱财。

（3）dear可以作“(价格)昂贵的”“索价高的”解释。如: ① It is too dear.这价钱太贵了。② It you want to make money, you must buy cheap and sell dear.如果你想赚钱，你必须便宜的买进昂贵的卖出。

【注】dear与expensive的异同点。dear与expensive都有“价格昂贵” 之意，都不能与price连用。例如我们不能说“The price of the motorcycle is too dear / expensive, 而只能说The motorcycle is too dear / expensive或The price of the motorcycle is too high.因为修饰price的只能是high或low。以上讲的是dear与expensive这两个词相同的地方。但这两个词也有不同的一面。dear所表示 的价格贵，是超乎常情的贵，讲得通俗一点，是指某个商品价格很贵，但实际不值那么多钱，而expensive所表示的贵，有“物美价高非购买者财力所及”之意，举例来说，如果一辆价值十万元的车卖十万元，就不能说dear，而只能说expensive；但如果一斤桔子通常卖一元，如卖一元五角，就应该说dear。

▲ dear还可用作感叹词，相当于汉语的“天啊”“哎呀”，表示伤心、焦急、惊奇、遗憾、同情等。如: ① Oh, dear!What shall I do? 噢!天啊!我该怎么办呢? ② ”Dear me“, said the old minister to himself, ”Am I foolish or unfit for my office?“ “天哪”，老大臣心里想，难道我也愚蠢或不称职了? ③ ”Oh，dear!How call you draw on the wall?" “噢，天啊!你怎么能在墙上乱画?”

28.They are my only comfort.他们是我唯一的安慰。(p.71 Integrating Skills 倒数第5行)▲ comfort(1)n.安慰、慰籍The nurse spoke a few words of comfort to the sick boy.护士对

小病人说了几句安慰的话。

(2)n.舒适，安逸The news brought comfort to all of us.这个消息使我们所有人都感到安慰。

(3)v.安慰 He always comforts me when I'm in trouble.每当我处于困境时，他总是来安慰我。

联想：comfortable adj.舒适的(反义词)uncomfortable 不舒适的；comfort [U] 舒适(反义词)discomfort 不舒适

拓展：give comfort to 安慰；live in comfort 生活舒适；offer sb.comfort 给人以安慰