新概念英语第四册第二十单元课文词组拓展(教学用)

第一篇：新概念英语第四册第二十单元课文词组拓展(教学用)

新概念英语第四册第二十单元课文词组拓展

Lesson 20 Snake poison 蛇毒

How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery.Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.It was not forced upon them by the survival competition;they could have caught and lived on prey without using poison just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do.Poison to a snake is merely a luxury;it enables it to get its food with very little effort, no more effort than one bite.And why only snakes? Cats, for instance, would be greatly helped;no running rights with large, fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits just a bite and no more effort needed.In fact it would be an assistance to all the carnivorae--though it would be a two-edged weapon-When they fought each other.But, of the vertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes(and one lizard).One wonders also why Nature, with some snakes concocted poison of such extreme potency.In the conversion of saliva into poison one might suppose that a fixed process took place.It did not;some snakes manufactured a poison different in every respect from that of others, as different as arsenic is from strychnine, and having different effects.One poison acts on the nerves, the other on the blood.The makers of the nerve poison include the mambas and the cobras and their venom is called neurotoxic.Vipers(adders)and rattlesnakes manufacture the blood poison, which is known as haemolytic.Both poisons are unpleasant, but by far the more unpleasant is the blood poison.It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula.Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.This, however, means nothing.Snakes did not acquire their poison for use against man but for use against prey such as rats and mice, and the effects on these of viperine poison is almost immediate.(NCE Book Four)

含有come的词组

around about across

along

apart come _______ 发生，产生 come _______ 偶然遇见，碰上 come _______ 1.出现，发生；2.进步，进展 come _______ 破碎，崩溃 come _______ 1.苏醒，复原；2.顺便来访

down at

by between down to

come _______ 1.攻击，冲向；2.达到，了解 come _______ 1.分开，离间；2.妨碍（某人做某事）come by 1.得到，获得；2.访问，看望 come down 1.（物价等）下跌；2.落魄，潦倒 come down to 可归结为 off in into on

in for come_______ come _______ come _______ come _______ come _______

1.进入，进来；2.到达；3.当令，流行起来；4.（比赛时）获得……名；5.当选，就任，上台；6.（钱）到手，被收入 受到，遭到

1.进入，加入；2.开始处于；3.得到，继承 1.脱落，分开；2.结果，表现

1.（表示鼓励、催促等）快，走吧；2.进步，进展；3.发生，开始

round / out

/ through / to /

out with come _______ 1.出现，显露；2.出版，发表；3.结果是 come _______ 1.发表，公布；2.吐露，说出，提出；3.展出，供应 come_______ 1.来，前来；2.绕道而来；3.重又来到；4.改变主意，回心转意；

5.（风、船等）转向；6.苏醒，复元；7.让步，服从，照办

come _______ 经历……仍活着，安然度过 come_______ 1.苏醒；2.总数为，结果是；3.涉及，谈到

up

under

up for

up to

up with

up against

come _______ 1.编入，归入（某一项目）；2.受到，遭受（影向、支配等）come _______ 1.出现，发生 2.走上前来 come _______ 突然（或意外）碰到（困难、反对等）come _______ 1.升上来，升起，出现；2.出让，卖出；3.列入 come _______ 比得上，达到（标准等）come _______ 提出，想出，提供

come / go into _______ 实施，生效 come / go into _______ 实施，实行，生效 come to _______ 失败，遭受不幸

come / get to _______ 搏斗起来，开始勉力对付 come to a _______（事情等）达到危急的关头

come to _______ 苏醒过来，开始有生气 come into one’s _______ come into _______ come to one’s _______

显示自身的特点（或价值）

开始活动，开始运转，投入使用

1.恢复理性，醒悟过来；2.（昏迷后）苏醒过来

come to _______

妥协，和解 come _______

come to _______ 显露，暴露 come into _______ come to _______

come / draw to a_______

（预言、期望等）实现，成为现实

出现，形成 动手互殴 渐近结束

第二篇：新概念英语第四册第十九单元语法与句型(教学用)

新概念英语第四册第十九单元课语法与句型 Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams 说梦话的本质

It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.' Rest ', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.First the electroencephalograph(which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp)shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less.The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental.In l960 an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid.People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming.When woken at other times they reported no dreams.If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected.The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.(NCE Book Four)

【语法点】matter的词性和用法 【课文原句】

Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.' Rest ', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.【例句衔接】All right, leave the matter to us two.好吧，就把这件事交给我们俩吧。As far as the weather is concerned, I don’t think it matters.就天气而论，我觉得没有什么关系。

But this does not matter, for, as he often remarked, one is never too old to learn.但是这不要紧，因为，正如他一向所说的那样，一个人要活到老学到老。Every task, no matter how boring, brings me steps closer to fulfilling my dreams.每一项工作，无论多么乏味，都使我朝着实现梦想跨进了步伐。For my part, it doesn’t matter whether he comes or not.对我来说，他来不来都没有关系。He checks the car as a matter of routine.他例行公事，检查了汽车。

I had suffered a great loss in business.To make matters worse, the bank broke.我生意上赔了很多钱。更糟糕的是，银行又倒闭了。Stress at work is a matter of concern to staff and management.工作压力是员工和资方都关心的事。It is a matter of pride for him that he has never accepted money from his family.对他来说，从未要过家里人一分一毫是一件事关的事。重要的事情 关心的事情 令人遗憾的事情 某人处理的事情

绝不是小事 常规的事情

由于原则的缘故 由于信念的缘故 由于政策的缘故

只是时间问题 生死攸关的事情

只是个运气问题、成本问题、兴趣问题

【语法点】and so on 的用法

【课文原句】Rest ', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.【例句衔接】

他对美术、音乐、书等都感兴趣。

我们学政治、中文、英文等等。

我们亦可把屏幕划分为四等分、六等分等等。

他谈到我们受到父母多少恩惠、我们对国家应尽的义务等等。

They wanted him for guest shots, record albums, personal appearances and so on.他们请他在电影中客串，请他灌唱片，举行专场演出，诸如此类。其他人都对艺术、音乐、书等感兴趣。

She called him a liar, hypocrite, a low down swab and so on.她骂他撒谎、伪君子、可鄙的笨蛋。诸如此类，不一而举。

There are different forms of energy, such as heat energy, electric energy, and so on.能有各种不同形式，诸如热能、电能等。

【语法点】含有self的复合词

【课文原句】The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.【例句衔接】

Criticism and _________ is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.批评与自我批评是必要的，因为它能帮助我们发现并改正我们的错误。Each time you let go, you are sure to come close to_________.每一次放弃，一定是进一步地超越自我。

His attractiveness is partly due to his _________.他的吸引力一部分是由于他的自信。（CIDE）We hold these truths to be _________

that all men are created equal.我们认为下面的这些真理是不言而喻的，那就是，人人生而平等。More importantly, the Asian peoples have a strong sense of _________, _________, _________

and _________.This is an important driving force for transformation and innovation.更重要的是，亚洲各国人民有着强烈的自尊自信、自立自强精神，这是激励变革创新的重要动力。Ethical or moral freedom meant to him the autonomy and _________ n of the human will.对他来说，伦理的或道德的自由，意味着人的意志自律与自我决定。Other people will give up working for a boss and become _________.还有些人不去给别的老板打工，而是自己当老板。The advantage of this is that it can spur people on to greater heights.The flaw is that it results in _________

individualism, which affects creativity indirectly.其好处是启发人的进取心，弊端是导致以个人为中心，间接影响创新。

_________, _________, _________ l, these three alone lead life to sovereign power.自重，自觉，自制，此三者可以将生命引至崇高境域。He is a _________

man.He didn't finish even elementary school.他是一个自学成材的人。他连小学也未读完。Hong Kong has entered its new era stronger and more _________

than at any other time in its history.香港踏入了自开埠以来经济最强劲和自信心最强的新纪元。It was felt that each nation's _________ was served by encouraging its exports and discouraging its imports.一般认为，鼓励出口和限制进口是符合每个国家的自身利益的。China has traditionally been the _________, _________

“Middle Kingdom.” 中国历来是自给自足的“中史之国。” The thought of doing something humiliating to her own _________

attracted her wonderfully.这种去做使她的自尊心受到羞辱的事情的思想奇怪地诱惑着她。The second section consists of those who in the main are economically _________.第二部分是在经济上大体上可以自给的。

【语法点】“连词＋形容词”类省略句

【课文原句】The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.【例句衔接】

The full figures, _________, will show imports remaining at a high level.详尽的数据，在可以获得时，将表明进口仍维持在高水平上。We avoided one another, _________.无论何时只要可能，我们都互相回避。

Cover and put in a cool place _________

to serve.将其加盖并放置与阴凉处，直至可以使用。He lay still as _________.他躺着一动不动，就像睡着了一样。

The model worker worked extremely hard _________.尽管那位模范工人病得厉害，他仍极其努力地工作。_________, I appreciate the invitation.虽然不能参加，我仍高兴受到邀请。

_________, the story is interesting.不管真实与否，这个故事很有意思。

You must study hard _________, or you will regret _________.年轻时你必须好好学习，否则你老了会后悔。

_________, the room was well lit.房间虽不大却很亮堂。

Things were beginning to improve, _________.情况开始改善，尽管速度不够快。

His job _________

had been to look after the landlord’s dogs and horses.他小时候的工作，是照看地主的狗和马。He lay still _________.他躺着一动不动，就像睡着了一样。

第三篇：新概念英语第四册第二十一单元语法与句型(教学用)

新概念英语第四册第二十一单元语法与句型 Lesson 21 William S.Hart and the early “Western”

film

威廉•S•哈特和早期的“西部”影片

William S.Hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars, for unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but Westerns.From 1914 to 1924 he was supreme and unchallenged.It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-bad man, the accidental, noble outlaw, or the honest but framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip;in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually 'knew something of the old West.He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished frontier.And although no period or place in American history has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality did join hands in at least one arena, the conflict between the individual and encroaching civilization.Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indian were bewildered by politicians, bankers and business-men, and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos.Hart's good-bad man was always an outsider, always one of the disinherited, and if he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way, his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century found it pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relatively simple.We still do;living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.(NCE Book Four)

【语法点】词组nothing but表示强调

【课文原句】William S.Hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars, for unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but Westerns.She is something of an actress.Talent

gift She is nothing but an actress She is everything but an actress.【例句衔接】I feel nothing but contempt for those who abuse children.__________（虐待孩子的人）treat children cruelly

他们的意见仅仅是废话。

Their advice is nothing but nonsense.世上无所谓天才，它仅仅是刻苦加勤奋。

There is no such thing as genius;it is nothing but labor and diligence.他只好垂头丧气地回家睡觉。

He could do nothing but go back to bed sadly.只有奇迹才能挽救她的生命。nothing but wonders can save her life 他只会发牢骚。

He could do nothing but complain.不要把他当朋友，他只是个罪犯。Take…for

绵延数英里除了沙漠别无他物。

For miles and miles there is nothing but desert.他满心期待着友好的祝贺和一张数目可观的支票。友好的祝贺 friendly congratulation 4

一张数目可观的支票 a substantial check

He anticipated nothing but friendly congratulations and a substantial check Some seemingly good things brought us nothing but trouble.一些看似好运的事情只会给我们带来麻烦。

I have endeavored to assert nothing but what I had good authority for.除了我确有把握的事情外，我不会断然地讲任何事情。

I feel nothing but contempt for such dishonest behavior.对这种不诚实的行为，我表示十分轻蔑。

I have nothing but contempt for the people who despise money.我就是看不惯那些对金钱不屑一顾的人。

Such a vicious lie could be nothing but a stab in the back.这样一种恶毒的谎言简直是暗箭伤人。

【语法点】强调句型（两处）

【课文原句】It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-bad man, the accidental, noble outlaw, or the honest but framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip;in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.（第一段中间）……his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.（第三段末尾）【例句衔接】

It is through competition that children can learn the meaning of courage.正是通过竞争，孩子能够懂得勇气的意义。

It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.完全出于偶然，他们发现了这座地下宫殿的入口。

It was more in sorrow than in anger that he criticized his former colleague.他批评以前的同事，并非出于气愤而是为他伤心。

It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.人们生病了才知道健康的价值。

It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang.正当她要睡觉时，电话铃响了。

It was because the water had risen that they could not across the river.正式由于水涨了，他们没法过河。

It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.直到看了你的信我才了解事态真 相。

It was not until I met you that I knew real happiness.直到我遇到你以后，我才真正体会到幸福。

主语的强调

It is you that are to blame.该受责备的人就是你。

强调句的问句

he bought a book yesterday

he went to school by bus What is it that he bought yesterday When is it that he bought a book

Was it you that I saw last night at the concert? 昨晚在音乐会上我见到的是你吗？

How is it that your answer differs from his? 你的答案跟他的答案怎么个不同？

What is it that you want me to say? 你想让我说的是什么？ Who was it that caught a thief yesterday in a marketplace? 是谁昨天在市场上逮住一个小偷？

Whom was it that you caught yesterday in a marketplace? 你昨天在市场上逮住的是谁？

强调句中的情态动词 modal verbs

It must have been his father that you saw just now.你刚刚看到的肯定是他父亲。

It might be his father that he’s thinking of.他现在所想到的可能就是他父亲。

How can it be that he didn’t pass the exams? 他考试没有通过怎么可能呢？

It might have been yesterday that John bought a book for Mary.也许就是昨天约翰给玛丽买了一本书。

Can it have been the bus driver who set fire on the bus? 放火烧车的人会是这位公交车司机吗？

It may be what the teacher believes in the students that motivates the students most.最能激励学生的也许正是老师在学生身上所相信的东西。

【语法点】形式宾语it（三处）

【课文原句】（1）Hart’s good-bad man was always an outsider, always one of the disinherited, and if he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way, his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century found it pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relatively simple.【例句衔接】

【真题再现】 I don’t think ________possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.（2007年NECCS初赛C类试题第32题）

A.this

B.that C.its

D.it I find it odd that she takes so long to do that job.她花那么长时间做那件事，我觉得很奇怪。

He did not think it plausible that all the differences could be explained in this way.他认为用这种方式解释所有的区别似乎没有道理。

We must make it clear that this simply means a conversion of energy.我们必须讲清楚，这仅仅意味着能量转换。We think it quite obvious that all machines are made up of one or more simple machines.所有机器都由一个以上的简单机械组成，我们认为这是很清楚的。

We all consider it of great importance that we should combine theory with practice.我们大家都认为，理论联系实际是非常重要的。You can easily show it to be true that oxygen is very active.你可以很容易证实，氧是非常活跃的。

We take it for granted that air expands when heated.空气受热时膨胀，我们认为这是理所当然的。

They consider it important that these elements be separated from one another.他们认为，把这些元素彼此分开是很重要的。Heat makes it possible to solder wires and to weld sheets of metals.热量使焊接电线和金属板成为可能。

We call it reduction to remove the same factors from the terms of a fraction.从分数的分子和分母中去掉相同的因数，我们称为约分。

We feel it necessary to verify the theory from various angles.我们觉得，必须从不同角度来证实这个理论。

They think it necessary building one more hydropower station in the area.他们认为，有必要在本地区在建一座水电站。

【语法点】比较级表示的最高级含义

superlative degree comparative

【课文原句】And although no period or place in American history has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality did join hands in at least one arena, the conflict between the individual and encroaching civilization.【例句衔接】

__________（没有比时间更贵重的东西）, but nothing is less valued.Valuable

dear

没有一件事比待在家里听音乐更愉快的了。

Nothing is more Pleasant than listening to music at home

没有人比你自己更在乎自己的外表。

No one is more conscious of appearance than you

__________（没有人比特伦斯Terence更具有竞争力）, which is why he has progressed so quickly.Wonders are many, and nothing is more wonderful than man _____________（没有一件东西是比人更为奇妙的）.Nothing is more unhealthy for the spirit than preoccupations of that kind.没有什么比那种先占有的思想更有害于灵魂。

Nothing is more difficult than to restore authority after it has been shaken.天下的难事，莫过于恢复已被动摇了的权 威。

Nothing is more unsound than the reaction of any method which naturally arises.没有什么事情比排斥必然出现的方法更没有根据了。

Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。

Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement, even when the male and female unite.驯养动物是一件最容易的事，但是要它们在幽禁状态下自由繁殖，既使雌雄交配，亦是一件很难的事。

History has proved that nothing is more difficult in war than to adhere to a single strategic plan.历史证明战争中最难的，是固执一简单的战略计划。

Nothing is more remarkable than the independent personality of the tongue now and then.有时候，语言的独特性比任何东西都重要。

No one is more committed than I to preserving and, indeed, enhancing them.所以，我定会以无比决心，致力维持并加强这些成功因素。

No one is more worthy to be enrolled in the democratic aristocracy.没有人比他更适合当民主的贵族。The 23 million Taiwan compatriots are our brothers and sisters of the same blood.No one is more eager than we are to resolve the Taiwan question through peaceful means.两千三百万台湾同胞是我们的手足兄弟，没有人比我们更希望通过和平的方式解决台湾问题。

She is a teacher than whom no one is more patient.她是个比谁都耐心的老师。

【语法点】when引出的定语从句

【课文原句】Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century found it pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relatively simple.【例句衔接】

We will put off the picnic until next week, __________（那时天气可能会好一些）.Antecedent

We can never forget the day _________（香港回归祖国）.我仍然记得第一次见到詹妮弗的那一天。I still remembered the day when I first met Jenifer 下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。

The next month, when you spend your vacation in your hometown, is coming/approaching /drawing near Where

第四篇：21世纪大学英语第四册第二单元课文翻译

A我们需要的感激A ?J ?克罗宁一个晴朗的下午，我在纽约上了一辆出租车。从司机的表情和他猛拉排挡的样子中，我可以看出他很不高兴。我问他是怎么回事。“我完全有理由生气，”他怒气冲冲地说。“今天上午我的一个乘客把钱包忘在我车里了。里面有近300块钱。我花了一个多小时想方设法找那个家伙。最后我在他的宾馆里找到了他。他拿了钱包，一声不吭地瞪着眼看着我，好像我本来打算要偷他的钱包似的。”“他没有给你酬金？”我大声问。“一个子儿也没有。但我要的不是钱„„”他咕哝着，然后突然大声说，“只要那个家伙说句什么„„”因为他诚实的助人行为没有得到感激，那位出租车司机一整天都闷闷不乐，而且我知道以后他在做类似的好事之前会仔细考虑一下了。这种对感激的需要是我们都能感受到的，而拒绝表示感谢则会大大扼杀善良与合作的精神。第二次世界大战期间，辛辛那提的一位母亲收到他参军的儿子一封来信，信中提到诺曼底一个村庄中的一位妇女在他受伤饥饿时将他带到家中，帮他躲过了德国人的搜捕。不幸的是，后来那男孩在阿登高地的进攻战中阵亡了。然而，这位母亲却受到一种不可抗拒的愿望的驱使。她积蓄了两年，穿过大西洋，找到了她儿子提到的那个村庄。经过多次打听之后，她找到了那位曾经保护过她儿子的妇女——一位贫穷农夫的妻子——将一个包裹硬塞进她手里。那是她儿子在毕业典礼上获得的一块金表，是那个男孩曾经拥有过的唯一真正有价值的东西。这位母亲表示感激的举动深深触动了人们的心灵，在那个村庄内外成为传奇般的故事。它比出色的演讲更能让人培养起对美国人的好感。感激是对每一个无论大小的善行

优雅地接受并表示欣赏的艺术。我们大多数人受到款待，接受礼物和明显的好处时都不会忘记表示我们的愉悦之情，但即使在这种情况下我们也还能够完善我们表示感激的方式，让它尽可能的个人化和真诚。最近，我和妻子在意大利南部旅游时，我给康涅狄格州的一位朋友寄去了几瓶令我们喜欢的当地佳酿。那是件小小的礼物，然而令我们惊讶的是，我们收到的不是一封传统的感谢信而是一张电唱机唱片。我们播放它时，听到了我们的朋友在饭后的一段话，描述他和他的客人们如何喜欢那酒，并感谢我们考虑得周到。有这件不同寻常的东西来证明别人欣赏我们的礼物真令人愉快。有时感激不仅仅是一件个人的事。我在麦吉尔大学学医的儿子告诉我，有一位被送到蒙特利尔医院的病人经过输血而获救。康复以后他问：“我是否能找到那位献血者的名字，向他表示感谢？”他被告知献血者的名字是从来不公开的。出院几个星期后他回来献了一品脱血。从那以后他一次又一次地为了同一目的回来。当一名外科医生称赞这种不留姓名的高尚行为时，他只是回答说：“有个我永远也不知道是谁的人为我这样做了。我只是在说‘谢谢’。”感激不仅可以是一种转瞬即逝的情绪，在有些情况下还可以是一种能持续终生的更新，想到这一点真令人感到欣慰。丈夫充满感激地回想起妻子慷慨无私的行为，妻子从不忘记丈夫送给她的礼物，这些都大大有助于使家庭生活保持和谐。英国作家和博物学家W?H?赫德森曾经写道：“一天晚上，我带一个朋友回家同我们一起吃了顿家常便饭。后来他对我说：‘你真幸运，你的妻子虽然身体不好还要照顾孩子，但菜烧得那么好吃。’那句赞美的话打开

了我的眼睛，它教会我要感谢妻子日复一日的、而一直被我习以为常的英雄行为。”感激的礼仪首先应该在小事情上用得最多。送报的男孩、送牛奶的人、邮递员、理发师、饭店里的女招待、开电梯的人——所有这些人都在以某种方式为我们服务。通过表示感谢我们可以使日常平淡的关系具有人情味，使单调的任务变得令人愉快。我的一位在伦敦当公共汽车售票员的病人有一次对我吐露说，“有时我真厌倦了我的工作。人们抱怨，麻烦你，说车钱找得不对。但是有一位早晚乘我车的女士总是在我收她的车票时用一种特别友好的方式感谢我。我真希望她是代表所有的乘客在说话。这使我一直保持微笑。”阿诺德?本涅特的一个出版商夸奖自己的秘书效率特高。一天，本涅特对她说：“你的老板说你效率极高。你的秘诀是什么？”“那不是我的秘诀，”秘书回答。“那是他的。”每次她为他做一件事，无论多小的事，他从未忘记表示感谢。因此，她工作一直非常努力。有些人不愿表达感激之情，因为他们觉得这不会受欢迎。我的一个病人在出院几个星期后回到医院来感谢他的护士。“我没有更早地回来，”他解释说，“是因为我猜想你们对于人们的感激一定厌烦得要命。”“正好相反，”她回答说，“我很高兴你来。很少有人意识到我们多么需要鼓励，我们从那些鼓励我们的人身上获得了多大的帮助。”我们所给予的感激永远不会过多。因为我们身边的人在构筑他们的人生哲学时所依据的正是这些微笑、我们所表示的感谢和我们表示欣赏的各种小小的示意动作。

B礼仪为什么是重要的朱迪思?马丁 朱迪思?马丁(生于1938年)是

《华盛顿邮报》的戏剧和电影评论家，她撰写的联合特写专栏“礼仪小姐”通过稿件辛迪加在国际上多家报纸同时发表。她在哈佛大学的一次演讲中阐述了她在《普通礼节》一书中的观点，现转载如下。如今的美国人错误地认为只要具有个人美德就会毫不费力地、自然地产生可接受的社会行为。道德和礼节之间的区别已变得模糊了。大多数人以为，你只需要有一副好心肠，其余的事情便不用你费心了。你不必写感谢信。这种对于人际关系的“自然的”态度认定：熟知任何一个人就是爱他，人类唯一的问题只是沟通问题。这既否认了人们可能被基本的、的确不可调和的差异——哲学的、政治的或者宗教的差异——所分隔，也假定了所有这样的差异仅是误解而已。许多形式的礼节恰恰是用来掩盖那些由不可调和的分歧所造成的厌恶之情的。只要礼仪应当完全符合道德的想法存在，用来润滑普通生活的应酬话或惯例就会产生道德问题。过去人们讲究义务性的正式拜访，那个时候，“夫人不在家”的意思显然就是“夫人不想见你，就像你并不想见她一样，不过她注意到你已经尽职了。”如今，我们从来不给自己暂时被别人联系不上的便利，甚至对陌生人也不例外。有了电话和BP机，人们使得自己能随时被任何人所立即接通，而被认为无礼的并不是打电话干扰别人的人，而是不肯听电话的人。我收到许多记者的来信，他们认为只有直言不讳才是诚实。他们感到气愤，因为问他们“你好吗？”的人们并不真正想听他们说肚子不舒服。在写信给那些他们并不想结交的人时，他们要求不以“你的忠实的”来签署信件。让人有点讨厌的是，在说“早上好”之前得看一下天气预报。那

些提倡实话实说的人在回答“我看上去好吗？”之类漫不经心的问题时会说实话，这也等于要求给粗野无礼以特别许可。礼仪标准化的缺乏导致了一个经常是愤怒与混乱的社会，在那儿每个人都赤裸着他的道德观，每一个细小的行为都被视作是一种道德观的显露。今天，每个人都声称不仅有权设计自己的礼节，而且有权在别人不遵守这些礼节时发火，即使他并没有费心让别人了解过他的喜好。事实上，现在比任何时候更容易在无意中伤人。一位绅士为一位女士开门，因为他的母亲告诉他女士们喜欢这样的礼节，但是这位女士却转过身来，对他现出一面蔑视的样子，因为他侮辱了她作为女性的人格。一个年轻女子在一辆拥挤的公共汽车上给一位身体虚弱的年长男士让座，而他厌恶地瞪了她一眼，因为她损伤了他作为男子的尊严。注意，这些人只是想表示友好；唯一的问题是他们在遵循不同的礼节体系而已。奇怪的是，现在比任何时候更难故意伤人。如果你说，“你面目可憎，我恨你，”那人可能会回答，“你正在气头上 ；我会等你感觉好一些。”解释自己的动机能够为所有的过失开脱，这种观念也许在一个凌辱肆虐的世界里十分重要，在那儿，万能的理由，“我心情不好”，赦免了一个人所有的义务或责任。有人认为，人们无需借助全社会默认的一种人为规范就可以“自然地”为人处事。这种想法就像认为人们可以用一种没有被普遍认可的语法规则的语言来交际的想法一样愚蠢。如同语言一样，礼仪的准则可以被运用得或娴熟或拙劣，其目的可以是崇高的或邪恶的，其表达的观念和感情可以多种多样。如同语言一样，礼仪不停地经历着缓慢的变化和适应过程，但这些变化必须是全

球性的，而不是细微局部的。因为如果人人都即兴创造自己的礼仪，那谁也不会理解另一个人行为的含义，结果就会造成社会的混乱和文明的终结。

第五篇：新概念英语4第十周课堂练习(教学用)

新概念英语4第十周课堂练习

Do you find it very difficult and painful to get up in the morning? This might be called laziness, but Dr.Kleitman has a new（1）___explanantion _______.He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.During the hours when your labor through your work you may say that you’re “hot”, that’s true.The time of day（2）___when_______ you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is（3）____at______ its peak.For some people the peak comes during the forenoon.For（4）__others________ it comes in the afternoon or evening.No one has discovered why this is（5）___so_______, but it leads to such familiar monologues as: “Get up, Peter!You’ll be late for work（6）__again________!” The possible explanation to the（7）__trouble________ is that Peter is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening.Much family quarrelling（8）_____ends_____ when husbands and wives

realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.You can’t（9）___change_______ your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit if better.Habit can help, Dr.Kleitman believes.Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway.Counteract your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up（10）__later________ than you want（11）____to______.If your energy is（12）_____low_____ in the morning, but you have an important to do early in the day, rise before your

（13）___usual_______ hour.This won’t change your cycle, but you’ll get up steam and work（14）____better______ at your low point.Get off to a slow start（15）____which______ saves your energy.Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch.Sit on the（16）____edge side______ of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the（17）__ground /floor_______.Avoid the troublesome search（18）___for_______ clean clothes by laying them out

the night before.Whenever（19）___possible_______, do routine work in the afternoon and（20）__save________ requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.Supreme

Supreme fool

Supreme disgust

Supreme good

Outlaw

Outbreak of flu

Outdoor activity

Outletexit

Output of steel

Outlook of value

Outrage

Outskirtssuburbs

Outstanding

outcome

vicious cycle

vicious companionguyperson vicious criticism

vicious headacheserious

vice-chairman

vicebadevil

vanish without trace

his wealth vanished into nothingvanish from sight

arena of politics

literary circle /domain /

bewilder

confusevexperplex

puzzle

baffle

confound

flowers alien to China

stress

observe the tabooviolate the taboo

reinforce the taboo

deep-seated taboorigid tabooimport

moral code

crack the code

break the code

decipher the code

invent/make up the code

civil code

criminal code

comply with the code follow the ocde

devise the code

draw up the codeformulate the code lay down the code