第一篇：英语专业《英语阅读1》课程教案
英语专业《英语阅读1》课程教案
Contents: Something about the Course and Unit 1 Procedures: I.Something about Extensive Reading 1.The meaning of this course
Extending far╲extensive reading(reading a lot, reading in wide range)
Far reaching╱
2.The task of the course
1} To improve reading speed
Everything goes very fast in our society, so we need to improve our speed in our study.As English majors you need to read a lot of materials in English.If you don’t have a certain reading speed, you cannot complete this task.So to have a fast reading speed can save your time to get more information or knowledge from what you read in a short time.It is also an important symbol to reflect your language ability and reading ability and also it is important in your TEM 4 and TEM 8 in the future.If your speed is not fast enough, you may not finish your test on time.So it will lead to your failure in the test.So to catch up with the development of our times, and also to be successful in our study, we should improve our reading speed.2} To improve comprehension(understanding)
It is the key significant factor to measure your reading ability.Because our reading purpose is to understand what we read.If we merely emphasize the speed, that is, if you read fast without understanding, all the things you have read will disappear behind your mind.So to improve comprehension is the second task in our extensive reading course.3)To enlarge vocabulary
It is very important to improve your reading speed and the degree of comprehension.You know if you have not a certain quantity of vocabulary you will stop again and again to consult with your dictionary when you do some English reading.In this way, it will certainly affect your reading speed and comprehension.So to improve our reading speed and comprehension, we should enlarge our vocabulary.Active
How can we enlarge our vocabulary?
↖
Remember: The more you read, the larger vocabulary passive
you may get.↖
(The more you read, the faster speed you
reading
you may get.The more you read, the better understanding you may get.}
The three points above can also be called 3 basic elements of reading.So they
are the tasks of our reading course.II.Teaching Materials 1.A Freshman English Reader(Vol.1)2.English novels In class: The Mill on the Floss After class: Tom Brown’s Schooldays
Frankenstein
The Sign of Indra 3.Supplementary readings a)Fast and time readings in class b)Other English novels and short stories in library c)English newspapers and magazines III.Result Evaluation
Everyday score: 40%(class activity, time reading, fast reading, reading report)
Final examination: 60% IV.Unit 1 University Student Life 1.Reading Skill: Context Clue to Word Meaning I 1)Read the first paragraph(self-reading by the students), answer the question: What does context mean? 2)Read the 2nd and 3ird paragraph, answer the question: What are the functions of context? 3)Read the last paragraph, answer the questions:(1)What are the limitations to context clues?(2)What is the author’s suggestion in such cases? 2.Section A 1)Word Pretest 2)Text: On Being a Student 3)Reading Comprehension 4)Practice: P5 Reading Skill: Context Clues to Word Meaning 5)Explanation and discussion of the text The text is divided into 3 parts: Part 1: para.1 To be a student is now your profession.Part 2: para.2—4 To be a student involves a change of attitude in many ways, or to be a student, it needs some changes.Part 3: para.5—the end Professionalism involves discipline.6)Vocabulary Building
(1)Word Match(2)Suffix 7)Cloze V.Homework 1.Section B 2.Tom Brown’s Schooldays
Week 4 Contents: Unit 2 Procedures: I.Warm Up 1.How did you spend your weekend? Did you have a good time? 2.How is your college life different from your high school days? Give some examples.II.Check the Homework: Unit 1 Section B III.Time Reading(Supplementary Material)IV.Unit 2 Culture Shock: Section A 1.What do know about Culture Shock? Have you experienced Culture Shock? 2.Word Pretest 3.Text: Making a Cultural Change 4.Reading Comprehension 5.Reading Skill exercise: Context Clues to Word Meaning 6.Explanation and Discussion of the Text
The text is divided into 4 parts:
Part 1: para.1 A change on going abroad between the past time and nowadays.Part 2: para.2—5 The culture shock happened on people who go abroad.Part 3: para.6—suggestion 5 Suggestions to make a culture change
Successfully.(or suggestions in fighting culture shock)Part 4: the last para.Conclusion—With the right attitude, living in a foreign country can be a priceless, enriching period in a person’s life.7.Topics for Discussion and Reflection(Activity): 1} What kind of people adjust best to foreign cultures? 2} Do you have any difficulty in adapting to a new environment of your university? 8.Vocabulary Building 1} Word Match
2} Suffixes 9.Cloze V.Homework 1.Section B 2.Tom Brown’s Schooldays
Week 6(第5周国庆休息)Contents: Unit 3 Procedures: I.Warm Up
1.Where are you from? Would you like to tell us something about your hometown? 2.Could you tell us something about your family? 3.What’s your hobby?
4.How do you plan your study and life in your first term of this university? II.Check Up Homework: Unit 2 Section B III.Additional Reading Skills
IB.1.Recognition of Words(A)
2.Recognition of Phrases(A)
IIB.1.Recognition of Words(B)
2.Recognition of Phrases(B)IV.Unit 3 Movie: Section A 1.Word Pretest 2.Text: How Do The Movies Do It? 3.Discussion on Reading Comprehension 4.Analysis and Explanation on the Text 3 parts: paragraph1—2 By whom is the special effects of a film created?
What is a special-effects man? paragraph 3—9 Four examples to show how the special effects of a film is produced.paragraph 10
Why so many movies are very expensive to make.5.Main Idea
The special effects of a film is created by a “special-effects” man.The work of a “special-effects” man requires training, skill and experience.It also adds a great deal to the expense of producing the film.That’s why so many movies are very expensive to make.6.Topics for Discussion and Reflection(Activity): 1)Do you think to become an actor or actress is a good job for young people? 2)Is watching movies and TV programs a good way to learn something indirectly? 7.Vocabulary Building V.Homework 1.Reading Skill exercise P27 2.Unit 3: Cloze/Section B 3.Tom Brown’s Schooldays
Week 7 Contents: Unit 4 Procedures: I.Warm Up
What’s your plan for National Day? II.Check Up Homework: Unit 3 Section B III.Fast Reading
Unit 1 Section C
Unit 2 Section C
Unit 3 Section C
(Choose two of them)IV.Unit 4 Food: Section A 1.Could you introduce some food of local flavor in your hometown? 2.Word Pretest 3.Text: A Food Tour of the United States 4.Discussion on Reading Comprehension 5.Analysis and Explanation of the Text Structure: 3 Parts Part 1: Para.1—2 It tells us that one of the most interesting features of American cooking is its variety.Para.2 gives us some e.g.s Part 2: Para.3—4
Being regional, these dishes are made from the materials that are locally available.Para.4 gives us some e.g.s Part 3: Para.5—the last para.The traveler who would like to sample the real flavor of American cooking must explore the country as a whole.Because in this way you can eat the fresh food from the row materials made by a local chef.6.Main Idea:
American food at its best is regional in character.So if you enjoy good food, it deserves you to pay a visit to each of these regions.7.Guess the Meaning of New Words in the Text according to the Context 8.Topics for Discussion and Reflection(Activity):
1)What similarities and differences are there between Western and Chinese dinner invitations?
2)To what extent are food, and table manners and social status linked in China?
3)What problems and misunderstandings might occur when Westerners and Chinese eat together? How might these difficulties and misunderstandings be reduced? 9.Vocabulary Building a)Word Match b)Prefix V.Homework 1.P40 Reading Skill: Context Clues to Word Meaning P43 Glossary, Cloze, Section B(Prepare the 3 topics at the end of the unit)2.Go on your reading on “Tom Brown’s Schooldays”, when you finish it, write a reading report.3.The Mill on the Floss 1-7
Week 8 Contents: The Mill on the Floss 1--7 Procedures: I.Warm Up
Presentation: How did you spend your National Day? II.Check Up Homework 1.Unit 4 Section B 1)Reading Comprehension 2)The 3 Topics 2.Collect reading reports III.Additional Learning about Words IIB.Word Analogy IIIB.Homophones IV.Introduction on The Mill on the Floss 1.About the Author
George Eliot(pseudonym of Mary An Evens)1819—1880, the daughter of a prosperous estate agent at Warbury Warwickshire.Education: 5-16, educated at boarding schools;18(after the death of her mother and the marriage of her elder sister)kept up a rigorous course of studying, reading Greek and Latin, as well as German and Italian.Interests: music and religion.Profession: assistant editor of Westminster Review;writer.Works: Adam Bede, 1859 {1st novel}
The Mill on the Floss, 1859-1860
Silas Marner, 1861
Romola, 1862-1863
Felix Holt, 1866
Middlemarch, 1872
Danil Deronda, 1876 etc.Writing Style: pithy, lucid and lively.Weak Points: She described the life of the laboring people and criticized the privileged classes in her works, but her expository tendencies are much weaker.She raised the problem of class contradiction more seldom and less forcibly.The significance of her works: It lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life.Her honor: As a famous English woman writer, she has no rival in the study of aspiration and nobility in the mind of woman.The most important man on her literary life: George Henry Lewes.When she was in London at the age of more than 30 she met George Henry Lewes(through her close friend Herbert Spencer a philosopher).At that time, Lewes was a journalist and miscellaneous writer whose family had been broken by his wife’s infidelity.Lewes and Evans fell in love, but he could not free himself to marry her, because of the strictness of Victorian divorce laws.In July 1854 they left England to travel in Germany quietly announcing to their friends
their intension ton live as man and wife hanceforce.In spite of its having no legal status, they always regarded their association as a true marriage.Miss Evans called herself “Mrs.Lewes” and was a devoted stepmother to Lewes’ three sons.In 1855, she read Lewes a sketch of rural life she had written, he admired it greatly and encouraged her to continue writing fiction.She succeeded at last.In 1876, she had achieved a position of respect never approached by any other English woman writer.Even today among all the Victorian woman novelists, only the Bronte sisters seem her equals;in the study of aspiration and ability in the mind of woman she has no rival.At that time Lewes also won a name of his own as a philosophical and scientific writer and critic.Their increasing reputation put them well above mean gossip, so that during last years of their life together, they were often visited by the circle of friends included many of the most famous and respected of their contemporaries.2.About the Novel The Mill on the Floss It tells the love, estrangement and eventual reconciliation of the daughter and son of a country miller.Place: the bank of Floss Time: 19 century V.The Mill on the Floss 1—7 1.True or False(F)1)The story took place in France.(…the bank of Floss, the countryside of England)(T)2)Mr.Tulliver would like his son to be a business man or land-valuer.(T)3)Mr.Riley recommended Mr.Tulliver to send Tom to Mr.Stelling to get the best teaching.(F)4)Tom brought Maggie some nuts and sweets as present when he came home.(…a new fishing-line)(T)5)Tom was angry at Maggie when he was told that the rabbit had all dead.(F)6)Mr.Tulliver didn’t like Maggie because of her naughtiness.(He liked her very much)(F)7)Bessy’s sisters and Tulliver’s sister went well together.(They didn’t go well together)
(F)8)All of the persons at the dining-table, including Maggie’s father, talked against her after she had cut her own hair.{Her father stood up for her and protected her.} 2.Explanation and Discussion 1)(Chapter 1: Description of Dorlcote Mill and its picturesque surroundings.Chapter 2: From this chapter, we know the Tullivers had a son called Tom and a daughter called Maggie.Tulliver wanted to give his son a god education and let him become a business man or a land-valuer.)Why did Mr.Tulliver want to give his son a good education and let him become a business man or a
land-valuer?
Because(1)he wanted his son to be equal to those people who had beaten him because they had had better schooling.(2)A business man or a land-valuer was rich and respected and not frightened of any lawyer who he called rascal.You know he had a great prejudice against Lawyer Wakem.2)What’s the different comment on Maggie between Mr.And Mrs.Tulliver?
Mr.Tulliver considered Maggie was a quick, clever girl and he was fond of her.But Mrs.Tulliver thought she was naughty and half a fool in some things.3){Chapter 3: Mr.Tullver asked advice of Mr.Riley about Tom’s going to school because he had great faith in him.During their conversation, Mr.Tulliver gave his comment on Tom.} What’s Mr.Tulliver’s comment on Tom?
Clever at thins out-of-doors and had got a lot of common sense.But slow with his tongue, he hated books and spelt badly, people never heard him say clever things like the little girl.4)Who did Mr.Riley recommend to Mr.Tulliver as Tom’s teacher?
Mr.Stelling.5)Why did Mr.Riley recommend Mr.Selling to Mr.Tulliver? Did he know Stelling very well?
No, he knew very little about Mr.Stelling.But he was a man of business and he knew his own interest.He recommended Mr.Stelling to Mr.Tulliver just because Stelling was a son-in-law of Timpson and Timpson was an important man in the place and could send Rilay a lot of business.So it is pleasant to be able to give advice when it is asked for.6)(Chapter 4-5: The author gives us a very vivid description about Tom and Maggie, especially about Maggie’s psychological movement before and after Tom came home to show she was very dear girl and full of emotion.).Analysis of Maggie’s psychological movement:
Expectant----------sad------------------happy----------fearful------------(P10 1st para.)(rabbits were dead)(P11-13)
(P13)
miserable------------------------easy----------------------happy-----------------------(Tom was angry and told her(Tom went up stairs(P17 next morning, they
he didn’t love her and didn’t
to ask her come
were sitting by the
want her to go fishing with
down and forgave
river-side, fishing.him next day.)p15
her.)p16-17
They were very
happy.)7)What do you think of the author’s description of Tom and Maggie in Chapter5? Could you see the writing style of Eliot from the description?
A few words bring out the psychological state and innocent vivacity of the brother and sister remarkably true to life.It’s so successful.8)(Chapter 6: The Tullvers’ preparation for the aunts and uncles’ coming.)Why did they invite them to come?
Mrs.Tulliver was going to invite them to dinner in order to ask them
about Tom’s education.9)(Chapter 7: About the family gathering.A terrible determination was forming itself in Maggie’s mind).P23
(1)Do you know what is her terrible determination?
To cut her hair.(2)Why did Maggie determine to cut her hair? P25
Because she felt that her mother and aunts were all not satisfied with her hair.She wanted to be free from her troublesome hair, and she wanted people to think her a clever little girl and not to find fault with her hair.(3)What’s the attitude of all of the persons at the dinner table after she had cut her own hair?
Except her father, they all talked against her and laughed at her.(4)What do you think of Maggie’s action to cut her own hair? The action shows that she was a clever and daring girl.(What’s the result of the family gathering about Tom’s going to school, we’ll discuss it next time.)VI.Homework 1.The Mill on the Floss 8—13
2.Frankenstein
Week9 Contents: The Mill on the Floss 8—13 Procedures: I.Warm Up
Daily Report II.Time Reading(Supplementary Material)III.The Mill on the Floss 8—13 1.True or False
(F)1)The family gathering about Tom’s going to school was very happy and perfect.(F)2)Mrs.Moss married a clergyman.(She married a poor farmer.)(T)3)Tom felt life was difficult during his first three months under the care of Mr.Stelling.(T)4)Mr.Tulliver was satisfied with Mr.Stelling.(F)5)Tom despised Mr.Stelling as he had despised Mr.Jacobs.(F)6)Mr.Tulliver was rather angry that his son should have the same education as Wakem’s son.(T)7)Philip was Tom’s newschool-fellow.2.Explanation and Discussion Chapter 8 Mr.Tulliver shows his strength of mind 1)What’s the result of the family gathering about Tom’s going to school?
The gathering was broken up in discord because of Mrs.Glegg’s scorn to Mr.Tulliver and Mr.Tulliver’s anger.2)What do you think of Mrs.Glegg and Mr.Tulliver from this chapter? Mrs.Glegg was rich, but miserly(P30 in the middle).She looked down upon Mr.Tulliver(P29,upper part;P30, lowerpart)Tulliver had his strength of mind to decide his own affairs.Besides he didn’t like Mrs.Glegg, so he didn’t want to listen to her and even disgusted with what she said.Chapter 9 Mr.Tulliver shows his weaker side.3)What’s Mr.Tulliver’s weaker side? P31 last para.Ordinarily Mr.Tulliver found the world difficult and he acted slowly and timidly.Only when he was angry, he acted surprisingly quickly.4)Did Mr.Tulliver love his sister or was he a good brother? Yes.How do you know it?
From this chapter, we know he was kind enough to lend money to his sister.When he saw his sister cried and worried about paying back the money he comforted her gently even if he needed the money badly.5)(But)Why did he go to her house to ask for his three hundred pounds since he knew that she was so poor and very difficult to return his money?
Because he had decided to pay five hundred pounds to Mrs.Glegg without being asked.He didn’t want to be in debt to his wife’s sister.After all he couldn’t bear Mrs.Glegg’s scorn.(However he still didn’t get the
money because he couldn’t make himself hard enough to force Mr.And Mrs.Moss to sell everything they had to pay him.)Chapter 10 Tom at Mr.Stelling’s
6)How did Tom feel at Mr.Stelling’s house?
He felt life was difficult because he had to learn Latin and to pronounce English in a new way which he had difficulty in.Even to the jokes of Mr.Stelling with him also he had not been used to.So for the first time in his life he had a painful feeling that everything he did or said was wrong.(So he longed for someone to play with.)7)Who did Tom long for to play with? Maggie.8)What do you think of the last sentence of Chapter 10? Could you see the writing style of George Eliot from this sentence?
The sentence just brings out the psychological state and spiritual features of Tom remarkably true to life.It shows the situation quite upset him.He felt very annoyed.We may see this sentence typically reflects the author’s writing style: pithy, lucid and lively.Chapter 11 Maggie visits Tom
9)(From this chapter, we know Maggie came to visit Tom because Mrs.Stelling had invited her to come and stay with her brother.The brother and sister were very happy to get together again.When Tom said that he felt ill at Latin but his father insisted that he must learn it, Maggie said “ I’ll help you now, Tom.”)
What does Maggie’s saying show?
It shows her innocence and love to Tom.10)(Maggie was very happy with Tom here.She learned a lot more about Latin, also she became good friends of Mr.Stelling because of her cleverness.So she told Tom that she would like to go to school with Mr.Stelling and learn just the same things as he did;she felt sure that she would be able to do the work.But Tom insisted that she couldn’t do it.So they decided to ask Mr.Stelling about it.)What’s Mr.Stelling’s answer?(P41)Do you agree with Mr.Stelling’s opinion “girls are quick, but they do not go deep into things”?(Divide the class into 2 groups to prepare for the debate.Group 1: the students who are in favor of it.Group 2: those who are against it.Each group will prepare enough arguments to support their point of view.After discussion, each group will choose four representatives to take part in the debate.)
To Mr.Stelling’s opinion, Tom was very happy, but Maggie was so upset that she didn’t even reply.} Chapter 12 The Christmas holidays 11)(Then Christmas Day came.Christmas was usually very happy, especially for the children.But this Christmas Day was not quite so happy as it had always been before.Because Mr.Tulliver was angry at Christmas dinner.Do you know)Why was Mr.Tulliver angry at Christmas dinner?
He had an enemy, Pivart who had land far up the stream and was making
channels to lead the water from the steam to it.He thought Pivart’s water-channels would stop his mill-wheel.And it’s Wakem who was encouraging him.12)(Mrs.Moss and Mrs.Tulliver hoped that he wouldn’t go to law.But Mr.Tulliver still wanted to do it eagerly.)Why did Mr.Tulliver still want to do it since his sister and Mrs.Tulliver opposed this idea? What increased his eagerness to go to law? P44
It’s just Mrs.Tulliver’s words “Do what you like;but whatever you do, don’t go to law.” Mrs.Tulliver’s words always seemed to make her husband do just the opposite.13)(One evening near the end of holidays, Tom told his father that Lawyer Wakem was going to send his son to Mr.Stelling.)How did Mr.Tulliver feel when he was told that his son would have the same education as Wakem’s?
Secretly rather proud.Chapter 13 The new school-fellow 14)Who was Tom’s new school-fellow?
Philip Wakem.15)(As I told you the author was very good at describing the character’s psychological movement in this novel,)Could you tell us Tom’s psychological movement during the first meeting with Philip? Uncomfortable----better to have this companion than no one----{P45}
{P46} willing to communicate with Philip----Philip must be kept in check(P46-48 to see that P.was good at
(after all he was Wakem’s son，drawing and telling the story P47
unpleasant in some ways.)in the middle.)How did they get along with in their study and life together? We’ll talk about it next time.} IV.Homework 1.The Mill on the Floss 14—20 2.Frankenstein
Week 10 Contents: The Mill on the Floss 14—20 Procedures: I.Warm Up Daily Report II.Something on Tom Brown’s Schooldays
The whole story tells us the process of Tom Brown’s growing up and the Doctor’s reforming on the educational system of Rugby school and his success in his field.It leads us to think: 1.How to be an excellent teacher? 2.How to build up a new type of relation between teachers and students? 3.How to be a valuable person to your society? III.Additional Reading Skills IVB 3.Words Classification
VB 2.Synonyms IV.The Mill on the Floss 14—20 1.True or False(T)1)Philip was such a quick learner that Mr.Stelling was more interested in him than in Tom.(F)2)Tom asked Maggie to go upstairs to show her the rabbit when Maggie paid her second visit.(the sword)(F)3)Tom was reconciled with Philip because he felt lonely when he was wounded.(…because Philip dispelled his fear that his foot would be deformed.)(T)4)Tom sometimes felt friendship and sometimes dislike for Philip>(T)5)Philip was very fond of Maggie.(F)6)In Chapter 18, Maggie came to Mr.Stelling’s house to tell Tom that Pivart had been beaten in the affair.(…tell Tom that their father had been beaten in the affair against Pivart.)(F)7)The judgment in the law made Mr.Tulliver ill.(Gore’s letter made…)(T)8)Mrs.Tulliver kept all her precious “best things” in the store-room.2.Explanation and Discussion Chapter 14 Tom and Philip 1)(From this chapter, we may see something about the two boys: their health, study, character and interest, etc.)
Contrast between Tom and Philip:
Tom: strong and lively，but difficult in Latin，good at things out of doors
slowly in his studies, having a lot of common sense，not interested in music enjoying the drill-lesson，or not understand it.Philip: deformed
but proud，timid
advanced in his studies, interested in music and drawing, willing to help others.Chapter 15 Maggie’s second visit
2)(Maggie paid the 2nd visit to Tom.To show his bravery and give Maggie a big surprise, Tom played sword-ex.s before her, but unluckily, he hurt his own foot.)Chapter 16 The end of a quarrel 3)(From the 1st paragraph, we know there was a terrible fear in Tom’s mind after
he hurt his foot.)What’s Tom’s terrible fear in his mind after he hurt his foot?
If his foot would be deformed.4)Is it Maggie who guesses that this fear was in Tom’s mind? No.Mr.Stelling and the doctor? No.5)Who guessed it and asked the question which Tom had not dared to ask by himself? Philip Wakem.6)Did he ask the question in kind-heart or in ill will? Did he hope that Tom would be deformed?
He asked the question in kind heart.He wanted to see Tom’s mind at rest, or he wanted Tom to be easy.Don’t trouble himself so much.He hoped Tom would recover soon.Chapter 17 Philip and Maggie 7)How is it about feelings of Philip and Maggie to each other?
Philip thought Maggie was a nice girl and he wished he had a sister with dark eyes just like hers.Maggie thought Philip seemed a nice boy, clever and could play music and sing.She loved him and also wished he had been her brother.8)(Mr.Tulliver came a few days later to fetch Maggie.When Maggie and Tom told him something about Philip, he gave his own opinion about how Tom should get along with Philip.)What’s it?(What’s Mr.Tulliver’s idea or opinion about how Tom should get along with Philip?)
If he is good to you, pay back to him and be good to him.But don’t be too friendly with him;he’s got his father’s blood in him too.Never trust bad blood.Chapter 18 The end of childhood 9)(From this chapter, we know Mr.Tulliver had lost in the affair against Pivart in the law-court.Maggie brought the bad news to Tom and wanted him to go home.As you know Tom had never been anxious about the future;he had a strong sense of the respectability of his family.)How did he feel when he heard of this bad news? Surprised, unexpected, turned pale and trembled, grieved so much.10)Do you think the title of Chapter 18 “The end of childhood” is fit to its contents? Why?
Yes, because of the great disaster of the family, Tom and Maggie were involved in the business of grown-up life.They were very sad and worried about their family.That shows their innocent and lively childhood ended.Chapter 19 What had happened 11)(From this chapter, we know Mr.Tulliver had lost his affair against Pivart.But he didn’t want Wakem and Pivart tought he was crushed, so he tried to bear the shock well.P64 paragraph 3 As he passed the post office, he longed to have Maggie near him—he did not know why.)Do you know why? {Do you know why Mr.Tulliver longed to have Maggie near him as he passed the post office? }
When you are in agony, the person you most want to see will be the dearest one of yours.Maggie was his favorite girl, so he longed to have her near him to give him comfort when he felt miserable.12)(You know, of course Mr.Tulliver saw that the cost of the affair would take more money than he possessed.)Why did he tell his wife that there was nothing to grieve about, and that he would have no difficulty in meeting the cost? And what does this sentence show?
It shows that Mr.Tulliver had a strong character.He didn’t want Wakem and Pivart thought he was crushed.Even he didn’t want his wife thought he was an incompetent husband.(However at last Mr.Gore’s letter(or note)made him ill.It said: Furley had lately been in great need of money;he had been raising money on all his property and had sold his rights in the Tulliver’s property to—Wakem.That means all of his property, land and mill would belong to Wakem—his great enemy.So he couldn’t bear such a big strike and was seriously ill.)Chapter 20 Mrs.Tulliver’s treasures
13)(When Tom and Maggie reached home, their father was still lying with his eyes closed.A servant was there, but not their mother.)Where is their mother? What was she doing there?
In the store-room, she was sitting among all her carefully stored treasures.Grieved so much at ideas that all these treasures would be sold up—and go into strange people’s houses.And she grumbled out why Mr.Tulliver married her and brought her to this trouble.14)How is it about Maggie when she had listened to her mother’s speech?
She became more and more angry, so she could not help crying.She criticized her mother boldly for caring only for things, not their father when her dear father was lying there upstairs in a sort of living death.She would not let anyone find fault with her father.She hoped Tom to do so.15)What does Maggie’s action show?
It shows that Maggie was full of feelings.She had deep love for her father.She thought her father was the first, the property of the family was the second.(After a time Tom and Maggie went into their father’s room.The two children forgot everything else in the sense that they had one father and one sorrow.)V.Homework 1.The Mill on the Floss 21—25
2.Frankenstein Week 11 Contents: The Mill on the Floss 21—25 Procedures: I.Warm Up
Daily Report II.Time Reading(Supplementary Material)III.The Mill on the Floss 21—25 1.True or False(T)1)All the relations came to the family council except Mr.Deane and Mr.Moss.(F)2)Mrs.Tulliver wished the hotel or strange people would buy the silver teapot and the table-cloth with her name on them.(She wished her relatives would buy them.Because she thought if they were put in front of strangers with her name on them, it would be a disgrace to the family.)(F)3)Mrs.Pullet was sorry for her sister and her children, so she decided to give some money to Tom and Maggie.(P74 the last paragraph but 3)(T)4)Tom didn’t think it would be right for his aunt Moss to pay the money because it would be against his father’s wishes.(T)5)Wakem told Mrs.Tulliver he would be willing to keep her husband as manager of the business.(F)6)Tom went to his uncle Deane’s bank to ask advice about getting some employment, but Mr.Deane didn’t give any advice to Tom about it.(He said Tom must set about learning accounts.)(F)7)The amends which Mr.Tulliver promised to make to Bessy is to share her housework.(P86…is to stop in the old place and serve under Wakem.)
(T)8)Mr.Tulliver told Tom to write his promise to make his wife’s amends and his determination to have his revenge on Wakem.(F)9)Maggie was now on the edge of womanhood, her mind is full of new hopes, new dreams and new joys.(Usually, at the age of Maggie, the mind of a girl is full of new hopes, new dreams and new joys, but the season of great change about her family was to her the hardest time of all her life.)(T)10)Tom fully shared his father’s feelings about paying off the debts.2.Explanation and Discussion Chapter 21 The family council 1)(The family had a council to discuss the situation.Mrs.Tulliver wished her relatives would buy the silver teapot and the table-cloths with her name on them.Because she hated that her teapot would be sold to the hotel, put in front of travelers with her name on it and her table-cloth would go into strange people’s houses and perhaps be cut with knives.It would be a disgrace to the family.But Mrs.Glegg said to Mrs.Tulliver “The disgrace is to have married a man who has brought you to ruin.”)What was the reaction of Maggie and Tom when they heard of these words?
Maggie was very angry.She jumped up from her seat and ready to stop
her aunt from speaking against her father.But Tom remained more calm than Maggie.He said to Mrs.Glegg: “if you think…(P72-73)”
These words show Tom’s great courage and good sense though he was only sixteen.And they made Mrs.Glegg feel very much embarrassed.2)Did Mrs.Glegg and Mrs.Pullet promiseto leave any money to Tom and Maggie?
No, instead of doing that, Mrs.Glegg even insulted them(P74 paragraph 6 in the middle).So Maggie was filled with wild anger and told them to keep away.3)What do you think of Mrs.Tulliver’s relatives from The family council? Hypocritical and miserly.4)(Then came Mrs.Moss)What’s Mrs.Moss’s attitude to Tom and Maggie?
Kind, sorry for them.Though she was very poor she decided to be sold up to pay the money(￡ 300).5)What’s Tom’s opinion about the money?
He didn’t think it would be right for his aunt Moss to pay the money.It would be against his father’s wishes.Because his father told him before he was in debt that he decided to give Sister Moss that money.Chapter 22 Tom seeks employment 6)(The days passed, Mr.Tulliver was slowly getting better.But his fate and fortune were changing rapidly.Both the mill and the land were sold to Wakem.So Tom had to go to work to support the family.Tom decided to ask Mr.Deane for advice about getting some employment.)Why did Tom decided to ask for Mr.Deane’s advice?
Because Mr.Deane had a great business and he had risen in the world rapidly—and that was Tom wanted to do.7)How did Mr.Deane explain his success in business?
He made himself fit for his work or business.(P80 paragraph 4 Just as he said “If you want to slip into…)
8)How do you understand this sentence “ If you want to slip into a round hole, you must make a ball of yourself”?
If you want to get a good job, you should have a certain knowledge and ability to fit it.If you want to succeed in your work, you should study the knowledge and train your ability about the work and try your best to work hard.9)Did Mr.Deane think Tom’s father choose the right education for him?
No, he thought Tom’s father didn’t choose the right education for him.Latin is not any use to him for his employment.10)What’s his advice for Tom’s employment?
(1)To take a place in the store-house by the river-side where the ships are unloaded and learn the smell of things.(2)He must set bout learning accounts.Chapter 23 Something is written in the Bible 11)What was written in the Bible according to this chapter?
A promise was written in the Bible.{P86 the last paragraph but one;P87 paragraph 3} 12)What does this promise show?(1)He had deep hatred for Wakem.Although he failed, he hoped his son would make revenge on Wakem.(2)His kind heart to his wife.In order to make her amends, he would stop in the old place and serve under Wakem so that his wife might be near her own sisters.Chapter 24 Womanhood 13)How is it about Maggie’s spiritual state when she was on the edge of womanhood?
At the age of hers, one is ordinarily full of new hopes, new dreams, new joys;but she felt it was the hardest time of all her life.The restless condition of her mother and her father’s silent despair as well as the sadness of the home made her very painful and miserable.14)What did Mr.Tulliver and his wife think of Maggie when she was on the edge of womanhood?
Mrs.Tulliver felt the change in her daughter and wondered that Maggie `should be growing up so well’.She was getting fond of her tall, dark girl.While Mr.Tulliver felt grievous when he saw Maggie’s graces of mind and body.He thought it’s a pity she’s not made of commoner stuff.She would be thrown away.And he was afraid: there would be nobody to marry her who was fit to her.Chapter 25 In the Red Deeps 15)What do you know about the Red Deeps?
It is a spot which lay behind the hill south of Dorlcote Mill.And one of Maggie’s favorite walks was to that place.It was overgrown with trees.There she often sat in a grassy hollow under the shadow of a branching tree.16)(One day when Maggie was in the Deeps, Philip went there to meet her.They were happy to get together again.)What’s the main content of their talking?
The main content is if they could still be friends.Maggie wished they could have been friends.But she’s quite sure that she didn’t want to do anything which might make her father’s life harder for him.So she had to sacrifice the friendship between Philip and her.Philip understood her but he didn’t think it is right to sacrifice everything to other people’s unreasonable feelings.IV.Homework 1.The Mill on the Floss 26—30 2.Frankenstein
Week 12 Contents: The Mill on the Floss 26—30 Procedures: I.Warm Up
Daily Report II.Something on Frankenstein
This book shows the author’s philosophic view that human beings have double characters—kind and evil.When a human being is born, he is very pure and kind.But if he is always looked down upon, discriminated and persecuted for a long time by other people, he will become evil and do various kinds of bad things, even kill others cruelly.So we should care, love and help each other, try to prevent such tragedies happening again.Also we should be responsible for what we have done.III.Additional Learning about Skills IVB 1.General Meaning Of A Sentence(A)2.General Meaning Of A Sentence(B)IV.The Mill on the Floss 26--30 1.True or False:(F)1)A year has passed.In the passed year, Tom had failed.(…had been very successful)(T)2)One afternoon in early April, Maggie kissed Philip in her favorite spot.(T)3)Maggie hated Tom’s insult to Philip for his deformity.(F)4)One day in May, Tom came home a little earlier than usual to tell his family that he didn’t want to work for Mr.Dean.(…to tell his family that he had money to pay all the debts.)
(T)5)Mr.Tulliver beat Wakem on his way home after the party.To him it’s a day of vengeance.(F)6)Mr.Tulliver had forgiven Wakem when he was dying.P105(T)7)Maggie moved into St Ogg to the home of Mrs.Jakin after her father’s death mainly because she couldn’t bear Tom’s anger and disapproval.(F)8)Maggie tried to find the way home in the darkness on the flood for she was very frightened.(…for she decided to go to help her mother and Tom.)
(F)9)With breathless joy Maggie found both mother and Tom were at home when she neared the front of the home.(Only Tom was at home.Her mother had gone to aunt Pullet’s the day before that day.)(F)10)At the end of the story, Tom and Maggie faced great danger.Tom said “ It’s coming, Maggie!” “ It ” here refers to “the huge Mass”.(“death” or “the last moment”)2.Explanation and Discussion Chapter 26 A year later 1)(You know in the past year, Tom had been very successful.Because his strong will, his pride, his desire to repair the disaster of the past—all gave him a strength to overcome all difficulties.In an afternoon in early April, Maggie and Philip met again in the Red Deeps.You know Philip expressed bravely his love to Maggie, and Maggie kissed him tenderly.)What does it show about their relationship?
The relationship between Maggie and Philip had developed from their childhood friendship to sweet mature love.2)(Then you know Tom did something cruel to them.)Why did the author consider Tom was cruel?
He disrupted the innocent love of the young couple and cruelly insulted
Philip for his deformity.3)What’s Maggie’s reaction?
Maggie was very angry.She hated Tom’s insults to Philip for his deformity.So she severely reprimanded him for what he had dine.Chapter 27 A hard-won triumph 4)(One day in May, Tom came home a little earlier than usual.There was the suggestion of a smile at the corner of his mouth.Because he brought a good news to the family, he had had the money to pay all the debts.Uncle Dean had arranged a meeting of all those to whom Mr.Tulliver owe money the next day at the hotel, and he had ordered a dinner for them at two o’clock.Mr.Tulliver was so excited when he heard of this good news.)Could you find some supporting details which can show Mr.Tulliver’s excitement in this chapter? P100 last paragraph but 1
P101 paragraph 4 and 5
Chapter 28 A day of vengeance 5)(Mr.Tulliver attended the meeting and party happily next day.After the party he mounted his horse to go home.On his way home, he was eager to meet Wakem.)Do you know why? Why was Mr.Tulliver eager to meet Wakem on his way home from the party?
He wanted to show him his triumph and take vengeance on him for what he had done to him.6)How did he take his vengeance on Wakem? He swore at Wakem: “You’re too big a rascal to get hanged!” He made him fall down from the horse and beat him fiercely with his riding whip.7)(After Mr.Tulliver had taken his vengeance on Wakem he died.)What’s the cause of his death? He died of excitement.8)(Mr.Tulliver didn’t forgive Wakem even on the edge of death.)What does it show?
It shows that he had a very strong character and a profound prejudice against Wakem.He was very obstinate.Chapter 29 Flood
The 1st subtitle: Despair 9)(After the father’s death, Maggie moved into the house of Mrs.Jakin because she could not bear her brother’s bitter silence, anger and disapproval.)How is it about Philip and Maggie?
Maggie had received one short, heartbroken letter from Philip and then had never been heard of him since.10)Why did the author use “Despair” as the subtitle of this part? What does it show?
Because of her dear father’s death and because of her brother’s bitter silence, anger and disapproval, it was not possible for her to remain at home.Philip whom she truly loved also left her.All these things drove her to
despair.There seemed for her no hope and no forgiveness in the future.She was nearly crushed.Besides the flood came, maybe it also gave a hint about the fate of her.Chapter 29 The 2nd subtitle: Alone on the flood Chapter 30 The waters of comfort The 1st subtitle: Darkness 11)What did she think of when she was alone on the flood?
In the first moments she thought of nothing.She seemed suddenly to have passed away from the life she had been dreading.But then she thought of the old home, Tom and her mother.Her whole soul was filled with the thought that they might be in danger and no one could help them.So she decided to find the way to her old home and save her mother and brother.Chapter 30 The 2nd subtitle: Half-light(The 1st paragraph gives us a very good description about Maggie’s psychological movement P111)
12)(P112 paragraph 2)What do you think of this paragraph?
It gives us a hint about Maggie’s fate.Chapter 30 The 3ird subtitle: `Here’s Maggie`(Maggie tried her best to have overcome all the difficulties and at last she reached her old home and got Tom in the boat.)Chapter 30 The last subtitle: `Magsie!`
13)(When they were on the wide water, Tom was face to face with Maggie.)How is it about their spiritual state, feelings and thought at that time?
Tom’s thought was busy although he could ask no question.From Maggie’s weary, beaten face, he could guess her hard experience which showed her love to him.Tom was deeply moved and called her “Magsie” with strong feeling.Maggie’s answer was only a long, deep sob of that mysterious, wonderful happiness which is so much like pain.That shows the reconciliation of the brother and sister in this presence of a great disaster.The love swept away all the effort of cruel misunderstanding.14)What do you think of the last paragraph of the book?
The author developed her imagination in this paragraph.The brother and sister actually died.But from the state of their death(Tom took Maggie in his arms), the author imagined they had gone down locked together, never to be parted, living through again in one perfect moment the days when they had held each other little hands in love, and wandered the flowery fields together.This imagination is very important to stress the main idea and express the theme of the novel.15)What’s the theme of the novel? The endless love of brother and sister.V.Homework 1.Reading Report
2.The Sign of Indra
Week 13 Contents: Unit 5 Procedures: I.Warm Up
Daily Report II.Reading Skills 1.P51.Context Clue to Word Meaning II 2.Additional Reading Skill: IIIB.1.Context Clues 2.Definition Clues III.Unit 5 Business: Section A 1.Word Pretest 2.Text: Levi Strauss & Company 3.Reading Comprehension 4.Analysis and Explanation on the Text(What does each paragraph tell us?)5.Make a Summary
In 1847, 17-year-old Levi Strauss came to America.At first he sold clothing and household goods door to door.Then he was in business on pants.At last he had his company.The company has operated in an enlightened manner.Levi’s jeans are very popular.But Levi’s still kept on adjusting its products, advertising and marketing approaches to meet the changing market forces.Today Levi’s is making efforts to target different age and racial groups.By creating new products with a well-known trademark, new designs and fabrics, and by improving its advertising and image, Levi Strauss is able to respond to its traditional customers and develop new markets.6.Topics for Discussion and Reflection(Activity): 1)Why do many people want to go into business for themselves rather than work for an already existing organization? What is the attraction? 2)To be a manager of a company, what are some of the qualities do you think he should have? 3)Do you want to be a leader in a small company or to be an employee in a well-established large company? 7.Vocabulary Building 1} Word Match 2} Suffix 8.Cloze IV.Homework 1.Section B 2.The Sign of Indra
Week 14 Content: Unit 6 Procedures: I.Warm Up
Daily Report II.Check Up Homework
Unit 5 Section B III.Time Reading(Supplementary Material)IV.Unit 6 Sports: Section A 1.Word Pretest
2.Text: Football Fans and Football Violence 3.Reading Comprehension 4.Analysis and Explanation on the Text 5.Summaries on the Two Parts Football fans
Brazil is the greatest football nation in the world.100 million Brazilians are football fans.There’re football matches on every street and beach.Television is busy on football matches.Brazil is not the richest country in the world, but the government spends huge sums of money on football.Football is more than a game in Brazil.When a football team wins, its funs dance and sing in the streets, even the production in factories increases.People are loyal to their football team because it brings joy and excitement to their life.Football violence
Football fans in Brazil don’t fight.However, in many other countries, it’s different.The violence occurs both on the field and off it.The difference between winning and losing a game can be great.So sometimes a fight starts among the players on both sides.Sometimes it starts among the football supporters watching the game and the away team supporters may attack the home fans.However this kind of violence is not new.It has a long history and it may trace to Roman times.6.Topics for Discussion and Reflection {Activity}: 1)Do you have any experience with football violence? Have you ever heard about it? Tell your classmates what you know about football violence and make comments on it.2)In order to win international championships, many countries spend a lot of money on sports.Is it worth it? Give your reasons for your opinion? 7.Vocabulary Building 1)Word Match 2)Suffix 8.Cloze V.Homework 1.Section B 2.The Sign of Indra 3.English Newspapers and Magazines
Week 15 Content: Unit 7 Procedures: I.Warm Up
Daily Report II.Check Up Homework
Unit 6 Section B III.Additional Reading Skills
VB.1.General/Specific Words and Phrases
VIB.1.General(Topic)and Specific(Detail)Sentences IV.Unit 7 Shyness: Section A 1.Word Pretest
2.Text: Overcome Shyness 3.Reading Comprehension 4.Analysis and Explanation on the Text 4 Parts Part 1: para.1
What kinds of people describe themselves as shy?
What’s the character of shy people and what do they usually think?
Part 2: para.2—3 In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives.Para.2 tells us that people who have a positive sense of self-worth or high self-esteem usually act with confidence.Para.3 tells us that shy people are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others.Part 3: para.4—the 8th step With the 8 specific helpful steps, you can build your self-confidence and overcome shyness.Part 4: the last para.The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to realize our full potential.Let’s not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich life.5.Some New Words in the Text 6.Reading Skill Ex.P79-80 7.Topics for Discussion and Reflection(Activity): 1)What’s your opinion about shyness? 2)Are you shy people? 3)What disadvantages may shyness cause? Shyness is a week point of our character, it may stop our step to success.4)How would you help a good friend deal with his or her shyness? 8.Vocabulary Building 1)Word Match 2)Suffix V.Homework
1.Ex.s in the textbook: Cloze;Section B
2.The sign of Indra Week 16 Content: Unit 8 Procedures: I.Warm Up
Daily Report II.Check Up Homework
Unit 6 Cloze;Section B III.Time Reading(Supplementary Material)IV.Unit 8 Native Peoples: Section A 1.Word Pretest 2.Text: Native American Influences on Modern American Culture 3.Reading Comprehension 4.Analysis and Explanation on the Text Some questions leading Ss.to understand the text: 1)In para.1, the author proposed his argument.Do you know what is his argument?(para.1: the last 2 lines)2)In which para.s the author gives us reasons to support his argument?(para.2—5)3)The last para.is the conclusion.Do you know what is the author’s conclusion?(The 2nd sentence of the last para.)5.Main Idea of the Text:
The Indians have made many valuable contribution to American culture, particularly in the area of language, art, government and food.Modern Americans are truly indebted to the North American Indians for their contributions to their culture.Hopefully, the cultural exchange will one day prove to be equally positive for them.6.Topics for Discussion and Reflection(Activity): 1)How much do you know about the American Indians? Why are they called native Americans? 2)When two cultures encounter, cultural exchanges are inevitable.In its long history, China has encountered many foreign cultures.What are the cultural influences China has received from foreign cultures? Can you give some examples? 7.Vocabulary Building 1)Word Match 2)Suffix V.Homework 1.Ex.s in the textbook: Cloze;Section B.2.The Sign of Inra
Week 17 Content: Unit 9 Procedures: I.Warm Up
Daily Report II.Check Up Homework
Unit 8 Cloze;Section B III.Reading Skill: P101 Understanding Sentences 1.Complex Sentence Structure Ex.P104 R.S.2.Unfamiliar use of language Ex.Add.R.S.XB 3 Idioms IV.Unit 9 Bible Stories: Section A 1.Information related to the text Bible: The Bible, a collection of sacred books of Judaism and Christianity, is composed of two main parts: the Old Testament(旧约)and the New Testament(新约).The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew and later it was translated into Greek and Latin.The Old Testament is traditionally divided into three parts: the Law(律法书和摩西五经)，the Prophets（先知书）and the Writing(圣录), Christianity regards the Old Testament as an accurate record of God’s dealings with His people in preparation for the coming of Jesus Christ, containing much New Testament teaching at its early stat of development.The New Testament, the part of the Bible concerned with the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and his earliest followers, comprises the four GOSPELS(四福音书: 马太福音、马可福音、路加福音、约翰福音), the ACTS of the APOSTLES(行徒使传), the EPISTLES(使徒书信)and the Book of REVELATION(启示录), the GOSPELS are named after Saint Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.The Bible has exerted an incalculable influence on the thought, attitudes, beliefs, art, science, and policies of Western society.Ever since its coming into being, there have been many versions and translations of the Bible.It has now been translated into more than 1’400 languages, and millions of copies are sold every year throughout the world.The Bible is not only a sacred book, it is also important literature and a source of literary inspiration.Many great poets, writers and painters created masterpieces based on the Bible and its stories, among which are Milton’s long poems “Paradise Lost” and “Paradise Regained”, and Leonardo da Vinci’s painting “The Last Supper”.2.Word Pretest 3.Text: The Story of Creation 4.Reading Comprehension 5.Analysis and explanation on the text Explain the para.s of the text one by one 6.Topics for discussion and reflection(Activity)1)How much do you know about the Bible? Besides the stories in this unit, have you read any other story from the Bible? Share your knowledge of the Bible with your classmates.(The Garden of Eden;Noah’s Ark;The last Supper;The Death of Jesus.Tell the story: The Garden of Eden)2)Do we Chinese people have a folk story about the creation of the world? Have you heard or read about other creation stories? Share what you know with your classmates.7.Vocabulary Building 1)Word Match 2)Suffix V.Homework 1.Ex.s in the textbook: Cloze;Section B 2.The sign of Indra
Week 18 Content: Unit 10 Procedures: I.Warm Up
Daily Report II.Check Up Homework
Unit 9: Cloze;Section B III.Time Reading(Supplementary Material)IV.Unit 10 Festivals and Holidays(Section A)1.Word Pretest 2.Text: Christmas 3.Reading Comprehension 4.Analysis and Explanation on the Text 3 Parts Part 1: para.1—3 Significance, time and character of Christmas Part 2: Para.4—7 How the people of the world celebrate Christmas.Part 3: last para.Christmas has not always been remembered with happiness and good cheer.But today “joy to the world” marks the spirit of Christmas nearly everywhere in the world.5.A Summary of the Text
Christmas is a Christian festival celebrated in memory of the birth of Jesus Christ.The name derives from the Old English Chrites Mœsse, or Christ’s Mass, and the present spelling probably came into use about the 16th century.Nearly all Christian churches observe the birth of Christ on December 25.This date was not set in the West until about the middle of the 4th century and in the East until about a century later.Almost from the first, most Christians have regarded Christmas as both a holy day and a holiday.For Christ’s birth brought a new spirit of joy into the world.Christmas customs vary in different lands, such as in Germany, Europe, Asia and America, etc.The custom of Christmas tree was firstly begun by Martin Luther in Germany.The beloved image of Santa Claus as a fat, jolly, bearded old man derives from St.Nicholas, a fourth century Christian bishop of Asia Minor, who was noted for his good works.5.P117 Glossary 6.Topics for Discussion and Reflection(Activity): 1)Some holidays and festivals celebrated in the Western countries or China are listed in the glossary.Do you know on which day is each of them celebrated? What do people do on that particular day? 2)In what way is Christmas similar to(different from)the Chinese Spring Festival? 7.Vocabulary Building 1)Word Match 2)Suffix V.Homework 1.Ex.s in the Textbook: Cloze;Section B 2.English newspapers and Magazines
Week 19 Content: Reading Skills and Speed Readings Procedures: I.Warm Up
Daily Report II.Check Up Homework
Unit 10: Cloze;Section B III.Additional Learning about Skills and Words 1.Skills: VIIB 1.Main Idea(A)IXB 1.Supporting Details XB 1.Fact/Opinion 2.Determining Point of View 2.Words:
VIIB 2.Exact Words 3.Word Analogy
IXB 2.Word Meaning IV.Speed Readings(Supplementary Materials)V.Something about Examination VI.Homework
Preparation for Examination.
第二篇：专业英语1
专业英语
4单元
An alternating沿着特殊路径1上A、B亮点间的交流电压周期性改变符号.故如果假设A到B为正方向,那么同一瞬间B到A则为负方向,这就是为什么要标出假定正方向的非常重要的原因.图中,这样的方向都是用箭头或者下划线表示,并表示正参考方向.Electric engineering电气工程使用最简单、最常见并且随时间呈正弦变化的交流电.因此是按正弦变化的电流.非正弦电流增加能量损失.感应过电压过度地影响通信电路,这一事实解释了为什么首选正弦电路.The transmission远距离信息传送也用信号调制正弦电流的幅值、频率和相位。周期的非正弦电流可以被认为是同一时间，不用频率的正弦电流的组合。这就是为什么所有的正弦电流电路都很重要的原因。
13单元
As far as考虑到电动机，我们一直尝试着无限的变速电机，把它接到交流电网，这样就可以省略了中间交、直流转换参数。最近的一项发展涉及到用转换器代替整流器。因换向器和电刷用一种特殊的方式直接作用于线圈电流，这是线圈处于 场中某一特定位置。这种功能可以通过安装在传动轴上的传感器设备来演示。从电枢绕组上分出接线，一定不是定子上接到这个电路里面。用不同的方法可得到一些成就，但是总有些缺陷，就好像对直流电机的要求还要很多年才能实现。并、复、他励电机是用来启动的，他们必须运行在一个较宽的速度范围，并且运行在自动控制系统中，串励电机用于启动转矩较大，过载系数自动限制，功率需求并且过载时可提供较高的转矩。
Summarizing then结论为：相对于同步感应电机而言，尽管直流电机在最大功率和最高速度方面有最低限制，但也可以应用于实际生活中的任何领域。
Discussion of dc machine直流电机应用方面的研讨将涉及电机重要部分运行特性的简单说明。同时，也考虑到机械地位的经济性和科技性的评估，以及能量转换设备的竞争力。一般来讲，直流电机的突出优越性在于他的灵活性和多用性。而主要的 不利条件也许就是对初始投资的担忧。然而，直流电动机仍然在工业应用领域占据着强有力的优势。
16单元
The no-load currents of因为三相磁路、磁通量的磁阻相同，三相 感应电机的空载电流组成了一个对称的系统。换句话说，空载电流波形近似于正弦波。因为有相对较大的气隙存在，电流的三次谐波或者相应的磁通量不会变得如此重要。
The e.m.p transformation感应电机的电动势转换因数，代替~~~~~
In induction machines在感应机器，如变压器中，二次侧于一次侧紧密相关，也就是二次侧绕组可由另一个每极每相，槽数不同的绕组代替作为一次 侧。为了维持设备的功率关系，二次侧参数需要相应的重新计算。19单元
In this case在 这种情况下，当忽略磁路中铁芯上的磁阻，同时也忽略极与极靴间的磁导时（这是一个相对较小的间隙），我们就可以假设极靴间的空气隙里面磁密曲线和磁势曲线相同。由于磁场失去它的正弦形式，它将会在定子绕组电动势中不仅感应出基波，也感应出高次谐波。Higher-olderharmonics
问答1 空载和负载时主磁通是否变化？为什么？书77页
The secondary currentand the resulting ampere-turns I2N2 will change the flux，tending to demagnetize the core，reduce øm and with it E1.Φp is unchanged in eq magnitude from the no load condition on since，neglecting resistance，it still has to provide a total back e.m.p equal to V1.问答2 串励电机励磁转矩与电枢电流关系？书87 第二段
The torque is production to almost the square of the current al low saturations an to some power between 1 and 2as saturation increases.
第三篇：英语专业英语求职信
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第四篇：生物专业英语 课程论文
干细胞的初探与展望
材料与化工学院生物工程系
【摘要】干细胞是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞群体。近年来干细胞的应用几乎涉及到所有生命科学和生物医学领域。本文概述了干细胞的生物学特性，并综述了干细胞的可塑性、分离培养及其在基础研究及临床上的应用的研究进展。最后，展望了今后研究的方向。
【关键词】干细胞；生物学特性；可塑性；分离培养；应用
干细胞（stem cells）是一类具有自我更新、高度增殖和多向分化潜能的细胞群体，即这些细胞可以通过细胞分裂维持自身细胞群的大小，同时又可以进一步分化成为各种不同的组织细胞，从而医学界称之为“万用细胞”。1981年英国的Evans和Kaufman用延缓着床的胚泡首次成功地分离了小鼠胚胎干细胞,从而在全球掀起了有关干细胞的研究热潮。1997年2月英国苏格兰罗斯林研究所威尔穆特博士等成功克隆出“多利”绵羊，1998年11月,美国Thomson和Gearhart分别用不同的方法获得人胚胎干细胞及胚胎生殖细胞,此后,干细胞的研究便进入了一个全新的时代。1999年，有关干细胞的研究被Science评为1999十大科学进展之首。2000年12月干细胞研究再次被《科学》杂志评为该世界十大科学成就之一。下面就近几年来干细胞的研究进展综述如下。
1.干细胞的生物学特性
根据干细胞的发育阶段，可将其分为胚胎干细胞（Embryonic Stem Cell,ES）和成体干细胞（Adult Stem Cell，AS）。胚胎干细胞即具有分化为机体任何一种组织器官潜能的细胞,包括胚胎干细胞、胚胎生殖细胞（Embryonic Germ Cell，EG）。成体干细胞即具有自我更新能力,但通常只能分化为相应组织器官组成的“专业”细胞,它是存在于成熟个体各种组织器官中的干细胞,包括神经干细胞（Neural Stem Ce11，NSC）、血液干细胞（Hematopoietic Stem Cell，HSC）、骨髓间充质干细胞（Mesenchymal Stem Cell，MSC）、表皮干细胞（EPidexmis Stem Cell）、肝干细胞（Hepatic Stem Cell）等。
1.1胚胎干细胞的生物学特性
胚胎干细胞最早是直接从小鼠早期胚胎分离建系的,它们具有其自身的生物学特性。与其他细胞系相比较, 胚胎干细胞的特点在于:（1）具有不断增殖分化的能力，所以，在体外培养条件下可以建立稳定的干细胞系，并保持高度未分化状态和发育潜能性。1999年Soiter等利用这个特性将ES/EBs及其分化细胞作为有关药物的针对筛选系统,进行药物毒性检测实验。（2）具有高度的发育潜能和分化潜能。体内外可分化出外、中、内三个胚层的分化细胞，可以诱导分化为成体细胞内各种类型的组织细胞。胚胎干细胞含有正常二倍染色体，具有种系传递功能,能广泛参与宿主胚胎各组织器官的生长发育,并形成包括生殖系在内的合体后代生殖细胞。（3）能进行体外培养扩增,还可以对其进行遗传操作选择, 如导入异源基因、报告基因或标志基因，诱导某个基因突变等。扩增、遗传操作及冻存均不丧失其多能性。冻存的细胞可在需要时随时解冻,继续培养不失其原有特性。
1.2成体干细胞的生物学特征
干细胞在分化为特化细胞之前常产生一种或几种祖细胞，然后由祖细胞分化产生特化细胞。与胚胎干细胞相比较，成体干细胞有以下几个特点：(1)成体干细胞体积小，细胞器稀少，RNA含量较低，在增殖过程中处于相对静止状态，在组织结构中位置相对固定。(2)成体干细胞数量很少，其基本功能是参与组织更新，创伤修复及维持机体内环境稳定。研究结果表明，即使在含量丰富的骨髓中，每10，000～15，000个骨髓细胞中只有一个造血干细胞［1］，人和动物皮肤中的干细胞含量仅为7%～8％［2］。(3)成体干细胞常处于一个有干细胞细胞基质，对干细胞的增殖和分化起调控作用的各种信号分子的特定微环境或称生物位（nich）中，干细胞是自我复制还是分化为功能细胞取决于所在的微环境和自身的功能状态。
(4)成体干细胞没有确定的来源。有科学家推测，成体干细胞是胚胎发育过程中保存下来的未分化的细胞［1］，这揭示成体干细胞与胚胎干细胞可能会有更多的相似性与同源性。
2.干细胞的可塑性
干细胞的可塑性主要是指成体干细胞的可塑性。人们把成体干细胞具有分化为其他类型组织细胞的能力的这种现象称为干细胞的可塑性（plasticity），横向分化（transdifferentiation）或转决定（transdetermination）［3］。
1995年，Pereira等证明，小鼠骨髓细胞在体外培养后具有向骨、软骨和肺基质转化的能力。1999年,Bjornson等将胚胎和成年小鼠神经干细胞,以及在体外克隆的神经干细胞移植给亚致死剂量照射的小本论鼠,结果证明神经干细胞可转化为造血细胞。同年Jackson等用 Hoechst333422-lowSP纯化的小鼠造血干细胞进一步证明它可迁移到肌肉损伤部位,在参与肌肉再生的同时也参与血管的再生。2002年Vescovi 等报道神经干细胞除有向神经元、星形细胞与少突胶质细胞分化能力以外,还可分化为造血细胞谱系。
肝干细胞也是干细胞可塑性的主要可靠证据之一。2000年Alison等和Lagasse等分别报道HSC可在体内分化成肝细胞。2001年Shen等在骨髓移植的试验中发现,肝脏干细胞能表达供体造血细胞的遗传标志。
这一系列的证据表明干细胞存在可塑性。然而，近几年来，部分研究学者对干细胞的可塑性提出了不同的看法:(1)细胞自发融合导致“可塑性”。英国科学家2002年,Ying等的研究结果表明, 胚胎干细胞在体外与神经或HSC共同培养时,能自发地发生神经或HSC与胚胎干细胞之间的融合,诱导NSC或HSC“横向分化”为胚胎样干细胞,然后展现出胚胎干细胞的表型特征与相应功能。同年美国科学家Terada等用充分的证据证明,骨髓细胞的多向分化是因为与胚胎干细胞融合所致,而不是骨髓细胞直接横向分化的结果。这两者的研究结果都表明，是由于发生了细胞融合，使所谓的成年组织干细胞具有了“可塑性”潜能。(2)成体干细胞的横向分化是成体组织中余存的胚胎原始干细胞所致。2002年Jiang等的研究结果证实,在成体组织中余存着一种数量稀少的胚胎样原始干细胞,表达胚胎干细胞的标志如Oct-
4、Rex-1及SSEA-1,体外培养条件也类似于胚胎干细胞,所谓的成体组织干细胞的“可塑性”很可能是这些细胞所为。(3)2002年，在Science和Nature上连续刊发的几篇文章指出，成体干细胞可塑性可能是实验设计不严谨，判断错误所致，认为所谓的成体干细胞可塑性缺乏科学依据。
3.干细胞的分离培养
由于干细胞的数目很少，因此需要在体外对干细胞进行非分化性增殖。干细胞的分离培养的理论基础是其生物学特征，包括形态和结构特征及其生物学表型。干细胞的分离培养实验主要是建立在老鼠的实验上，早在二十世纪七八十年代就已从小鼠中分离出胚胎干细胞并在体外进行培养成功。近年来，国内在这方面的研究也取得了一定的进展，主要是在神经干细胞等成体干细胞的研究上。2002年陈雷等［4］应用无血清培养技术从胎鼠脊髓分离到的神经系统的干细胞具有不断分裂增殖的能力, 可被神经干细胞特异性抗体所标记, 并在血清条件下分裂为神经系统多种细胞。2004年冯玉萍等［5］用胰酶消化加机械吹打分离大鼠大脑皮质及皮质下组织,之后用悬浮培养法、有限稀释法获得来源于同一细胞的亚细胞系克隆;2005年肖美玲等［6］用同样的方法分离新生昆明种小鼠(出生24 h 内)的大脑组织，利用无血清培养基悬浮培养细胞,获得具有自我增殖能力的细胞克隆,两者经用免疫细胞化学法鉴定为神经干细胞。
虽然老鼠的干细胞体外培养实验已经取得了可喜的进展，但人的干细胞的体外培养直到1995年,Thomson等从恒河猴的囊胚中分离,建立了第一个灵长类动物的胚胎干细胞株后，才获得成功并得到迅速的发展。1998年,Thomson和Gearhart分别用胚胎干细胞和胚胎生殖细胞建立了人的胚胎干细胞系,在体细胞与生殖细胞间架起了桥梁,为研究胚胎干细胞的发育,在体外培养人体细胞和组织,利用ES细胞治疗疾病提供了广阔的发展前景。在报道分离了人的胚胎干细胞这一重大成果后不久,美国Advance Cell Technology(ACT, Worcester, M)的研究者宣称,他们通过使人的皮肤细胞和牛的卵细胞杂交,培育出了人的胚胎干细胞。所用的方法与克隆实验中采用的方法相似,基本上是对人的细胞重新编程并使其回到它最初的原始状态。该发现可能导致许多新方法的产生,如通过移植和细胞治疗来医治疾病。2002年李巍等［7］采用无血清培养技术, 成功地分离培养了人胚胎大脑皮层神经干细胞，且能被诱导分化成神经元和神经胶质细胞。经传12代后仍具干细胞特性。2004年王共先等［8］以器官捐献者的正常前列腺为研究对象,利用免疫磁珠细胞成功从前列腺基底细胞中分离前列腺干细胞。同年汪泱等［9］和罗树伟等［10］均成功分离培养了人胚脑神经干细胞，并进行进一步的检测和研究。
4.干细胞的应用
胚胎干细胞是细胞的源头,具有多能或全能性,并能够无限分化,能够制造机体需要的全部细胞,因此在医学和生物学上具有巨大潜力,应用前景广阔。但它存在着移植免疫排斥的限制和伦理学方面的困扰, 而成体干细胞只能在体外有限扩增,多系分化效力低,通过体外的扩增培养虽能够提高转化效率, 然而体外转化是否会引起干细胞遗传特性的改变尚不清楚。但这类干细胞存在于宿主体内,可直接从患者自身获得,故无移植免疫排斥的限制也无伦理学方面的困扰,因此胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞的研究对生命科学领域而言,都具有极重要的意义。
4.1为发育生物学研究提供良好的体外模型系统哺乳动物胚胎体积较小，而且在子宫内进行发育，因此很难在动物体内连续动态地研究其早期胚胎发育、细胞组织分化及基因表达调控，而来源于胚胎的胚胎干细胞具有发育全能性、可操作性及无限扩增的特性，因此胚胎干细胞提供了在细胞和分子水平上研究个体发育过程中极早期事件的良好材料和方法。随着分子生物学的发展，通过比较胚胎干细胞不同发育阶段的干细胞和分化细胞的基因转录和表达，可确定胚胎发育及细胞分化的分子机制、发现新基因。结合基因打靶技术，可发现不同基因在生命活动中的功能等。
4.2在医学上的应用理论上讲，干细胞可以用于临床细胞移植治疗各种疾病和构建人工组织或器官，其最适合的疾病主要是组织坏死性疾病如缺血引起的心肌坏死、肿瘤，退行
性病变如帕金森综合征，自体免疫性疾病如胰岛素依赖型糖尿病等。应用干细胞治疗疾病较传统方法具有很多优点：低毒性或无毒性，一次药有效；不需要完全了解疾病发病的确切机理；不存在传播疾病的风险：还可能应用自身干细胞移植，避免产生免疫排斥反应。
1999年Horwitz等［11］用骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSC）治疗遗传性骨缺陷病，并取得了一定效果。2004年9月，意大利一名5岁、患有地中海贫血症的男孩卢卡，科学家通过从其弟弟的胎盘血中提取干细胞移植到卢卡身上，使其战胜病魔，完全治愈。
4.3生产克隆动物的高效材料胚胎干细胞是动物克隆的优良核供体。胚胎干细胞可以无限传代和增殖而不失去其基因型和表现型,以其作为核供体进行核移植后在短期内可获得大量基因型和表现型完全相同的个体。胚胎干细胞与胚胎嵌合生产克隆动物可解决哺乳动物远缘杂交的困难问题。另外,由于体细胞克隆动物存在成功率低、早衰、易缺陷易突变等问题，且多是致命的,使胚胎干细胞的克隆研究仍十分重要。1999年Wakayaama等［12］用长期传代的小鼠胚胎干细胞克隆出31只小鼠，14只存活，存活率比体细胞克隆高。
5.问题与展望
近年来,随着生物细胞实验技术及分子生物学的发展,干细胞研究领域取得了突破性进展,某些方面已有初步的临床应用。但是目前干细胞的研究尚处于初期阶段，许多理论问题亟待解决：（1）干细胞的许多机制还没完全清楚，比如在干细胞可塑性机理的研究上还存在着分歧。如何使干细胞在体外大量扩增,并诱导其分化是干细胞在医学临床上应用的关键。
（2）干细胞如何到达不同的靶目标，并分化为正确的细胞类型及正确的细胞数量、比例以及在正确的位置与正确的靶组织建立正确的联系而无任何错误连接等。（3）干细胞移植的安全性问题:胚胎干细胞移植时会发生不适宜的分化,产生免疫排斥作用，但成体干细胞则没有这个问题，其主要的机理还没完全明白，因此干细胞在临床应用前需要进行全面的评估。
相信随着细胞分子生物学技术的应用,不久的将来干细胞许多相关机制将被逐渐阐明，人类将有可能人为地控制影响干细胞分化的各项因素，但我们也应该清楚的认识到，仍有许多悬而未决的问题，干细胞的临床应用还有很长的路要走。干细胞用于治疗许多疑难症状在动物实验已经取得了可喜的成就，如果经人体临床试验成功，其潜在的效益将溢现出来，造福人类。
目前，我国在干细胞研究上相对落后，国家已经重视干细胞的研究，将干细胞的研究列入973项目，并成立了干细胞研究所，加强干细胞的基础知识与临床应用方面的研究，这将使我国在此领域的理论和实践应用上得到更大的发展，在世界上占有一席之地。
参考文献
［1］ Weissman I L.Stem cells: units of development, units of regeneration, and units in evolution.Cell，2000,100(1):157-168.［2］ Tani H, Morris R J, Kaur P.Enrichment for murine kera tinocyte stem cells on cell surface phenotype.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA，2000, 97(20): 10960-10965.［3］ Krause DS, Theise ND, Collector MI,et al.Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell.Cell，2001,105(3):369-377.［4］陈雷,路来金,孟晓婷,等.胎鼠脊髓神经干细胞的分离、培养和鉴定.吉林大学学报(医学版)，2002, 28(6): 580-582.［5］冯玉萍,李倬,刘建雄.大鼠神经干细胞的分离培养和分化.中国兽医科技，2004,34(3):56-59.［6］肖美玲,罗焕敏,王成蹊，等.新生小鼠神经干细胞的分离、培养和鉴定.暨南大学学报(医学
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Chen Fan
Materials and Chemical Engineering College of Engineering
Abstract ：Stem cells are non-specialized cells which have the ability of self-renewal and multiple differentiation potential.The application of stem cells has nearly involved in all the research field on life sciences and biomedicine in recent years.This article summarizes the biological characteristic of stem cells, and reviews the latest progress in the study on stem cell’s plasticity, isolation, culture in vitro, and its extensive application in basic research and clinical application.The prospects of stem cells are also discussed.Key words：stem
vitro;application cells;biological characteristic;plasticity;isolation;culture in
第五篇：《专业英语》课程教学大纲2009
《专业英语》课程教学大纲
课程编号：责任学院：软件学院
学时数：40学分：2学分
一、教学目的专业英语作为计算机领域国际通用语言，无论是查阅计算机文献，还是撰写计算机方向的论文，都显示其作为交流工具的重要性。专业英语不同于公共英语，它是学生在掌握公共英语的基础上进一步提高计算机文献阅读和理解能力的有效途径。本课程是计算机软件工程硕士研究生的选修课程。其目标是使学生掌握计算机专业英语特点、基本语法以及文献阅读和撰写的应用技能。
二、课程教学内容要求与学时分配
（一）专业英语的重要语法 4学时
计算机专业英语特点、专业英语词汇构成方法、专业英语的否定结构与数字理解、专业英语的日期、时间时序表示、位置与空间表示、专业英语的词汇、语句的翻译技巧。
（二）专业英语阅读理解 12学时
计算机各个方向的重要词汇、术语、计算机各个方向的时文选读与翻译练习。具体的计算机方向包括：计算机组织与结构、操作系统、数据与结构、程序设计、数据库、软件工程、计算机图形与图像、计算机网络、互联网技术、电子商务、人工智能与信息安全。
（三）专业英语写作技巧 4学时
英文论文基本结构与写作技巧、英文论文摘要写作方法与练习、选计算机一到两个具体研究方向的论文选读、英文简历写作练习
（四）外文文献阅读 20学时
此部分内容由学生根据论文选题方向查阅相关英文文献并阅读至少5篇以上论文。
三、教学方式和考核方式
教学方式：课堂讲授（20学时）+课外计算机文献阅读（20学时）
考试方式：考查
四、教材及参考资料（名称，作者，出版社，出版时间）
《计算机英语实用教程》（第三版），刘兆毓，郑家农等编著，清华大学出版社，2006 《计算机专业英语》，刘乃琦，电子科技大学出版社，1998
考查内容：
请参考学术论文的英文写作方式，根据论文选题方向，查阅相关英文文献，写一篇简短的科技论文（注：主要内容部分可以是一个框架即可）。
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