第一篇：朗文 外研社 新概念4册 第3课 教案
第三课 alpinist n 登山者 Climber Mountaineer Alps 阿尔卑斯 alpine 来源 Alps range 山系 2 attain To get to To arrive at/in To attaion one’s goal
To attaion one’s goal = realize To attaion the top/peak/summit Attaion youth 永葆青春 Attainment n.达到
Attainments 成就 只有复数当成就 Accomplishment 成就 3 perilous a.危险的 Peril 随时可能到来的危险 Avalanche 雪崩 4 shudder vi.不寒而栗
Tremble,quiver,shiver,shudder Shudder :quick and sudden 一想到 骷髅 Shiver:cold and nervous Quiver:excitement ,maybe cold 中奖 Tremble: long and very obvious.5 go out of one’s way 故意地
专门 I will go out my way to send you home Too much for me 消费不起 By the way 顺路 6 court vt.追求 Multiple meaning 1 Court 朝廷 courtier 朝臣 爱卿 2 courteous 彬彬有礼的 3 法庭
娱乐场 soccer/football court/golf court/tennis court 5 追求 I wanna court sb.6 招致 pride courts failure 骄兵必败 7 solitary a.唯一的，孤独的（不是口语词）Solo 独唱，独奏
Solitude 孤独 I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life.8 pioneer n.先驱者
Young pioneer 少先队员 9 impoverish 使贫困 Poor A great many men will cheerfully face impoverishment if they can secure Complete ruin for their rivals.hence present level of taxation.如果看到对手完全落魄，乐观面对贫困，10 coarse a 粗劣的 Coarse throat 嗓子哑 Sore throat 嗓子发炎 Coarse fare 粗粮 Refined fare 细粮 Coarse and refined.In a coarse manner 粗暴无利 11 boast vt.夸
以人做主语，表示夸耀
He boasted(that)of his knowledge.以物做注意，表示拥有
The center boasts a team of high quality(qualified researchers)12 parishoner n 教区居民 Parish 教区 13 shepherd n 牧羊人 Sheep 羊 Herd 群 14 linen n.亚麻布
Route 一条线，一条路
Good sports 充满享受，刺激： stimulus(刺激)thrilling(震撼，兴奋)比较的特殊形式 Regard 珍重，珍视
He is highly regarded in the village.Regard sb with sth(感情词)love,hatred,horror,respect.Daddy,I regard you with horror.Pioneering days.=ancient Not at all 根本 case 这回事
It’s not the case at all.根本不是那回事 Be doing.表示当时的行动（状态）Top 顶点
Summit,peak The scenery is at the peak of the mountain.景色在山顶 Prize 嘉奖
Sought 原形是seek I am at the top of the world.Summit meeting 峰会
The meeting between leaders.Attain:到达 Conquer:征服
Be of the most perilous nature.重点
主语后置，避免头重脚轻 Nature 特点，特性
The most perilous difficulties and dangers,of the most perilous nature.He is the kindest man.He is the man of the kindest nature.Equipped,表示当时是一种伴随 In a manner 以这样的方式 Make sb do sth.At the thought 一想到，一提到（mention）,一想到（idea）
一想到什么东西，后面加介词of At the thought of their poor equipment Go out of one’s way 刻意 intentionally Eye catching 引人注目 The real living conditions To，不定式主语从句
Nowadays,插入语，现在回想起来，刻意放在居首/句末 Except for 把其中一部分扣除
Zermatt 在瑞士 Chamonix 在法国 Popular 流行 Alpine Tend to be 倾向于 逐渐变成什么状态 Settlement 生存地，住咋地 Cut off=which are cut off.Power is cut off 停电了
Inn :small hotel 小饭店 holiday inn:假日旅馆 inn三分之一的价钱，不是很豪华，适合游客
Flea-ridden 跳蚤
As they were 可以这么说，as it were 语气委婉 This book is ,as it were,his life portrait.人生写照 Was Local 当地的 Vodka 伏特加 Wine 低度酒 Alcohol 酒精
Alcoholic 酒鬼 workholic 工作迷 Boast 拥有 Priest 牧师 Shepherd 牧羊人 Invariably=all the same.Dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable.不推荐这种写作方法，and并列 Accustomed to 后置定语 Course 一道菜 Change 适应
Must have been 表示推测
Be accustomed to =be used to +名词，动名词
I am used to the life in Beijing/I am used to living in Beijing.Seven-course dinners.早餐 scratch a meal Noon(中午)snack(快餐)Evening(晚上)，dinner 家人团聚时间，最好不要打电话打扰 The change to Education brings great change to his outlook/view on life.人生观
第二篇：朗文 外研社 新概念4册 第17课 教案
新概念英语第四册第十七单元语法和句型
新概念英语第四册第十七单元语法和句型
Lesson 17 A man-made disease 人为的疾病
In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit.This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits.It overran a whole continent.It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle.Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit(and apparently no other animal)was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis.By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created.Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits.So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one.It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population.It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated.There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence.A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis.It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate.It spread through France where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as a sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry.The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.【语法点】情态动词+完成体不定式
【课文原句】It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle.【闯关例句】 1.have done sth must have done sth can have done sth could have done sth may have done sth 1
新概念英语第四册第十七单元语法和句型
might have done sth 2.present
status position
must be a teacher 3.be doing sth must be watching TV
possibility
ought to have done sth should have done sth
You must have left your handbag in the theatre.你一定是把手提包忘在剧院了。Jack ________（肯定有事耽误了）, or he’d be here by now.The prisoner ________（一定是从这条路逃走的）must have escaped this way, for there are footprints.They are sweating all over.They ________（一定在踢足球）.No matter how busy you were, you ________（至少可以寄张明信片）.You were stupid to go skiing there---you ________（会把你的腿摔断）.I could have climbed that mountain ten years ago.十年前我本来是能够登上那座山的。I ________（本可以成功）, but I didn’t try my best, so I feel regretful.You could have helped him in those circumstances.在那样的情况下，你本来可以帮助他的。
If Peter had been driving faster, he ________（可能丧命了）.If it weren’t for having to leave England, I might have been tempted by that oil company’s
新概念英语第四册第十七单元语法和句型
offer.要不是因为得离开英国的话，我可能会接受是由公司的聘请了。
It would be a good thing to write to him, I should have thought.给他写封信倒是很好，但是我没有想到。
Martha did not accept the bad news.She ________（本应把这当成一个寻求其他机会的信号）.If you doubt his ability, you________（本不该雇他）in the first place.I think I should have thought sometimes that you couldn’t help thinking of the past.我想我本来应该想到你不仅会想起过去。
The policeman said that the motorist ought to have stopped, but that he must have lost his head.警察说驾驶员当时是得停下来，要不然命都丢了。
In my opinion the offender ought to have been imprisoned, but they let him off with a caution.我认为罪犯应该判刑，但是他们给他个警告就释放了。
This road ought to have been finished six months ago.这条路六个月前就该修好。
You oughtn’t to have driven that car with the brakes out of order.You might have had a serious accident.你原不该驾驶那辆制动失效的汽车。你当时有可能会遇到严重的意外事故。
She ought not to have taken his books without asking him.没有问他她本来不应该把书拿走。
【语法点】主语从句
【课文原句】It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated.【闯关例句】
（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident.（9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)（10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.（11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.（12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)（13）It happened that the two cheats were there.(=The two cheats happened to be there)________that he didn’t come.很遗憾他没来。
________ that he should know about this.他必须知道此事。________ that we be present.我们出席是至关重要的。
________ that this mission not fail.这项使命不失败至关重要。
________ that a meeting be convened this week.本周开一次会非常重要。
新概念英语第四册第十七单元语法和句型
________ that this tax be abolished.废除这个税是恰当的。
________ that so many people should lose their jobs.竟有这么多人失业这是不公平的。________ that she should have said nothing about it.她竟未谈及此事令人惊讶。
________ that they should deny my request.他们竟然拒绝我的请求，这是不可思议的。
【语法点】there be句型中的同位语从句
【课文原句】There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.【闯关例句】
There are ___signs_____that the situation may be improving.有迹象表明情况可能好转。There can be __no doubt______about his being the best man for the position.毫无疑问，他是这职位的最适当人选。
There is __no possibility ______ that Bob can win the first prize in the match.鲍勃不可能赢得比赛的一等奖。
There were unmistakable ___proof _____ that john had eaten up the jam.有确切的证据证明约翰吃完了果酱。
There’s ___chance likelihood__probability ___ of my flight being delayed.In that event I’ll phone to let you know.我的飞机可能会晚点，如果那样的话，我会打电话告诉你。Is there any ________that he will carry out(any certainty of his carrying out)his undertaking? 有什么把握他会执行他所承担的工作？
Is there any ________that the accused men(’s)being in the town the day the crime was committed? 有任何证据表明案发的那一天被告是在镇里吗？
Is there any ________ that their team will be(any likelihood, possibility of their team’s being)defeated? 他们的队有任何被击败的可能性吗？
So far there is ________that spaceships from other planets do exist.到目前为止还未证明来自其它行星的宇宙飞船确实存在。
There is __no guarantee ______ that the doctor would make her out of danger.还不能保证医生会使她脱险。
There is abundant ________that cars have a harmful effect on the environment.充分的证据表明，汽车对环境有害。
【语法点】介词宾语
【课文原句】The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.【闯关例句】
1、形容词
Her pronunciation is far from perfect________.她的发音远非完美。
2、副词
新概念英语第四册第十七单元语法和句型
His uncle is back from abroad________.他叔叔从国外回来。
They live somewhere_nearby near here _______.他们住在这附近。
3、介词短语
The boy jumped _from behind the door_______.这男孩从门后面跳了出来。
The ball rolled out from under the table ________.那个球从桌子底下滚出来了。
4、动名词
On arriving in Venice, we knew that it was a city of water.我们一到威尼斯就知道它是一座水城。
Don't forget to turn off the lights before leaving your classroom.离开教室以前别忘了关灯。
I succeeded in passing the driving test.我成功地通过了驾驶考试。
He entered the chemistry lab without being permitted.他未经允许就进入化学实验室。
5、动词原形
The policeman could not_but let _______ him go.警察无可奈何，只好让他走了。
His father had nothing to do all day except________.他的父亲整天无事可做，只是打牌。
6、不定式
The plane is about to take off.这架飞机快要起飞了。
The company had no choice but ________ me my money back.该公司除了向我退款外，别无办法。
7、数词
The students began to show up by ________.学生们开始三三两两地露面了。
When we went in we found his room at ________.我们走进去的时候发现他屋里乱七八糟。
It is a book of English phonetics, grammar and usage ________.这是一本集英语语音、语法和习惯用法于一体的书。
There was only one piece of cake, but we can cut it________.只有一块蛋糕，但我们可以把它切成两半。
8、分词
He spoke English so well that took it for _granted_______that he was an American.他讲英语讲得好极了，因此我一直认为他是美国人。
I took it for ____granted _____that'd you'd want to come with us,so I bought you a ticket.我认为你和我们一起去是理所当然的，所以给你买了一张票。
9、疑问句＋不定式短语
Marx gave us some advice on how to leaern English ________.马克思就怎样学习外语给了我们一些忠告。
10、从句
She got very angry because of what he said ________.她因为他说的话而非常生气。I am thinking of ________.我正在考虑怎样为人民做更多的事。
Remain stay Unconscious Verb
新概念英语第四册第十七单元语法和句型
Ashore
Shore
Sleep asleep Fire
afire Float
afloat Prefix in on
Enslave Encage Empower Entitle
Behead Befriend
Important Load v Trust v adj.unimportant
unload
v
mistrust
v
adj.6
新概念英语第四册第十七单元语法和句型
Scent Smell fragrance odour bad
ensue
the ensuing day
what will ensue from this?
A Crack between two rocks The door Opened a crack
第三篇：朗文 外研社 新概念4册 第1课 教案
第一课 recount v.叙述
读音重音节在后
Record 第一个音节带重音，名前动后 Bonus recount 再来一次
叙述 recount emotionless describe depict a little emotional narrate temporal&special 时间空间 流水账式 实际顺序往下排 portray strong case 画人给人以肖像的描述 描述 2 saga n.英雄故事
Mostly real from North Europe Vikings(pirates)北欧海盗 海盗活动的故事演绎过来
海盗有英雄气概 3 legend n.传奇 Unreal Robin Hood He legend figure 4 anthropologist 人类学家 Anthrop Philosopher =philo+sopher 爱+智慧=哲学家 Philanthropist 慈善家 对人有爱心的人 Anthropology 人类学
Biology 生物学 geography地理学 ecology 生态学 5 Ancestor an-在前面
Forefather, forebear 一个人在前边承担重担责任 Predecessor 6 Polynesia 波利尼西亚 Poly –多
Polyandric : a wife with more than one husband.Polygeny: 一夫多妻制 7 Indonesia 8 flint n.碎石
Border 路上的石头 cobble 鹅卵石 沙滩的石头
Don’t act as you were the only cobble on the beach 不要自以为是 Flinting hearted 残忍无比 9 rot The leaves rot Leave me rot.=leave me alone.Rot to death自生自灭
Soon ripe,soon rotten 熟得快，烂得快 神童太聪明不好哦 He is rotten to core.这个人坏死了 Decay 腐烂 国家衰亡 Decompose 动物肢体分解 Deteriorate两国关系恶化 10 trace Find out Trace the problem.跟的很近，一步步找
I follow your trace.你去哪我去哪 I follow wherever you go.11 fossil 化石 读文章可以断句
Read off 读到 read 是正在读 谈到 speak of ,talk of ,know of ,hear of I hear of him.Near East近东 Mediterranean 地中海附近South Europe, North Africa Far East 远东 China Japen 非限定性从句 表原因
口语要先于书面语 Oral(speaken)language is earlier than written language.Come earlier Precede Counterpart :two things or two people have the same position.Oral(spoken)language is earlier than written counterpart.So there is no written history Preserve: 保留 保存
Preserved vegetable 保存的蔬菜（腌制的）
如果句子中有Only,那么后面跟的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth Hand down 流传
Storytell 讲故事的人 fortuneteller，palmreader 算命先生
Migration 移民 1）migrant 2)immigrant 进去的v.migrate 迁徙 migratory bird 候鸟
None: no body People+s ：民族 If they had any 即便是有
His relatives,if he had,never went to vist him when he was hospitalized.Neiter AE ni BE nai Find out 千方百计，费劲周折=explore After two years’ relation ,I found out he is a nice gay.Modern men: the men who were like ourselves.However –anywhere you want,要加逗号
But,yet 不要加任何标点；only at the beginning of the sentence Therefore-自由 he is therefore a liar he is a liar therefore So-不自由
Tool 小工具 instrument 实验器械 equipment 设备 Shape 成型，教育，改造
Education shapes a man 教育改变人 May also have: 表推测，事实及其微弱 Peel 果皮
Leather 皮革（加工过的）Hide 兽皮 Cowhide 牛皮
Without(any)trace 无影无踪
I ran after the thief ,but he disappeared without any trace.预读 划线 sharpen your ear sharpen your mouth
第四篇：朗文 外研社 新概念4册 第2课 教案
第二课 flocks and herds 牛群和羊群 Flock 多用于羊群
The birds of the same feather flock together。物以类聚，人以群分 You are the same flock。一路之人
也可指人
Herd 多用于牛群 cow herd 牛郎 cowboy 群 school shoal 人群 throng and crowd swarm 2 owe 欠 I owe you I owe you a big favor.欠 issue Oblige indebt appreciate 常用口语 I am much oblige.I feel indebt to you 正式 grateful thankful 3 beast n.形容人野蛮无比 不能用animal 形容 Creature 可以指可爱小孩，女人 不用于男性 4 fraction n.小部分
分数，小数
I will finish it in fraction time.马上就完了 A fraction of rice will suffice.一点就够了 5 on one’s behalf
I beat you on your behalf.打你是为你好 Spare v.不伤害，宽恕 On behalf of sb/sth On behalf of the Chinese government.Extend to On behalf of =represent On one’s behalf =For one’s sake /benefits.6 authority n.Authorize 授权，批准 authoritative 权威性的 authoritarian 独裁的-tarian 带有这种词缀的都是坏词 Dictator 独裁者 dictatorial 独裁的
Authorities 1 权威（可单数可复数）2 当局（只能用复数）
现在用更多的是 administration 中国用government 7 census 统计数字
The fifth nationwide population census.人口普查 Censor 人口审查员 censorious 太挑剔的，挑刺的 The girl is very censorious in food.8 acre n英亩
acre =4047 square meters.Cubic meter 立方米 9 football pitch 足球场
Football yard football court football field soccer(没事足球，美).Rugby 橄榄球 10 be content with 满足于
内容,目录 n 满足做表语，不能出现定语结构 He is content with status quo.满足于现状 Contented heart 心满意足的人 11 Spare v.不伤害 Spare me.He doesn’t spare himself.自立 be strict with himself.I spare no efforts to learn English.不遗余力 Spare no efforts 不遗余力。连缀怎么用
Stupefy 吓呆了
Do do my shoes 系鞋带 do my nail 剪指甲 Do my hair –only for ladies 女士做头
多了解小词的用法 蜘蛛的问题
Why,you may wonder—you may wonder way 插入语
先不管插入语，弄清句子结构
You may wonder why spiders should be our friends? 插入语位置不固定 Why 以疑问句开头
Why ,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings.Why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.Destroy 程度比damage要重得多 片甲不留，消灭光 Tear into pieces 撕了粉碎
文章非常紧凑
Greatest enemies 天敌 dying enemy 天敌 crying enemy dear enemy Human race 人的种族 一般不加复数，表示一个总称词 It –to live Impossible.和Possible 永远不要以人开头 It is impossible for sb to do something.Likely 可以人作主语 I’m likely to go probable 不以人作主语 They would 表示假设
Devour 狼吞虎咽 devour the food make a cake of myself.今天我要吃个痛快 Make a god of myself 玩个痛快 devour the book 贪婪的看这本书 It 虚拟语气 前面是主句，下面是条件句
前面一般的加动词devour ,后面的用一般过去时 If it were not for 如果这不是因为
I would not survive if it were not for his timely help.But for 一定是虚拟语气 But for=if it were not for Owe I owe 5 yuan to you.I owe you l lot 感激不尽
引出主题
All of them put together 把他们堆到一起 谓语动词是kill Destroyed –后置定语 重心转到spider.铺垫法
We two put together can match him in weight.Moreover 表示重要的递进手段
What’s more furthermore.Do harm to 表伤害
As many people think 正如人们认为一样 as =spiders are not insects 甚至几乎和他们没有任何的联系 只读英语，不读汉语 Tell 区别 区分 glance 看的全 glimpse 稍微一撇，看不全 Take glimpse of take a glance.Are engaged in 从事 the line is engaged 占 she is engaged 订婚 On 对什么的权威 Censes 调查研究 2,250,000-two million two hundred fifty thousand.6,000,000—six million Something like =about I’m something like 100 pounds in weight.Of different kinds –all kinds of 6.000.000 spiders Something like different kinds of 6,000,000 spiders.Busy in doing something.Make guess at 猜… make wild guess 瞎猜 Make more than the wildest guess at 最高程度由你猜
表伴随—not content with three meals a day.一日三餐 It has been estimated 状语法 Would 表假设
说明 1 昆虫数量杀得多 2 英国人太少
幽默的语调
Grasshopper 蚂蚱 jobhopper 跳槽者
Cuckoo 布谷鸟 杜鹃 dragonfly 蜻蜓 earthworm 蚯蚓 Flea 跳蚤 wall lizard 壁虎 ladybird 瓢虫
第五篇：朗文 外研社 新概念4册 第19课 教案
It is fairly clear that sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.很清楚，睡眠必然具有某种作用。睡眠占去那么多时间，所以其作用似乎还是很重要。Speculations about is nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.人们对睡眠作用的种种猜测，确实有数千年之久。一项使人对这个问题感到困惑的奇怪的发现是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不仅仅是为了使身体得到休息。
• speculation n.推测 speculate , predict;speculation: without a complete knowledge • predict: based on solid foundation.• speculate about/on sth.in stocks/ speculator I can predict in the near future there will be new type of mobile phone that is visible mobile phone.• literally ad.确实 literal / literature / literate / illiterate / illiteracy literal translation 直译法 free translation word to word 逐字翻译法 The children are literally hungry.孩子们真的饿了。
• odd a.奇特的 eccentricity / eccentric, oddity / eccentricity , odd month 大月
leap month 闰月 /even month 小 • bizarre/ weird / outlandish 怪
• dream telling / dream teller / fortune teller / palm reader • 'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.• “休息”，从使肌肉得到放松等方面来看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能达到。
• 1.in terms of … 就…而言 In terms of our family, we would like to go on an outing.• 2.As for … with regard to,/regarding in respect of / as for • 3.overthrow our former hypothesis 推翻了我们以前的论点 • 4.a brief period doing…稍微 • The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.• 人体组织在一定程度上有自我修补和自我恢复的能力，有张有弛地连续活动时，其功能最佳。
• 1.tissue n.组织（纤维，神经，肌肉…组织）face tissue 面巾纸 • 2.to a degree : to some extent / in a sense • 3.when more or less continuously active.省略了主语 tissues 和谓语 are.如果出现 when / if / though 句型做状语从句，而主句的主，谓语与从句主，谓语相同，则从句的主，谓语可以省略。I got to the school though(I was)late.• In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.• 事实上，睡眠状态下仍有着基本的活动量，以防止肌肉活动停止。• 1.be concerned with : be about • 2.be concerned about • If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? • 如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身体得到休息，那么也许是让大脑得以休息？ This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.若不是下面两点，这种假使似乎是有道理的。
• plausible n.似乎有理的；区别 reasonable.What you said is reasonable.I will accept it.What you said is plausible, but it is not very practical nowadays.convincing / persuasive • hypothesis n.假说 thesis / theory , hypo/ hypotension 低血压，hypocritical，hypocrite 伪君子 hypertension 高血压，hypercritical/picky/finicky 太挑剔 hypersensitive 过敏
I am hypersensitive to beef / alcohol.• might be 表示虚拟语气 were it not = if it were not • but for 若不是
If it were not for his timely help, I would not survive.But for his timely help, I would not survive.First the electroencephalograph(which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp)shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less.第一点，脑电图记录仪（不过是一种把电极接到头皮上记录脑电活动的仪器）显示，人在睡眠时大脑活动的方式有变化，但没有迹象表明，其活动总量有任何减少。1.electroencephalograph n.脑电图仪 electrode n.电极 lightning rod 避雷针 2.scalp n.头皮 skull 头颅，have the scalp of sb.取胜某人 3.lie flat / lie on one's side / lie on stomach Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.前些年，美国一位精神病学者发表了一篇报告，报告中记录了眼球在睡眠时的活动情况。
1.psychiatrist n.精神病学家 psychology 2.dealing with : be concerned with He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid.他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不时伴有一阵阵奇怪的眼球队活动，这些活动有的飘忽而缓慢，有的急剧而快速。
1.punctuate vt.不时介入 punctuate the passage 给段落加注标点，punctuation 标点符号 He punctuates in our talk.punctual / on the dot / in good time / puncture/ acupuncture 2.butt in 插句话
3.jerky a.急动的 jerk 烦/bore / trial / nuisance If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were no exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected.如果有两组人，一组人连续几夜在眼球活动时被叫醒；另一组人也是连续几夜被叫醒，但是在眼球没活动时被叫醒的。结果，第一组人开始出现性格失常，而第二组人似乎没受什么影响。
1.on end 连续不断地 I have been learning English for a month on end.It has been raining for three days on end.2.exhibiting : showing The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.这一切暗示我们：睡眠受到干忧没关系，而做梦受到干忧是有问题的。1.implication n.表明 imply , What does the second speaker imply ? You said it./ You can say it again.2.explicate(反）
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