新概念英语第二册第16课

第一篇：新概念英语第二册第16课

Lesson 16 A polite request 彬彬有礼的要求

If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it.You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket.However, this does not always happen.Traffic police are sometimes very polite.During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car: 'Sir, we welcome you to our city.This is a “No Parking” area.You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention to our street signs.This note is only a reminder.' If you receive a request like this, you cannot fail to obey it!New words and expressions 生词和短语

park v.停放（汽车）traffic n.交通

ticket [ˈtikit]

n.交通违规罚款单 note [nəut] n.便条area [ˈɛəriə]

n.地段 sign [sain] n.指示牌 reminder [rɪˈmaɪndə]

n.提示 fail [feil]

v.无视，忘记 obey [əˈbei]

v.服从

参考译文

一旦你把汽车停错了地方，交通警很快就会发现。如果他没给你罚单就放你走了，算你走运。然而，情况并不都是这样，交通警有时也很客气。有一次在瑞典度假，我发现我的车上有这样一个字条：“先生，欢迎您光临我们的城市。此处是‘禁止停车’区。如果您对我们街上的标牌稍加注意，您在此会过得很愉快的。谨此提请注意。”如果你收到这样的恳求，你是不会不遵照执行的！

1.A polite request 彬彬有礼的要求

1)polite [pə'lait] adj.(politer, politest)more polite和most polite亦常见

1.having or showing good manners and respect for the feelings of others有礼貌的；客气的；儒雅的 synonym: courteous ['kə:tiəs]有礼貌的；客气的；(尤指)恭敬的，谦恭的 e.g.请礼貌待客。Please be polite to our guests.2.socially correct but not always sincere 应酬的；礼节性的；客套的： e.g.我不晓得怎么说应酬话。I don’t know how to make polite conversation.3.[only before noun] from a class of society that believes it is better than others上流社会的 adv.politely n.[u] politeness 2)request [riˈkwest]

n., v.n.~(for sth.)/ ~(that„)

1.the action of asking for sth.formally and politely(正式或礼貌的)要求，请求： e.g.他们要求再给一些帮助。They made a request for further aid.他按照经理的要求到了那里。

He was there at the request of his manager/at his manager’s request.(=because his manager had asked him to go)2.a thing that you formally ask for要求的事

e.g.广播点播节目 a radio request programme(=a programme of music, songs, etc.that listeners have asked for)v.~sth.(from sb.)(formal)to ask for sth.or ask sb.to do sth.in a polite or formal way(正式或礼貌地)请求；要求

e.g.[vn] 你可以索要一份免费的宣传单。You can request a free copy of the leaflet.(copy n.[c] 1.(书、报纸等的一本，一册，一份)2.[c] ~(of sth.)复印件，复制品)(leaflet [ˈli:flit]

n.散页印刷品；传单；宣传手册；广告手册)

[vn to inf] 请不要在餐馆里吸烟。You are requested not to smoke in the restaurant.他们要求他离开。They requested him to leave.[v that] 她要求下次开会前不要向任何人透露她的决定。

She requested that no one be told of her decision until the next meeting.她要求不要向任何人谈起她的决定。She requested that no one should be told of her decision.2.If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it.一旦你把汽车停错了地方，交通警很快就会发现。

1)英语中指每个人/任何人的不定代词通常是one: e.g.一个人永远不会知道明天将会发生什么事。(即大家都不知道)One can never know what will happen tomorrow.但在日常会话中，非正式的you则更为常用：

e.g.如果你进行一次环球旅行的话，你就会看到许多风景胜地。(you为泛指)If you make a journey around the world, you’ll see many beauty spots.2)park [pɑ:k]

v., n.v.1.to leave a vehicle that you are driving in a particular place for a period of time.停(车)；泊(车)e.g.[v] 此处不准停车。You can’t park here.[vn] 此处禁止停车。You can’t park the car here.2.[vn.+adv./prep.] ~yourself(informal)to sit or stand in a particular place for a period of time坐下(或站着)

e.g.她坐在床沿上。She parked herself on the edge of the bed.n.1.[c] an area of public land in a town or a city where people go to walk, play and relax公园 e.g.我们去公园散了散步。We went for a walk in the park.2.(in compounds构成复合词)an area of land used for a particular purpose专用区；园区 e.g.商业/科学园区

a business/science park 野生动物园 a wildlife park

(wildlife n.[u] 野生动物；野生生物)3.[c](in Britain)an enclosed area of land, usually with fields and trees, attached to a large country house(英国)庄园；庭院

4.[c](AmE)a piece of land for playing sports, esp.baseball 运动场；(尤指)棒球场

5.(the park)(BrE)a football or rugby field 足球场；橄榄球场(rugby [ˈrʌɡbi] n.[u] 橄榄球运动)3)句尾的it代指的是句子的整个if从句，即你把汽车停错了地方这件事。

parking n.[u] 1.the act of stopping a vehicle at a place and leaving it there for a period of time停车；泊车 e.g.上午九时至下午六时此处禁止停车。There is no parking here between 9 a.m.and 6 p.m.2.a space or an area for leaving vehicles 停车场；停车位

parking lot n.(AmE)an area where people can leave their cars 停车场

(lot [lɔt] n.[c](作某种用途的)一块地，场地)parking ticket(also ticket)n.违章停车传票 3)traffic [ˈtræfik]

n., v.n.[u]

1.the vehicles that are on a road at a particular time路上行驶的车辆；交通

e.g.繁忙的/高峰时刻的交通 heavy/rush-hour traffic 交通警察 traffic police

2.the movement of ships, trains, aircraft, etc.along a particular route(沿固定路线的)航行，行驶，飞行 e.g.空中交通管制 air traffic control 横渡大西洋的航行 transatlantic traffic

(transatlantic [ˌtrænsətˈlæntɪk ] adj.[obn] 1.横渡大西洋的；横越大西洋的 2.大西洋两岸国家的 3.在大西洋彼岸的；来自大西洋彼岸的)2 3.the movement of people or goods from one place to another运输；人流；货流： e.g.一国与另一国间的货物运输 the traffic of goods between one country and another 4.~(in sth.)illegal trade in sth.(非法的)交易，买卖

e.g.毒品的非法交易 the traffic in drugs

verb.(-ck-)phr.v.traffic in sth.to buy and sell sth.illegally(非法)进行„交易，做„买卖 e.g.从事毒品非法交易 to traffic in drugs

trafficker [ˈtræfikə]

n.从事违法勾当者e.g.毒品贩子 a drugs trafficker

trafficking n.[u] 非法交易e.g.被控贩毒 to be accused of drug trafficking

traffic jam n.a long line of vehicles on a road that cannot move or that can only move very slowly堵车；交通阻塞(jam [dʒæm] n.1.[u, c] 果酱 2.[c] 拥挤；堵塞)e.g.我们遇上了交通阻塞。We were stuck in a traffic jam.(stick v.(stuck, stuck)vi.~(in sth.)(在某物中)卡住，陷住，动不了)traffic light n.[c](also traffic lights [pl.])(AmE also stoplights [pl.])交通信号灯 4)police [pəˈli:s]

n.警察部门，警方(与the连用)： e.g.警车 a police car

一名男子被警方逮捕。A man was arrested by the police.警方总是为治安操心。The police always care for public order.你如果再不放开我，我就要叫警察了。If you don’t let me go, I’ll call the police.警察们正在盘问一名外国游客。The police are questioning a foreign tourist.vt.1.(of the police, army, etc.警察、军队等)to go around a particular area to make sure that nobody is breaking the law there 巡查；维护治安

e.g.边境将由联合国官员巡查。The border will be policed by UN officials.(official n.(often in compounds)要员；官员；高级职员 adj.[ubn] 正式的；官方的；官方授权的)2.(of a committee [kəˈmiti] , etc.委员会等)to make sure that a particular set of rules is obeyed监督；管制

police dog n.警犬

police force n.(国家、地区或城镇的)警力，警察部队 police officer n.(also officer)警察

police station(AmE also station house)n.警察局；警察分局；派出所 如果要单指一名警察，可以用policeman或policewoman: e.g.那边有一位交通警。你可以向他打听去车站的路怎么走。

There is a traffic policeman over there.You can ask him the way to the station.汤姆的姐姐是位(女)警察。Tom’s sister is a policewoman.3.You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket.如果他没给你罚单就放你走了，算你走运。

1)let sb.go

1.to allow sb.to be free 放，释放(某人)e.g.他们是否会释放人质？Will they let the hostages go?(hostage [ˈhɔstidʒ] n.人质)2.to make sb.have to leave their job解雇；开除： e.g.由于利润下降他们将不得不解雇100名员工。

They’re having to let 100 employees go because of falling profits.[ˈprɒfɪt] let sb./sth.go / let go(of sb./sth.)1.to stop holding sb./sth.放开；松手

e.g.那人抓住我的胳膊不放。The man won’t let go(of)my arm.别松开绳子。Don’t let go of the rope./ Don’t let the rope go.放手！你把我弄疼了。Let go!You’re hurting me!2.to give up an idea or an attitude, or control of sth.放弃，摒弃(想法、态度或控制)e.g.该忘掉过去了。It’s time to let the past go./ It’s time to let go of the past.let yourself go

1.to behave in a relaxed way without worrying about what people think of your behaviour 放松；随心所欲：e.g.来吧！尽情地玩，玩个痛快吧！Come on, enjoy yourself, let yourself go!2.to stop being careful about how you look and dress, etc.不注重仪表；不修边幅： e.g.他失业后就不修边幅了。He has let himself go since he lost his job.let me see/think used when you are thinking or trying to remember sth.让我想一想；让我思考一下 e.g.现在让我想想-他说他住在哪里呢？Now let me see-where did he say he lived? let sb.down to fail to help or support sb.as they had hoped or expected不能帮助，不能支持(某人)；使失望：

e.g.很遗憾，她让我们大失所望。I’m afraid she let us down badly.你尽管放心，这台机器不会出毛病。This machine won’t let you down.let sb.off(with sth.)to not punish sb.for sth.they have down wrong, or to give them only a light punishment不惩罚；放过；宽恕；从轻处罚

e.g.她没被处罚，只是受了个警告。She was let off with a warning.let sb.off sth.to allow sb.not to do sth.or not to go somewhere允许(某人)不做；准许(某人)不去(某处)e.g.他今天免了我们的家庭作业。He let us off homework today.let sth.off to fire a gun or make a bomb, etc.explode放(枪等)；使爆炸 e.g.那些男孩在放花炮。The boys were letting off fireworks.2)without a ticket 在这里指without giving you a ticket.3)ticket [ˈtikit] n., v.n.1.~(for/to sth.)a printed piece of paper that gives you the right to travel on a particular bus, train, etc.or to go into a theatre, etc.票；券；车票；戏票；入场券

e.g.公共汽车/戏/飞机票 a bus/theatre/plane ticket 演出的免费入场券 free tickets to the show 售票处；自动售票机 a ticket office/machine 2.a label [ˈleibəl] that is attached to sth.in a shop/store giving details of its price, size, etc.(商店中标明货物价格、尺码等的)标签

3.an official notice that orders you to pay a fine because you have done sth.illegal while driving or parking your car(交通违章)通知单，罚款单

e.g.违章停车/超速驾驶罚款单 a parking/speeding ticket 4.[usually sing.](esp.AmE)a list of candidates that are supported by a particular political party in an election(政党在选举中所支持的)候选人名单 e.g.他计划继续代表共和党参加 11 月份的选举。

He plans to remain on the Republican ticket for the November election.IDM: just the ticket(AmE, BrE)=just the job(BrE)(spoken, approving)exactly what is needed in a particular situation 正需要的东西；求之不得的东西 e.g.那杯茶来得正好。That cup of tea was just the job.Vt.1.(technical术语)to produce and sell tickets for an event, a trip, etc.;to give sb.a ticket售票；给„门票；送票

e.g.旅客现在可以电子购票。Passengers can now be ticketed electronically.(electronic [ilekˈtrɔnik] adj.[ubn] 1.(of a device装置)电子的；电子器件的 2.电子设备的；电子器件的 electronically adv.用电子方法；用电子装置)2.[usually passive](esp.AmE)to give sb.an official notice that orders them to pay a fine because they have done sth.illegal while driving or parking a car发出交通违章通知单 e.g.违章停车就可能收到罚款单。Park illegally, and you’re likely to be ticketed.Phr.v.be ticketed for sth.(esp.AmE)to be intended for a particular purpose被指定为；被委派为 ticketing n.[u] the process of producing and selling tickets售票 e.g.售票系统 ticketing systems 4.However, this does not always happen.Traffic police are sometimes very polite.然而，情况并不都是这样，交通警有时也很客气。

this 代指上句话所说的情况，即交通警一般都会给你罚款单。

5.During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car: 'Sir, we welcome you to our city.This is a “No Parking” area.You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention to our street signs.This note is only a reminder.' 有一次在瑞典度假，我发现我的车上有这样一个字条：“先生，欢迎您光临我们的城市。此处是‘禁止停车’区。如果您对我们街上的标牌稍加注意，您在此会过得很愉快的。谨此提请注意。” 1)note [nəut] n., v.n.1.[c] a short piece of writing to help you remember sth 笔记，记录 e.g.请记下日期。Please make a note of the dates.2.[c] a short information letter短笺；便条

e.g.她在厨房的餐桌上给杰克留了个便条。She left a note for Jack on the kitchen table.3.[c] a piece of paper money纸币

e.g.一张面值为5英镑的纸币 a ￡5 note 4.[c] a short comment(n.[ˈkɔment]

评论；注释；说明)on a word or passage in a book注释；按语批注 e.g.参见第223页的注释16。See Note 16 on p.223.IDM:

of note(formal)

1.of fame or importance 著名的，重要的

e.g.有些(很有)知名度的作家 a writer of(some/great)note 2.worth noticing or paying attention to 值得注意：

e.g.会上有值得注意的事情发生吗？Did anything of note happen at the meeting? take note(of sth.)to pay attention to sth.and be sure to remember it注意到；将„铭记在心 e.g.牢记他说的话。Take note of what he says.留心一下天气状况。Take note of the weather conditions...v.(rather formal)1.to notice or pay careful attention to sth.注意；留意

e.g.[vn] 请注意这位作家为达到戏剧效果而使用一般现在式的手法。

Note the way this writer uses the present tense for dramatic effect.[iˈfekt]（n.结果；效果；作用；）

[v.+that] 请注意，票的数量有限。Please note that there are a limited number of tickets.请注意这张账单必须在10天内付清。Please note that this bill must be paid within ten days.[v+wh-] 注意看他怎样操作这台机器，并想法子照他那样做。

Note how he operates [ˈɔpəreit]the machine and try to copy him.(copy vt.模仿；效法；仿效)2.to mention sth because it is important or interesting指出；特别提到 e.g.值得指出的是最成功的公司价格最低。It is worth noting that the most successful companies had the lowest prices.Phr.v.note sth.down to write down sth.important so that you will not forget it记录；记下 notebook [ˈnəutbuk] n.1笔记本(簿)2.(also notebook computer)笔记本(电脑)；笔记本计算机 laptop [ˈlæpˌtɔp] n.膝上型计算机；便携式电脑

noted adj.~(for/as sth)well known because of a special skill or feature(以„)见称，闻名，著名synonym: famous

e.g.著名的舞蹈演员 a noted dancer 他没什么幽默感。He is not noted for his sense of humour.这个湖作为许多鸟类的栖息地遐迩闻名。The lake is noted as a home to many birds.notepaper(also writing paper)n.[u] 信纸；便笺

notable ['nəutəbl] adj.~(for sth)值得注意的；显著的；重要的 e.g.他的早期作品和后期作品之间有明显的差异。

There is a notable difference between his earlier and later writings.n.[usually pl.] 名人；重要人物

e.g.许多著名人士参加了招待会。

Many notables attended the reception [riˈsepʃən].(n.1.接待,接见;欢迎 2.接待会;欢迎会;宴会[C])

notably adv.1.尤其；特别 synonym: especially e.g.这房子有很多缺陷，尤其是它的地点和价格。

The house had many drawbacks, most notably its location([ləuˈkeiʃən] n.位置；场所)and price.(drawback [ˈdrɔ:bæk]n.缺点；缺陷；不利条件)2.极大程度上；非常 synonym: remarkably e.g.这个项目没有取得很大的成功。This has not been a notably successful project.2)No Parking原来是交通标牌上的一句话，在句中作area的定语。类似的由若干个词合成的词组型定语还有：a never-to-be-forgotten day(一个永远也不能忘掉的日子)，a well-to-do family(一个富裕的家庭)等。

well-to-do adj.having a lot of money;rich 有钱的；富有的；富裕的 e.g.他们很阔绰。They are very well-to-do.3)area [ˈɛəriə] n.1.[c] part of a place, town, etc., or a region of a country or the world(地方、城市、国家、世界的)地区，地域

e.g.荒漠地区 desert [ˈdezət] areas 农村/城市地区 rural/urban areas 内城区 inner-city areas(rural [ˈruərəl] adj.乡下的;乡村的;农村的 urban [ˈə:bən] adj.城市的；城镇的；都市的)60年前有一半法国人仍然生活在乡村地区。

Sixty years ago half the French population still lived in rural areas.2.[c] a part of a room, building or particular space that is used for a special purpose(房间、建筑物、处所划为某用途的)地方，场地，区

e.g.旅馆接待处 the hotel reception area游戏场地；停车场 a play/parking area 3.[c] a particular place on an object(物体上的)区，部位： e.g.你会注意到你的宝宝头顶上有两处柔软的地方。

You will notice that your baby has two soft areas on the top of his head.4.[c] ~(of sth.)a particular subject or activity, or an aspect of it 领域；方面： e.g.健身俱乐部是近年来发展迅速的领域。

The big growth area of recent years has been in health clubs.语言教学领域的发展 developments in the area of language teaching 6 5.[c, u] the amount of space covered by a flat surface or piece of land, described as a measurement 面积

e.g.三角形的面积the area of a triangle([ˈtraiæŋɡl] n.三角形)这个房间面积是12平方米。The room is 12 square metres in area.(square adj.1.正方形的；四方形的2.(用于数字后表示面积)平方)前花园的面积是多少？What’s the area of the front garden? 4)sign n., v 1.[c, u] ~(of sth)/ ~(that„)an event, an action, a fact, etc.that shows that sth.exists, is happening or may happen in the future迹象；征兆；预兆

synonym: indication [,ɪndi'keiʃən] n.[c, u] ~(of sth/of doing sth / ~(that„)表明；标示；显示；象征)e.g.头疼可能是紧张的迹象。Headaches may be a sign of stress.(n.1.[u, c] 精神压力；心理负担；紧张 2.[u, c] ~(on sth.)压力)

哪儿都没有约翰的影子。There is no sign of John anywhere.她的工作出现了一些改进的迹象。Her work is showing some signs of improvement.2.[c] a piece of paper, wood or metal that has writing or a picture on it that gives you information, instructions, a warning, etc.招牌;标牌;指示牌;告示牌;标志

(writing n.1.[u] 写；书写；写作 2.[u]著作；文字作品；文章 3.(writings)[pl.](某作家或专题的)著作，作品 4.[u](书写或印刷的)文字 5.[u]笔迹；字迹；书法)e.g.道路/交通标志 a road/traffic sign 商店/酒吧招牌 a shop/pub sign

墙上的牌子上写着“请洗手”。The sign on the wall said ‘Now wash your hands’.3.[c] a movement or sound that you make to tell sb.sth.示意的动作(或声音)；手势 e.g.她点头示意我们坐下。She nodded [nɔd] as a sign for us to sit down.4.[c] a mark used to represent [,repri'zent] sth.esp.in mathematics 符号；记号

e.g.加/减号 a plus [plʌs] /minus ['mainəs] sign 表示英镑/美元的符号 a pound/dollar sign IDM: a sign of the times something that you feel shows what things are like now, esp.how bad they are时代特征(含贬义)v.1.to write your name on a document, letter, etc.to show that you have written it, that you agree with what it says, or that it is genuine(['dʒenjuin] adj.1.真的；名副其实的 2.真诚的；诚实的；可信赖的)签(名)，署(名)；签字，签署

e.g.[v] 请在这里签名。Sign your name here, please.[vn] 这封信您还没有署名。You haven’t signed the letter.在协议/合同/支票上签字 to sign a deal/contract/cheque(AmE check)2.to arrange for sb., for example a sports player or musician, to sign a contract agreeing to work for your company;to sign a contract agreeing to work for a company和„签约(或应聘)： e.g.[v] 乐队同维京唱片公司签了约。The band signed with Virgin Records.(virgin adj.1.[ubn] 未开发的；原始状态的；天然的；未改变的；未触动的2.[obn] 处女的；贞洁的；童贞的)

[vn]这个公司最近和一名新演员签约。The company has just signed a new actor.3.~(to sb.)(to do sth.)to make a request or tell sb.to do sth.by using a sign, esp.a hand movement 示意；打手势：

e.g.旅馆经理示意行李工替我拿箱子。

The hotel manager signed to the porter to pick up my case.(porter [ˈpɔ:tə] n.1.行李员；搬运工 2.(医院里护送病人的)护工 3.门卫)(pick sth.up 拿起；举起；提起)7 4.to use sign language to communicate with sb.打手势语： e.g.[vn] 现在越来越多的戏剧配上了手势语。

An increasing number of plays are now being signed.[v] 为帮助她耳聋的孩子，她学会了手势语。She learnt to sign to help her deaf child.Phr.v.1.sign for sth.to sign a document to show that you have received sth.签收 e.g.有人已经签收了这个包裹。Someone has signed for the package.2.sign sth.away to give something up formally by signing a paper签字放弃(某物)e.g.他签字放弃他在那笔财产中应得的一份。He signed away his share in the property.3.sign in/out // sign sb.in/out to write your/sb.’s name when you arrive at or leave an office, a club, etc.签到/退；替„签到/签退

e.g.来客均需签到。All visitors must sign in on arrival.客人离开俱乐部时，你必须为他们签退。You must sign guests out when they leave the club.4.sign sth.over(to sb.)to give your rights or property to sb.else by signing a document签字转让(权利或财产)e.g.她签署了转让手续，把房子过到女儿名下。She has signed the house over to her daughter.5.sign up(for sth.)to arrange to do a course of study by adding your name to the list of people doing it 报名(参加课程)signature [ˈsiɡnitʃə] n.1.[c] 签名；署名 2.[u](formal)签名；署名；签字；签署 signboard n.(商店、旅馆等的)招牌，告示牌，广告牌 5)reminder [rɪˈmaɪndə] n.1.~(of sb./sth.)/ ~(that„)something that makes you think about or remember sb./sth., that you have forgotten or would like to forget引起回忆的事物；提醒人的事物 e.g.这些照片总能使人回忆起二十世纪二十年代的生活。

The photographs are a lasting reminder of life in the 1920s.(lasting adj.[ubn] 继续存在的；持久的；耐久的)2.a letter or note informing sb.that they have not done sth.(告知该做某事的)通知单，提示信 e.g.他还没有付账，我们最好寄给他一封催款信。

He hasn’t paid his bill.We’d better send him a reminder.remind [riˈmaind] v.~sb.(about/of sth.)to help sb.remember sth.important that they must do提醒；使想起

e.g.[vn] 对不起，我忘了你的名字。提醒我一下好吗？

I’m sorry, I’ve forgotten your name.Can you remind me?

[vn to inf] 提醒我在出去之前给玛丽打电话。Remind me to phone Mary before I go out.[vn(that)] 旅客们请注意，本次列车禁止吸烟。

Passengers are reminded(that)no smoking is allowed on this train.[vn wh-] 谁能告诉我下一步该做什么？Can someone remind me what I should do next? Phr.v.remind sb.of sb./sth.使想起(类似的人、地方、事物等)：

e.g.你说这样的话，使我想起了你的父亲。You remind me of your father when you say that.这股气味使我想起了法国。That smell reminds me of France.6.If you receive a request like this, you cannot fail to obey it!如果你收到这样的恳求，你是不会不遵照执行的！

1)fail和refuse, forget等相似，是具有否定意义的动词。虽然一个句子中一般只能有一个否定词，但有时也会有cannot fail这样两个否定词同时出现在一个句子中的情况，这时它们构 8 成双重否定。双重否定用来表示肯定。因此，这句话的意义实际上就是“你会遵照执行的”。又如：

e.g.你一定不要拒绝我。(即你一定要答应我)You must not refuse me.fail [feil] v.1.~(in sth.)to not be successful in achieving sth.失败；未能（做到）e.g.(1)我未能说服她。

I failed in my attempt to persuade her.(2)她未能进入艺术学院。She failed to get into art college.2.to not pass a test or an exam;to decide that sb./ sth.has not passed a test or an exam不及格，评定不及格e.g.他驾驶执照考试不及格。He failed his driving test.3.未做；未履行(某事)：

e.g.[v] 他认为他如果不报告就是失职。

He felt he would be failing in his duty if he did not report it.[v to inf] 他未履约。He failed to keep the appointment.每周他必定发电子邮件。He never fails to e-mail every week.4.[v] to stop working 出故障；失灵

e.g.我骑自行车下山到中途刹车失灵了。The brakes on my bike failed half way down the hill.5.[v](esp.in the progressive tenses尤用于进行时)to become weak衰退 e.g.她的视力日渐衰退。Her eyesight is failing.6.[v] to be unable to continue倒闭；破产：

e.g.经济衰退期间有几家银行倒闭了。Several banks failed during the recession.([riˈseʃən] n.[c, u] 经济衰退，经济萎缩)IDM: without fail

1.务必；一定

e.g.我要你两点钟务必来到这里。I want you here by two o’clock without fail.2.always 总是；必定 e.g.他每周必定写信。He writes every week without fail.failure

n.1.[u] 失败2.[c] 失败的人(或事物)3.[u, c] ~(to do sth)未做，未履行(应做之事)4.[u, c] 故障；失灵 5.[c, u] business~破产，倒闭

2)obey [əˈbei] vi.& vt.to do what you are told or expected to do服从；遵守；顺从 opposite: disobey e.g.vt.服从指挥/命令 to obey a command/ an order 遵守规章/法律 to obey rules/the law

他对父母一向绝对服从。He had always obeyed his parents without question.大多数人都遵纪守法。Most people obey the law...Grammar in use

条件句(Conditional sentences)(1)条件指某一事情完成之后其他事情才能发生。if通常的意思是“假如”，其后有时跟 then(那么)。如果then没有道出，也会隐含在句子的意思内。if 引导的条件从句不是指已经发生的事件，而是指能够发生，可能发生或可能发生过的事件。如果我们认为将来的事件很可能会发生，那么if从句中要用一般现在时(有时也用其他形式的现在时)，主句中用will(或shall)加动词形式或其他形式的将来时：

e.g.你若是不小心，就会打碎花瓶的。You’ll break that vase if you’re not careful.如果我打碎了，我就买个新的。If I do, I’ll buy a new one.如果他不买那些画，你怎么办？ What will you do if he doesn’t buy those pictures? 我敢肯定他会买的。不过如果他不买，那么我就自己买。

I’m sure he will buy them, but if he doesn’t, I’ll buy them myself.如果她正在睡觉，那就别叫醒她。Don’t wake her up if she’s sleeping.如果她正在睡觉，我当然不会叫醒她！

Of course I shan’t/won’t wake her up if she’s sleeping!(2)主句中的will表示肯定如此或几乎可以肯定会如此。如果觉得其“肯定”程度达不到使用will的程度，或者如果想表达建议等其他意思，就可以用别的情态助动词来代替will： e.g.我替你将这些信发了好吗？Shall I post these letters for you? 如果你愿意，你可以把它们寄走。You can post them if you want to.如果明天天气好，我们可以/可能出门去。If it’s fine tomorrow, we can/may go out.(3)主句还可以用祈使语气等表示请求、建议等：

e.g.明天如果下雨就呆在家里。Stay at home tomorrow if it rains.如果你见到他，请让他给我打电话。Please tell him to ring me if you see him.如果你不能来，请告诉我一声。Please let me know if you can’t come.10

第二篇：新概念英语第二册

新概念英语第二册 第68课词组(2013-02-20 23:14:19)

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分类： 新概念英语第2册辅导

本课重点：在若干动词及词组后的动名词(ing)

一、词组

no matter how 不管怎样

wave to＝signal to 打招呼, 招手

just in time 刚好，不迟不早＝only just

insist on 坚持

prevent…form 避免

follow around 跟着转

there(be)plenty 有不少……

二、跟ing的动词及词组

avoid meeting him 避开他

come running 跑过来

it was no use pretending 假装没有用

enjoy meeting him 喜欢见他

insist on coming 坚持要来

(be)busy doing… 忙着干

(would you)mind opening 你是否介意打开……(请你打开……)finish speaking 讲完了

fancy meeting 真想不到见着……

it’s not worth worrying 不值得担心

I can’t stand shouting 不能容忍大叫大嚷 smell(something)burning 闻到什么烧焦味

go dancing(swimming，shopping)去跳舞(游泳, 购物)forgive(somebody)for being rude 原谅别人卤莽

三、come和现在分词连用表示“来”的方式：come十ing wind came blowing 风吹来

letters of thanks came pouring in 感谢信不断涌来 she came hurrying in 她匆忙赶回来

第三篇：新概念英语第二册 (72)

Lesson 72

A car called bluebird

“蓝鸟”汽车

First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What mistake was made?

The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour.He set up a new world record in September 1935 at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah.Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him.It was over 30 feet in length and had a 2,500-horsepower engine.Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty in controlling the car because a tyre burst during the first run.After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour.However, a few days later, he was told that a mistake had been made.His average speed had been 301 miles per hour.Since that time, racing drivers have reached speeds over 600 miles an hour.Following in his father's footsteps many years later, Sir Malcolm's son, Donald, also set up a world record.Like his father, he was driving a car called Bluebird.New words and expressions 生词和短语

racingn.竞赛

perprep.每Utahn.犹他（美国州名）

horsepowern.马力

burstv.爆裂

averageadj.平均的footstepn.足迹

参考译文

杰出的赛车选手马尔科姆.坎贝尔爵士是第一个以每小时超过300英里的速度驾车的人。他于1935年9月在犹他州的邦纳维尔盐滩创造了一项新的世界纪录。他驾驶的“蓝鸟”牌汽车是专门为他制造的。它的车身长30英尺，有一个2,500 马力的发动机。尽管坎贝尔达到了每小时超过304英里的速度，但他很难把汽车控制住，因为在开始的行程中爆了一只轮胎。比赛结束后，坎贝尔非常失望地得知他的平均时速是299英里。然而，几天之后，有人告诉他说弄错了。他的平均时速实际是301英里。从那时以来，赛车选手已达到每小时600英里的速度。很多年之后，马尔科姆爵士的儿子唐纳德踏着父亲的足迹，也创造了一项世界纪录。同他父亲一样，他也驾驶着一辆名叫“蓝鸟”的汽车。

第四篇：新概念英语第二册教学大纲

新概念第二册教学大纲

第一课时：Lesson1&Lesson2 知识点1.基本语法时态

知识点2.三大句型转换(陈述句、感叹句、疑问句)第二课时：Lesson3&Lesson4 知识点1.一般过去式 知识点2.现在完成时

知识点3.动词规则变化及动词不规则变化表 第三课时：Lesson5&Lesson6 知识点1.一般过去时与现在完成时的差异 知识点2.冠词与限定词 第四课时：Lesson7&Lesson8 知识点1．过去进行时与连词（when,while）知识点2.形容词与副词的比较级和最高级 第五课时：Lesson9&Lesson10 知识点1.表示时间的介词 知识点2.被动语态

第六课时：Lesson1-10综合复习1 注意点1.综合复习1-10出现的语法知识点 注意点2.通过测试卷进行综合测试，查漏补缺 第七课时：Lesson11&Lesson12 知识点1.复习前6课的语法，知识点2.学习一般将来时 第八课时：Lesson13&Lesson14 知识点1.将来进行时 知识点2.过去完成时

第九课时：Lesson15&Lesson16 知识点1.间接引语 知识点2.条件从句

第十课时：Lesson17&Lesson18 知识点1.情态动词 MUST 知识点2.助动词/动词HAVE 第十一课时：Lesson19&Lesson20 知识点1.情态动词CAN MAY 知识点2.动名词解析

第十二课时：Lesson11-20综合复习注意点1.综合复习11-20出现的语法知识点 注意点2.通过测试卷进行综合测试，查漏补缺 第十三课时：Lesson21&Lesson22 知识点1.各种时态的被动语态 知识点2.常见动词搭配的介词 第十四课时：Lesson23&Lesson24 知识点: 复习前二十二的语法及难点部分 第十五课时：Lesson25&Lesson26 知识点1.并列句 知识点2.常见连词

第十六课时：Lesson27&Lesson28 知识点1.一般过去时 知识点2.现在完成时精讲 知识点3.从句中的关系代词 第十七课时：Lesson29&30 知识点1.对比一般过去时和现在完成时 知识点2.定冠词与各种限定词 第十八课时：Lesson31&Lesson32 知识点1 掌握 “used to do” 及 “use”的短语;知识点 2比较状语从句总结 第十九课时：Lesson33&Lesson34 知识点1 复习一般过去时；

知识点2 复习before引导的时间状语从句。第二十课时：Lesson35&Lesson36 知识点1.总结结果状语从句 知识点2.一般将来时总结 第二十一课时：Lesson37&38 知识点1.虚拟语气之一 知识点2.将来完成时 第二十二课时：Lesson37&38

第五篇：新概念英语第二册语法总结

新概念英语二册语法详解和总结

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一、学习前的准备

《新概念英语第二册》旨在全面训练学生的4项技能、理解、口语、阅读、写作。使学生具有使用语言的能力。一般来说，具有以下知识便可进入《新概念英语第二册》的学习：

1、动词be与have现在时与过去时的基本用法。

2、现在进行时，能够识别并懂得如何构成。

3、一般现在时：能够识别；懂得动词第3人称单数上添加-s,-es, 或-ies后缀。

4、一般过去时：能够识别并会运用常见的规划动词与不规则动词的一般过去时形态。

5、过去进行时：能够识别。

6、现在完成时（一般）：能够识别。

7、过去完成时：能够识别。

8、将来时：能够认识并运用going to, shall与will构成将来时。

9、助动词：can, may与must的基本用法；能够识别could, might与would的形式。

10、能够用do/does/did等助动词造疑问句与否定句；能运用疑问代词与副词。

11、能够回答以助动词与疑问词开头的问句。

12、副词：能够用-ly与-ily后缀组成副词；能够识别well, hard, fast等特例。

13、冠词：定冠词与不定冠词。懂得a/an/the的基本用法；some, any, no, much, many, a lot of 接可数、不可数名词的用法。

14、名词：能够用-s,-es，-ves后缀组成名词复数形式；会用常见的不规则复数形式：men, women, children, teeth r等形式。

15、代词：人称代词、所有格代词、反身代词；所有符号“'”加s('s)。

16、形容词：基本用法；规则的比较级；不规则的比较级：good, bad, much与little.17、介词：常见的地点、时间、方位介词的用法。

18、关系代词：能够识别并使用who/whom, which/that。

19、this/that;these/those。

20、省略形式：it's, I'm, isn't, didn't等。

21、There is/it is;there are/they are。

22、祈使句。

23、一周7天的名称、日期、季节、数字、时辰（今天、昨天、明天等）。

24、报时。

二、新概念英语第二册语法知识总结和详解

1.简单句的结构:

主语+谓语+宾语+状语（地点状语+方式状语+时间状语）时间状语还可以放在句首

2.一般现在时，现在进行时

感叹句：what+名词+主语+谓语，how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语

频度副词：位于主语和谓语之间，常见频度副词及其程度的深浅： always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, never I always buy CDs on Sundays.3.一般过去时

直接宾语和间接宾语：

主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。

He gives me a book.me间接宾语, a book直接宾语

直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for，to表示动作对谁而做，for表示动作为谁而做。

主语＋及物动词＋直接宾语＋介词+间接宾语 Give the book to me.Send a letter to him.I bought a coat for my mother.4.现在完成时，注意频度及时间副词的位置 receive/take

5.复习：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别

in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Don’t stand in my way./by the way/no way

spare/to spare

6.冠词用法

（一）1．不定冠词用于修饰单数可数名词，当一个单词的第一个发音为元音时要用冠词an, 如果是辅音用a即可。

2．不定冠词还可以用来修饰一类事物，有时候也可以省略： A cat is a lovely animal.Cat is a lovely animal.3．不可数名词加冠词表示一类事物：Apple is a fruit.4．如果特制某人,某物或上文提过的人或物时要用定冠词the 5．Some表示一些，可以修饰可数名词及不可数名词。

6．在姓名，城市，地名，过名，月份，节日，星期前不加冠词，季节前也一般不加，特指时加。

put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth.off/knock off/knock %off/knock over/knock out

7.过去进行时，时间状语 短语：在短语中动词后面的介词或副词叫小品词，有些小品词既可以紧跟在动词后面也可以跟在动词的宾语后面，而有些则只能紧跟着动词使用。

8.形容词的比较级与最高级

单音节词的比较级最高级：

直接加-er,-est: small-smaller, smallest 以e结尾的加-r,-st: large-larger, largest

以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i加-er,-est: busy-busier, busiest

重读闭音节结尾的词，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-er,-est：big-bigger, biggest

以ow, er, le结尾的双音节词和个别单音节词也直接加-er,-est：narrow, common, clever, simple，polite, quiet…

多音节词及双音节词：more/less, most/lest

不规则变化：good/bad/many/little/far…

少数单音节词也要通过加more/less, most/lest构成比较级和最高级：pleased, glad, tired, fond，注意：形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the 不定代词的用法，如果不定代词做主语，谓语动词要用单数：Everyone is here.enter/enter for

9.介词（表示时间）in:

表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning/afternoon/evening 表示月份/年份：in March, in 1990 表示季节：in spring/winter

in+一段时间可以表示在一段时间之内也可以表示在一段时间之后，可以与现在时，过去时和将来时连用。

on:

表示星期：on Monday 表示具体日期：on June 1st

表示具体时间：on that day/that evening/on that night at:

表示确切时间：at 10 o’clock

表示用餐时间：at lunch time/teatime

表示其他时刻：at noon/night/midnight, at this time during+一段时间 from…till till/untill直到

not any=no，语气更强 10.被动语态：

结构：be+过去分词 用法：

主语不清或不需要提及时

I was born in 1999.The apple was eaten.强调不同的主语时，为了说明动作是谁做的，用by+动作执行者 The policeman caught the thief.The thief was caught by the policeman.Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by 双重名词所有格：

one of +形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+名词复数 单数名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格

one of my father’s friends/a friend of my father’s one of my friends/a friend of mine one of your records/a record of yours 1.复习

动词不定式做宾补的用法：

want/help/ask/teach/advise sb.to do, 代词要用宾格形式 borrow/lend, salary/wages 2.一般将来时：

be going to结构的用法 be+副词词组：

be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on/be up to sb./sth.set out=set off, set up=create 3.将来进行时： 名词所有格：

如果名词复数以S结尾一般只加‘，如果名词是以S结尾的专有名词如人名，可以加’S, 也可以直接加‘，如：Keats’ work, the Johns’ house

名词所有格也可以用来表示无生命的 1． 时间：today’s, new centry’s

2． 国家，城市名词：the country’s, the city’s

3． 机构组织：the station’s waiting room, the university’s library 4． 车，船，用具: the car’s wheel, the computer’s harddisk 5． 专有结构：at one’s wit’s end, 6． 价值：ten pound’s worth of meat, 7． 时间：in twenty minutes’ time 4.过去完成时： ask/ask for

except/except for/apart from

which of/neither of/both of/neither of 5.直接引语/间接引语

（一）如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词

时态变化：

一般现在时——一般过去时 现在进行时——过去进行时 一般过去时——过去完成时 现在完成时——过去完成时 一般将来时——过去将来时

be going to——was/were going to/would can----------------could may---------------might

时间地点及指示词的变化：

here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that… 人称变化：根据句意改变人称。Nervous/irritable

Office/study/desk afford

6.条件状语从句：主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，有时为了强调“能够”，“必须”还可以用情态动词

police/policeman

pay attention to/care for/take care of remind/remember

one/you可以指任何人：

One must never tell lies.You must never tell lies.7.情态动词： must/have to

as作为介词，以…身份，与like相同

as作为连词，因为，正当。。时候，以。。方式，如同。。那样 dress/suit/costume grow/grow up 8.have用法

give in, give away, give up, give up beside/besides

9.can/could/may/might

might as well表示“还是。。的好”，“还不如。。” He will never pass.He might as well give up.10.动名词： 动名词 1． 动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时称为动名词。动名词可以做主语，标语，宾语，介词宾语定语（即复合名词）

2． 动名词的几种形式：

主动形式 被动形式

一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done

3.做主语：

Finding work is difficult now.Watching TV is my favorite pastime.4.做表语：

My main hobby is reading.One of her duties is growing roses.My job is teaching.5.做宾语：

I like taking with famous people.We enjoy learning English.The flowers need watering.6.介词宾语：

He is fond of watching football matches.He went away without saying a word.常用的一些加动名词的动词词组（注意总结）：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in，7.做定语：

waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain(引水机)，parking slot…

8.动名词的否定： 在动名词前面加not，I am sorry for not asking you.Interested/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/amusing 1.被动语态

（二）will/must/can/would/could/have to be done have/has been done must have been done drive 用法 home/house

2.介词用法：见书 3.复习

there be句型

it做为虚主语可以用来表示时间，天气，温度，距离，人或指代一个句子或不定式。

4.Summary of Unit two 5.并列句

我们可以将几个简单句连在一起,组成并列句,常用以下连词:

and, but, so, yet, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but …as well, not only…but also

主谓一致:

当主语由and , both…and 连接时,通常用复数谓语.Both the girls and the boy are his friends.当主语由neither… nor, either…or, not only…but also或or 连接时,谓语动词与 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英语语法中，这被称为就近一致.Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.6.一般现在时的复习,状态动词,标点符号的使用.以下一些动词很少用与进行时态:

appear(看起来), appreciate(鉴赏), believe(相信), feel(感觉到), forget(忘记), hear(听见), know(知道), like(喜欢), look like(看起来像), notice(注意到), remember(记得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(认为), understand(理解), have(拥有),love(爱), seem(看起来), show(显示), mind(介意), sound(听起来), hate(讨厌), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲)，引号:

引号位于一行之上,应该在句尾其他标点符号, 如逗号,句号,问好之外.引语的第一个词以大写字母开头.在said, asked, 等词后面用逗号,只有当它们位于句尾时才在它们后面用句号.当said, asked等词置于引语之间时,句子的后半部分以小写开头.当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落.7.复习一般过去时/不规则过去式和过去分词

常用不规则动词过去式和过去分词在英语里约有300多个

put up(搭建), put out(扑灭), put on(穿上), put sb.up(为某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄写), put off(推迟), put away(放好，放到一边去)

8.现在完成时复习/定语从句(见复合句部分)与现在完成时连用的时间副词:

yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never，so far(迄今为止), up till now(直到现在), up to now(直到现在), since(自从), for a long time(很长时间), in the past/in the last few years(在过去的几年里), these days(目前)，某些非延续性动词(动作开始变终止的动词), 在现在完成时中不

能与表示一段时间状语搭配:

例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 这些动词并非不能用在现在完成时,而是不能接由for引导的时间状语.但是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用.Jane has gone away for a month.(wrong)Jane has been away for a month.(right)His father has died for two years.(wrong)His father has been dead for two years.(right)

has gone to(去了某地,指人还在那里), have been to(去过某地, 人已经不在那里了)。

9.一般过去时对比过去完成时,现在分词/过去分词 refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too 10.冠词用法 定冠词用法(1)特指

(2)地理名词前加定冠词 河流the yellow river 山脉

the Alps, the Himalayas

海峡海湾the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel(3)由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词

国名及政治组织名the United States, the United Kingdom 某些机构学校及建筑名

the British Museum

由普通名词构成的报刊杂志名

the New York Times, the Times 零冠词 1.街名

2.广场名

3.车站, 机场, 公园, 桥梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge

4.大学名

Yale University, Cambridge University

5.节日名National Day, May Day, News Years’ Day 6.多数杂志名

Time, Reader’s Digest 7.物质名词一般意义

Water boils at 100 degrees.We can not live without air.8.抽象名词Life is short.Art is difficult to appreciate.1.used to do 用法

Used to do 表示过去常常做某事现在不做了 I used to get up at seven o’clock.Experience, save, very/too

2.比较级/最高级, 比较状语从句（见复合句-比较状语从句）A/one的区别 3.介词用法

Passed/past, next/other 4.被动语态总结

一般现在时: is/am/are done 一般过去时: was/were done

现在进行时: is/am/are being done 现在完成时: have/has been done 过去完成时: had been done 一般将来时: will be done 过去将来时: would be done

过去进行时: was/were being done

情态动词: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done，情态动词完成式: can have been done, must have been done, could have been done, may have been done, might have been done，Call at(拜访某地), call out at(大声喊), call on(拜访某人), call sb up(给某人打电话), call off(取消)

5.主语+谓语(感官动词)+doing表示正在发生的事情,+do 表示已经完成的动作.So/such

So+adj./adv.such+n.固定用法：so many

6.一般将来时will/be going to do

will/be going to do一般情况下可以相互替换,但是要表示说话人决定做某事或者表示建议,请求, 肯定或不肯定等含义时只能用will.Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable

7.将来完成时

Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(当心), look up(查询,), look sb.up(拜访某人)

8.as if /though+虚拟语气, 过去完成时总结 as if /though 常在描述行为的动词后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虚拟语气

He looks as if he were a king.Her skin feels as if it were silk.The song sounds as if it were a sad story.He looked as if he had never lived in England.No sooner…than, hardly…when, country/countryside, continuously, continually, No sooner…than 一…就… 与过去完成时连用

I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain.The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装

No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.Hardly…when 几乎没来得及…就… 与过去完成时连用

He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him.I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.如果hardly…when放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装

Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.9.直接引语变间接引语

1.引语前用that, 口语中可以省略 2.根据句意改变人称

3.时态变化: 一般现在时-一般过去时, 一般过去时-过去完成时, 一般将来时-过去将来时, 现在进行时-过去进行时, 现在完成时-过去完成时, can-could, may-might, must-had to，4.一些指示代词及表示地点及时间的词

this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week-the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next(following)day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take

如果意思上没有必要改变就不用变了，比如在同一天说的话.She said she would come again tonight.He said he arrived yesterday morning.几种特殊的间接引语

特殊疑问句, 语序要变为陈述语序 “Where are you going?” he asked.He asked me where I was going.一般疑问句, 要加if/whether

“Will you come tomorrow?” he asked.He asked if I would come the next day.祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

10.虚拟语气在条件句中的用法, make/do

对现在事实的虚拟, if从句中谈论的是想象的情况,主句则推测想象的结果 结构: 主句用过去时, 从句用过去将来时

If you came here earlier, you would catch the train.If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.If I were you, I would accept this offer.注意: 如果if从句中的动词是be, 那么应该在第一和第三人称单数名词后用

were.Make/do用法

make conversation(聊天), make the bed(铺床), make a promise(许诺), make trouble(找麻烦), make progress(取得进步), make money(赚钱), make a speech(演讲,讲话), make mistakes(犯错误), make up one’s mind(下定决心)

do one’s best(尽最大努力), do one’s homework(做家庭作业), do a few jobs(做家务), do sb.a favour(帮忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做练习), do shopping(购物), do business(做生意)

1.情态动词need, must, have to 1.need 一般作为实义动词使用

需要某物He needs a hat.Does he need a hat? 需要做某事need to do

I need to have a rest.You need to finish your work.需要被…,主语与need 后的动词为被动关系:need doing=need to be done The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.2.need用做情态动词时一般为否定形式needn’t(不必要), 可以用来回答含有must, have to 的一般疑问句, 与don’t have to 同义

Must I wash the dishes? No, you needn’t.3.need 完成式needn’t have done

4.mustn’t 表示不应该,一般口气比较强硬,没有商量.You mustn’t get up late.Remark/observe, notice 2.have 用法总结

have a ride(骑), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), have a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(尝试), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸烟), have a good sleep(睡觉)

Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,学习,找到), pick out(挑出), 3.情态动词can/could/be able to do

1.can 表示可能性

If you want, I can go with you.2.表示天生或学到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在现在时和过去时中，在将来时中要用will be able to

3.表示现在正在发生的事要用can Look!He can stand on his head.4.表示成果的完成某个具体动作时通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某动作没有成功用couldn’t

Can he borrow a book successfully?

Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister.No, he couldn’t.At 词组

At first(开始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any rate(无论如何), at heart(本质上), at least(至少), at times(不时), at a loss(不知所措)

4.复习动名词用法

1.动名词可以做句子的主语,表语,宾语,介词宾语

2.在含有介词的动词短语后面要用动名词, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.3.有些动词后面既可用动名词也可以用不定式,所表达的意思没有区别,常见的词: start, begin, continue, delay, mean，4.有些动词后面加不定式表示一件具体的事情，加动名词表示一种习惯.I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.5.复习

Steal/rob, pay back

Steal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其宾语一般为物品 rob表示抢劫,其宾语一般是人或者某个处所 pay back 还钱, 报复 6.介词用法 7.复习

suggest 用法, 当建议用时后面加虚拟should +动词原形, should 可以省略.8.复习

Summary of Unit 39.复合句的构成： 用现在分词构成复合句：

现在分词的动作的主语需与主句的主语一致。

用过去分词构成复合句，用语较正式的文体，代替被动语态，Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.不定式构成复合句，不定式表示目的：

To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.I went into the garden to pick some flowers.通过从句构成复合句：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同谓语从句），关系从句（定语从句），状语从句（时间，地点，原因，条件，方式，目的，结果，比较，让步）10.复合句： lose/loose/miss expect/wait for

1.一般过去时复习： raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win 2.现在完成进行时 形容词变副词： 1．

直接在形容词后加-ly，careful-carefully, slow-slowly，2． 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily

3． 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化 fast, hard, late

4． 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远： near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately，3.时态对比：一般过去时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时 throw to,/throw at/throw away quite/quiet cause/reason drop/fall

4.Some, any的用法

some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some

many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money.I don’t have much money.当一个名词在词组中表示主要目的时不要定冠词：

in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university，go to school/church/work/ go to the cinema/theatre

most表示大多数或非常：

Most students came to class today.We are most excited.The most是many/much的比较级，或者构成形容词副词的比较级，只能表示最多或用在形容词或副词前面，This is the most interesting book I have ever seen.I have the most books in my class.5.Would/used to do

would do 表示过去习惯的动作，也可以用来表示过去经常性的行为，与used to do有时可以替换。不能替换的情况：

used to do表示与现在强烈对照时，不可以用would I used to get up early every day, but I get up very late now.used to do描写过去状态，would只表示过去特有的习惯和行为。I used to be a teacher.I used to have a company.I would walk along the river everyday after dinner.一个故事的开头不能用would表示过去习惯的动作，只能用used to do或者一般过去时：

When I was a little girl, I always went to the cinema(I used to go to the cinema).I would sit there for hours.used to do(过去常常做某事)/be used to doing（习惯做某事）6.比较级最高级复习：

很多：many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great many

handsome/beautiful/pretty/good-looking reach/arrive

take part in/take place 7.介词用法：

at表示某个具体的位置 in表示在。。里面 off表示离开

in/with还可以表示穿戴,with可以表示带有或长有：a woman in a blue dress, a girl with a hat, a man with a beard

make sb.do迫使某人做某事，变被动时要加to

His father made to quit his job.He was made to quit the job.Let sb.do表示允许某人做某事 Let’s表示建议：

Let’s go out for a walk.Let us go out please.否定：Don’t let us…/Let’s don’t… 8.被动语态/强调句型：

据说：it is said/ it was said that

强调：It is/was+ 被强调部分+that/who从句 I ate the apple two hours ago.It was I who ate the apple two hours ago.It was the apple that I ate two hours ago.I was tow hours ago that I ate the apple.强调谓语用do+动词原型

I did eat the apple two hours ago.Increase/grow Gain/earn Pick/cut

9.表示目的的几种方式：

带to的不定式及其变体：in order to, so as to

I came to this school to/in order to/so as to learn English.I came here not to study Chinese but to study English

So as not to/in order not to

Every morning I got up very early in order not to be late.Want/bring/buy/need/take/use常用宾语+不定式，不定式常表示宾语的目的： I want something to drink.I need a pen to write.Bring me a chair to sit.So that/in order that 引导的目的状语从句，主句一般用现在时，现在完成时或一般将来时时，从句要用shall, may, can, will

He speaks very loudly in order that his grandpa can hear him.She studies very hard so that she can enter university.主句是一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时时，从句要用should, could, might, would

The teacher wrote the excerises on the blackboard so that the students would see them when they came in.He sent a letter to his mother so that she could learn the good news.如主句主语和从句主语不同时还可以用不定式+for+名词/代词 He sent a letter for his mother to learn the good news.10.现在进行时表示将来发生的动作：

arrive, come, go, leave用在现在进行时句子里可以表示不远的将来发生的事情。

Spring is coming.I am leaving Beijing in two days.I’m meeting a guest this evening.名词修饰名词：

car key, world record, flower shop, fur coat, gold watch, cigarette ends, horror film, chair leg

1.时态对比：将来完成时，将来进行时，将来完成时 cost/price/value

2.时态对比：过去完成时/过去完成进行时 check/control great/big soil/ground

3.间接引语（祈使句）

祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

insist/suggest/order/demand后要用虚拟语态should+do，should 可以省略 He insisted that we should stay for dinner.4.虚拟语态（过去条件句的虚拟）（见虚拟语态总结）draw in/draw back/draw up/draw off

5.情态动词：

1． Must/have to do表示必须做某事，must表示现在和将来，have to do 可以用在任何时态

2． Should do/ought to do都可以表示应该做某事，ought to do语气更强，一般用在肯定句。

3． Had to do 表示过去必须做某事，should have done, ought to have done表示过去本应该做某事而没做。

I should have told you the news earlier.He ought to have known the rules.4． Could have done表示本能够做某事而没做。I could have saved more people.5． Might/must have done表示对过去事实的推测

6． Couldn’t have done表示对过去事实的否定推测，表示不可能 He couldn’t have stolen the wallet.Let sb.down, let sb.off, let sb.out, let sb.in Agree/accept Dress up/dress 6.Have用法： have sth.done:

使别人为我们做某事

I have the car repaired.He has his hair cut.The officer had the clock checked.表示某种遭遇：

I have my wallet stolen.He had his teeth knocked out.My sister has her bike stolen.集合名词：

当这个名词作为一个整体使用时动词用单数，当这个名词作为一个组成整体的若干人时动词用复数。常见的有：family, crew, government, staff, class

7.表示成功的做成某事：

managed to do, was able to do, succeeded in doing 表示没成功做某事：

did not manage to do, wasn’t able to do, didn’t succeed in doing couldn’t do, tried to do could do表示可能做某事 say:

表示说，讲时，后面不能跟间接宾语，如果加用间接宾语加to，say sth.to sb.表示道别，背诵 表达思想，意见 表示据说

词组：say a good word, say a prayer tell:

表示说，讲后面可跟双宾语, tell sb.sth.常用于讲（实话，谎话，秘密）辨别，分辨

说出时间 8.动名词：

有些动词和形容词词组后要加动名词：

admit, appreciated, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, excuse, feel, keep, like, forgive, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest

look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, give up, can’t help, can’t stand, take to, object to, keep on, put off, burst out

opposed to, consent to ,dedicate to, devote to, admit to, confess to, fall to, in addition to, stick to, lead to, attribute to, get to

be busy/worth/no good/use doing, have trouble/difficulty/problem/, spend time or money doing, have difficult time doing

动名词完成式的被动结构：having been done 当一个行为动作由另一个行为动作紧跟着时，第一个动作可以用after doing,来表达，动名词完成式强调第一个行为动作在第二个行为动作开始之前完成。

After he had been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After I had been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.practise/advise, pratice/advice enjoy/entertain/amuse 9.licence/license 10.介词用法： 1.复习：

official/employee/shop assistant/clerk/officer hang/hung, hang/hanged 2.复习：summary of unit 4

74.get out(滚出去，出去)/get into（进去）/get on（进展）/get on with（继续，相处）/get off（逃脱）/get sth.off（取下）/get over（恢复，结束）/get though（通过考试，吃完）

变成：

grow: 渐渐变成，强调过程，比get更正式 get: 口语中最常用，同grow

turn: 变得和以往完全不同，往往是变坏，变色，变声，变质，turn red/pale/sour

go: 进入某种状态，不好的状态，go bad ,go sour come: 强调结果，come real, come true, come loose，fall: 陷入，变成某种状态，后面不能加形容词比较级，fall asleep, fall ill As usual/than usual between/among

manager/director/headmaster/headmistress/principal/president 75.非限定性定语从句

1． 用who, which引导，前面用逗号隔开，起补充说明的意思，如去掉不影响整个句子的意思。

The managers, who knew the event, held an emergent meeting.2． Which可以指代前面的一句话

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.3． 与限定性定语从句的区别，限定性定语从句是对先行词修饰限定，如果没有定语从句整个句子的意思就会改变，而非限定性从句只是起补充说明的作用，去掉以后不影响句意。例：

The visitors who knew the danger could not go any further.那些知道危险的游客们不敢再往前走，（一部分人）

The visitors, who knew the danger, could not go any further.游客们知道了危险不敢再往前走。（所有人）B.C., A.D.skin/leather/complexion wax/candle

78.keep on/keep off/ keep away from/ keep up/ keep up with/ keep out/ keep sb.in

79.倒装句：

1． 条件句中的倒装,（见虚拟语态）

2． 否定意义的副词放在句首，整个句子要倒装：never, seldom, little, not only, scarely, hardly, no sooner, on no occasion

Hardly had he stolen the wallet when he was caught by the police man.No sooner had he arrived the cinema than the film began.3． Only+ 状语，only after, only then

Only in this way could I finish the work timely.Only after he had taken off his hat did I recognize him.take off/take after/take up/take to/take in/take down/take over

80.on display/on show/on business/on foot/on duty/on the whole/on fire/on purpose/on the average/on any account/on second thoughts 80.Cloth, clothing, clothes，salute, greet, clear/clean

81.形容词修饰名词顺序：

特性——形状，大小，长短——颜色——名词 a beautiful broad red carpet a small blue case an ugly long face laugh/laugh at wash/wash up

82.在主句用though, if, although, until, when, while引导，可以省略主语和系动词

Though(he is)poor, he is satisfied with his conditions.Until(you are)invited, you should not come.If she(is in need), she will borrow money from her parents.Temper/mood

83.当宾语是不定式短语，动名词或从句时如果后面有宾语补语，必须用it做形式主语，think, find, feel, consider, make

He thought it easy to pass the examination.I feel if right that he should be punished.I think it wrong for people to behave like that.84.Too…to的用法 to/enough的区别 85.Out of

1． Out of the way/fashion/order/sight/danger/sight（与in介词相反）2． Out of breath/work/pring/cash/stock（没有，不足）3． Out of politeness/kindness/pity/curiosity(出于)Enough/fairly

Enough: 修饰形容词或副词/修饰名词/做代词使用 88.Run out of/run after/run over/run in/run into 89.free/single queue/row funny-amusing

90.And 连接的两个名词如果作为一个整体出现则用单数谓语动词

needle and thread, bacon and eggs, bread and butter, cheese and wine, fish and chips, a knife and fork, sausage and mash

91.Make for/make out/make up/make up for 92.So/neither的倒装句 so/neither+be+ 主语

so/neither+助动词+ 主语 so/neither+情态动词+ 主语 一般现在时, do, does/am, is, are 现在进行时, am, is, are 一般过去时, did

现在完成时, have, has 一般将来时, will, shall, 过去进行时，was, were 过去完成时，had 过去将来时, would 93.重音：

重音在第一个音节上为名词，重音在第二个音节为动词：

present, insult, produce, record, process, protest, contrast, contest, rebel, conduct, export, import, increase, permit

94.介词：

appear:强调观察者的主观看法 He appears to want to go.It appears as if she would win.He appears like a king.(别人觉得他像)seem：根据某种迹象得出一种结论或看法 It seems to rain.He seems like a king.(他的外表举止给人感觉像)look：根据外表推断

He looks like a king.（他看起来像，但实际不是。）