新概念英语第二册第18课

第一篇：新概念英语第二册第18课

Lesson 18 He often does this!他经常干这种事！

After I had had lunch at a village pub, I looked for my bag.I had left it on a chair beside the door and now it wasn't there!As I was looking for it, the landlord came in.'Did you have a good meal?‟ he asked.'Yes, thank you,' I answered, 'but I can't pay the bill.I haven't got my bag.'

The landlord smiled and immediately went out.In a few minutes he returned with my bag and gave it back to me.'I'm very sorry,' he said.'My dog had taken it into the garden.He often does this!' New words and expressions 生词和短语

pub n.小酒店 landlord n.店主 bill n.帐单 参考译文

我在一家乡村小酒店吃过午饭后，就找我的提包。我曾把它放在门边的椅子上，可这会儿不见了！当我正在寻找时，酒店老板走了进来。

“您吃得好吗？”他问。

“很好，谢谢。”我回答，“但我付不了帐，我的提包没有了。”

酒店老板笑了笑，马上走了出去。一会儿工夫他拿着我的提包回来了，把它还给了我。

“实在抱歉，”他说，“我的狗把它弄到花园里去了，他常干这种事！” 1.He often does this!他经常干这种事！

he 在这里指代的是狗。动物通常用it来代表，即被看成像东西一样。但是，指宠物、家畜或民间故事中的动物时，我们经常也用he, she, who等，即使得它们“人格化”并具有性别。用阴性代词指某个动物或东西时尤其有一种亲切的含义：

e.g.我有一只小猫。她每天早上喝牛奶。I have a little cat.She drinks milk every morning.乔治的鹦鹉亨利能说几个单词。只要有灯光他就叫。George‟s parrot ['pærət], Henry, can speak a few words.He always calls when there are lights.2.After I had had lunch at a village pub, I looked for my bag.我在一家乡村小酒店吃过午饭后，就找我的提包。

1)after

过去完成时态常同表示时间状语的从属连词after 一同使用，如：

e.g.他把信全写完后干了些家务活。After he‟d written all her letters, she did some housework.假如从句中先于主句谓语动词动作发生的那个动词动作很短暂，常可用一般过去时来代替过去完成时态，如：e.g.他把猫放出去后，它就跑开钻进了灌木丛。

After she put the cat out, it ran off into the bushes.但是，当两个分句为同一主语时，更早发生的那个动作通常用过去完成时态来表示。如： e.g.他送走她后就锁上门，睡觉去了。(see sb.off 1.为„送行；送别2.(BrE)赶走，驱逐(某人))After he had seen her off, he locked the door and went to bed.2)have在have lunch这个词组中是完全动词而不是助动词，因此，像其他完全动词一样，它的过去完成时要加助动词had.3)pub [pʌb] n.(also formal public house)(both BrE)a building where people go to drink and meet their friends.Pubs serve alcoholic [ˌælkəˈhɔlik] and other drinks, and often also food.酒吧；酒馆(在英国英语的口语中较常见)e.g.咱们去酒吧喝杯酒吧。Let‟s go to the pub for a drink.他们下酒馆喝酒去了。They‟ve gone down the pub for a drink.去酒吧喝酒 go round to the pub for a drink 1 酒馆供的午餐 a pub lunch 当地酒馆的老板 the landlord of the local pub bar

n.a place where you can buy and drink alcoholic and other drinks酒吧

wine bar n.a bar or small restaurant where wine is the main drink available(主要供应葡萄酒的)酒吧；小酒馆

inn n.1.(old-fashioned BrE)a pub, usually in the country and often one where people can stay the night(通常指乡村的，常可夜宿的)小酒店

2.(AmE)a small hotel, usually in the country(通常指乡村的)小旅馆；客栈

e.g.住客栈 stay at an inn 4)look for(sb./sth)to try to findsb./sth.寻找；寻求 look for强调“寻找”这个动作或过程，而不涉及结果。

e.g.我到处寻找我的钥匙，但还是没找到。

I looked for my key everywhere, but I couldn‟t find it.我正在找我的包。I am looking for my bag.找工作 to look for a job find v.~sth(for sb.)/~(sb.)sth.to get back sth./sb.that was lost after searching for it/them找到；找回(强调结果，不能用于进行时态)e.g.你能帮我找我的包吗？Can you find my bag for me?/Can you find me my bag? find v.to discover sb./sth.unexpectedly or by chance(意外或偶然地)发现，碰到

e.g.我们在办公室附近发现了一家挺好的新餐馆。

We‟ve found a great new restaurant near the office.他醒来后发现自己在医院里。When he woke up, he found himself in hospital.find out(about sth./sb.)/find out sth.(about sth./sb.)to get some information about sth./sb.by asking, reading, etc.查明，弄清(情况)强调经过研究努力之后发现、找出、搜出结果。e.g.我还没有发现有关他的什么情况。I haven‟t found anything out about him yet.你能查清楚会议什么时候开始吗？Can you find out what time the meeting starts? 后来我们才弄清楚我们是校友。We found out later that we had been at the same school.3.I had left it on a chair beside the door and now it wasn't there!我曾把它放在门边的椅子上，可这会儿不见了！

1)leave [li:v] v., n.v.(left, left)1.vi.& vt.to go away from a person or a place离开(某人或某处)e.g.离开某地 to leave some place 离开去某地 to leave for some place [v] 飞机于12：00起飞前往北京。The plane leaves for Beijing at 12:00.[vn] 飞机于8：00在希思罗机场起飞。The plane leaves Heathrow at 8:00.2.to make or allow sb./sth.to remain in a particular condition, place, etc.使保留，让„处于(某种状态、某地等)e.g.[vn-adj.] 请把门开着吧。Leave the door open, please.[vn-ing] 别让她在外边雨里等着。Don‟t leave her waiting outside in the rain.[vn to inf] 把米饭煮20分钟。Leave the rice to cook for 20 minutes.让他们保持原样。Leave them as they are.3.vt.~sth./sb.(behind)to go away from a place without taking sb./sth.with you忘了带；丢下： e.g.我把包丢在公共汽车上了。I‟ve left my bag on the bus.别忘了带上自己的随身物品。Don‟t leave any of your belongings behind.他身体不适，因此我们只好把他留下。He wasn‟t well, so we had to leave him behind.4.vt.to not do sth.or deal with sth.immediately不立刻做；不马上处理： e.g.你怎么什么事都留到最后一刻才处理？

Why do you always leave everything until the last moment? 5.(be left)vt.to remain to be used, sold, etc.留下备用(或销售等)e.g.还有咖啡剩下吗？Is there any coffee left? 6.to make sth.happen or remain as a result使发生；造成，使留下为(某种结果)： e.g.她给我的印象是她不满意自己的工作。

She left me with the impression that she was unhappy with her job.IDM: leave go(of sth.)(BrE, informal)to stop holding on to sth.松手；撒手；放开： e.g.放开我的手臂-你把我弄痛了。Leave go of my arm-you‟re hurting me!对比：let sb./sth.go / let go(of sb./sth.)放开；松手 Phr.v.1.leave sth.aside to not consider sth.不予考虑；搁置一边 e.g.且不说费用多少，我们真的还需要一辆汽车吗？

Leaving the expense aside, do we actually need a second car? 对比：set sth.aside 1.把„放到一旁(或搁到一边)2.暂时不考虑(或放一放)2.leave sb./sth.off(sth.)to not include sb./sth.on a list, etc.不把„列入；不包括；不含： e.g.我们未把他列入名单。We left him off the list.3.be left over(from sth.)to remain when all that is needed has been used剩下；残留： e.g.饭菜剩下了不少。There was lots of food left over.n.[u]

1.a period of time when you are allowed to be away from work for a holiday/vacation or for a special reason假期；休假：

e.g.带薪/不带薪休假一个月 to take a month‟s paid/unpaid leave on leave休假中

to be on maternity/study leave 休产假；脱产进修(maternity [məˈtɜ:nɪti:] n.[u] 母亲身份；怀孕)你们的年假有多长？How much annual [ˈænjuəl] leave do you get? 2.~(to do sth.)(formal)official permission to do sth.准许；许可： e.g.未经许可擅离职守 to be absent without leave 2)beside [bi'said] prep.1.next to or at the side of sb./sth.在旁边(或附近)：

e.g.整个晚上他都坐在她的身边。He sat beside her all night.过来坐在我们旁边吧。Come and sit beside us.门旁边有一把椅子。There is a chair beside the door.2.compared with sb./sth.与„相比：

e.g.同你的相比，我的画显得很幼稚。My painting looks childish beside yours.(childish ['tʃaɪldɪʃ] adj.1.孩子的；孩子气的；稚嫩的 2.(成人)幼稚的；天真的)IDM: beside yourself(with sth.)unable to control yourself because of the strength of emotion you are feeling(情绪上)失去自制力；失常：

e.g.我告诉他我做了什么事，他就勃然大怒。

He was beside himself with rage when I told him what I had done.(rage [reidʒ] n.[u, c] 暴怒；狂怒)besides [bi'saidz] prep., adv.prep.in addition to sb./sth.;apart from sb./sth.除„之外(还)：

e.g.除了音乐，我们还有很多共通点。We have lots of things in common besides music.(have sth.in common(with sb.)(人)(想法、兴趣等方面)相同

have sth.in common(with sth.)(东西、地方等)有相同的特征(或特点等))

除了当医生之外，他在业余时间还写小说。

Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels ['nɔvl](n.(长篇)小说)in his spare time.除了我的父母，我没有其他亲人。I‟ve got no family besides my parents.除了我们以外，晚会上还有许多(其他)人。There were a lot of people at the party besides us.adv.1.used for making an extra comment that adds to what you have just said 而且；再说：

e.g.我并不真的想去。而且现在太晚了。I don‟t really want to go.Besides, it‟s too late now.我今天很忙，而且我还感冒得厉害。I‟m quite busy today.Besides, I‟ve got a bad cold.2.in addition;also此外；以及；也：

e.g.此外，她还有许多其他事要做。She has so much else to do besides.besides / apart from / except besides 作介词表示除„之外(还)e.g.除足球外你还喜欢哪些运动？What other sports do you like besides football? 指仅有某事物不包括在内用except: e.g.除足球外我喜欢所有的运动。I like all sports except football.上述两种含义均可用apart from: e.g.除足球外你还喜欢哪些运动？What other sports do you like apart from football? 除足球外我喜欢所有的运动。I like all sports apart from football.except, except for与apart from 三者都表示“除„以外”，有时可以互相代替使用： e.g.每个人都帮了点忙，只有你没有。

Everyone has helped in some way apart from/except for/except you.除了这些书以外我再没有其他书了。I have no other books except/except for these.但是except不用于句首，except for/apart from则可以：

e.g.除了你，每个人都帮了点忙。Apart from/Except for you, everyone has helped in some way.4.As I was looking for it, the landlord came in.当我正在寻找时，酒店老板走了进来。landlord ['lændlɔ:d] n.1.a man from whom you rent a room, a house, etc.房东；地主

2.(BrE)a man who owns or manages a pub or a guest house(酒吧或招待所的)店主；老板(guest house n.1.(BrE)a small hotel小旅馆 2.(AmE)(大房子旁供客人居住的)客房)landlady ['lændleɪdi] n.(pl.--ies)1.a woman from whom you rent a room, a house, etc.女房东；女地主

2.(BrE)a woman who owns or manages a pub or a guest house(酒吧或招待所的)女店主；老板娘

复合名词的多种构成方式：

1)n.+ n.构成复合名词

e.g.silk((蚕)丝)+ worm(蠕虫，虫子)构成复合名词 silkworm(蚕)

blood + test 构成复合名词 blood-test(验血)2)adj.+ n.构成复合名词

e.g.double-dealer n.(informal)a dishonest person who deceives other people两面派；口是心非者(dealer n.1.~(in sth.)交易商；贸易商 2.贩毒者；毒品贩子)shorthand

n.1.[u] 速记(法)2.[u, c] ~(for sth.)(对某事)简略的表达方式 3)v.+ n.构成复合名词 e.g.pickpocket 扒手；小偷

breakwater a wall built out into the sea to protect the shore or harbour from the force of the waves防波堤

4)n.+ 现在分词(v-ing)构成复合名词

e.g.handwriting n.[u] 1.手写；书写 2.笔迹；书法

sun-bathing

[bɑ:θɪŋ] 日光浴

5)v.+ adv.构成复合名词

e.g.get-together n.(informal)an informal meeting;a party(非正式的)会议；聚会；联欢会 e.g.家庭圣诞聚会 a family get-together at Christmas

breakthrough n.重大进展；突破 e.g.作出/取得突破性进展 to make/achieve a breakthrough 6)adv.+ v.构成复合名词

e.g.downfall 衰落；衰败；垮台

outbreak(暴力、疾病等坏事的)爆发，突然发生 e.g.战争的爆发 the outbreak of war lord [lɔ:d] n.(in Britain)贵族；勋爵(统称)；(usually the Lord)主；上帝 e.g.as drunk as a lord酩酊大醉

IDM:(good)Lord！oh Lord!(表示惊讶、讨厌或忧虑)主啊，天哪！

duke [dju:k] 公爵 marquis [ˈmɑ:kwɪs] 侯爵 earl [ɜ:l] 伯爵 viscount [ˈvaɪˌkaʊnt]子爵 baron [ˈbærən] 男爵sir统称爵士

Sir n.(a title used before the first name of a knight or baronet 用于男爵或从男爵名字之前的尊称)爵士(baronet ['bærənit] n.从男爵)（knight n.(近代英国的)爵士）

e.g.詹姆斯·威尔逊爵士

Sir James Wilson 詹姆斯爵士

Sir James（不能称Sir Wilson）5.'Did you have a good meal?’ he asked.您吃得好吗？”他问。

6.'Yes, thank you,' I answered, 'but I can't pay the bill.I haven't got my bag.'“很好，谢谢。”我回答，“但我付不了帐，我的提包没有了。” bill [bil] n., v.n.1.a piece of paper that shows how much you owe [əu] sb.for goods or services账单 e.g.电话费/电费/煤气费账单 the telephone/electricity/gas bill 她总是按时支付账单。She always pays her bills on time.pay the bill付账单

2.(esp.BrE)(AmE usually check)a piece of paper that shows how much you have to pay for the food and drinks that you have had in a restaurant(餐馆的)账单： e.g.买单！Bill, please!

我们结账吧。Let‟s ask for the bill.3.(AmE)=note 纸币： e.g.一张十美元的钞票 a ten-dollar bill 4.a written suggestion for a new law that is presented to a country‟s parliament so that its members can discuss it(提交议会讨论的)议案，法案： e.g.提出/通过/否决一项议案 to introduce/approve/reject a bill(introduce v.将(法案)提交讨论

approve v.1.[v] ~(of sb./sth.)赞成；同意 2.[vn] 批准，通过(计划、提案、要求等)reject v.拒绝接受；不予考虑)教育改革法案 the Education Reform Bill

5.a programme of entertainment at a theatre, etc.(剧院等的)节目单： e.g.head the bill / top the bill 领衔主演，挂头牌

领衔演出的是汤姆.汉克斯。Topping the bill(=the most important performer)is Tom Hanks.5(top v.1.居„之首；为„之冠 2.高于，超过(某一数量))6.a notice in a public place to advertise [ˈædvətaiz] an event 海报；招贴；广告synonym: poster e.g.电影海报 a movie bill

禁止张贴！No bills!IDM: fill/fit the bill to be what is needed in a particular situation or for a particular purpose符合要求；合格：(fill v.1.~(sth)(with sth)(使)充满，装满，注满，填满 2.vt.满足

fit v.1.(形状和尺寸)适合；合身2.vt.安置，安装 3.(使)与„一致，和„相称，符合)e.g.从书面材料看，有几位申请人符合条件。On paper, several of the applicants fit the bill.(applicant [ˈæplikənt] n.~(for sth.)申请人(尤指求职、进高等学校等))v.1.vt.~sb.(for sth.)to send sb.a bill for sth.开账单，发账单(要求付款)： e.g.请将所购的书开列账单。Please bill me for the books.2.vt.[usually passive]~sb./sth.as sth.to advertise or describe sb./sth.in a particular way把(某人或事物)宣传为„

e.g.他被宣传为新汤姆.克鲁斯。He was billed as the new Tom Cruise.3.[vn to inf] [usually passive] to advertise that sb./sth.will do sth.宣布„将做某事： e.g.海报上说她要发表题为“中国----昨天和今天”的演讲。

She was billed to speak on „China---Yesterday and Today.‟

bill of exchange n.(pl.bills of exchange)(business商)a written order to pay a sum of money to a particular person on a particular date 汇票

bill of rights n.[sing] a written statement of the basic rights of the citizens(n.[ˈsitizən] 公民)of a country权利宣言；人权宣言

bill of sale n.(pl.bills of sale)(business商)an official document showing that sth.has been bought转让契据；卖据

7.The landlord smiled and immediately went out.酒店老板笑了笑，马上走了出去。immediately adv.=at once, right away 立刻，马上

8.In a few minutes he returned with my bag and gave it back to me.一会儿工夫他拿着我的提包回来了，把它还给了我。

give it back to me=return it to me 及物动词give常用的含义是“给予”、“交给”： e.g.请给我一些水。Give me some water, please.我上个月曾借给他一些书。他今天上午都还给我了。

I lent him some books last month and he has given them back to me this morning.可以看出，give与back连用时，它的意义并没有发生太大的变化。但是，当它与其他副词连用时，意义往往会有变化，有时变化非常大： 1.give sb.back sth./give sth.back(to sb.)1)to return sth.to its owner还；归还；送回：

e.g.把钢笔还给我好吗？Could you give me back my pen? / Could you give me my pen back? 把它还给我！Give it me back!我把它捡起来还给了他。I picked it up and gave it back to him.2)to allow sb.to have sth.again使恢复；使重新获得：

e.g.手术使他的双腿恢复了功能。The operation gave him back the use of his legs.2.give sth away

1)to give sth.as a gift赠送；捐赠：

e.g.他把他的大部分钱都捐赠给了慈善事业。He gave away most of his money to charity.(charity n.(pl.-ies)1.[c] 慈善机构(或组织)2.[u] 慈善；赈济；施舍 3.[u] 慈善；仁爱；宽容；宽厚)

他把所有的书都赠给了这家图书馆。He gave away all his books to the library.2)to present sth.颁发；分发：

e.g.市长在学校运动会那天颁发了奖项。

The mayor gave away the prizes at the school sports day.(mayor [mɛə] n.市长，镇长)3)to carelessly allow sb.to have an advantage失去，丧失，错失(优势)： e.g.他们已白送对手两分了。They‟ve given away two goals already.(goal n.1.(足球、曲棍球等)球门 2.射门；进球得分 3.目标；目的)give sth./sb.away to make known sth.that sb.wants to keep secret泄露；暴露 e.g.有人向警方告发了他。Someone gave him away to the police.她把机密泄露给了敌人。She gave away the secrets to the enemy.[ˈenimi] 3.give in(to sb./sth.)

1)to admit that you have been defeated by sb./sth.屈服；认输；投降： e.g.他们被迫投降了。They were forced to give in.2)to agree to do sth.that you do not want to do让步；勉强同意：

e.g.你想干什么就干什么。我决不屈服。You can do what you like.I will never give in.give sth.in(to sb.)to hand over sth.to sb.in authority呈上；交上：

e.g.考卷做好后就交上来。Give in your examination papers after you‟ve finished.把练习册交给我。Give in your exercise books to me.4.give up to stop trying to do sth.投降；认输；放弃： e.g.他们不战而降。They gave up without a fight.她决不轻易认输。She doesn‟t give up easily.我猜不着了，把答案告诉我吧。I give up---tell me the answer.give sth.up [no passive] to stop doing or having sth.放弃，抛弃，终止，停止，辞去 e.g.(1)医生让他戒烟。The doctor told him to give up smoking.(2)婚后她就辞去了工作。After she got married she gave up her job.give sth.up(to sb.)to hand sth.over to sb.else交出，让出

e.g.他们勇敢地战斗了近一周，可是最后不得不向敌人缴械投降。

They fought bravely for about a week, but they had to give up their arms to the enemy at last.他把座位让给了一位老妇人。He gave up his seat to an old lady(=stood up to allow her to sit down).give yourself/sb.up(to sb.)to offer yourself/sb.to be captured 自首；投案；投降

(capture [ˈkæptʃə] vt.1.俘虏；俘获；捕获 2.用武力夺取；攻取；攻占3.夺得；赢得；争得)e.g.他逃跑一周后向警方投案自首了。After a week on the run he gave himself up to the police.give yourself up to sth.= give yourself over to sth.to spend all your time doing sth.or thinking about sth.;to allow sth.to completely control your life致力于；沉溺于： e.g.当他还是个小男孩的时候，他就决定把一生献给足球事业。

When he was only a small boy, he decided to give himself up to football.5.give off sth.to produce sth.such as a smell, heat, light, etc.发出，放出(气味、热、光等)： e.g.花儿散发着芳香。The flowers gave off a fragrant perfume.(fragrant [ˈfreɪgrənt] adj.香的；芳香的 perfume [ˈpə:fju:m] n.[c, u] 香水；香料；香味，香气)6.give out

1)to come to an end;to be completely used up用完；耗尽：

e.g.一个月以后他们的食物储备消耗殆尽。After a month their food supplies gave out.她最终忍无可忍了。Her patience finally gave out.2)to stop working 停止运行；停止运转： e.g.飞机飞到大西洋中部时一个发动机失灵了。

One of the plane‟s engines gave out in mid-Atlantic.give sth.out to give sth.to a lot of people分发；散发：

e.g.老师分发了试卷。The teacher gave out the exam papers.give out sth.1)to produce sth.such as heat, light, etc.发出，放出(热、光等)2)[often passive](esp.BrE)to tell people about sth.or broadcast sth.公布；宣布；播放 9.'I'm very sorry,' he said.'My dog had taken it into the garden.He often does this!'“实在抱歉，”他说，“我的狗把它弄到花园里去了，他常干这种事！” take 带走(把某人/物带到某地)~sth.(with you)/ ~sth.(to sb.)/ ~(sb.)sth.to carry or move sth.from one place to another 携带；拿走；取走；运走

e.g.请替我把这送到银行去好吗？Take this to the bank for me, would you? bring 带来(为某人带去某物)~sb./sth.(with you)/ ~sth.(for sb.)/ ~(sb.)sth.to come to a place with sb./sth.带„到某处；带来；取来

e.g.别忘了把书带来。Don‟t forget to bring your books with you.fetch “去拿(某物)来”的动作(去取)是双向动作。(esp.BrE)to go to where sb./sth.is and bring them/it back(去)拿来；(去)请来

e.g.她去学校接孩子了。She‟s gone to fetch the kids from school.你能帮我去取我的包吗？Could you fetch me my bag?

have的用法小结

一、have作为助动词构成各种完成时(包括过去、现在、将来)和完成进行时：

e.g.我今天上午没见过他。I haven‟t seen him this morning.我打电话的时候，杰克已经走了。When I rang, Jack had already left.二、have与to一起构成情态动词 have to，表示“不得不”、“必须”, 它比must更含有“客观条件使得必须如此做”的意思，可用于各种时态。如：

e.g.格林先生为了谋生不得不拼命干活。Mr.Green has to work very hard to earn a living.昨晚我只得早点离开晚会，我不大舒服。

I had to leave the party early last night.I wasn‟t very well.我们明天必须起得很早。We will have to get up very early tomorrow.我咳嗽的厉害，今天必须去诊所看看。

I shall have to go to the clinic ['klinik] today for my bad cough.[kɔf] [注]口语中的I have got to, you have got to 等=I have to, you have to.Have I got to? 和 Do I have to?这两种疑问形式均可用。

三、have用于“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”的结构，有推测、假设之意。

1.must＋have＋过去分词，表示对过去时间发生的动作或存在的情况的推测，表示“一定”、“准是”的意思。一般用于肯定句。如：

e.g.你一定是误会了我的意图。You must have mistaken my intention.She must have been very young when she got married.她结婚时一定很年轻。

你肯定把你的包落在剧院了。You must have left your bag in the theatre.2.can(could)＋have＋过去分词，常用于否定句和疑问句。表示对过去发生事情的“可能性”。而could较can更加表示说话人的“不肯定的”语气。如：

e.g.他会是走了吗？Can he have left already? 她会把我的地址忘记了吗？Could she have forgotten my address? 不可能是亨利，他已经去工厂了。It couldn‟t have been Henry.He has gone to the factory.8 他当然不可能这么早到这里的。Surely he can not have arrived so early.He can‟t have been to your home, he doesn't know your address.3.should＋have＋过去分词，这时句子指的是过去的事情。如果是肯定句，常说明某件事本应完成而未完成；如果是否定句，表示发生了不应当发生的事情。如： e.g.他应早一点来。He should have come earlier.你见了红灯本应该停车。You should have stopped at the red light.你不应当未经医生许可就回去工作。

You should not have gone back to work without the doctor‟s permission.四、have作实意动词。

1.have作状态动词，不用于进行时：

1)(also have got)vt.(not used in the progressive tenses不用于进行时)to own, hold or possess sth.表示“具有”、“拥有”讲时(相当于own, possess)，它和have got通常可以互换。

e.g.他有一栋房子。

He owns a house./ He has a house./ He has got a house./ He possesses a house.在英国英语中，疑问句和否定句中have(具有)的用法与be相同，即可以不用助动词do(或did)。

e.g.---你有邮票吗？Have you got the stamps?

----天哪，它们在哪儿呢？我刚才还有的。

Good heavens, where are they? I had them a minute ago!我没有铅笔。I haven‟t got any pencils.在美国英语中，常用do, did等与have一起构成疑问句和否定句：

e.g.–你有铅笔吗？Do you have a pencil?---我没有铅笔。I don‟t have any pencils.这种形式在英国英语中现在也常见了。have作“具有”、“拥有”讲时是状态动词，不能用于进行时态或被动语态，它通常用于一般现在时：

e.g.如果你想要这些苹果你可以把它们拿走。我还有很多。

You can have these apples if you want them.I‟ve got a lot more.---那位是格林先生，他就是那位有5条狗的人。

That‟s Mr.Green.He‟s the man who has five dogs.---他一定非常喜欢动物，才会养5条狗。He must be very fond of animals to have five dogs.他有一辆福特牌汽车。He has(got)a Ford.在其他时态中，一般用have而不用have got: e.g.去年他有过一辆福特牌汽车。He had a Ford last year.这辆汽车我已用了3年了。I have had this car for three years.上星期吉米得了重感冒。Last week, Jimmy had a bad cold.2)(also have got)vt.(not used in the progressive tenses不用于进行时)be made up of由„组成： e.g.这个党在1999年时拥有1万名党员。In 1999 the party had 10,000 members.3)(also have got)(not used in the progressive tenses不用于进行时)to show a quality or feature显示出，带有(性质、特征)：

e.g.[vn] 他们勇气十足。They have a lot of courage.[vn-adj.] 他有一颗门牙掉了。He‟s got a front tooth missing.4)(also have got)vt.(not used in the progressive tenses不用于进行时)to suffer from an illness or a disease患病；得病；染病：e.g.我头疼。I‟ve got a headache.5)(also have got)[vn+adv./prep.](not used in the progressive tenses不用于进行时)to place or keep sth.in a particular position 使放在；使保持(在)：

e.g.玛丽背对着我。Mary had her back to me.我不一会儿就网住了那条鱼。I soon had the fish in a net.2.have作实意动词时，还可以表示eat, drink, enjoy, take等意思，这时它是行为动词，可以用于包括进行时的各种时态；当have用于表示这些含义时，它必须与do和did等连用以构成疑问句和否定句。

1)Vt.to experience sth.经受；经历；经验：

e.g.我参加了几次聚会，过得很愉快。I went to a few parties and had a good time.他总有一天会出事的。She‟ll have an accident one day.2)Vt.to organize or hold an event组织；举办： e.g.我们来一次聚会吧。Let‟s have a party.3)Vt.to eat, drink or smoke sth.吃；喝；吸(烟等)e.g.I want to have a cup of tea and some eggs.我想喝杯茶，吃几个鸡蛋。

Does she have lunch at home? 她在家吃午饭吗？ 我等候的时候抽了一支烟。I had a cigarette while I was waiting.4)Vt.to perform a particular action进行(活动)

e.g.游泳 to have a swim(BrE)洗一下；冲淋浴；洗澡 to have a wash/shower/bath 5)vt.to give birth to sb./sth.生；生产：

e.g.她快生孩子了。She‟s going to have a baby.6)Vt.to produce a particular effect产生(效果)e.g.我当学生时，他的画对我产生过强烈的影响。

His paintings had a strong influence on me as a student 7)Vt.to be given sth.;to have sth.done to you得到；接受；受到

e.g.我正接受背部疾患的治疗。I‟m having treatment for my back problem.你到目前为止上过多少次驾驶课了？How many driving lessons have you had so far? 8)to cause sb./sth.to be in a particular state;to make sb.react in a particular way使处于(某状态)；使作出(某种反应)：

e.g.[vn-adj.] 我要求一切都得准时备妥。I want to have everything ready in good time.[vn-ing] 他抓住了听众的注意力。He had his audience listening attentively.(attentively [əˈtentɪvlɪ] adv.注意地；专心地；留心地；聚精会神地；周到地)9)Vt.(not usually used in the progressive tenses通常不用于进行时)to receive sth.from sb.收到；接到

e.g.我今天早晨收到了弟弟的一封信。I had a letter from my brother this morning.请给我账单。Can I have the bill, please? 3.have on sth.或have sth.on，表示“穿着”、“戴着”(=to be wearing)。e.g.I noticed he had on slippers.我注意到他穿着拖鞋。4.组成复合结构即“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”。

1)不加to的动词不定式作宾语补足语(have sb.do sth.)，表示让、叫某人做某事。

e.g.The soldier had him stand with his back to his father.这个士兵让他背对着他父亲站着。

〔注〕：否定结构表示“不能让…”或“从未有人…”.e.g.我们不能让你把它归咎于他人。We won‟t have you blame it on others.She had never had anybody speak to her that way before.从未有人用那种方式跟她说过话。2)现在分词作宾语补足语(have sb.(sth.)doing)，表示让（使）某人做某事。

e.g.They had the children playing in the street all day.他们让孩子们一整天都在街上玩。3)过去分词作宾语补足语(have sb.(sth.)done)，表示：

(1)Vt.(used with a past participle与过去分词连用)~sth done to suffer the effects of what sb.else does to you蒙受(他人所为的后果)：

e.g.她的包被偷了。She had her bag stolen.(2)Vt.(used with a past participle与过去分词连用)~sth done to cause sth.to be done for you by sb.else让(他人)为你做(某事)：

e.g.你理发了！You‟ve had your hair cut!我们的车正在修理。We‟re having our car repaired.11

第二篇：新概念英语第二册

新概念英语第二册 第68课词组(2013-02-20 23:14:19)

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分类： 新概念英语第2册辅导

本课重点：在若干动词及词组后的动名词(ing)

一、词组

no matter how 不管怎样

wave to＝signal to 打招呼, 招手

just in time 刚好，不迟不早＝only just

insist on 坚持

prevent…form 避免

follow around 跟着转

there(be)plenty 有不少……

二、跟ing的动词及词组

avoid meeting him 避开他

come running 跑过来

it was no use pretending 假装没有用

enjoy meeting him 喜欢见他

insist on coming 坚持要来

(be)busy doing… 忙着干

(would you)mind opening 你是否介意打开……(请你打开……)finish speaking 讲完了

fancy meeting 真想不到见着……

it’s not worth worrying 不值得担心

I can’t stand shouting 不能容忍大叫大嚷 smell(something)burning 闻到什么烧焦味

go dancing(swimming，shopping)去跳舞(游泳, 购物)forgive(somebody)for being rude 原谅别人卤莽

三、come和现在分词连用表示“来”的方式：come十ing wind came blowing 风吹来

letters of thanks came pouring in 感谢信不断涌来 she came hurrying in 她匆忙赶回来

第三篇：新概念英语第二册 (72)

Lesson 72

A car called bluebird

“蓝鸟”汽车

First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What mistake was made?

The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour.He set up a new world record in September 1935 at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah.Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him.It was over 30 feet in length and had a 2,500-horsepower engine.Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty in controlling the car because a tyre burst during the first run.After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour.However, a few days later, he was told that a mistake had been made.His average speed had been 301 miles per hour.Since that time, racing drivers have reached speeds over 600 miles an hour.Following in his father's footsteps many years later, Sir Malcolm's son, Donald, also set up a world record.Like his father, he was driving a car called Bluebird.New words and expressions 生词和短语

racingn.竞赛

perprep.每Utahn.犹他（美国州名）

horsepowern.马力

burstv.爆裂

averageadj.平均的footstepn.足迹

参考译文

杰出的赛车选手马尔科姆.坎贝尔爵士是第一个以每小时超过300英里的速度驾车的人。他于1935年9月在犹他州的邦纳维尔盐滩创造了一项新的世界纪录。他驾驶的“蓝鸟”牌汽车是专门为他制造的。它的车身长30英尺，有一个2,500 马力的发动机。尽管坎贝尔达到了每小时超过304英里的速度，但他很难把汽车控制住，因为在开始的行程中爆了一只轮胎。比赛结束后，坎贝尔非常失望地得知他的平均时速是299英里。然而，几天之后，有人告诉他说弄错了。他的平均时速实际是301英里。从那时以来，赛车选手已达到每小时600英里的速度。很多年之后，马尔科姆爵士的儿子唐纳德踏着父亲的足迹，也创造了一项世界纪录。同他父亲一样，他也驾驶着一辆名叫“蓝鸟”的汽车。

第四篇：新概念英语第二册教学大纲

新概念第二册教学大纲

第一课时：Lesson1&Lesson2 知识点1.基本语法时态

知识点2.三大句型转换(陈述句、感叹句、疑问句)第二课时：Lesson3&Lesson4 知识点1.一般过去式 知识点2.现在完成时

知识点3.动词规则变化及动词不规则变化表 第三课时：Lesson5&Lesson6 知识点1.一般过去时与现在完成时的差异 知识点2.冠词与限定词 第四课时：Lesson7&Lesson8 知识点1．过去进行时与连词（when,while）知识点2.形容词与副词的比较级和最高级 第五课时：Lesson9&Lesson10 知识点1.表示时间的介词 知识点2.被动语态

第六课时：Lesson1-10综合复习1 注意点1.综合复习1-10出现的语法知识点 注意点2.通过测试卷进行综合测试，查漏补缺 第七课时：Lesson11&Lesson12 知识点1.复习前6课的语法，知识点2.学习一般将来时 第八课时：Lesson13&Lesson14 知识点1.将来进行时 知识点2.过去完成时

第九课时：Lesson15&Lesson16 知识点1.间接引语 知识点2.条件从句

第十课时：Lesson17&Lesson18 知识点1.情态动词 MUST 知识点2.助动词/动词HAVE 第十一课时：Lesson19&Lesson20 知识点1.情态动词CAN MAY 知识点2.动名词解析

第十二课时：Lesson11-20综合复习注意点1.综合复习11-20出现的语法知识点 注意点2.通过测试卷进行综合测试，查漏补缺 第十三课时：Lesson21&Lesson22 知识点1.各种时态的被动语态 知识点2.常见动词搭配的介词 第十四课时：Lesson23&Lesson24 知识点: 复习前二十二的语法及难点部分 第十五课时：Lesson25&Lesson26 知识点1.并列句 知识点2.常见连词

第十六课时：Lesson27&Lesson28 知识点1.一般过去时 知识点2.现在完成时精讲 知识点3.从句中的关系代词 第十七课时：Lesson29&30 知识点1.对比一般过去时和现在完成时 知识点2.定冠词与各种限定词 第十八课时：Lesson31&Lesson32 知识点1 掌握 “used to do” 及 “use”的短语;知识点 2比较状语从句总结 第十九课时：Lesson33&Lesson34 知识点1 复习一般过去时；

知识点2 复习before引导的时间状语从句。第二十课时：Lesson35&Lesson36 知识点1.总结结果状语从句 知识点2.一般将来时总结 第二十一课时：Lesson37&38 知识点1.虚拟语气之一 知识点2.将来完成时 第二十二课时：Lesson37&38

第五篇：新概念英语第二册语法总结

新概念英语二册语法详解和总结

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一、学习前的准备

《新概念英语第二册》旨在全面训练学生的4项技能、理解、口语、阅读、写作。使学生具有使用语言的能力。一般来说，具有以下知识便可进入《新概念英语第二册》的学习：

1、动词be与have现在时与过去时的基本用法。

2、现在进行时，能够识别并懂得如何构成。

3、一般现在时：能够识别；懂得动词第3人称单数上添加-s,-es, 或-ies后缀。

4、一般过去时：能够识别并会运用常见的规划动词与不规则动词的一般过去时形态。

5、过去进行时：能够识别。

6、现在完成时（一般）：能够识别。

7、过去完成时：能够识别。

8、将来时：能够认识并运用going to, shall与will构成将来时。

9、助动词：can, may与must的基本用法；能够识别could, might与would的形式。

10、能够用do/does/did等助动词造疑问句与否定句；能运用疑问代词与副词。

11、能够回答以助动词与疑问词开头的问句。

12、副词：能够用-ly与-ily后缀组成副词；能够识别well, hard, fast等特例。

13、冠词：定冠词与不定冠词。懂得a/an/the的基本用法；some, any, no, much, many, a lot of 接可数、不可数名词的用法。

14、名词：能够用-s,-es，-ves后缀组成名词复数形式；会用常见的不规则复数形式：men, women, children, teeth r等形式。

15、代词：人称代词、所有格代词、反身代词；所有符号“'”加s('s)。

16、形容词：基本用法；规则的比较级；不规则的比较级：good, bad, much与little.17、介词：常见的地点、时间、方位介词的用法。

18、关系代词：能够识别并使用who/whom, which/that。

19、this/that;these/those。

20、省略形式：it's, I'm, isn't, didn't等。

21、There is/it is;there are/they are。

22、祈使句。

23、一周7天的名称、日期、季节、数字、时辰（今天、昨天、明天等）。

24、报时。

二、新概念英语第二册语法知识总结和详解

1.简单句的结构:

主语+谓语+宾语+状语（地点状语+方式状语+时间状语）时间状语还可以放在句首

2.一般现在时，现在进行时

感叹句：what+名词+主语+谓语，how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语

频度副词：位于主语和谓语之间，常见频度副词及其程度的深浅： always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, never I always buy CDs on Sundays.3.一般过去时

直接宾语和间接宾语：

主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。

He gives me a book.me间接宾语, a book直接宾语

直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for，to表示动作对谁而做，for表示动作为谁而做。

主语＋及物动词＋直接宾语＋介词+间接宾语 Give the book to me.Send a letter to him.I bought a coat for my mother.4.现在完成时，注意频度及时间副词的位置 receive/take

5.复习：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别

in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Don’t stand in my way./by the way/no way

spare/to spare

6.冠词用法

（一）1．不定冠词用于修饰单数可数名词，当一个单词的第一个发音为元音时要用冠词an, 如果是辅音用a即可。

2．不定冠词还可以用来修饰一类事物，有时候也可以省略： A cat is a lovely animal.Cat is a lovely animal.3．不可数名词加冠词表示一类事物：Apple is a fruit.4．如果特制某人,某物或上文提过的人或物时要用定冠词the 5．Some表示一些，可以修饰可数名词及不可数名词。

6．在姓名，城市，地名，过名，月份，节日，星期前不加冠词，季节前也一般不加，特指时加。

put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth.off/knock off/knock %off/knock over/knock out

7.过去进行时，时间状语 短语：在短语中动词后面的介词或副词叫小品词，有些小品词既可以紧跟在动词后面也可以跟在动词的宾语后面，而有些则只能紧跟着动词使用。

8.形容词的比较级与最高级

单音节词的比较级最高级：

直接加-er,-est: small-smaller, smallest 以e结尾的加-r,-st: large-larger, largest

以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i加-er,-est: busy-busier, busiest

重读闭音节结尾的词，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-er,-est：big-bigger, biggest

以ow, er, le结尾的双音节词和个别单音节词也直接加-er,-est：narrow, common, clever, simple，polite, quiet…

多音节词及双音节词：more/less, most/lest

不规则变化：good/bad/many/little/far…

少数单音节词也要通过加more/less, most/lest构成比较级和最高级：pleased, glad, tired, fond，注意：形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the 不定代词的用法，如果不定代词做主语，谓语动词要用单数：Everyone is here.enter/enter for

9.介词（表示时间）in:

表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning/afternoon/evening 表示月份/年份：in March, in 1990 表示季节：in spring/winter

in+一段时间可以表示在一段时间之内也可以表示在一段时间之后，可以与现在时，过去时和将来时连用。

on:

表示星期：on Monday 表示具体日期：on June 1st

表示具体时间：on that day/that evening/on that night at:

表示确切时间：at 10 o’clock

表示用餐时间：at lunch time/teatime

表示其他时刻：at noon/night/midnight, at this time during+一段时间 from…till till/untill直到

not any=no，语气更强 10.被动语态：

结构：be+过去分词 用法：

主语不清或不需要提及时

I was born in 1999.The apple was eaten.强调不同的主语时，为了说明动作是谁做的，用by+动作执行者 The policeman caught the thief.The thief was caught by the policeman.Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by 双重名词所有格：

one of +形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+名词复数 单数名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格

one of my father’s friends/a friend of my father’s one of my friends/a friend of mine one of your records/a record of yours 1.复习

动词不定式做宾补的用法：

want/help/ask/teach/advise sb.to do, 代词要用宾格形式 borrow/lend, salary/wages 2.一般将来时：

be going to结构的用法 be+副词词组：

be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on/be up to sb./sth.set out=set off, set up=create 3.将来进行时： 名词所有格：

如果名词复数以S结尾一般只加‘，如果名词是以S结尾的专有名词如人名，可以加’S, 也可以直接加‘，如：Keats’ work, the Johns’ house

名词所有格也可以用来表示无生命的 1． 时间：today’s, new centry’s

2． 国家，城市名词：the country’s, the city’s

3． 机构组织：the station’s waiting room, the university’s library 4． 车，船，用具: the car’s wheel, the computer’s harddisk 5． 专有结构：at one’s wit’s end, 6． 价值：ten pound’s worth of meat, 7． 时间：in twenty minutes’ time 4.过去完成时： ask/ask for

except/except for/apart from

which of/neither of/both of/neither of 5.直接引语/间接引语

（一）如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词

时态变化：

一般现在时——一般过去时 现在进行时——过去进行时 一般过去时——过去完成时 现在完成时——过去完成时 一般将来时——过去将来时

be going to——was/were going to/would can----------------could may---------------might

时间地点及指示词的变化：

here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that… 人称变化：根据句意改变人称。Nervous/irritable

Office/study/desk afford

6.条件状语从句：主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，有时为了强调“能够”，“必须”还可以用情态动词

police/policeman

pay attention to/care for/take care of remind/remember

one/you可以指任何人：

One must never tell lies.You must never tell lies.7.情态动词： must/have to

as作为介词，以…身份，与like相同

as作为连词，因为，正当。。时候，以。。方式，如同。。那样 dress/suit/costume grow/grow up 8.have用法

give in, give away, give up, give up beside/besides

9.can/could/may/might

might as well表示“还是。。的好”，“还不如。。” He will never pass.He might as well give up.10.动名词： 动名词 1． 动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时称为动名词。动名词可以做主语，标语，宾语，介词宾语定语（即复合名词）

2． 动名词的几种形式：

主动形式 被动形式

一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done

3.做主语：

Finding work is difficult now.Watching TV is my favorite pastime.4.做表语：

My main hobby is reading.One of her duties is growing roses.My job is teaching.5.做宾语：

I like taking with famous people.We enjoy learning English.The flowers need watering.6.介词宾语：

He is fond of watching football matches.He went away without saying a word.常用的一些加动名词的动词词组（注意总结）：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in，7.做定语：

waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain(引水机)，parking slot…

8.动名词的否定： 在动名词前面加not，I am sorry for not asking you.Interested/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/amusing 1.被动语态

（二）will/must/can/would/could/have to be done have/has been done must have been done drive 用法 home/house

2.介词用法：见书 3.复习

there be句型

it做为虚主语可以用来表示时间，天气，温度，距离，人或指代一个句子或不定式。

4.Summary of Unit two 5.并列句

我们可以将几个简单句连在一起,组成并列句,常用以下连词:

and, but, so, yet, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but …as well, not only…but also

主谓一致:

当主语由and , both…and 连接时,通常用复数谓语.Both the girls and the boy are his friends.当主语由neither… nor, either…or, not only…but also或or 连接时,谓语动词与 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英语语法中，这被称为就近一致.Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.6.一般现在时的复习,状态动词,标点符号的使用.以下一些动词很少用与进行时态:

appear(看起来), appreciate(鉴赏), believe(相信), feel(感觉到), forget(忘记), hear(听见), know(知道), like(喜欢), look like(看起来像), notice(注意到), remember(记得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(认为), understand(理解), have(拥有),love(爱), seem(看起来), show(显示), mind(介意), sound(听起来), hate(讨厌), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲)，引号:

引号位于一行之上,应该在句尾其他标点符号, 如逗号,句号,问好之外.引语的第一个词以大写字母开头.在said, asked, 等词后面用逗号,只有当它们位于句尾时才在它们后面用句号.当said, asked等词置于引语之间时,句子的后半部分以小写开头.当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落.7.复习一般过去时/不规则过去式和过去分词

常用不规则动词过去式和过去分词在英语里约有300多个

put up(搭建), put out(扑灭), put on(穿上), put sb.up(为某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄写), put off(推迟), put away(放好，放到一边去)

8.现在完成时复习/定语从句(见复合句部分)与现在完成时连用的时间副词:

yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never，so far(迄今为止), up till now(直到现在), up to now(直到现在), since(自从), for a long time(很长时间), in the past/in the last few years(在过去的几年里), these days(目前)，某些非延续性动词(动作开始变终止的动词), 在现在完成时中不

能与表示一段时间状语搭配:

例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 这些动词并非不能用在现在完成时,而是不能接由for引导的时间状语.但是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用.Jane has gone away for a month.(wrong)Jane has been away for a month.(right)His father has died for two years.(wrong)His father has been dead for two years.(right)

has gone to(去了某地,指人还在那里), have been to(去过某地, 人已经不在那里了)。

9.一般过去时对比过去完成时,现在分词/过去分词 refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too 10.冠词用法 定冠词用法(1)特指

(2)地理名词前加定冠词 河流the yellow river 山脉

the Alps, the Himalayas

海峡海湾the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel(3)由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词

国名及政治组织名the United States, the United Kingdom 某些机构学校及建筑名

the British Museum

由普通名词构成的报刊杂志名

the New York Times, the Times 零冠词 1.街名

2.广场名

3.车站, 机场, 公园, 桥梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge

4.大学名

Yale University, Cambridge University

5.节日名National Day, May Day, News Years’ Day 6.多数杂志名

Time, Reader’s Digest 7.物质名词一般意义

Water boils at 100 degrees.We can not live without air.8.抽象名词Life is short.Art is difficult to appreciate.1.used to do 用法

Used to do 表示过去常常做某事现在不做了 I used to get up at seven o’clock.Experience, save, very/too

2.比较级/最高级, 比较状语从句（见复合句-比较状语从句）A/one的区别 3.介词用法

Passed/past, next/other 4.被动语态总结

一般现在时: is/am/are done 一般过去时: was/were done

现在进行时: is/am/are being done 现在完成时: have/has been done 过去完成时: had been done 一般将来时: will be done 过去将来时: would be done

过去进行时: was/were being done

情态动词: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done，情态动词完成式: can have been done, must have been done, could have been done, may have been done, might have been done，Call at(拜访某地), call out at(大声喊), call on(拜访某人), call sb up(给某人打电话), call off(取消)

5.主语+谓语(感官动词)+doing表示正在发生的事情,+do 表示已经完成的动作.So/such

So+adj./adv.such+n.固定用法：so many

6.一般将来时will/be going to do

will/be going to do一般情况下可以相互替换,但是要表示说话人决定做某事或者表示建议,请求, 肯定或不肯定等含义时只能用will.Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable

7.将来完成时

Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(当心), look up(查询,), look sb.up(拜访某人)

8.as if /though+虚拟语气, 过去完成时总结 as if /though 常在描述行为的动词后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虚拟语气

He looks as if he were a king.Her skin feels as if it were silk.The song sounds as if it were a sad story.He looked as if he had never lived in England.No sooner…than, hardly…when, country/countryside, continuously, continually, No sooner…than 一…就… 与过去完成时连用

I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain.The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装

No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.Hardly…when 几乎没来得及…就… 与过去完成时连用

He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him.I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.如果hardly…when放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装

Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.9.直接引语变间接引语

1.引语前用that, 口语中可以省略 2.根据句意改变人称

3.时态变化: 一般现在时-一般过去时, 一般过去时-过去完成时, 一般将来时-过去将来时, 现在进行时-过去进行时, 现在完成时-过去完成时, can-could, may-might, must-had to，4.一些指示代词及表示地点及时间的词

this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week-the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next(following)day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take

如果意思上没有必要改变就不用变了，比如在同一天说的话.She said she would come again tonight.He said he arrived yesterday morning.几种特殊的间接引语

特殊疑问句, 语序要变为陈述语序 “Where are you going?” he asked.He asked me where I was going.一般疑问句, 要加if/whether

“Will you come tomorrow?” he asked.He asked if I would come the next day.祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

10.虚拟语气在条件句中的用法, make/do

对现在事实的虚拟, if从句中谈论的是想象的情况,主句则推测想象的结果 结构: 主句用过去时, 从句用过去将来时

If you came here earlier, you would catch the train.If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.If I were you, I would accept this offer.注意: 如果if从句中的动词是be, 那么应该在第一和第三人称单数名词后用

were.Make/do用法

make conversation(聊天), make the bed(铺床), make a promise(许诺), make trouble(找麻烦), make progress(取得进步), make money(赚钱), make a speech(演讲,讲话), make mistakes(犯错误), make up one’s mind(下定决心)

do one’s best(尽最大努力), do one’s homework(做家庭作业), do a few jobs(做家务), do sb.a favour(帮忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做练习), do shopping(购物), do business(做生意)

1.情态动词need, must, have to 1.need 一般作为实义动词使用

需要某物He needs a hat.Does he need a hat? 需要做某事need to do

I need to have a rest.You need to finish your work.需要被…,主语与need 后的动词为被动关系:need doing=need to be done The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.2.need用做情态动词时一般为否定形式needn’t(不必要), 可以用来回答含有must, have to 的一般疑问句, 与don’t have to 同义

Must I wash the dishes? No, you needn’t.3.need 完成式needn’t have done

4.mustn’t 表示不应该,一般口气比较强硬,没有商量.You mustn’t get up late.Remark/observe, notice 2.have 用法总结

have a ride(骑), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), have a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(尝试), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸烟), have a good sleep(睡觉)

Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,学习,找到), pick out(挑出), 3.情态动词can/could/be able to do

1.can 表示可能性

If you want, I can go with you.2.表示天生或学到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在现在时和过去时中，在将来时中要用will be able to

3.表示现在正在发生的事要用can Look!He can stand on his head.4.表示成果的完成某个具体动作时通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某动作没有成功用couldn’t

Can he borrow a book successfully?

Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister.No, he couldn’t.At 词组

At first(开始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any rate(无论如何), at heart(本质上), at least(至少), at times(不时), at a loss(不知所措)

4.复习动名词用法

1.动名词可以做句子的主语,表语,宾语,介词宾语

2.在含有介词的动词短语后面要用动名词, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.3.有些动词后面既可用动名词也可以用不定式,所表达的意思没有区别,常见的词: start, begin, continue, delay, mean，4.有些动词后面加不定式表示一件具体的事情，加动名词表示一种习惯.I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.5.复习

Steal/rob, pay back

Steal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其宾语一般为物品 rob表示抢劫,其宾语一般是人或者某个处所 pay back 还钱, 报复 6.介词用法 7.复习

suggest 用法, 当建议用时后面加虚拟should +动词原形, should 可以省略.8.复习

Summary of Unit 39.复合句的构成： 用现在分词构成复合句：

现在分词的动作的主语需与主句的主语一致。

用过去分词构成复合句，用语较正式的文体，代替被动语态，Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.不定式构成复合句，不定式表示目的：

To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.I went into the garden to pick some flowers.通过从句构成复合句：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同谓语从句），关系从句（定语从句），状语从句（时间，地点，原因，条件，方式，目的，结果，比较，让步）10.复合句： lose/loose/miss expect/wait for

1.一般过去时复习： raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win 2.现在完成进行时 形容词变副词： 1．

直接在形容词后加-ly，careful-carefully, slow-slowly，2． 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily

3． 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化 fast, hard, late

4． 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远： near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately，3.时态对比：一般过去时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时 throw to,/throw at/throw away quite/quiet cause/reason drop/fall

4.Some, any的用法

some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some

many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money.I don’t have much money.当一个名词在词组中表示主要目的时不要定冠词：

in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university，go to school/church/work/ go to the cinema/theatre

most表示大多数或非常：

Most students came to class today.We are most excited.The most是many/much的比较级，或者构成形容词副词的比较级，只能表示最多或用在形容词或副词前面，This is the most interesting book I have ever seen.I have the most books in my class.5.Would/used to do

would do 表示过去习惯的动作，也可以用来表示过去经常性的行为，与used to do有时可以替换。不能替换的情况：

used to do表示与现在强烈对照时，不可以用would I used to get up early every day, but I get up very late now.used to do描写过去状态，would只表示过去特有的习惯和行为。I used to be a teacher.I used to have a company.I would walk along the river everyday after dinner.一个故事的开头不能用would表示过去习惯的动作，只能用used to do或者一般过去时：

When I was a little girl, I always went to the cinema(I used to go to the cinema).I would sit there for hours.used to do(过去常常做某事)/be used to doing（习惯做某事）6.比较级最高级复习：

很多：many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great many

handsome/beautiful/pretty/good-looking reach/arrive

take part in/take place 7.介词用法：

at表示某个具体的位置 in表示在。。里面 off表示离开

in/with还可以表示穿戴,with可以表示带有或长有：a woman in a blue dress, a girl with a hat, a man with a beard

make sb.do迫使某人做某事，变被动时要加to

His father made to quit his job.He was made to quit the job.Let sb.do表示允许某人做某事 Let’s表示建议：

Let’s go out for a walk.Let us go out please.否定：Don’t let us…/Let’s don’t… 8.被动语态/强调句型：

据说：it is said/ it was said that

强调：It is/was+ 被强调部分+that/who从句 I ate the apple two hours ago.It was I who ate the apple two hours ago.It was the apple that I ate two hours ago.I was tow hours ago that I ate the apple.强调谓语用do+动词原型

I did eat the apple two hours ago.Increase/grow Gain/earn Pick/cut

9.表示目的的几种方式：

带to的不定式及其变体：in order to, so as to

I came to this school to/in order to/so as to learn English.I came here not to study Chinese but to study English

So as not to/in order not to

Every morning I got up very early in order not to be late.Want/bring/buy/need/take/use常用宾语+不定式，不定式常表示宾语的目的： I want something to drink.I need a pen to write.Bring me a chair to sit.So that/in order that 引导的目的状语从句，主句一般用现在时，现在完成时或一般将来时时，从句要用shall, may, can, will

He speaks very loudly in order that his grandpa can hear him.She studies very hard so that she can enter university.主句是一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时时，从句要用should, could, might, would

The teacher wrote the excerises on the blackboard so that the students would see them when they came in.He sent a letter to his mother so that she could learn the good news.如主句主语和从句主语不同时还可以用不定式+for+名词/代词 He sent a letter for his mother to learn the good news.10.现在进行时表示将来发生的动作：

arrive, come, go, leave用在现在进行时句子里可以表示不远的将来发生的事情。

Spring is coming.I am leaving Beijing in two days.I’m meeting a guest this evening.名词修饰名词：

car key, world record, flower shop, fur coat, gold watch, cigarette ends, horror film, chair leg

1.时态对比：将来完成时，将来进行时，将来完成时 cost/price/value

2.时态对比：过去完成时/过去完成进行时 check/control great/big soil/ground

3.间接引语（祈使句）

祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

insist/suggest/order/demand后要用虚拟语态should+do，should 可以省略 He insisted that we should stay for dinner.4.虚拟语态（过去条件句的虚拟）（见虚拟语态总结）draw in/draw back/draw up/draw off

5.情态动词：

1． Must/have to do表示必须做某事，must表示现在和将来，have to do 可以用在任何时态

2． Should do/ought to do都可以表示应该做某事，ought to do语气更强，一般用在肯定句。

3． Had to do 表示过去必须做某事，should have done, ought to have done表示过去本应该做某事而没做。

I should have told you the news earlier.He ought to have known the rules.4． Could have done表示本能够做某事而没做。I could have saved more people.5． Might/must have done表示对过去事实的推测

6． Couldn’t have done表示对过去事实的否定推测，表示不可能 He couldn’t have stolen the wallet.Let sb.down, let sb.off, let sb.out, let sb.in Agree/accept Dress up/dress 6.Have用法： have sth.done:

使别人为我们做某事

I have the car repaired.He has his hair cut.The officer had the clock checked.表示某种遭遇：

I have my wallet stolen.He had his teeth knocked out.My sister has her bike stolen.集合名词：

当这个名词作为一个整体使用时动词用单数，当这个名词作为一个组成整体的若干人时动词用复数。常见的有：family, crew, government, staff, class

7.表示成功的做成某事：

managed to do, was able to do, succeeded in doing 表示没成功做某事：

did not manage to do, wasn’t able to do, didn’t succeed in doing couldn’t do, tried to do could do表示可能做某事 say:

表示说，讲时，后面不能跟间接宾语，如果加用间接宾语加to，say sth.to sb.表示道别，背诵 表达思想，意见 表示据说

词组：say a good word, say a prayer tell:

表示说，讲后面可跟双宾语, tell sb.sth.常用于讲（实话，谎话，秘密）辨别，分辨

说出时间 8.动名词：

有些动词和形容词词组后要加动名词：

admit, appreciated, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, excuse, feel, keep, like, forgive, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest

look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, give up, can’t help, can’t stand, take to, object to, keep on, put off, burst out

opposed to, consent to ,dedicate to, devote to, admit to, confess to, fall to, in addition to, stick to, lead to, attribute to, get to

be busy/worth/no good/use doing, have trouble/difficulty/problem/, spend time or money doing, have difficult time doing

动名词完成式的被动结构：having been done 当一个行为动作由另一个行为动作紧跟着时，第一个动作可以用after doing,来表达，动名词完成式强调第一个行为动作在第二个行为动作开始之前完成。

After he had been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After I had been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.practise/advise, pratice/advice enjoy/entertain/amuse 9.licence/license 10.介词用法： 1.复习：

official/employee/shop assistant/clerk/officer hang/hung, hang/hanged 2.复习：summary of unit 4

74.get out(滚出去，出去)/get into（进去）/get on（进展）/get on with（继续，相处）/get off（逃脱）/get sth.off（取下）/get over（恢复，结束）/get though（通过考试，吃完）

变成：

grow: 渐渐变成，强调过程，比get更正式 get: 口语中最常用，同grow

turn: 变得和以往完全不同，往往是变坏，变色，变声，变质，turn red/pale/sour

go: 进入某种状态，不好的状态，go bad ,go sour come: 强调结果，come real, come true, come loose，fall: 陷入，变成某种状态，后面不能加形容词比较级，fall asleep, fall ill As usual/than usual between/among

manager/director/headmaster/headmistress/principal/president 75.非限定性定语从句

1． 用who, which引导，前面用逗号隔开，起补充说明的意思，如去掉不影响整个句子的意思。

The managers, who knew the event, held an emergent meeting.2． Which可以指代前面的一句话

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.3． 与限定性定语从句的区别，限定性定语从句是对先行词修饰限定，如果没有定语从句整个句子的意思就会改变，而非限定性从句只是起补充说明的作用，去掉以后不影响句意。例：

The visitors who knew the danger could not go any further.那些知道危险的游客们不敢再往前走，（一部分人）

The visitors, who knew the danger, could not go any further.游客们知道了危险不敢再往前走。（所有人）B.C., A.D.skin/leather/complexion wax/candle

78.keep on/keep off/ keep away from/ keep up/ keep up with/ keep out/ keep sb.in

79.倒装句：

1． 条件句中的倒装,（见虚拟语态）

2． 否定意义的副词放在句首，整个句子要倒装：never, seldom, little, not only, scarely, hardly, no sooner, on no occasion

Hardly had he stolen the wallet when he was caught by the police man.No sooner had he arrived the cinema than the film began.3． Only+ 状语，only after, only then

Only in this way could I finish the work timely.Only after he had taken off his hat did I recognize him.take off/take after/take up/take to/take in/take down/take over

80.on display/on show/on business/on foot/on duty/on the whole/on fire/on purpose/on the average/on any account/on second thoughts 80.Cloth, clothing, clothes，salute, greet, clear/clean

81.形容词修饰名词顺序：

特性——形状，大小，长短——颜色——名词 a beautiful broad red carpet a small blue case an ugly long face laugh/laugh at wash/wash up

82.在主句用though, if, although, until, when, while引导，可以省略主语和系动词

Though(he is)poor, he is satisfied with his conditions.Until(you are)invited, you should not come.If she(is in need), she will borrow money from her parents.Temper/mood

83.当宾语是不定式短语，动名词或从句时如果后面有宾语补语，必须用it做形式主语，think, find, feel, consider, make

He thought it easy to pass the examination.I feel if right that he should be punished.I think it wrong for people to behave like that.84.Too…to的用法 to/enough的区别 85.Out of

1． Out of the way/fashion/order/sight/danger/sight（与in介词相反）2． Out of breath/work/pring/cash/stock（没有，不足）3． Out of politeness/kindness/pity/curiosity(出于)Enough/fairly

Enough: 修饰形容词或副词/修饰名词/做代词使用 88.Run out of/run after/run over/run in/run into 89.free/single queue/row funny-amusing

90.And 连接的两个名词如果作为一个整体出现则用单数谓语动词

needle and thread, bacon and eggs, bread and butter, cheese and wine, fish and chips, a knife and fork, sausage and mash

91.Make for/make out/make up/make up for 92.So/neither的倒装句 so/neither+be+ 主语

so/neither+助动词+ 主语 so/neither+情态动词+ 主语 一般现在时, do, does/am, is, are 现在进行时, am, is, are 一般过去时, did

现在完成时, have, has 一般将来时, will, shall, 过去进行时，was, were 过去完成时，had 过去将来时, would 93.重音：

重音在第一个音节上为名词，重音在第二个音节为动词：

present, insult, produce, record, process, protest, contrast, contest, rebel, conduct, export, import, increase, permit

94.介词：

appear:强调观察者的主观看法 He appears to want to go.It appears as if she would win.He appears like a king.(别人觉得他像)seem：根据某种迹象得出一种结论或看法 It seems to rain.He seems like a king.(他的外表举止给人感觉像)look：根据外表推断

He looks like a king.（他看起来像，但实际不是。）