第一篇:英语各种从句的区别
在句子里做主语,宾语,表语的分别是主语,宾语,表语从句。修饰名词的是定语从句,相当于形容词。修饰整个句子,动词,形容词的是状语从句。
在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
1,定语从句。
1)先行词是名词。
2)定语从句跟在名词后。是修饰名词的。
3)与中文顺序相反。
4)定语从句的组成是:连词+主+谓+宾。
5)连词在从句里可以作主语、宾语、状语等。
6)当先行词的名词表示人时,后面的连词用who+v/(whom)+s+v/whose+N+s+v.当先行词的名词表示物时,后面的连词用which/that ,whose.7)连词前可以有介词。
8)不许用what
1.All the people who work on a newspaper must be able to work fast.2.Corn is a useful plant which can be eaten by both people and animals.3.I have a friend whose cousin is a tennis player.4.The boy lived in a part of town where there were no schools.5.During the hurricane, one of the tree branches broke the bed in which the girl had been sleeping.II.名词从句。起名词作用。=名词
1.主语从句。
1)在主语位置上。
2)组成:连词+主语+谓语+宾语
3)连词不可省
4)不许用if
When we’ll go to school is still a question.2.宾语从句。
1)在宾语位置上。在动词后。
2)组成:(连词)+主语+谓语+宾语
3)连词可省
The doctor asked the patient what he had had for lunch.3.表语从句。
1)在表语位置上。在系/be动词后。
2)组成:连词+主语+谓语+宾语
3)连词不可省
4)不许用if
He lost his key.The reason is that he was too careless.4.同位语从句。
1)在名词后。说明名词的内容。2)组成:名词+[连词+主语+谓语+宾语] 3)连词不可省
4)只用that, when, where, why。不用which.5)只有一些词才用。请看Unit17.The news that our team won the game made us happy.III.状语从句。连词+主语+谓语+宾语
1.时间状语从句。
When I was away, my son looked after the dog.2.地点状语从句。
Put the book where it is.3.原因状语从句。
He was late, because he didn’t catch the bus.4.条件状语从句。
If it’s fine, we’ll go to the park.5.让步状语从句。
Although I’m tired, I’m very happy.6.目的状语从句。
We got up early so that we could get there on time.7.结果状语从句.I was so frightened that I couldn’t say a word.1、分析句子结构以区虽从句的种类 遇到一个复合句,首先要分析其句子结构,看从句在整个句子中起什么作用,那么它就是什么从句。
2、分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类 that这个词即是引导同位语从句,又可引导定语从句,这种两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似,如何区分呢? 区分that引导的是同位语从句还是定语从句的方法是,看that在从句中是否充当句子成分,若that在从句中不充当任何成分,则为同位语从句;若that在从句中充当主语或宾语,则为定语从句。
3、根据被修饰词来判断从句的种类 定语从句常常修饰一些具有实际意义的名词,如:the film;the student;the book;a house等等。而同位语从句常常修饰一些表示抽象概念的名词,如fact、idea、promise、truth等,用来说明这些名词所表示的具体内容。状语从句在句子中常用来修饰谓语动词。
4、根据从句前词的词性来判断从句的种类 宾语从句分两种:动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句。宾语从句前肯定是动词或介词。定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的,所以其前一定是一个名词或代词。
5、根据上下文意义和结构形式上区分从句的种类 如so that即可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句,如何区分呢?主要从以下两点来区分。①根据上下文意义判断。“以便„„”表示目的,是目的状语从句,“以致于„„”,“结果„„”表示结果,是结果状语从句。②从结构形式上来分辨。so that前有逗号,为结果状语从句,反之,则为目的状语从句。有时,so that前无逗号,这里要看从句中有无can、could、may、might、will、would、should 等情态动词,如果有,则多是目的状语从句,若没有,则多是结果状语从句。
第二篇:英语中同位语从句与定语从句的区别
同位语从句与定语从句的区别
一、从句法功能上来看
同位语从句中连接词that在从句中不作句子成分,也没有词汇含义,只起连接作用,其作用大致相当于一个冒号;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,且在句中充当句子的成分(主语或宾语)。如:
I hold the belief that where there is a will, there is a way.(that引导的是同位语从句,它在从句中不充当句子成分)
The letter that I received yesterday was from my sister.(that引导的是定语从句,它在从句中充当宾语)
二、从意义上来看
同位语从句所表达的内容与作为中心词的名词所表达的内容是一样的,两者之间可以划等号;而定语从句则是限制或修饰中心词的,中心词所表达的内容不等于定语从句所表达的内容。如:
He told me the news that his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day.(that引导的是同位语从句,其中the news = his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day)
This is the factory that we visited last month.(that引导的是定语从句,其中 the factory≠ we visited last month.)
三、从中心名词上来看
同位语从句中的中心名词常是一些表示概括意义的抽象名词,这类名词有fact, idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, problem, proof, question 等。而定语从句中的中心名词是没有限定的。如:
四、从that是否可以省略来看 引导同位语从句的连词that一般不能省略,而在定语从句中,that作宾语时,可以省略。另外,引导定语从句的that若指事物,它可以用which来代替,而在同位语从句中,that 永远不能用which替代。
第三篇:初中从句区别
一、状语从句分类及常用连词:
类别 连 词
时间状语从句 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.地点状语从句 where,wherever
原因状语从句 because, since, as, for, now that, etc.目的状语从句 in order that, so that, that, etc.结果状语从句 so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.条件状语从句 if, unless, as(so)long as, etc.让步状语从句 though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.比较状语从句 as…as, so…as, than, etc.方式状语从句 as, as if, as though, etc.二、相似连词的用法区别
1.when, while, as,while表时间,从句需用延续性动词,切不可用瞬间动词。
when表时间,从句既可以用延续性动词,又可以用瞬间动词。
as表时间,与when相似,但侧重强调主从句动作同点或同段进行。
when, while后可以接分词短语。
2.because, as, since, for
语气 位置 意义
because 最强 前或后 “原因”;表客观因果关系;回答“” as 较强 前 “由于”;把众人所知的事实当作理由
since 较弱 前 “既然”;就对方陈述的事实作为理由
for 最弱 后 “理由”;对某一事实进行推断的理由
注:上面所说的“前”,指从句在主句之前;“后”,指从句在主句之后。
3.so that, so…that, such…that
so that “以便”、“结果”表目的和结果。注意:在从句中有情态动词表目的。无情态动词表结果。
so…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于:
1.so+形/副+that 2.so+形+a(an)+单数名词+that 3.so+many/much+复数名词(不可数名词)+that
such…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于:
1.such+a(an)+形+名词+that 2.such+形+复数名词/不可数名词+that
4.though, although, as,though, although在句首表“尽管”两者都可以用。但句后不能再用but。
下列情况只能用though:
▲ as though(=as if);even if(=even though)▲ 在句末表示“然而” as表示“尽管”,从句的表语、状语等成分要倒装。
5.whatever, however,wherever, whenever
它们是what, how, where, when的强势语气。分别等于:
no matter what, no matter how no matter where, no matter when
二宾语从句
1.肯定句
结构:主句+that(可有可无)+肯定句
2.一般疑问句
结构:主句+if+一般疑问句
3.特殊疑问句
结构:主句+疑问词+肯定句。
宾语从句的时态
1.主现从不限(主句是一般现在时,从句的时态不限)
2.主过从四过(主居是一般过去时,从句的时态应是一般过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时或者过去进行时)
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句,它内容完整,句型结构较为复杂,主句和从句时态搭配要求严格,在中考试题中频频出现。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。学习宾语从句并不难,只要你能过好下面的三道关:
第一关,选好连接词(也有人叫关联词)。
引导宾语从句的连接词,课本上写有三类,但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。
1.连词that:只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如:
1)He knew(that)he should work hard.
2)I am glad(that)you've passed the exam.
2.连词whether或if:它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口语中多用if。例如:
3)Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning?(注:2002上海市徐汇区中考试题填上答案后的句子。以下再有这种例句,都为2002年中考题,只写某地。)
4)Tom didn't know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.
作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大,同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如:
5)He asked me whether or not I was coming.他问我是否要来。(该句中的whether不能换成if,因为if不能与or连用。)
3.连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which:它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意义。例如:
6)The teacher asked the new student which class he was in?(武汉市)(which引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,修饰class,意为“哪个”。)
7)Can you tell me whom he is waiting for?(天津市)4.连接副词when,where,why,how:起连接作用,分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语,各有其自己的意义。例如:
8)I wonder where he got so much money.对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。(where在从句中作地点状语,修饰got,意为“哪里;什么地方”。)
9)He didn't tell me how old his friend was.(四川省)(how引导宾语从句,作程度状语,修饰old,意为“怎样;如何”等意。)
第二关,牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其他”。这里特别强调的是,它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序,不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如:
10)You must remember what your teacher said.(河南省)
11)—Dad,do you know when the football game will start?
—In half an hour.(宁波市)
12)汉译英:你能不能告诉我,我们去看望谁?
误:Can you tell me who(m)do we have to see?
正:Can you tell me who(m)we have to see?
错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句,如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris?就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris?”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了,我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris?”了。
第三关,注意时态的呼应。
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如:
13)汉译英:我原以为你今天有空的。
误:I thought(that)you are free today.
正:I thought(that)you would be free today.
错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today,但因为主句谓语是thought,所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了。
这种时态的呼应,如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制,如上述例句2),3),7),8),10),11),12)。如果主句时态是过去时,宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时(即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)。例如:
14)He thought he was working for the people.
15)I heard she had been to the Great W all.
16)John hoped that he would find a job soon.
但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化:
17)The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun
定语从句
定语从句
内容提要
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
一、限定性定语从句
1.that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2.which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3.代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5.where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6.when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7.whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which)he dislike it.我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which)they left.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3.有时as也可用作关系代词
4.在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
三、定语从句结构错误
1.缺关系词
2.从句中缺成分
第四篇:英语状语从句
(三)状语从句
(一)时间状语从句
例题 I didn’t manage to do it _____ you had explained how.A.unlessB.untilC.whenD.since 分析 时间状语从句在复合句中作状语,表示主句动作发生的时间。引导这种从句的词有after, before, as, when, while , till , until, since, once;连接副词immediately 等;起连接作用的短语as soon as, by the 不能用形容词such.例如:
● Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.4.so+ adj.(adv.)+that+从句●The boy is so old that he can go to school.5.so + adj.+ a(an)+单数名词
●He is so good a student that we all like him.time, hardly…when, no sooner…than等。例如: ● I was writing a letter when he came in.● She did not go to bet until she(had)finished her homework.● It is nearly six years since we began to learn English.● Once you begin, you must go on.● By the time I arrived at the station, the train had left.时间状语从句中谓语动词的时态用法,应注意下面两点: 1. 要用一般现在时替代一般将来时,例如: ● I’ll let him know when he comes.2.要用一般过去时替代过去将来时,例如: ●He said he would wait here until I came back.例题的意思是:“直到你说明怎么办之后,我才设法把这件事做好。”根据题意,须由until 引导此例的时间状语从句,所以正确答案应为B。
(二)地点状语从句
例题 When you read the book , you’d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.A.at whichB.at whereC.the place whereD.where
分析 地点状语从句在复合句中作状语,表示主句的动作发生的处所或方向,这种从句通常用连接副词where,wherever(无论在哪里,无论到哪里)引导。例如: ● Where there is oppression, there is struggle.例题的意思是:“你看书时,最好在有问题的地方做一个记号。”此复合句中的从句是个地点状语从句,须用连接副词where 引导,所以正确答案应为D。
(三)结果(程度)状语从句
例题 She told us _____story that we all forgot about the time.A.such an interestingB.such interesting aC.so an interestingD.a so interesting
分析 结果状语从句在复合句中作状语,表示主句的动作所引起的结果。这种从句由such…that, so…that, so that等引导。其用法举例如下: 1. Such +a(an)+(adj.)+单数可数名词+ that+从句
● He left in such a hurry that he forgot to lock the door.2.such+(adj.)+复数可数名词+从句
●He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.3.such+(adj.)+不可数名词+that+从句
●He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term exam.在“such+ adj.+ n.+that+ clause”这个结构中,其中名词由many, much, few, little 修饰时,须用副词so,例题中的结果状语从句由“such+ an + adj.+单数可数名词+that”引导。属于第一种情况,所以正确答案应为A。
(四)目的状语从句
例题 I hurried____ I wouldn’t be late for class.A.sinceB.so thatC.as ifD.unless 分析 目的状语从句在复合句中作状语,表示主句的动作发生的目的。这种从句用连词so that, in order that 等引导。目的状语从句的谓语动词中常有情态动词may/might, can/ could, will/ would 和should.例如:
● He is working hard so that he may pass his examination.例题中有一个目的状语从句,所以正确答案应为D。
(五)条件状语从句
例题_____he comes, we won’t be able to go.A.WithoutB.UnlessC.ExceptD.Even 分析 条件状语从句在复合句中作状语,表示主句的动作发生的条件、假定等。条件状语从句通常由连词if, unless和起连接作用的短语so/ as long as(只要),so far as(就…),suppose(that)(假定)等引导。例如:
● If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home.● He will not come unless he is invited.● Suppose he is absent, what shall we do?
● As long as we don’t lose heart , we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.例题的选项中只有unless 可以引导一个条件状语从句,所以正确答案应为B。
(六)让步状语从句
例题 _____, he doesn’t study well.A.As he is cleverB.He is as cleverC.Clever as he isD.As clever he is
分析 让步状语从句在复合句中作状语,表示某种不利的情况或障碍,但这些因素并不能阻止主句的动作的发生。这种从句通常用连词although, though, as, however等;连接代词whatever, whoever等;起连接作用的短语even if though, no matter how what who 等引导。例如: ● Although/ Though the task was difficult, they managed to complete it in time.● Young as he is, he knows a lot.用as 引导让步状语从句时,常用倒装语序,如上面例句所示。● Nobody believed him no matter what / whatever he said.● He will never succeed.however/no matter how hard he tries.● Even if/ though an icy wind blew from the north, we always slept with our windows open.例题中有一个as 引导的让步状语从句,故从句中的表语clever 须放到as 前面去,所以正确答案应为C。
第五篇:英语从句归类
一.宾语从句的定义
置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式,v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词(afraid,sure,glad等)之后也可以带宾语从句。
二.宾语从句中引导词的用法
在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导词有:
连词:that(that 常可省略),whether, if
代词:who, whose, what ,which
副词:when ,where, how, why 等。
(一)that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)
可跟that从句做宾语的动词有:
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句:The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意事项:当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。
例句:I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.在以下情况中that不能省略
1.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that
可省,但后面的that不可省。
例句:He said(that)you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.2.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时,that一般不可
省。
例句:Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.3.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,that不可省。
例句:I can’t tell him that his mother died.定 语 从 句
一、基本概念:
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如:
Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?
That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有:that, who, whom, whose, which;
关系副词有:when, where, why.二、关系词的用法:
(一)关系代词的用法:
1. 作主语用who, which和that, 如:
He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2. 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如:
The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week?
注:在非正式文体中,用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略,但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略;用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略,但在正式文体中一般不省略。
3. 作定语用whose, 如:
(a)He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注:“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语(如上a句),又能作宾语(如上b句)。whose 的先行词常用来指人,但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念,这时可以与of which 结构互换,词序是:“名词+of which”,如:They came to a house whose back wall had broken down..(= the back wall of which)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)
4. 作表语只用that,它既可以指人,也可以指物,但时常省略。如:He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place(that)it used to be.(二)关系副词的用法:
1.when 指时间,在从句中作时间状语,它的先行词通常有:time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如:
I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?
注:when时常可以省略,特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如:Each time he came, he did his best to help us.But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2.where指地点,在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有:place, spot, street, house, room,city, town, country等,如:
英语八类状语从句的用法归纳
一、概说
状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义,状语从句可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点,也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别,以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。
二、时间状语从句
1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多,常见的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等。
2.表示“当„时候”的 while, when, as 的用法区别是:while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词;表示带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时,只能用 when;当表示“一边…一边…”或“随着”时,只能用 as。另外,用于此义的 as 所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词,不能是状态动词。如下面一道高考题的答案是 B 而不能是A:
“I’m going to the post office.” “_____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?”
A.AsB.WhileC.BecauseD.If
3.until 在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词,表示相应动作结束的时间;在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词,表示相应动作开始的时间,意为“直到…才”。如:
He waited until she was about to leave.他等着一直到她准备离开。
I did not begin to work till he had gone.他走了后我才开始工作。
4.表示“一„就”除用 as soon as 外,还可用 the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。如:
I came immediately you called.你一来电话我就来了。
Hardly had she arrived when it began to snow.她刚到就下起雪来了。The moment I have finished I'll give you a call.我一干完就给你打电话。