英语从句类型总结

第一篇：英语从句类型总结

英语从句类型总结

在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。从句在复合句中的功用，和简单句中的句子成分的功用类似，可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语（以上为名词性从句）、定语、状语等。因此，它可以分为主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、和状语从句。

一、定语从句

在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等，关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。1.由who引导的定语从句中，who用作主语，如： This is the boy who often helps me.2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如： The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.3.由whose引导的定语从句中，whose用作定语，如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white? 4．由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如： This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages.这就是那本有多种语言译本的书。（关系代词Which用作主语。）

5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：

The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun. 6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如: I don't know the reason why he was late.This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)7.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

(1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。

(2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句，不影响主句意思的完整，一般用逗号把主句和从句分开，关系代词用 which,不用that;指人时可用who,如 ：I have two brothers, who are both students.二、状语从句

由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。

1、时间状语从句

表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner than, hardly(scarcely)when, every time等引导。

When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.He started as soon as he received the news.Once you see him, you will never forget him.No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.2、原因状语从句

原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。

He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.As it is raining, I will not go out.Now that you mention it, I do remember.3、地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。Sit wherever you like.Make a mark where you have a question.4、目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。

Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.He left early in case he should miss the train.5、结果状语从句

结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so that, such that等引导。She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting.He was so excited that he could not say a word.She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.6、条件状语从句

条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as)far as, if only(= if)。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。

If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.You can go swimming on condition that(= if)you dont go too far away from the river bank.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.7、让步状语从句

让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who(when, what,)等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。Though he is a child, he knows a lot.Child as he is, he knows a lot.Whatever(= No matter what)you say, Ill never change my mind.8、方式状语从句

方式状语从句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引导。You must do the exercise as I show you.He acted as if nothing had happened.9、比较状语从句

比较状语从句常用than, so(as)as, the more the more等引导。I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.The busier he is, the happier he feels.三、名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词：that（无任何词意）；whether, if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）；as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）。以上在从句中均不充当任何成分

连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.Whichever, whomever 连接副词：when, where, how, why 具体分类 1．主语从句

作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。2．宾语从句

名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。（1）由连接词that引导的宾语从句

由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。（2）用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：

I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么。3．表语从句

在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如： The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That's just what I want.这正是我想要的。4． 同位语从句

同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等。例如：

The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回来。

第二篇：英语从句[定稿]

英语从句

复杂句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。

从句的分类：

名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 形容词性从句：通常称为定语从句。

副词性从句：通常称为状语从句。包括：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从古、让步状语从句。

一、名词性从句：

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句

1.1主语从句：

作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。

What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么还不清楚。

如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，比如what分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。

What I say and think are none of your business.That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：It + be + 形容词+ that从句

It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is true that the sun is bigger than the earth。

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question./ 10 1.2宾语从句：

名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句

由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，例如：

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.2.用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。I want to know what he has told you.1.3表语从句：

在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语+ 系动词+ that从句。The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。This is where our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所在。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。

需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.常见的系动词： be动词（am，is，are），感官动词（feel，look，smell，sound，taste，seem），“变得”（get，become，turn，grow），“保持”（keep，stay）

1.4同位语从句：

同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。

二、定语从句(初级篇)：

2.1定语从句，一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。被修饰/ 10 的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它通常只能放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。定语从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。关系代词包括：that、which、who、whom、whose。

关系副词在句中作状语。关系副词包括：when、where、why 2.2定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句 先行词：

指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词或句子。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。

关系词：关系词常有3个作用：

1.连接作用，连接主句和定语从句。

2.指代先行词。3.在定语从句中担当成分。

2.3关系代词：

2.3.1that(在从句中做主语或宾语)This is the desk that I borrow from my sister。This is the desk

I borrow the desk from my sister.The man that stands near Lucy comes from America.The man comes from America.the man stands near Lucy.2.3.2Which（在从句中做主语或宾语）

A prosperity which had never been seen before appears in the countryside。A prosperity had never been seen before.A prosperity appears in the countryside.The package which you are carrying is very beautiful.The package is very beautiful

You are carrying the package.2.3.3Who(在从句中做主语或宾语)Is he the man who wants to see you? Is he the man?

The man wants to see you.2.3.4Whom（在从句中做宾语）

Is he the man whom you want to see ? Is he the man?

You want to see the man.2.3.5Whose(在从句中做定语,翻译为谁的)/ 10 Please pass me the book whose cover is green.They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down 2.4 关系副词：

2.4.1 When(在从句中做时间状语,翻译为那时候)There comes a time when you have to make a choice.There comes a time you have to make a choice.I want to read this book in the morning when our memory is pretty good.I want to read this book in the morning

our memory is pretty good.2.4.2where(在从句中做地点状语,翻译为在那里)Dawan high school is a good school where I spend three years on study.Qingbaijiang is the place where I was born.2.4.3Why（在从句中做原因状语通常先行词是reason、explanation，翻译成为什么）

We don’t know the reason why he dosen’t come to school。She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.定语从句（高级篇）

一、限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句：

限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整

The book(that/ which)I am reading is very interesting.非限制性定语从句的作用是：不直接修饰先行词，只为先行词提供一些补充的信息，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开 I made a card for mom, who loves me most.My hometown is Beijing, which is the capital of China.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没理解我的意思，这使我心烦。

在非限定定语从句中，有时as也可用作关系代词，若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如： / 10 The boy has as much progress as we had expected.As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history.非限制性定语从句引导词：which、who、whom、whose、when、where、as（注意没有that）

My hometown is Beijing, which is the capital of China.My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.They went to London，where they lived for six months.As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history.二、“介词+关系代词”的结构：

1.“介词+ which”在关系分句中分别可作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when, where和why.如：

I still remember the day on which(= when)I first came to school.The factory in which(= where)I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。

2.“介词+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”在关系分句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒装。如：

They arrived at a farm house, in front of which sat a small boy.他们来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。

I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上有一只鸟。3.“不定代词或数词+ of + which（指物）/whom（指人）”在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的一部分。如：

China has a lot of islands, one of which is Diaoyu.There are a lot of students here, none of whom like the film.4.“介词+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语。如： Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat? The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.5.“介词+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”用于被动结构的关系分句中，作状语，说明动作的执行者。如：

The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是一个好猎手。/ 10 6.“名词+ of which”代替“whose +名词”在关系分句中作定语。如：

I saw some trees, the leaves of which(= whose leaves)were black with disease.我看见一些树，它们的叶子因害病而发黑。

He mentioned a book, the title of which(= whose title)I’ve forgotten.7.“介词+ which（指物）/whose（指人）”修饰后边的名词。如： It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。

The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司机就是那个男人，她从他的房间偷走地图。

8.“介词+ which +不定式”。此种用法多见于正文体中，相当于一个带有主语和谓语的定语从句。如：

She had only 1.87 with which to buy(= she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.她只有一元八角七分钱，用这些钱她给丈夫吉姆买一件礼物。

三、.“as”用法：

1.“as”引导限制性定语从句

1.1.“such....as”

He is not such a fool as he looks.1.2.“the same....as”

This is the same book as I lost last week.(区分“the same...as”与“the same....that”：两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个。as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。举例：

This is the same pen that I lost.这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。This is the same pen as I lost.这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。1.3.“as...as”

As many children as came were given some cakes.2.“as”引导非限制性定语从句常用句式: As everyone knows,China is a beautiful country with a long history.as is said above 综上所述

as is known to all 众所周知

as is often the case 通常如此

as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报道的

四、关系代词that、which在很多情况下可以替换，特殊情况下不可替换。有六种情况只可用that而不用which:

（1）不定代词 anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little为先行词时；

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.（2）先行词为 the only, the very, the just时； / 10

He is the very that helped the girl out of the water.他从水中救起了那个女孩。（3）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词或最高级时；

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twain.（4）先行词既有人又有物时；

He talked about the teachers and school that he visited.（5）当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复用that；

Who is the person that is standing at the gate?（6）关系代词作表语时；

He is not the man that he used to be.他以前不是这样的人。

有两中情况只用which不用that：

（1）当主句先行词后有介词时，用which。例：This is the one of which I'm speaking。（2）非限定性定语从句，用which。

五、定语从句只能“that”引导的情况：

1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。

This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。

The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.3、先行词是不定代词时，如“all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something”

This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.4.、先行词既有人又有物时

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

5、先行词被“only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”、“the right“、“the same”等修饰

He is the only person that l want to talk to.6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的问句中，为避免重复，常用“that”

Who is the man that is standing there?

Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

六、定语从句可以省略关系词的情况 ：

定语从句中关系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。关系词的省略主要限于以下几个方面。如：

1.关系代词作宾语时的省略。当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。如： Is there anything(that)you wanted? 想要什么东西吗? Who is the man(that / who / whom)you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁? / 10 2.关系代词作表语时的省略。当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。如： China is not the country(that)it was.中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语)3.关系代词作宾补时的省略。当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足时，可以省略。如： I’m not the madman(that)you thought me.我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补语)4.关系副词when的省略。用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略但有一种特殊情况 即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如： That was the year(that)I first went abroad.就是那一年我第一次出国了。I’ll never forget the day(that)we met.我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。

5.关系副词where的省略。用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：

This is the place(where)they met yesterday.这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。Have you somewhere(that)I can lie down for an hour? 你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时？

6.关系副词why的省略。关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that或for which，均可省略。如：

That’s the reason(why, for which, that)he came.这就是他来的原因

七、区分定语从句和同位语从句：

定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；

同位语从句指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句，同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明.是补充说明的关系。

The boy who is playing football is my classmate.（定语从句）

名词作同位语

Mr.Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all.（同位语从句）

可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility, decision等。

三、状语从句：

3.1.条件状语从句:由引导词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。

If you fail in the exam, you will let him down./ 10 You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.3.2.时间状语从句：用表示时间的连词连接一个句子作状语，这样的复合句就是时间状语从句。连接时间状语从句的连接词有：when, before, after, while, as soon as, until, since......这里要注意一点的是，如果主句是一般将来时，从句只能用一般现在时表示将来意义，简称主将从现。

We were about to leave when he came in It will be four days before they come back。

3.3.目的状语从句:从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的状语从句。可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导.You must speak louder in order that you can be heard by all.I got up early so that I could catch the first bus 3.4.原因状语从句：

引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because, as（由于）, since（既然）, now(that)（既然）, when（既然）, seeing(that)（由于，鉴于）, considering(that)（考虑到）, given(that)（考虑到）,for（为）等

I don’t like this computer because it is too ugly.Since you don't trust him, you should not employ him.3.5.方式状语从句：方式状语从句通常由as, as…so…, as if, as though, by,with引导。

You must try to hold the tool as I do As water is to fish, so air is to man 3.6.地点状语从句：地点状语从句表示地点、方位，这类从句通常由where引导。

I found my books where I had left them.Where there is a will, there is a way.Where 引导定语从句和状语从句的区别：

where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无需先行词。

Go back where you came from.(where引导地点状语从句）

Go back to the place where you came from.(where引导定语从句，修饰place)3.7.比较状语从句：比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级、比较级及最高级的句子之中。原级：as…as，not so（as）…as …，比较级：more…than（更）特殊引导词：the more … the more … ； no … more than；not A so much as B My hometown is as beautiful as Hangzhou / 10 Nothing is more dangerous than that you make friends with him The more homework you do, the more you will get in study.3.8.结果状语从句:so… that或such…that

The boy is so young that he can't go to school.It was so hot a day that they wanted to go swimming.3.9.让步状语从句:引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些：

though，although, while，as, even if，even though, whether...or...,no matter who/no matter what/ no matter where，whoever/whatever/wherever，regardless of…，despite，in spite of。Although/Though he was exhausted, he still kept on working.They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed

一个例句记住状语从句：

虽然我不太乖但是如果妈妈今天不忙，为了给我过生她会用微信在蛋糕店买一个（让步）（条件）（时间）（目的）（原因）（方式）（地点）足球般大小的蛋糕。（比较）（结果）/ 10

第三篇：英语从句汇总

从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，是一个特殊句子，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。

根据从句语法功能的不同可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。

前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；

定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句；

而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句和时间状语从句。

主语从句（Subject Clause）

用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。

表语从句（Predicative Clause）

用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词很多都一样。

宾语从句（Object Clause）

在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。

同位语从句

是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系就是同位关系，即主表关系。

定语从句

是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

状语从句 可分为：

(1)时间状语从句：(adverbial clause of time)(2)地点状语从句：(adverbial clause of place)(3)原因状语从句：(adverbial clause of cause)(4)条件状语从句：(adverbial clause of condition)(5)目的状语从句：(adverbial clause of purpose)(6)让步状语从句：(adverbial clause of concession)(7)比较状语从句：(adverbial clause of comparison)(8)方式状语从句：(adverbial clause of manner)(9)结果状语从句：(adverbial clause of result)德语中的从句

状语从句和宾语从句均用 Dass 来引导

3主语从句编辑

在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语。主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short timesurprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrowremains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accidentremains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（8）What we needis time.（9）What we needare good doctors.主语从句小结:（1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等。（2）连词位于句首不能省略。

（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外，如例（9）注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究，并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。4表语从句编辑

连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever等。还有如because, as if, though等。He has become a teacher.他已经成为一名教师。

He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.他已经成为了他10 年前想成为的一名教师。His suggestion is good.他的建议是好的。

His suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。The question is confusing.这个问题令人困惑。

The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。5宾语从句编辑 定义

宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。宾语从句在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后。Tell him which class you are in.Do you know what he likes？ 宾语从句的分类 A、作动词的宾语： e.g．I heard the news.I(主语)heard(谓语动词)the news.名词作宾语

I(主语)heard(谓语动词)that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语---宾语从句

B、作介词的宾语：

e.g．He said nothing about the plan.He(主语)said(谓语动词)nothing(代词作动词的宾语)about(介词)the plan.名词作介词的宾语

C、做有动词意义的形容词的宾语 e.g.I'm afraid that I can't win.6宾语从句三要素编辑 1：语序

宾语从句必须用陈述语序。

False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.【注】否定前移，及完成反义疑问句；

在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，可以转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注：否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）

I don't think you are right,are you？

I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they？

【注】在表示建议suggest,advise；要求demand、desire、require、request、propose；决定 decide;命令 order、command;坚决主张 insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）。

I suggested that you（should）study hard． He ordered that we should go out at once．

【注】如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置。You may think it strange that he would live there． 2：连接词

带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how。1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。【注】that常在以下情况下不能省略：

（1.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时；

（2．当宾语从句较长时；

（3．当主语状语置于主句尾，宾语从句之前时；

（4．当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时；

（5．当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略；

（6．当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时；（7．当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时；（8．当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时；（9．当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时；（10．当宾语从句有it做其先行词时；

（11．在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时。

2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…or not结构中不能用if替换。

【注】if/whether区别

①if和whether在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后，介词后一般不用if ②少数动词，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。④在不定式前只能用whether。

如：I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。⑤避免歧异时，我们常用whether而不用if.3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,why，who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。

★当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他 3：时态

1．主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变。

He says(that)he will leave a message on my desk.They know(that)he is working hard.2．主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。He answered that he was listening to me.3．主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）。

4.当从句所叙述的事实为一个定理或客观存在时，无论主句是什么时态，从句均用一般现在时。但与人有关的均不是定理。

He told me that he was a boy.（虽然性别是客观存在的，但“男”“女”也是人为定义的，故非第4种情况）

Father told me that practice makes perfect.（所叙述的事实为一个定理，用一般现在时）例题

1.The teacher told the children that the sun ____ round.A.was B.is C.were D.are 选B，因其陈述为无可争议的客观事实。

2.I believe that our team ____ the basketball match.A.win B.won C.will win D.wins 选B或C，这既是讲话人现在对将来情况的主观推测，也是对未来发生动作的肯定。3.The soldiers soon reached()was once an old temple()the villagers used as a school.A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where 选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语。（注：use sth.as译为“把…用作”）注意

A.有时候可以用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。

Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.B.带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.C.False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.7连接词编辑 ①从属连词

连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether.that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句，而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句。例句：

He told me that he would go to the college next year.他告诉我他下一年上大学。

I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车。

Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试。②连接代词 连接

代

词

主

要

有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。连接代词一般指疑问，但what,whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。例句：

Do you know who has won ‘Red Alert’ game？ 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗？

I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗？ ③连接副词

连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。例句：

He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。

Could you please tell me how you use the new software? 你能给我展示怎么用这个新的软件吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没人知道这些的新的零件在哪里能买到。8同位语编辑

与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。

同位语从句用法比较“固定”,把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考）：

一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容，如：

I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。

二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如： I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。

三、英语中引导同位语从句的词中有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）如：

l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。

四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：

Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them． 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。

The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。

五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。

1．同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如： The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）

The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。

（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）

2．引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：

The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）

一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。1)非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前 Bruce Lee(姓名)李小龙

Graf Schmidt(称号，浑名)施密特伯爵 Doctor Wang(职称，头衔)王博士 Uncel Liu(亲戚的称呼)刘叔叔 die Stadt Shanghai(类属名称)上海市 the Province Hebei(类属名称)河北省 das Jahr 2000(类属名称)2000 年

three Kilo tomato(度量名称)三公斤西红柿 the University Bremen(专有名词)不来梅大学 国际上另一种分法为关系从句 关系从句（relative clause)关系从句的理解与翻译 人们习惯称由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词when，where等引导的从句为“定语从句”，认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当，只不过英语的定语从句后置，汉语的定语前置罢了。但随着对语言认识的不断深入，人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译。让我们先看一例：

Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点，该句子就可能会被译为： “肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院。”

译文听上去荒谬可笑，仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”，这显然有悖原意。这里“where”起过渡连接的作用，相当于“and there”，在语义上属另一新层次，绝无修饰，更无限制“怎样的医院”之意。从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后，进一步交待了事情发展的结果。可见，这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释。因此有的语言学家主张将这种句子笼统称为“关系从句”。这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚，深入分析该类从句形形色色的内在关系。所以，例1应译为： 肯尼迪被急忙送到一家医院，在那里他很快就死了。让我们再多看几个例子：

1． When he was still a little boy,Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.杰克·伦敦还是小孩时，他写的一些作文就受到老师的赞赏。(不宜译为：……他就写受到老师赞扬的作文。)2． I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.我遇到了那位船夫，他将我渡到对岸。(不宜译为：我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫。)3． While they were waiting there,a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild,hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.他们正在那儿等时，从路边一幢房屋窜出的一条狗开始狂吠不止，直到有人出来喝住，它才停下来。

(不宜译为：……一条狗开始了直到有人出来喝住才停止的狂吠。)4． In the torchlight，he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines,our local grocer.借着电筒的亮光，他看见一个人影，马上认出是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯。(不宜译为：……他看见马上认出的是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯的影子。)我们知道，汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段，通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排句子，对语序的依赖性极大，如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑，如“送到一家很快就死的医院”“写受老师赞扬的作文”。而英语的连接手段相当丰富，构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息，从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度……从句，但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚。如：

5． The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.遇到这种一个从句扣一个从句的句子，汉语只有以简驭繁：断句。译为： 蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃生长在树枝上的绿叶子。

此外，读者也许注意到了：在1、2、3、4、5例中，抛开关系代词等结构不管，我们可明显察觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本一致，这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础，只需在关系代词处断句，省掉关系代词，必要的话重复一下名词，照原文顺序翻译即可。那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的，或时序不清楚又怎么样呢？请看例句： 6． He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.他是教授，这学期在几所大学兼课。All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much,forthey were unlike any people had ever known.这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿，这对夫妇使我很感兴趣，因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样。

以上两例中主句传递了主要信息，从句传递了辅助信息，从另一侧面加以补充描述，或提供某种必要的背景知识，关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用，使语义发展顺利进人另一层次，我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系。

有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系，不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词。如：

8． In 1906,however,Pierre,who was crossing a road,was run over and killed.(who… ≈ when he…)

1906年，皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了。

9． Dr.Bethune,who was very tired on his arrival,set to work at once.(who was… ≈ though he was)白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累，但他立即便开始工作。

10． We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.(whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)我们知道，由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚。

11． He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond.(who… ≈ if he…)(谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看，(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官。

12． There was something original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.(that… ≈ so that the Plan…)此方案新颖，有独创性，有魄力，(所以)他们都喜欢。

以上五例中，关系代词、副词在特定语境表示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系，意义上相当于状语从句，翻译时也当然不能译为定语。另外，11、12两句的汉译中括号里的汉字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑，这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的。传统语法囿于“定语从句”的观念，以关系代词前有无逗号为准，机械地将关系从句分为“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”，这是很不全面的。我们应该深入理解原文的深层意思，尊重汉语的习惯，才能翻译出正确、地道的译文。9定语从句编辑

用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。①引导定语从句的关联词有who,whom,whose,that,when,where,why 和 which.在非限制定语从句中，只可用which,who,whose,where,when.,如果指代前面整个句子，多用which.例句：

The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失踪的狗已经找到了。）

Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）

The days when we had to rely on wool,cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.（那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。）

Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.（空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）

This is the reason why he refused to help us.（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）He was born in 1976,when an earthquake struck the country.（他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。）

They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people,which enraged all of us.（他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。）

② 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all,any,no,little,much,very first等词，或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时，或先行词为all,anything,nothing,something,everything时，从句的引导词只能用that.The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假？）

These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困扰我的是这些观点。）Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事烦着你吗？）

This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）

③as 可做引导词引导定语从句，多和such,the same 连用.As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子，既可放在先行词后，也可放在句子开头.例句： Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。）The boy was run over by a motor-car,as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。）

As is often the case,the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。）

We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。）④介词+which/whom/whose从句

The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。）

Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。）

Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book,of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane整整一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。）例题：

Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.a.where b.that c.with which d.as soon as ⑤代/名+介词+which 从句

He is needing a book,the name of which I don't know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。）

In factories and in our daily life,there are many waste materials,all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。）

To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions,each of which has only one correct answer.（为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串问题唯一的答案。）⑥同位语从句和定语从句

The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。）

The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的这个消息真的是很激动人心。）⑦ 难句：

NO.1 He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。）

NO.2 He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。）

NO.3 I shall never forget the day when we first met.（我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。）

NO.4 I remember the morning when he first came to school.（我记得早上，当他第一次来到学校的时候。）

NO.4 I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.（我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的日子。）

NO.5 The room where he lived is kept in good repair.（他住的房间保持着良好的状态。）NO.6 Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.（馆长在地窖里找到一个地方使用,作为他第一次实验的实验室。）NO.7 The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable.（以何种方式/这就是你回答的他所提出的问题，令人钦佩。）10状语从句编辑

用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些从属连词。修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词，通常由从属连词引导，按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较状语从句等。时间状语从句

1)常见连词有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，when,whenever（no matter when），while，as long as,as soon as… 例句：

As you look at yourself in a mirror,you’ll seen an identical image of yourself.It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.It was not until…that Not until…did he…

Not until I received the letter,did I know he had gone to America.It was not until….When I got to the airport,I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.I was about to leave,when something occurred which attracted my attention.Whenever we have difficulty,he’ll come to help us.2)no sooner…than,hardly(scarcely,barely)…when: 刚做…就….No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.She had scarcely news when she fainted.3)还有 immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instant,the second,every time etc I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.地点状语从句

一般用where 或 wherever 引导：

I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.Wherever they went,they were warmly welcome.条件状语从句

真实条件从句:if,unless,so long as,provided that,supposing that,on condition that,in the event that,in case that etc I will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me.I will not go to her party unless she invites me.原因状语从句

从属连词有because,as,since,for,now,that,in that,seeing that,considering that(鉴于，由于)As the school regulations are written quite clearly,there is nothing more to be explained.Considering that the sweater was hard made,it was not expensive.Seeing that they are inexperienced,they are doing quite a good job.让步状语从句 引导词分类： 1): even if,though,even though,while(尽管)no matter what/how/which,however,whatever,whichever,however etc.He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.Whatever the consequence may be,I will be on your side.However hard she tried to explain,nobody trusted her.It has been the same result,whichever way you do it.2)由as 引起的让步从句，语气较强烈，被强调的词须放在句首.Simple as the question may seem,it is not at all common in nature.Cold as it is,the children play outdoors.Much as I respect him,I can’t agree with him.Object as you may,I will go on with my plan.3)whether…or,不管…或…

whether you be a student or a teacher,you are required to obey the regulations of the school.结果状语从句

引导词：so that,so…that,such…that

He is so humorous that we’ll never forget him.She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.目的状语从句

引导词：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest,in case I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.方式状语从句

引导词：as,(just)as…so…，as if,as though.1）as,(just)as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如…”，“就像”，多用于正式文体，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish,so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）as if,as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”，例如：

They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）

说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。比较状语从句

1)as…as,not so/as…as

the film was not so exciting as we expected.（这部电影没有我们期待的一样精彩。）The history of nursing is as old as the history of man.She likes them almost as much as Paul does.2)比较级+than,so much/a lot more than She looks much younger than she is.（她看上去比她的实际年龄更年轻。）

The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.（宇宙的结构比你想象的更复杂。）

3)no more…than,not more…than,less…than

Jack is not more frightened than Mike is.（杰克不像马克那么害怕。）Tom is no more rich than Black。（汤姆并不比布莱克富有。）3)the more…the more

The farther north you go,the severer the winter is.The more I see of him,the less I like him.（我越看他越讨厌。）

第四篇：英语三大从句

英语三大从句

在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。定语从句

一、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：

（一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。

An architect is a person who designs buildings.建筑师是设计房屋的人。whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。

Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？

whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。

The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad.其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。

Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。）

（二）关系代词which的用法

which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that）

（三）关系代词that的用法

that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。： Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who）Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that可以换成which）Is this the book that you want to buy? 这是你要买的那本书吗？（that可以换成which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略）

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。

（一）关系副词when的用法

关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行词是months）

（二）关系副词where的用法

关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。（where的先行词是town）

（三）关系副词why的用法

关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。（why先行词是reason，当代英语里why可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将why省略）

三、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句

（一）在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中，as引导定语从句 You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少。（第一个as是副词，修饰many的；第二个as才是关系代词，代替先行词books，在定语从句中作宾语）

（二）独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句

As we know/ As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun.正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。

（As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。）Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。（关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。）

四、关系代词who, which与that的区别

（一）关系代词who与that的区别

1.当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who。He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who）I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）2.当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用that。The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格who）注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：(1)The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(2)The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(3)The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(4)The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.3.当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指人）

4.当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如： Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清）

（二）关系代词which与that的区别

1.当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时，关系代词多用that。All that glitters is not gold.闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。

She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。

2.当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用that。

This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。

He is the only person that has been invited to the ball.他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。3.当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时，应用that。

Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which）4.在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games.北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办2008年奥运会。5.介词后的关系代词用which，而不用that。

She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps.她收集了600张邮票，其中60％是德国邮票。

五、定语从句的位置

如前所述，定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。（定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰the girl，被upstairs所隔开）

A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句置于句末以示强调）

名词性从句 宾语从句

一、引导词

（1）由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。如：I told him that he was wrong.在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。（见语法：否定转移）如：I don’t think you are right.(我认为你做的不对)在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。

We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone(我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)（2）由连词if、whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。

Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导

Everything depends on whether we have enough money.宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导 Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.（3）由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。

Do you know which film they are talking about?(which做定语)I don’t know where he lives.(where 做地点状语)

二、宾语从句的语序，宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分 I believe that they will come soon.特例：有下列常见的问句，作为从句出现，是“不改变语句顺序”的。1.What's the matter? 2.What's wrong? 3.What's up？

4.What's the problem? 5.What's your trouble?

三、宾语从句的时态。

宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定；主句是 一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。

1)She says that she is a student.→ She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.→ She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already.→ She said that she had finished her homework already.（1）如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2）Could you tell me…是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum? 注意事项：

（3）由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。

She said: “I have been to England before.” → She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like maths?” → She asked me if I liked maths.（4）宾语从句与简单句的交换。

由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。

I don’t know what I should do next.→ I don’t know what to do next.DO SOME EXERCISES: 1.Can you see A? A.what he’s reading B.what is he reading C.what does he read D.he reads what 2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子)Do you know ___that__Jack __come___from Japan? 3._What did your son say in the letter? _He told me that he_D__ the Disney the next day.A.will visit B.has visited C.is going to visit D.would visit 4.He didn’t know___A____ A.what’s the matter B.what the matter is C.what was the matter D.what the matter was 5.Somebody called you just now, but I didn’t know__D__ A.who were they B.who they were C.who was it D.who it was 6.I want to know___D__ A.what is his name B.what’s his name C.that his name is D.what his name is 7.---Could you tell me __C__she is looking for?---Her cousin, Susan.A.that B.whose C.who D.which 8.---What are you searching the Internet for?---I’m trying to find out____.A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU B.How many persons have died in Iraq C.How to protect our environment D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea 同位语从句

（一）一般来说，在主从复合句中，用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息），problem，question, doubt, thought等。eg: They were delighted at the news that their team had won.当听到他们队获胜的消息时，他们欣喜若狂。

有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如： The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.他突然想起汤姆可能已经还了书了。

（二）引导词

1.The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.2.He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.3.The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4.I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5.We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6.I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.7.I have no idea when he will be back．

小结：① that引导同位语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句1； ② whether引导同位语从句时意为“是否”，通常不能用if来代替, 如句2;③ 连接代词who, what等可以引导同位语从句，如句3，4；

④ 连接副词where, how, when等可以引导同位语从句，如句5，6，7。(三)that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句

① 意义不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比较：

1.The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2.The news that you told us is really encouraging.② that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句时，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较： 1.Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test.2.Dad made a promise that excited all his children.③ 可否省略：that在引导同位语从句时，通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作宾语，通常可以省略，若作主语则不可以省略。DO SOME EXERCISES: I.请用适当的词填空，使下列句子意思完整。

1.They expressed the hope _that_ they would come over to China soon.2.The fact ___that____ he didn’t see Tom this morning is true.3.Word has come __where_____ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4.He can’t answer the question ___how____ he got the money from his home yesterday.5.Do you have any idea __what___ is actually going on in the classroom? 6.The problem _______ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.II.下列各句中均有一处错误，请改正。

1.Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.2.I’ve come with a message from Mr Wang how he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.3.He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.4.I’ve read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday.5.One of the men held the opinion when what the book said was right.表语从句

表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是连系动词。名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句

The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)The scissors are not what I need.这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语)What I told him was that I would find him a good play.我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略)That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)That is why she failed to pass the exam.那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)“That is why...”是常用句型，意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结 下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构，它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：

(1)“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样 That is(the reason)why I cannot agree.(2)“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由，“That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果

He did not see the film last night.That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因)He had seen the film before.That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影，因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果)［考题1］

The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.(2007上海)A.when

B.why

C.whether

D.that ［考题2］

You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree.(2004)A.why

B.where

C.what

D.how ［考题3］

— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.— Is that ____ you had a few days off?(1999)A.why

B.when

C.what

D.where ［考题4］

____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.(2003上海春)A.What;because

B.What;that C.That;what

D.That;because ［考题5］

— Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game? — Oh, that’s ____.(2003北京春)A.what makes me feel excited

B.whatever I feel excited about C.how I feel about it

D.when I feel excited 表语从句与宾语从句的关系

宾语从句和表语从句都属于名词性从句。其作用跟名词在句中的作用相同。故充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句，充当表语的句子叫表语从句。宾语从句

(1)对于宾语从句要掌握以下三点

①语序: 从句的语序必须是陈述句语序, 即“主语 + 谓语”这种形式。

②时态: 当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候, 从句可以是任何时态, 而当主句是一般过去时的时候, 从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态, 即(一般过去时, 过去进行时, 过去完成时, 过去将来时)。

③连接词: 当从句意思完整, 主句意思肯定时, 连接词用that, 且可以省去 当从句意思完整, 主句意思不确定或含否定含意时, 常用if或whether(是否)当从句意思不完整时, 连接词则是代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词。表语从句

在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句，位于主句系动词的后面。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。也是名词性从句的一种。

What the police want to know is when you entered the room.警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。

The trouble is that we are short of funds困难是我们缺乏资金。This is what we should do这是我们应当做的。

That is why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。

His first question was whether Mr.Smith had arrived yet他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。从句中的疑问句用正常语序，即陈述语序。as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。

She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起来好像做了一件大事。It is because you eat too much那是因为你吃得太多了。状语从句

（一）状语从句的种类

1.时间状语从句2.地点状语从句；3.原因状语从句；4.条件状语从句；5.目的状语从句；6.让步状语从句；7比较状语从句；8.程度状语从句；9.方式状语从句；10.结果状语从句。

（二）状语从句的时态

一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。（1）时间状语从句

1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。

when, while和as的区别：when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。

While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。

While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。

As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。

before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。时态：当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用 的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。

After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。

3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。

till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。4.由since引导的时间状语从句。

since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is ＋时间＋ since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。

5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。

6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。

7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。

8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“只要；和…一样长”。（2）地点状语从句

地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，： 句型1：Where＋地点从句，（there）＋主句。此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。

句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句，＋主句。

状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加逗号。

（3）原因状语从句： because, since, as和for都表示原因。because语势最强，回答why提出的问题，用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因，就用as或since。

由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。

（4）目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导。（5）结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so...that 或 such...that引导，首先要了解

so和such后面分别跟什么词。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.（6）让步状语从句：是由though, although 引导的状语从句。

第五篇：英语从句归类

一.宾语从句的定义

置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。

二.宾语从句中引导词的用法

在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：

连词：that(that 常可省略),whether, if

代词：who, whose, what ,which

副词：when ,where, how, why 等。

（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）

可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：

say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。

例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。

例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.在以下情况中that不能省略

1.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that

可省，但后面的that不可省。

例句：He said(that)you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.2.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可

省。

例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.3.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。

例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.定 语 从 句

一、基本概念：

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：

Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?

That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which;

关系副词有：when, where, why.二、关系词的用法：

（一）关系代词的用法：

1． 作主语用who, which和that, 如：

He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2． 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：

The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week?

注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。

3． 作定语用whose, 如：

(a)He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down..(= the back wall of which)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)

4． 作表语只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place(that)it used to be.（二）关系副词的用法：

1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：

I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?

注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：Each time he came, he did his best to help us.But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,city, town, country等，如：

英语八类状语从句的用法归纳

一、概说

状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义，状语从句可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点，也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别，以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。

二、时间状语从句

1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多，常见的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等。

2.表示“当„时候”的 while, when, as 的用法区别是：while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词；表示带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时，只能用 when；当表示“一边…一边…”或“随着”时，只能用 as。另外，用于此义的 as 所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词，不能是状态动词。如下面一道高考题的答案是 B 而不能是A：

“I’m going to the post office.” “_____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?”

A.AsB.WhileC.BecauseD.If

3.until 在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词，表示相应动作结束的时间；在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词，表示相应动作开始的时间，意为“直到…才”。如：

He waited until she was about to leave.他等着一直到她准备离开。

I did not begin to work till he had gone.他走了后我才开始工作。

4.表示“一„就”除用 as soon as 外，还可用 the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。如：

I came immediately you called.你一来电话我就来了。

Hardly had she arrived when it began to snow.她刚到就下起雪来了。The moment I have finished I'll give you a call.我一干完就给你打电话。