第一篇：现在完成时用法小结
现在完成时用法小结
（只摘抄黑体字部分，蓝体字只读不摘抄，第二种用法只学不摘抄）现在完成时用来表示说话之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态。属于现在时态的范畴。其构成： 助动词have(has)+过去分词。
肯定式:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他。(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have。过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。)
否定式:主语 + haven't/hasn't + 过去分词 + 其他。
疑问式: Have /Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他? 简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)
（一）表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
如： Have you read that story？ 你读过那个故事吗？
（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。）
I have bought two apples．
我买了两个苹果。
（“买”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的结果是：拥有两个苹果。）
请朗读下面句子，体会现在完成时的含义。(以下句子摘抄两句)1.I have finished my homework.(My homework is done, I can do something else.)2.She has seen the doctor.(Now she knows what’s wrong with her.)3.They have seen the film.(Now they know what the film is about.)4.Lily has lost her pen.(Now she can’t see it.)5.Have you found your watch?(Do you have your watch now?)6.Has the train arrived?(Can we get on the train now?)7.Has Jenny invited you to her party?(Do you know her party? Will you go?)8.I haven’t borrowed a book from the library.(Now I don’t have a library book.)9.Jim hasn’t read the story.(He doesn’t know about the story.)10.I haven’t washed my clothes.(My clothes are still dirty.)请将下面句子变成否定句，一般疑问句，并做肯定否定回答，同时体会各个句子的含义，领悟现在完成时的用法。（摘抄两个句子）1.Jim has returned the book to the library.2.I have bought a new pair of shoes.3.The students have swept the floor.4.I have told the teacher about it.5.The train has left the station.6.Jenny has turned off the lights.7.My mother has cooked supper for us.8.We have done our homework.现在完成时的“完成用法” 现在完成时的“完成用法”指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
现在完成时“完成用法”的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)连用。现在完成时的时间状语
（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last Sunday, in1990,three years ago等。
a.用副词already,yet和just。already“已经，”一般用于肯定句中，yet“已经，还”一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。
如：We have already finished our homework.（We have finished our homework already.）我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
-Have you washed your clothes yet?-No,not yet.just “刚刚”,常用于肯定句.注意,just now是过去的时间状语,只能与过去时连用.The train has just left.(It’s not here now.)The train left just now.I have just cleaned the room.(The room is clean now.)I cleaned the room just now.b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。如：
-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。例如：
I have seen her before,but I can not remember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times the last few days.近几年他去过那里三次了。
d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now,today,thismorning(month,year, term)等。例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.今天你见过他吗？我 没有。
How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？
在学习这一概念的同时，还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑问句和否定句中。
如： I have already finished my homework．
我已经做完家庭作业了。
He has just had his meal．
他刚吃过饭。
Have you ever sung this English song？
你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？
They haven't started yet．
他们还没有动身。
We have never heard of it． 我们从来没有听说过这件事。
（以下内容只学习，不摘抄）
（二）表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
1、因为表示的是持续的动作或状态，所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have… 等；
2、使用的时间状语通常由for或since 引导，但二者后接的词有所不同：
for后常跟一个时间段，指某个动作到现在为止已持续了多长时间。
如：for three years, for half an hour等。since 作介词，后面可以接一个时间点，如since 1980，也可以接“一段时间+ago”,如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。since 还可用作连词，引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。
如：We have known each other since we went to college.3、非延续性动词不能直接和for 或since 连用，但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换这些非延续性动词，如: become→be, come to→be in / at, go out→ be out, leave→be away(from), begin→be on, stop→ be over，buy→ have, borrow→ keep, open→be open, close→be closed, join→be a member of/be in, die→be dead, catch a cold→have a cold, get to know→know, become a teacher →be a teacher，fall asleep→be asleep, fall ill→ be ill等。
4、句型It is the first（second, third...)time that...的that从句中，谓语动词须用现在完成时，表示到说话时为止动作发生过几次。
如：It is the first time that I have been here.（三）现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
1、一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对“现在”产生的影响。如： He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)
2、现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。
如： Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)
3、两种时态的区分
(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词have /has +过去分词”。(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；
而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。
（3）看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？
① Have you seen the film?(A)
Did you see the film?(B)
[说明] 你看过这部电影吗？(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
② How has he done it?(A)
How did he do it?(B)
[说明]他是怎么做的这件事？(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)
He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。(四)几点注意事项
（1）have been(to)与have gone(to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。
第二篇：现在完成时用法小结
现在完成时用法小结
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成： have(has)+过去分词。不少同学对现在完成时的用法感到困惑，下面我们来对现在完成时的用法以及现在完成时与一般过去时的区别做一个详细分析。现在完成时常与不确定的过去时间状语，如：just, yet, before, recently, once, lately等；也可以同表示濒度的时间状语连用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions等；也同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, today, this morning, this year, this month等，但不能同特定的时间状语连用（in 1993, last year等）。
（一）表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
如： Have you read that story？
你读过那个故事吗？
（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。）
I have bought two apples．
我买了两个苹果。
（“买”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的结果是：拥有两个苹果。）
在学习这一概念的同时，还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑问句和否定句中。
如： I have already finished my homework．我已经做完家庭作业了。He has just had his meal．他刚吃过饭。Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？ They haven't started yet．他们还没有动身。We have never heard of it．我们从来没有听说过这件事。
（二）表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
1、因为表示的是持续的动作或状态，所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have… 等；
2、使用的时间状语通常由for或since 引导，但二者后接的词有所不同：
for后常跟一个时间段，指某个动作到现在为止已持续了多长时间。
如：for three years, for half an hour等。
since 作介词，后面可以接一个时间点，如since 1980，也可以接“一段时间+ago”,如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。
since 还可用作连词，引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。
如：We have known each other since we went to college.3、非延续性动词不能直接和for 或since 连用，但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换这些非延续性动词，如: come→be, come to→be in / at, go out→ be out, leave→be away，begin→be on, stop→ be over，buy→ have, borrow→ keep，open→be open, close→be closed, join→be a member of，die→be dead, catch a cold→have a cold, get to know→know，become a teacher →be a teacher, fall asleep→be asleep, fall ill→ be ill等。
4、句型It is the first（second, third...)time that...的that从句中，谓语动词须用现在完成时，表示到说话时为止动作发生过几次。
如：It is the first time that I have been here.用于This/That/It is the first(second…)time that…句型中。如：
It is the first time that I have visited your beautiful city.这是我第三次参观这个美丽的城市了。
■用于This/That/It is +the+形容词最高级+名词+that…句型中用在“It(This)is(will be)the first/second/third…time+ that从句”中
在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等;这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代。
-Do you know our town at all?你对我们城镇熟悉吗？
-No, this is the first time I have been here.不熟，这是我第一次来这里。
It's the first time I've been here.这是我第一次到这里来。
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。That’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read.这是我看过的最有意思的书。
It(This)is the best(worst, most interesting等)+ 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时
This is the best film I’ve ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影。
This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。
（三）现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
1、一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对“现在”产生的影响。
如： He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)
2、现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。
如： Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)
3、两种时态的区分
(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词have /has +过去分词”。
(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；
而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。
（3）看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？
① Have you seen the film?(A)
Did you see the film?(B)[说明] 你看过这部电影吗？(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
② How has he done it?(A)
How did he do it?(B)
[说明]他是怎么做的这件事？(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)
He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)
[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。
5.几点注意事项
(1)have been(to)与have gone(to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。
(2)如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
(3)终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型： ①主语＋have / has been＋for短语 ②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句 例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League.他入团已三年了。在表达一个在过去开始而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作时，某些动词既可以用现在完成时，也可以用现在完成进行时。这样的动词有expect，hope，learn，lie，live，look，rain，sleep，sit，snow，stand，stay，study，teach，wait，want，work等 How long have you learnt English？你学习英语多久了？ How long have you been learning English？（译文同上。）He has slept for ten hours．他已经睡了十个小时了。He has been sleeping for ten hours．（译文同上。）It has snowed for a long time．雪下了好长时间了。It has been snowing for a long time．（译文同上。）没有进行式的动词不可能有这样的用法，即现在完成进行时不能代替以下例句中的现在完成时：
They’ve always had a big garden．他们一直有一座大花园。How long have you known that？你知道这事多久了？ He’s been in hospital since his accident． 他从发生事故之后，一直在医院里。注意：现在完成进行时可以和时间短语连用，也可以不连用，这一点就有别于现在完成时，因为后者与像for six days，since June，never等一些时间短语连用才能表示这类动作。不用这些时间状语时，现在完成时指的是完成了的一个动作。
B 用现在完成时表示的反复的动作，有时可以作为连续的动作用现在完成进行时表示： I’ve written six letters since breakfast．早饭后我已经写了六封信。I’ve been writing letters since breakfast．早饭后我一直在写信。I have knocked five times．I don’t think anyone’s in． 我敲了五次门。我想屋里没有人。
I’ve been knocking．I don’t think anybody’s in． 我一直在敲门。我想屋里没有人
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
(1)现在完成时可以表示一个已经完成的动作，而现在完成进行时则表示一个正在进行的动作：
I have read the book.我读过这本书。I have been reading the book.我一直在读这本书。
【注】有少数动词(如work, study, live, teach, stay等)在表示持续一时间时用这两种时态含义差不多(只是用现在完成进行进更强调动作的持续性)：
How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在这儿工作多久了？
I’ve lived [been living] here since 1988.自1988年以来我就一直住在这儿。
(2)现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感****彩：
I have waited for two hours.我等了两小时。(陈述事实)
I have been waiting for two hours.我等了两个小时。(等得好辛苦)
(3)现在完成进行时通常用来谈论较短暂的动作或情况，若要谈论时间延续较长的动作或情况或永久性情况，则通常用现在完成时：He has lived in Paris.他(一直)住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris.他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暂时性)
(4)不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时，但它们可以用于现在完成时：
I’ve only known her for two day.我认识她刚刚两天。They’ve been married for twenty years.他们结婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time.这场战争持续了很长时间。
(5)现在完成进行时不用于被动语态，若要用可用现在完成时的被动语态代替：
The house has been painted for a month.这房子已漆了一个月。The problem has been studied for five days.这个问题已研究了五天
第三篇：现在完成时用法解析
现在完成时用法解析
1.构成
现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。
2.用法
(1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：
-Have you had lunch yet?-Yes,I have.I've just had it.你(已经)吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了)
(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如：He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
I have't seen her for four years.我有四年没见到她了。
(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。
如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
3.现在完成时的时间状语
(1)现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
a.用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。例如：I have seen her before,but I can not remember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times the last few days.近几年他去过那里三次了。
d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.今天你见过他吗？我 没有。
How many times have you been there this year?
今年你去过那里多少次？
(2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years.但是，像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be(在)”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：
arrive→be here begin(start)→be on
die →be dead come back→be back
leave →be away fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)
get up→be up go out →be out
finish →be over put on →wear 或be on
open →be open join →be in或 be a member of…
close →be closed go to school→be a student
borrow →keep buy →have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)get to know →know
begin to study→study come to work→work等
如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。
We have studied English for three years.我们(开始)学英语已三年了。
4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。试比较：
I have lost my new book.我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday.我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明)
5.几点注意事项
(1)have been(to)与have gone(to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。
(2)如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
(3)终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。
一、单项选择
1、Both his parents look sad.Maybe they _________what's happened to him.Ａ.knew Ｂ.have known Ｃ.must know Ｄ.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
Ａ.already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ.still
3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
Ａ.just Ｂ.ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year
Ａ.is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
5、-Our country ______ a lot so far.-Yes.I hope it will be even ______.Ａ.has changed;well Ｂ.changed;good
Ｃ.has changed;better Ｄ.changed;better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years.Ａ.was;studying Ｂ.will;study
Ｃ.has;studied Ｄ.are;studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.Ａ.know Ｂ.had known Ｃ.have known Ｄ.knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film.I_______ it twice.Ａ.will see Ｂ.have seen Ｃ.saw Ｄ.see
9、-These farmers have been to the United States.-Really ? When _____ there ?
Ａ.will they go Ｂ.did they go
Ｃ.do they go Ｄ.have they gone
10、-______ you ___ your homework yet ?
-Yes.I _____ it a moment ago.Ａ.Did;do;finished Ｂ.Have;done;finished
Ｃ.Have;done;have finished Ｄ.will;do;finish
11、His father ______ the Party since 1978.Ａ.joined Ｂ.has joined Ｃ.was in Ｄ.has been in
12、-Do you know him well ?
-Sure.We _________ friends since ten years ago.Ａ.were Ｂ.have been Ｃ.have become Ｄ.have made
13、-How long have you ____ here ?
-About two months.Ａ.been Ｂ.gone Ｃ.come Ｄ.arrived
14、Hurry up!The play __________ for ten minutes.Ａ.has begun Ｂ.had begun Ｃ.has been onＤ.began
15、It _____ ten years since he left the army.Ａ.is Ｂ.has Ｃ.will Ｄ.was
16、Miss Green isn't in the office.she_______ to the library.Ａ.has gone Ｂ.went Ｃ.will go Ｄ.has been
17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.Ａ.have been in Ｂ.have been to
Ｃ.have gone to Ｄ.have been
18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?
A.so they B.don't they C.have they D.haven't they
19、has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?
A.How soon, comes B.How often, got
C.How long, came D.How far, arrived
20、His uncle for more than 9 years.A.has come here B.has started to work
C.has lived there D.has left the university
二、句型转换
3、The old man _________ last year.He for a year.(die)（动词填空）
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
This factory ________ for twenty years.5、Miss Gao left an hour ago.(同义句转换)
Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years.（同义句）
Her mother _______ the Party three years ________.7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago.(同义句转换)
_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to Fra nce.8、The bus has arrived here.It arrived ten minutes ago.(把两个句子合并成一个句子)环境保护问题是中考(微博)热门话题，出现频率高，难度较大，必须掌握。、6月5日(June 5)是世界环境保护日，我们周围的环境变得越来越糟糕，污染越来越严重„„。假如你是学生Jone.，你校要进行“如何保护我们的环境？”专题演讲比赛，要求：(1)、举例说明环境存在的问题1-3方面；(2)、如何保护好我们的环境，采取怎样的措施，举例1-3方面进行说明，字数80左右。
As we all know，the environmemt around us is getting worse and worse.In some places，we can't see fish swimming in the river or trees on the hills.Some people even have no clean water to drink.So I think we must do something to protect the environment.But what can we do?How to protect our environmemt ?For example，we can go to school on foot or by bike.we can use shopping baskets not plastic bags when we go shopping，and we can use both sides of the paper when we write.In a word，if everyone pays more attention to our environment，there will be less pollution and our life will be better。“There is only one earth”，I hope everyone will protect our environment well。
2、保护环境
(四川乐山)从2008年6月1日起，国家将禁止商家免费提供塑料袋，掀起全国“拒塑”的环保运动。假如你是李华，准备以“What Can We Do for the Environment” 为题，写一篇保护环境的英语演讲稿。内容包含：
(1)。在购物时用布袋子替代塑料袋；(2)。尽可能地再利用使用过的课本；(3)。离开教室应关灯；(4)。最好走路或骑自行车上学；(5)。简述理由：保护环境，减少污染，节约能源等。
参考词汇：布袋子cloth bag 塑料袋plastic bag 保护protect 能源energy
污染pollution 课本textbook
What Can We Do for the Environment
our environment is becoming worse and worse，what can we do for the environment?I think each of us can do a little bit to help with this problem。
The first thing we can do is to use cloth bags instead of plastic bags when we go shopping.It helps to protect the environment.The second thing we can do is to reuse the old textbooks as possible as we can.We should also never forget to turn off the lights when we leave the classrooms in order to save energy.What's more，it would be better if we walk or ride a bike to school.We should try our best to reduce pollution and waste。
In fact，even the simplest everyday activities can make a real difference to the environment.I believe we can make the world a better place to live in。
3.为了保护地球有限的资源，我们应该采取什么措施呢？请根据下面的提示写一篇约80词的短文，短文开头已经给出。提示词；1.save water，the source of life，protect drinking water，stop polluting，make full use of it;2.save electricity，crucial，turn off，other electric machines;3.save forests，useful，stop cutting down;4.recycle useful rubbish，save resources
参考作文：
Although the world develops much faster and better，the resources on the earth get fewer and fewer.In order to protect them，something must be done。
Save water.Water is the source of life.No water，no life.So it's very important for us to do so.Not only should we protect drinking water and stop polluting it，but also make full use of it。
Save electricity.It is crucial.We can't imagine what the life will be like without it.Everyone should do his best to save electricity.Don't forget to turn off lights or other electric machines when we finish working。
Save forests.They are useful.Please stop cutting them down and use recycled paper instead.Make our world a green one to live in。
Recycle useful rubbish.Plenty of rubbish can be recycled like cans，paper，bottles，and so on。
We can save resources in this way.I believe we can make the world a better place to live in。与父母相处的话题类作文难度较大，掌握基本句式，背诵范文非常必要。
(陕西省卷)假如你是Han Mei，下面是一封你的笔友Alice 给你发来的e-mail，请你根据e-mail 的内容给她写一封回信，与她交流看法，并帮她排忧解难。
提示词语：listen to，mother's love，care about，communicate with，get along with，smile
写作要求：1.语句通顺，书写工整；2.可用所给提示词语，也可以适当发挥；3.词数在60-80左右
Dear Han Mei，I'm afraid I've got a big problem recently.My mother talks too much to me.She always tells me，“Be careful while crossing the street。” “Put on more clothes。” “Did you do a good job at school?”And so on.I'm annoyed(烦恼)。What shall I do?
Alice
例文
Dear Alice，As a teenager，I met the same problem as you.But now I can get along better with my mother.Here are some ideas for you。
Your mother talks much，because she cares about you.Maybe it's not a good way，but it shows your mother's love.So I think you should listen to her.If your opinions are different from your mother's，you can communicate with her，and tell her what you are thinking about。
If your mother doesn't take your advice，just keep silent and give her a smile。
I hope what I say here can help you a lot。
健康问题是中考(微博)常考的话题，出题形式多样，有必要下苦功掌握。
How tokeep healthy /fit?
All of us want to be healthy.First，we should get enough sleep during the night.We can go to bed early and get up early.Staying up late is bad for our health.Second，we must have the right kinds of food.We should eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat.We should drink a lot of water.We should have healthy eating habits.Third，we should do more exercise to build up our bodies.Finally，we should be happy everyday.Because smile will make us younger。
That is my advice.I hope you are healthy and enjoy your life。
2.卫生健康饮食：健康一直是人们关注的问题我校要举行以“关爱健康”为题的主题班会，请根据下表内容谈谈你的看法，写一篇80字左右的演讲槁。(1)保持健康的重要性；(2)保持健康的方法；(3)保持健康的结论；(4)你的看法。
How to keep healthy /fit?
Here is my advice about how to keep healthy/fit.As a middle shool student.first you'd better do more exercise such as playing ball games，running，swimming and jumping ropes(绳子)。Then you should pay attention to your diet or meals.Don't eat too much meat or suger，but more vegetables and fruit.Third you need enough sleep or rest.Next keep yourself happy.As people often say smiling makes younger.Last you mustn't drink wine or smoke.They are bad for your health.That is my advice.I hope you are healthy and enjoy your life。
第四篇：一般过去时,现在完成时,过去完成时的用法及区别
① 一般过去时的基本用法
a)表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与过去时间连用.a moment ago(刚才)，yesterday morning，last night/ week，the day before yesterday(前天)，just now(刚才)等。
He suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天他突然生病了。
b)表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。
I wrote home once a week at college.我上大学时每周给家里写一封信.c)表示过去连续发生的一系列动作。
She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.她走进房间，拿起一本杂志，认真地翻阅了起来。
d)在时间、条件状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去将来时.We would not leave until the teacher came back.老师回来我们才会离开。
②一般过去时的特殊用法
a)在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态。
I wish I were twenty years younger.但愿我年轻20岁。
b)在口语中，一般过去时往往显示委婉客气
Might I come and see you tonight?
我想今晚来看你，好吗？
现在完成时的用法:
1)表示过去发生或已完成的某个动作对现在产生的影响或结果，强调的是这个影响或结果，一般不与过去时间连用，常同already, just, yet等状语连用
例：I have just turned off the light.我刚刚把灯关上。（结果是灯已经关上了）She has lost her bike.她把自行车丢了。（影响是他现在没有自行车骑了）
2)表示开始于过去、持续到现在的动作或状态，并可能继续下去（也可能不继续下去），常同包括现在在内的时间状语连，也同“for+时间段”或“since＋时间点”的状语连用She has taught in the school for ten years.她在这所学校教书已经10年了。
I haven’t eaten anything since breakfast.我从早饭起就一直没有吃东西。
3)表示从过去某一时间到说话时这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次动作的总和，常同频度副词always, often, seldom, never等连用
I have been to the Great Wall twice.我曾经去过长城两次
过去完成时用法：
1.表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。表示的是“过去的过去，常用的时间状语有：”by + 过去的时间点、by the end of + 过去的时间点、before + 过去的时间点。
Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.当他到达晚会时，他发现大多数客人已经离开了。
2.过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去，常与for，since等词连用。例如：
When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.当杰克到时，他得知玛丽已经离开快一个小时了。
4.某些动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。常用的动词有hope，expect，suppose，think，want，wish等。例如：
They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten.他们本来打算能在10点之前到达达一、一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较。
1.“一般过去时”所关心的是过去之事,与现在无联系，常带有表示过去某个时间的状语；现在完成时所关心的是过去发生的事，对现在产生某种结果，强调过去与现在的联系。一般不与过去具体时间连用。当需要指明过去一个特定的时刻发生的事情时，需要使用一般过去式。
Ａ.I ________(lose)my pen.Can you lend me yours?
Ｂ.Why don't you buy one?
Ａ.It _______(fall)into the river only a moment ago when I washed my hands.Now I've got to fill in a form with a pen.2.现在完成时与for或since引起的短语连用时，表达从过去开始的动作或状态延续至今，而一般过去时与“for＋一段时间”连用时，只指过去的动作或状态在过去延续了多长时间。
We___________(stay)here for three weeks.I think we are going to stay another two weeks.（说话时人还在）
He __________(stay)here for three weeks last year.（并不表示现在是否在）
3.一般过去时带有表示过去某时刻的时间状态，如yesterday,last year(month,week,night)，in 1980…
I ______(come)the day before yesterday.4.现在完成时所带时间状语包含说话时在内,如today,this week(month,year),these days(years)或与说话时非常接近，如recently,just,in(during)the past three years。Great changes _______(take)place in the last ten years
5如果一件事情发生在过去并且延续到说话的这个时刻，就需要使用现在完成时。They have lived here for a long time
6一般过去时比现在完成时更能表达事情的结果
John has taught math for twenty years.保留了约翰继续教数学的可能性
John taught math for twenty years.表明约翰已经不再教数学了，他可能退休了，换工作了，或者去世了。
7如果一件事情发生在过去并且延续到说话的这个时刻，就需要使用现在完成时。They have lived here for a long time.他们在这里已经生活了很长一段时间。
二、一般过去式与过去完成时的区别。
1.一般现在时表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时则表示过去某一动作或时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去时与现在相比，强调“过去”，而过去完成时则与过去相比，强调“过去的过去”。
我们来比较下列句子：
The meeting _________(start)at six o'clock./ start的动作发生在at six o'clock。The meeting ___________(start)when we arrived at the hall./ start的动作发生在过去的动作arrived之前。
过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关。过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
第五篇：it用法小结
小结(2008-12-08 15:57:31)
标签：教育
It用法小结
it在英语语法中属人称代词，意思是“它”，用来指人以外的一切生物和事物。它的用法不仅不简单，而且很复杂。
一、用于指人以外的一切生物、无生命的东西和事情。
一般指说话者心目中已经了解或所指的生物、无生命的东西或事情、没有性别的区分；可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词，在句子中既可做主语，也可以作宾语。
1．指动物和植物。如：
—Oh，that's Lucy's hat．噢，那是露茜的帽子。
—It looks like a cat！它看上去像只猫！
Where's tea grown？It's grown in the southeast of China．
什么地方种植茶？中国东南部种植茶。
2．指代一些无生命的东西。如：
Is it your watch？这是你的手表吗？
Look at the rain！It's heavy，isn't it？看这雨！雨很大，对吗？
3．代替上文提到过的整个事情。如：
Well，you mustn't play on the road．It's dangerous．哦，你不能在公路上玩。这太危险了！It was hard work，but they really enjoyed it．摘苹果是艰苦活，可他们都乐意去干（它）。
二、用于指代人。
1．指代说话者心目中不太清楚的那个人，常在打电话或敲门时用。如：
—Who was it？是谁（打来的电话）？
—Was it Susan？（打电话的）是苏珊吗？
—Yes，it was．是的，我是。（根据上下句，“it was”也可不译出来。）
再如：—Who is knocking at the door？谁在敲门？
—It's me．是我。
2．指说话者心目中的那个人。如：
—Is it your sister，Kate？（那旧照片上的 baby）是你姐姐凯特吧？
—No！不是。
—Is it your brother？是你哥哥吧？
—No！不是。
—I know—it's you！我知道了，（那）是你。
3．指代性别不详的婴幼儿或在不计较性别时，也可用it来指人。如
The child smiled when it saw its mother．这小孩一见到母亲就笑了。
I don't know who it is．我不知道他是谁。
注意：看到这样的句子（或听到这样的话）时，要想一想，不要一看到it就把它译成“它”。）
4．在回答用指示代词表示人的特殊问句时，常用it指人。如：
—Who's that？那人是谁？
—Is it Kate？是凯特吗？
—Yes，I think you're right．It's Kate．是的，我想你说对了，是凯特。
三、用于指时间、距离和自然现象等。
1．表示时间。如：
—What time is it？几点钟？
—It's ten．十点钟。
It's summer in Australia now．现在澳大利亚是夏天。
特别注意it用于表示时间时还常见于以下两个句型中：
（1）It's time（for sb．）to do sth．／It's time for sth．译为“是（某人）该干„„的时间了”、“到„„的时候了”。如：
It's time for supper／to have supper．是吃晚饭的时候了。
I think it's time for us to start the lesson now．我想现在是我们开始上课的时候了。
（2）It is ／has been ＋时间段＋since ＋一般过去时。译为“自从„„以来已过了„„（时间）”。此结构可以与另一种句型进行同义句转换。如：
It has been two weeks since we met last．＝ Two weeks has passed since we met last．自从我们上次相遇以来，两个星期过去了。
It's three years since he came here．＝It has been three years since he came here．＝He has been here for three years．他到这里已经三年了。
2．表示距离。如：
It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school．从我家到学校步行得花半小时时间。—Where's the farm，Li Lei？Is it far？李雷，农场在哪里？远吗？
—No，it's quite near．不，（距）离这很近。
3．表示自然现象。如：
Sometimes it snows and the land is all white．有时下雪，大地一片白。
It is very quiet here at the moment．眼下这儿很安静。
四、用作形式主语。
英语中常常见到某个句子以it开头，it与其后面的动词不定式短语、动名词短语、名词性从句等相呼应，以表达一个完整的意义。这是一种习惯表达法，这样的句式可避免句子显得头重脚轻。
1．It＋is／was＋形容词＋（for／of sb．）＋动词不定式短语。对于这个句型中究竟用 for还是用of，一般遵循这样的规则：如果形容词仅仅是描述事物的形容词，如：difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous等用for；如果形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的，如：kind，good，nice，clever等则用of。如：
It is interesting to play with snow in winter．冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。
It's important for us to keep the water clean．保持水质清洁对我们来说是很重要的。It's very kind of you to say so．你这样说真是太好了。
注意：这一句式中的形容词位置也可换用名词；连系动词be也可换用其它连系动词，如feel等。如：
It's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early．早睡早起是好习惯。
It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship．乘宇宙飞船飞往月球一定很有趣。It feels strange to have a twin sister．有个孪生姐妹感觉很奇怪。
2．It ＋will be／is ／was ＋形容词＋动名词短语。如：
It's bad playing in the street．在街上玩是没好处的。
Is it any good trying again？再试一次有用吗？
3．It＋is／was＋形容词＋从句。如：
It is certain that he will come．他一定会来。
It's true that he may fall behind the other students．他真的可能落后于其他同学。
It is strange that he should say so．他居然这么说，真是奇怪。
4．It ＋is ／was ＋one's turn（duty，pleasure）＋to do sth．意为“该轮到某人做某事（做某事是某人的责任、愉悦的事）”。如：
It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow．明天轮到你值日了。
5．It takes（sb．）some time to do sth．意为“（某人）花„„时间做某事”。如
It took me a week to finish reading the book．我花了一周时间看完这本书。
6．It ＋cost／costs ＋sb．＋some money ＋to do sth．译为“某人花多少钱做某事”。如：It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch．我买这块新手表花了260元。
7．It seems ／seemed ＋从句。译为“看起来好像„„”，此结构可以转换成“seem ＋动词不定式”形式。如：
It seems that he is ill．＝He seems to be ill．看起来他好像病了。
[原题再现]
①________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It
② In fact________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.thisB.thatC.thereD.it
答案: ① D ② D
五、用作形式宾语。
当句子的真正宾语是动词不定式、动名词或从句时，为避免句子头重脚轻，须将其放在宾语补足语之后，改用先行词it占据其原来的位置。it用作形式宾语的句型为：主语＋谓语＋it＋宾语补足语＋动词不定式／动名词／从句。该句型中宾语补足语可由形容词、名词等充当。如：
He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well．他发现学好一门外语是不容易的。We think it no good reading in bed．我们认为躺在床上看书无益处。
I think it necessary that we have the meeting．我认为开这个会是必要的。
[原题再现]
Don't ________that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be most successful.A.take as grantedB.take this for granted
C.take that for grantedD.take it for granted
答案: D
六.构成强调句。
如：
It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.今天早晨，就是在街上我看见李明。
[原题再现]
________was in 1979________I graduated from university.A.That;that B.It;that C.That;when D.It;when
答案: B
七.构成特殊句式。如：
It seems as if we should finish it tomorrow.【练习】
（1）There is a photo on the wall.____ the photo of Lei Feng.A.It B.Its C.It's D.He（高考，1980)
（2)Is＿necessary to tell his father everything?
A.it B.that C.what D.he(MET1987)
(3)Is＿possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?
A.now B.man C.that D.it
(4)I consider____ my duty to help you．
A.it B.this C.that D.its
(5).It was at four o'clock in the afternoon ____ he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan.A.while B.that C.when D.as
答案：(1)C(2)A(3)D(4)A(5)B
(6)．I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.（2004全国I）
A.this B.that C.it D.one
(7).-Do you like ___ here?
-Oh，yes.The air，the weather，the way of life.Everything is so nice.（2004全国II）
A.this B.these C.that D.it
(8)．The Parkers bought a new house but ____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.A.they B.it C.one D.which
(9).I hate___ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it B.that C.these D.them
(10).Joan had often heard____ said that Marley had no money.A.it B.this C.that D.one
答案：C D B A A
八、it, one和that作替代词的用法及区别
it, one和that虽然都可以用来替代前面所提到的一个单数名词,以避免重复,但在具体用法上却有不同。简述如下:
1.it代替前面提到的同一事物,该事物既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。
[原题再现]
The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ______?
A.did theyB.didn't theyC.did itD.didn't it
答案: D
2.one代替前面提到的同类事物中的一个。该事物只能是可数名词,前面可以有冠词,也可以被this、that或形容词修饰,其后也可以有定语。
[原题再现]
-Why don't we have a little break?
-Didn't we just have________?
A.it B.that C.one D.this
答案: C
3.that代替前面提到的同类事物中特指的一个。该事物既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名
词,要有后置定语,但不可以有前置修饰语。
[原题再现]
Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.A.someB.anyC.thatD.those
答案: C
高考“it”的用法英语题
历届高考英语单项选择题精选
（一）“it”的用法
1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?
A.thatB.while
C.in whichD.then(88)
2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day?
A.thisB.that
C.itD.he(89)
3.I don
t think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.thisB.that
C.itsD.it(91)
4.Does ______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time?
A.thisB.that
C.heD.it(91)
5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , thatB.until , that
C.until , thatD.when , then(92)
6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.thatB.this
C.oneD.it(93)
7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.whileB.which
C.thatD.since(94)
8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.This
C.ThatD.It(95)
9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.untilB.that
C.thenD.so(97)
10.I hate _____ when people talk with their mouths full.A.itB.that
C.theseD.them(98)
11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.oneB.that
C.whatD.it(2000)
KEYS:1-5 ACDDB6-10 DCDBA11 B ’
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