第一篇:高中英语必修一Unit5 知识点讲解及答案
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高考英语课本回归早读晚练5 早读:
Ⅰ.词汇短语过关
1.quality n.质量;品质;性质,特征 quantity n.数量 be of good/bad quality 好/坏的品质 be of high/poor quality 优/劣质 extra fine quality 特等 first-rate quality 一等 [即学即练1]
(1)He has a watch _________________.他有只质量好的手表。
(2)One ______ of wood is that it can burn.木材的一个特性是可以燃烧。(3)It's cheaper to buy goods __________________.购物的量大就便宜一些。答案是:of good quality;quality;in large quantities 2.devote vt.(与 to 连用)献身;专心于 devoted adj.热爱的;忠诚的
devoteoneself time one's life money energy+to sth.把„„用在,doing sth.把„„献给
sb.be devoted to 专心致志于;忠于;很喜欢 a devoted friend 一位忠实的朋友 [即学即练2]
(1)She devoted her lifetime ____________ homeless children.她把一生用来帮助无家可归的孩子。
(2)His whole life has been devoted ____________ the origin of cancer.他的一生都献给了对癌症起因的研究。
(3)After he graduated, he continued to ______________research.毕业之后他继续致力于研究工作。
答案是:to helping;to studying;devote himself to 3.vote vt.& vi.投票,选举 n.投票;选票;表决 vote for投票赞成 vote against投票反对 vote on投票表决
vote...down投票击败,投票否决 vote through投票通过
put...to the vote付诸表决,裁决 [即学即练3]
(1)Did you ________________________ her?你投了她的赞成票还是反对票?(2)He ____________ the most promising new director.他当选为最有前途的新导演。(3)The plan was passed by 6 ____________ 3.这项计划以6票对3票获得通过。答案是:vote for or against;was voted;votes to 提示:vote for表示“投票赞同”; vote against表示“投票反对”,类似结构还有“be for/against;fight for/against”。
4.equal vt.等于;抵得上adj.相等的;胜任的 n.同等/相等的人或物
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equality n.平等
A equals B in...A在„„方面比得上B be equal to+n./doing sth.等于;与„„相等;有„„的能力(勇气、力量等);胜任,能干 be without equal/have no equal 无与伦比 [即学即练4](1)He equals me ______ strength but not ______ intelligence.他和我力气相当,但智力不同。(2)Are men equal ______ women ______ physical strength?在体力上男人和女人相同吗?(3)She did not feel equal ____________ visitors.她觉得自己不适合接待来客。(4)Yao Ming is a basketball player ____________ in China.在中国,姚明是个无与伦比的篮球运动员。
答案是:in in;to in;to receiving;without equal 5.escape vi.逃脱;逃走vt.避免;免除 n.逃跑;逸出;出口 escape from 从„„逃脱,逃走 escape+n./doing sth.避免(做)某事 a narrow/near escape死里逃生
fire escape太平梯,安全梯;安全出口 [即学即练5]
(1)The bird has _____________ its cage.小鸟已从笼中逃掉了。(2)Is the gas ____________ somewhere?是不是有地方漏气?
(3)How can we escape ___________/______________?我们怎样才不会被人发现?(4)His name _________ me for the moment.我一时想不起他的名字来。答案是:escaped from;escaping;observation;being observed;escapes 6.reward n.报酬;奖金;vt.酬劳,奖赏 rewarding adj.报答的,有益的,值得的 as a reward for 作为(对某事的)报酬/奖赏 in reward of 为酬谢„„;作为奖励
reward sb.for sth./doing sth.为(做)某事而报答某人 reward sb.with sth.用某物奖赏某人 [即学即练6]
(1)It's __________________ virtue.那是对美德的回报。
(2)I don't expect anything ____________; I did it because I enjoyed it.我不指望得到什么报答,我做这件事只是因为我喜欢干。
(3)They ________ the boy ______ £5 ______ bringing back the lost dog.他们给了那个男孩五英镑,酬谢他把走失的狗送回来。
答案是:a reward for;in reward;rewarded with for 7.out of work 失业
out of business 破产;歇业 out of control 失控 out of repair 失修 out of order 有毛病 out of date 过时
out of one's reach 够不着 out of danger 脱险
out of question 毫无疑问
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out of the question 不可能的 out of patience 失去耐心 out of temper 发脾气 out of mind 心不在焉 [即学即练7]
(1)________________,______________.[谚]眼不见,心不念。(离久情疏。)(2)He’s been __________________for six months.他已经失业六个月了。
(3)It is __________________that he will be admitted into key universities.他能考上重点大学是不成问题的。
答案是:Out of sight;out of mind;out of work;out of question 8.in trouble 处在困难/麻烦中(表状态)get(sb.)into/out of trouble 使(某人)陷入/摆脱困境(表动作)ask/look for trouble 找麻烦 make trouble 闹事;捣乱
have trouble in doing sth.做某事有麻烦 take the trouble to do sth.不辞辛苦地做某事 put sb.to the trouble of doing sth.麻烦某人做某事 [即学即练8]
(1)My friends always help me out when I am ____________(有麻烦时).(2)Don’t mention my name, or you’ll ________________(给我惹麻烦).(3)They ________________________(费心地)find the right person.答案是:in trouble;get me into trouble;took great trouble to 9.lose heart(=be discouraged)气馁;灰心;泄气
lose one's heart to sth.(=devote oneself to sth.)把身心投入到„„ lose one's heart to sb.(=fall in love with sb.)喜欢„„ [即学即练9]
(1)It is said that the team lost the game simply because the team leader ____________.据说这个队比赛输了就是因为队长丧失了信心。
(2)Don’t ____________; all will turn out well.不要失去勇气,一切都会好起来的。答案是:lost heart;lose heart 拓展:put one's heart into 把全部心思放在„„ have sth.in one's heart 把„„放在心上 have one's heart in sth.对某事有兴趣
set one's heart on/upon sth.渴望/热衷于某事
learn...by heart 记住;背诵 take heart 振作精神,鼓起勇气 10.turn to求助于;致力于 turn away拒绝,不准某人入内 turn around转身
turn down拒绝;调小 turn in上交 turn off关掉 turn on打开
turn out赶出;证明是,结果是
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turn over翻身,翻转
turn up露面,出现;开大 [即学即练10]
(1)Nobody seems to understand.I don’t know who to ____________.似乎没人懂这个,我不知道该向谁求助。
(2)Paul __________________ alcohol to try to forget his problems at work.保罗借酒消愁,想忘掉工作中的问题。
(3)The job ______________________ than we thought.这份工作结果比我们想像的更难。(4)Why did she ____________ your invitation?她为什么拒绝你的邀请? 答案是:turn to;turned to drinking;turned out(to be)harder;turn down 11.set up 设立;建立 [即学即练11]
写出下列各句中set up的意思。
(1)They set up a notice on the wall._________(2)They set up a committee to investigate the matter.__________(3)Chinese athletes set up quite a few new world records in the 15th Asian Games.____________ 答案是:张贴;建立;创(纪录)拓展:set about 开始做,着手
set aside 使分离;留出;拔出;不理会 set back 推迟,阻碍
set down 记下;写下;规定
set off 引起爆炸;动身出发;引起 set out 动身出发;开始;陈述;陈列 易 错 点 拨
自我完善•误区备考 1.reward/award/prize(1)reward 指对某人的服务或工作等的报答,也指因帮助警察抓住罪犯或帮助失主找到东西而得到的奖金、酬金。
(2)award 指为鼓励在工作中达到或完成所提出的要求或条件的人而进行的奖励,往往强调荣誉而不在乎奖品的多少。
(3)prize多指在各类竞赛、竞争或抽奖中所赢得的“奖,奖品”。
[应用1](1)She received a medal as a ______ for her courage.她得到一枚奖章,作为对她勇敢的奖赏。
(2)A ______ was given to the person who had the winning number.奖品给了那个获得中奖号码的人。
(3)He won the ______ for the best student of the year.他获得本年度优秀学生奖。答案是:reward;prize;award 2.名词短语或副词做连词,引导时间状语从句
[应用2](1)Betty shows great interest in this poem now, but she thought it boring ______ she read it.A.at the first time B.the first time C.for the first time D.at first 答案:B 解析:the first time“第一次时”,引导时间状语从句。(2)My sister came ______ she got my short message.第 4页
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A.exactly B.especially C.directly D.simply 答案:C 解析:directly=as soon as“一„„就„„”,引导时间状语从句。(3)He left Europe ______ World War Ⅱ broke out.A.the year B.in the year C.during the year D.for the year 答案:A 解析:the year“在„„这一年”,引导时间状语从句。晚练:
自我测评•技能备考 Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.He was made ______________(董事长)of the club.2.He is the sort of man to be trusted because he always lives up to his _______________(原则). 3.His effort was _____________(回报)with great success.4.Most children in cities are better __________(教育)than those in the countryside.5.He was ____________(判刑)to death.答案是:president;principle;rewarded;educated;sentenced 6.She cried in t__________ when she saw a snake.7.Black people are born e______ to the whites so they should share the same rights as them.8.This company is more concerned with q________ than with quantity.9.He is s_________ and he is always thinking of himself.10.In my o__________,we should put off the sports meeting.答案是:terror;equal;quality;selfish;opinion Ⅱ.单项选择
1.As ______ matter of fact, ______ beauty of ______ nature there made an excellent impression on me.A.a;the;/ B.a;the;the C.the;the;/ D.a;/;the 答案:A 解析:考查冠词。as a matter of fact 实际上,事实上;nature 指“大自然”,不用冠词。2.The police ______ roadblocks on routes out of the city to prevent the criminal from escaping.A.set up B.set back C.set down D.set aside 答案:A 解析:set up “建立,设立”合题意。set back 阻碍;set down 写下,记下;set aside 留下。3.(2010•临川一中)Although ______ my opinion, the old professor didn't come up with his own.A.in B.against C.for D.on 答案:B 解析:考查介词用法。语意:虽然老教授反对我的观点,但是他也没有提出自己的观点。前半句是“Although he was against my opinion”的省略结构。4.—Did you give the book to him? —Yes.I gave it to him ______ I saw him.A.once B.the moment C.while D.suddenly 答案:B 解析:the moment 用做连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“一„„就„„”。5.They agreed to the plan ______,but there were some details they didn't like.A.in danger B.in peace C.in principle D.in common
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答案:C 解析:考查介词短语。in principle“原则上,大体上”合题意。in danger 危险; in peace 和平;in common 和„„一样。
6.Courage is one of the best ______ of a good soldier.A.quality B.quantity C.qualification D.feature 答案:A 解析:指“品质”用 quality。B.数量;C.资格;D.特色,特征。
7.Mr Read made up his mind to devote all he had to ______ some schools for poor children.A.set up B.have set up C.setting up D.having set up 答案:C 解析:句中的 all后面的 he had为定语从句,此题考查动词短语 devote...to 的用法。to为介词,排除A、B两项。set up schools的动作并未发生,排除D项。8.Fitness is important in sport, but of at least ______ importance are skills.A.fair B.reasonable C.equal D.proper 答案:C 解析:be of equal importance 具有同等的重要性。9.You were lucky to escape ______.A.punished B.from punishing C.being punished D.from being punished 答案:C 解析:escape being punished=escape punishment 逃过受罚。
10.(2009•宜昌模拟)It is said that the police have offered a large ______ for information leading to the robber's arrest.A.award B.prize C.reward D.welfare 答案:C 解析:指“奖赏、酬金”用 reward。
11.In 2009, 3.88 million students graduated from colleges and universities, ______ 20% increase from 2008, some of whom remain out of ______work.A./;/ B.a;/ C.a;the D.the;/ 答案:B 解析:第一空表示“一个20%的增长率”用a;第二空 out of work “失业”。
12.When ______ great trouble, you should learn to make the quick choice without someone to turn ______ for advice.A.in;down B.in;to C.into;up D.under;to 答案:B 解析:考查固定搭配。in trouble处在困难中;turn to sb.for sth.向某人请求某物/事。13.Only ______ as an interpreter ______ how important it was to practise speaking English.A.when I worked;I realized B.when did I work;did I realize C.when I work;did I realize D.when I worked;did I realize 答案:D 解析:当only出现在句首修饰时间状语从句时,主句应使用部分倒装。14.The old man told us not to remain ______ there was danger.A.in which B.the place where C.at the place D.where 答案:D 解析:考查 where 引导的地点状语从句,此时不能换成 in which,相当于 at the place
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where/in which。
15.______,and Charles felt hopeless.A.Sentenced to death B.As he was sentenced to death C.Sentencing to death D.He was sentenced to death 答案:D 解析:考查句式用法。由于有连词 and,故选D。Ⅲ.完形填空
When I was young, I really doubted whether there was love between my parents.Every day they were busy earning money so that they could __1__ the high tuition my brother and I needed.They didn't __2__ in the romantic ways that I read in books or saw on TV.One day, Mom was sewing a quilt(被子).I __3__sat down beside her.“Mom, I have a __4__ here,” I said after a while.“Is there love between you and Dad?” I asked her in a very __5__ voice.Mom stopped her work and raised her head with __6__ in her eyes.She didn't answer immediately.She bent her head and continued to sew the quilt.I was __7__ if I had hurt her.I was in great embarrassment and I was at a loss what to do.But at last she said, very __8__ , “Susan, look at this __9__.Sometimes it appears, but most of it disappears in the quilt.The thread really makes the quilt strong and lasting.If __10__ is a quilt, then love should be a thread.It can hardly be seen, but it's really there.__11__ is inside.”
I listened carefully but I couldn't understand her until years later.One day, Dad accidentally got__12__ while on duty.Ever since then he could no longer__13__ properly.Every morning and dusk Mom would help Dad walk slowly on the country road.Along the country road, there were beautiful flowers, green grass and trees.The leaves were gently glistening __14__ the sun shining upon them.All of these made up the most beautiful __15__ in the world.“Dad, how are you feeling now?” I asked him one day.“Susan, don't worry about me,” he said gently.“I just like walking with your mom.I like this kind of life.” Looking into his eyes, I__16__ what they meant.The doctor had said Dad would __17__in two months.But that day never came.He __18__ away in peace.__19__ I thought love meant flowers, gifts and sweet kisses.But from this __20__ , I understand that love is just a thread in the quilt of our life, which makes life strong and warm...1.A.afford B.cost C.spend D.offer 2.A.go B.live C.act D.walk 3.A.happily B.silently C.secretly D.nervously 4.A.request B.problem C.message D.question 5.A.loud B.light C.low D.clear 6.A.surprise B.anger C.stress D.horror 7.A.amazed B.confused C.shocked D.ashamed 8.A.quickly B.excitedly C.bitterly D.gently 9.A.quilt B.needle C.thread D.sewing 10.A.belief B.work C.experience D.life
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11.A.Warmth B.Thread C.Cotton D.Love 12.A.tired B.drunk C.ill D.injured 13.A.talk B.walk C.work D.think 14.A.with B.as C.for D.by 15.A.signs B.symbols C.pictures D.reflections 16.A.read B.doubted C.translated D.recognized 17.A.retire B.recover C.regain D.remove 18.A.passed B.escaped C.faded D.turned 19.A.Again B.Once C.Then D.Later 20.A.lesson B.account C.experience D.accident 答案及解析: 1.A。句意为:“他们忙着挣钱,以便能够支付我和我的弟弟需要的高昂学费。”afford和can/could 连用表示“付得起钱或抽得出时间”。2.C。句意为:“他们没有按照我在书中读到的或在电视中看到的浪漫的方式做事。act做事,行事。
3.B。由于作者有一个严肃的问题想问母亲,所以她静静地坐在母亲旁边。
4.D。从后文的问句可知答案从B或D中选择。考查question和problem的区别。对于让对方回答的问题要用question。
5.C。由于这个问题很严肃,所以作者只能用低低的声音问。
6.A。作者的母亲没有想到作者会问这样的一个问题,所以刚听到的时候母亲眼中充满了惊奇。
7.B。从后句中的“我很尴尬和我不知道要做什么”,我们可以知道作者不知道自己是否伤害了母亲,所以该空用confused表示“困惑的,不清楚的”。
8.D。过了一会儿,母亲语气柔和地说道。在这样一个充满温情的情景中,说话的声音自然是很轻很柔和的。
9.C。根据语境知道是指线,有时露出被子,有时隐藏在被子中。10.D。后文的句子I just like walking with your mom.I like this kind of life.暗示答案用life,作者把生活比喻为被子。
11.D。文章讲的是父母之间是否有爱,所以用love。爱是内在的,是用实际行动来灌溉的。12.D。get injured 受伤。
13.B。由下文中的help Dad walk slowly on the country road可知父亲受伤后不能正常地到处行走。
14.A。考查with复合结构,在该句中用with复合结构表示伴随。15.C。落叶和母亲搀扶父亲行走的画面构成了世界上最美丽的图画。16.A。read可以做“理解,读懂”,如:read one's thought等。17.B。recover受伤后的恢复健康。
18.A。从前句中的but可知父亲没有恢复健康,而是平静地离开了人世。pass away去世。19.B。过去作者认为爱意味着鲜花等,但是现在作者理解了爱的真正含义,所以答案为B。20.C。从这次经历中作者明白了爱的真正含义。Ⅳ.短文改错
Last Sunday I saw the worst storm in years.It came sudden and went on for over three hours.After lunch, I 1.______ went into my room to have a rest.The air was hotter, and 2.______ all is quiet.Then a strong wind started to blow into my 3.______
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room.Pieces of paper on my desk flew high into the air 4.______ and some flew out the open window.As I ran out to catch 5.______ 答案是:sudden→suddenly;hotter→hot;out→out of;√ ;is→was them, big drop of rain began to fall.When I came back 6.______ into house, it was raining harder and harder.I tried 7.______ very hard to close the window.Then I heard a loudly 8._____________ crashing(碰撞的)sound from the back of the house.When I ran 9.______ out to find that a big tree had fallen down and broke the 10.______ 答案是:top of the back room.;drop→drops;house前加the;loudly→loud;去掉When;broke→broken
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第二篇:高一英语必修一unit5知识点及练习
必修 I---Unit 5 I---V Nelson Mandela—a modern hero
一、知识点
1.A great person is a someone who devotes his/her life to helping others.伟人是把自己的生命奉献给帮助别人的人。(He started to study ecology and decided to devote his whole life to the science.他开始研究生态学,并决心将他的一生献身于这门科学。He devoted himself entirely to music.他将一生奉献给了音乐。)
2.fight against 对抗,反对,与„„作斗争
We are all brothers in the same fight against injustice.在共同反对非正义行为的斗争中, 我们都是同志.People often have to fight for their liberty.人们往往不得不为自由而战。
He and his wife are always fighting about who will take after the children.他与他妻子总是在为由谁来照看孩子而吵架。
3.He worked selflessly in China as a doctor and saved many Chinese soldiers.作为一个医生他无私地在中国工作,并且拯救了很多中国战士。
4.He strongly believed in the three principles: nationalism;people’s rights;people’s livelihood.他主张三民主义:民主、民权、民生。5.be free from 免于,不受
A judge must be free from prejudice.法官必须不抱成见。6.in a peaceful way 以和平的方式 7.be in prison 入狱,在狱中服刑 in the prison 在监狱
8.the same„as„和„„一样
9.the first man to land on the moon 第一个登上月球的人
10.The time when I first met him was a very difficult period of my life.第一次见到他的时候是在我一生中非常艰难的时期。(定语从句)
11.He was generous with his time,for which I was grateful.他十分慷慨地给予我时间,我为此非常感激。(He is generous with his money.他花钱大方。I am grateful to you for helping me.感谢你的帮助。Our grateful thanks are due to you.我们衷心感谢你。)12.have little education 受的教育少
13.I could not read or write well.我既不会读也不会写。
14.I worried about whether I would become out of work.我担心我是不是会失业。15.I became more hopeful about my future.我对自己的未来充满了希望。(I am hopeful that she will come tomorrow.我对她明天要来抱着希望。)16.as soon as I could 尽快,马上
17.The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.(定语从句)过去30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺我们的权利,阻挡我们的进步,一直到今天,我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。(The 19th century saw many changes.许多变革发生于19世纪。at an early stage in our history 在我们的历史早期)
18.„we were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government.我们被置于这样一个境地:要么我们被迫接受低人一等的现实,要么
跟政府作斗争。
19.Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.只有到这个时候,我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。(Only 位于句首,修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时,句子采用部分倒装的语序;修饰状语从句时,只有主句采用部分倒装的语序。
如:① Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem.只有这样,你才能想出解决这个问题的办法。
② Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.叫了三次他才来参加会议。③ Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.病的很重时,他才卧床休息。Only then did I realize my mistake.直到那时我才知道我的错误.)
20.as a matter of fact 事实上(As a matter of fact,it is health that counts.事实上,健康才是最重要的。As a matter of fact, parents don’t want their children to be in trouble.事实上,父母都不希望子女有麻烦。)
21.In 1963, I helped him blow up some government buildings.在1963年,我帮助他炸毁了一些政府大楼。(Can you lend me a pump to blow up my bicycle tyres? 你能借给我个打气筒给车胎打打气吗? Then it turned out that some stars, like our own sun will blow up one day.然后,事实上有些恒星,就像我们自己的太阳,有朝一日会爆炸。)
22.„I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white people equal.„„我知道这是为了实现我们的黑人和白人平等的梦想。23.in trouble 处于困境 遇到麻烦? ? Do as you're told, otherwise you'll be in trouble.叫你怎麽做就怎麽做, 否则有麻烦.24.be willing to do sth.愿意,乐于Only very few people would be willing to share with him their opinions.很少有人愿意跟他分享他们的见解。
25.What was his attitude towards the unfair situation black people faced? 他对黑人面临的不公平处境什么态度?
26.turn to 变成;求助于,借助于, 翻到,转向?? She had no one to turn to for advice.她没有一个可以商量的人。
Who can I turn to in my hour of need? 在我需要的时候我能向谁求助呢?
As they were out of work,??Mr and Mrs Black had to turn to their relatives for help.布莱克夫妇由于失业,不得不向亲戚求帮助。
27.„ the quality of life for black people got worse.„„ 黑人的生活质量更糟糕。
28„.many people remember me as one of the first active black fighters for human rights 很多人认为我是为人权而战的第一批积极的黑人战士之一。29.lose heart 灰心;泄气, 丧失勇气,失去信心
Difficulties were increasing.Even then we did not lose heart.尽管困难在增加,但我们毫不灰心。
You will succeed sooner or later while you don't lose heart.只要你不失去信心,你迟早会成功。If you fail, you should not lose heart but just keep on going.如果你失败了,你也不该灰心。30.escape from 逃脱,逃离,从„„逃出
He listens to music as an escape from the pressures of work.他听音乐以缓解一下工作的压力.He stayed in the background to escape from the public attention.他呆在幕后为了避开公众的注
意。
The couple had a narrow escape from the fire.这对夫妻从火灾中死里逃生。
31.He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep.在午餐的休息时间和晚上我们本应该睡觉的时候他教授我们。should have done 本应做而未做 needn’t have done 本不应做而做了 can’t have done 过去不可能做过
32.He said they should not be stopped from studying for their degrees.他说他们不应该被剥夺通过学习获得学位的权利。
33.„but they did pass their exams.但是他们确实通过了考试。34.That made me feel good about myself.这让我觉得自己还不错。35.be better educated 受到良好教育 36.I didn’t work again for twenty years until the ANC came to power in 1994.在非国大于1994年执政之前,我有20年没有工作。(After Mandela came to power and became president, his government did their best to change the unfair situation for black people.曼德勒掌权成为总统后,他的政府尽力为黑人改变不平等的状况。)37.All the terror and fear of that time came back to me.我回忆起那时的所有的恐怖和令人畏惧的情景。
After the attack , her eyes filled with terror every time when she saw a dog.自从遭遇袭击之后,她每次看见狗,眼睛里都满是恐惧。38.be proud to do sth.I'll be proud to be part of it 我会以成为其中一份子而自豪。be proud of sth You should be proud of what you have achieved.你们应当为自己所取得的成绩而自豪。39.set up创立,建立,为„作准备;竖立,架起,建造;开业,开始经商 The company was set up ten years ago.公司是十年前建立的。
He plans to set up his own business.他决定自己做生意。
He begged me to let him join the club we have just set up.他恳求我让他加入我们刚建立的俱乐部。
40.be sentenced to „ 被判处„„
He suggested that the murderer referred to be sentenced to death at once.他建议所涉及到的杀人凶手立刻被判处死刑。
Robert was sentenced to three years in prison for stealing and released a month ago.罗伯特因偷窃被判处三年监禁,于一个月前被释放。
41.Do you have any thoughts on that? 你认为那怎么样? 42.to my understanding 按我的理解
43.He was in poor health in his youth so he had to be educated at home.他年轻时身体不好,所有只得在家接受教育。
44.be accepted by „ 被„„录取、接受 45.give free medical care to people there
给那儿的人免费医疗
As far as I know, in some developed countries people enjoy free medical care.就我所知,在一些发达国家人们享有免费医疗。46.He died from blood poisoning.他死于败血症。
47.At that time the war between China and Japan was under way.那时中日战争正在进行之中。48.Mao Zedong praised Bethune’s excellent qualities in this article.毛泽东在这篇文章了赞扬了白求恩的优良品质。
49.point of view 观察点;观点
It depends on your point of view.这将因个人观点而异。50.compete with„ 与„„竞争?? If you want to compete with someone, compete with yourself.如果你想同别人竞争,先同自己竞争。
51.advise??v.常用搭配
advise + n./pron.advise + doing advise sb.to do sth.advise + that从句(从句的谓语用“should + v原”,should 常省略)
注:1)与advise用法类似的动词如forbid, ,allow,permit,admit,consider等直接接动词作宾语时要用动名词,但接宾补(主补)时,宾补(主补)要用不定式。
如:We forbid smoking here.(宾语,用动名词)We forbid you to smoke here.(宾补,用动词不定式)You are forbidden to smoke here.(主补,用动词不定式)2)区别:advise(劝说)/persuade(劝服)
二、练习单项选择
1._____ out for the game.Some girls stay in the classroom, talking.A.Not all the students go
B.All the students not go
C.Both the students don’t go
D.All the students go 2.You can’t pass the coming examination if you ______.A.lose your heart
B.lose heart C.lose hearts
D.lose your hearts 3.You can’t _____ until tomorrow morning after the blood examination.A.not only eat but also drink
B.either eat or drink
C.neither eat nor drink
D.both eat and drink 4.If my brother is allowed to go out, ______.A.so I should
B.so am I
C.so should I
D.so I am
5.He ______ prison two years ago and now he _______.A.was put in;was set free
B.was shut into, is set free
C.put into, has been set freely
D.was put into;has been set free 6.Only at that time ______ that he had made a lot of mistakes in his homework.A.he realized
B.did he realize C.he did realized
D.realized he 7.This is the plane _______ he went to Shanghai ______ business.A.where, for a
B.by which, on the
C.on which, on
D.where, on 8.—I can ’t see the words on the blackboard clearly.—Why, your eyes need _____.Perhaps you need _______ glasses.A.to examined, to wear
B.to examine ,to wear
C.to be examined, to wear
D.examining, wearing 9.Instead, he seemed to see Tom ’s face, with the wide smile he ______ whenever he told a joke.A.wore
B.brought
C.appeared
D.carried 10.This is ______ that dog.A.as a big dog as
B.as big a dog as C.a as big dog as
D.a big as dog as 11.A new school was ______ in the village last year.A.held up
B.set up
C.sent up
D.brought up 12.The number of the students in our school _____ large.A.are
B.is C.am
D.be 13.The road to the mountains _____ by the snow for almost a month.A.has been cut off B.have been cut off C.has been cut down D.have been cut down 14.According to the time table , the train for Beijing______ at seven o’clock in the evening.A.leaves
B.has left
C.was left
D.will leave 15.We were all waiting for you.You _____for the seaside by yourself without leaving a message.A.mustn’t leave
B.shouldn’t have left C.could not have left D.needn’t leave
16.I can still remember the sitting-room ______ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.A.what
B.which
C.where
D.that
17.Only yesterday _____ him the truth, which was a big shock to him.A.his father told
B.told his father C.did his father tell D.his father did tell 18.He _____ a great actor as a child, and at last his dream ______.A.dreamed to be;came to true
B.dreamed of being;realized
C.dreamed of being;came true
D.dreamed being;realized 19.It’s impossible for all the people to get jobs because _____ of them are not fit for them.A.none of
B.all C.not all D.everyone 20.They will not _____ even if they can’t win the match.A.lose their hearts B.lose their heart C.lose heart D.lose the heart 21.My family climbed up the hills, ______ we had a picnic.A.on the top of it B.on its top
C.on the top of which D.on the top of that 22.She is the only one of the girls in her school who ______ the piano well.A.plays B.play C.playing D.are playing 23.---Did you give him the book to him?
---Yes.I gave it to him___ I saw him.A.once
B.the moment
C.while
D.suddenly
必修I---unit 5练习参考答案
(三)ABBBD BCCAB BBAAB CCCBC CAB
第三篇:高中英语必修一知识点介绍
III.单词:
1、survey n.调查,概述; v.测量,检查;
e.g.a.A recent survey showed most of those questioned were for the plan.最近的民意测验显示大多数调查对象同意这项计划。
b.The governor surveyed the damage caused by the tsunami.州长查看了海啸引起的破坏情况。思维拓展:
(1).make a survey of sth.调查… make a general survey of sth 纵观…(2).survey sth.调查,评述,检查 survey the equipment 检查设备 词汇派生:
surveyor n.测量员,检察员
2、add v.增加,增添
e.g.a.Shall I add your name to the list? 我可以把你的名字写进名单吗? b.A new wing was added to the building.这座大楼新添了一座边房。思维拓展:
add up sth 把……加起来 add sth to sth 把……加到…… add to sth = increase 增加了。。add up to 合计;总共 add in 包括……;算进
指点迷津:
(1).add sth to sth 是“把……加到……上去“,add to 不能分开用,意为“增加了……”, 相当于increase 或raise.如:
e.g.a.He added some sugar to the coffee.他给咖啡里加了些糖。
The bad weather added to our difficulty.坏天气增加了我们的困难。
(2).add还可表示“补充说“,后常接从句。
e.g.He added that he was satisfied with the talk.它补充说他对会谈很满意。词汇派生:
addition n.附加物
additional adj.附加的 adding machine 加法机 in addition to 除……之外
3、point n.要点,尖端,含义; v.指出
e.g.a.The point is that you shouldn’t have to wait so long to see a doctor.关键是看病不应等那么久。
b.He pointed to the spot where the house used to stand.他指着那所房子原来所在的地方。思维拓展:
(1).come to the point of 到了……地步 to the point of 达到……的程度 be on the point of doing 正要做…… There is no point in …没必要/没意义做…… boiling point 沸点(2).point to/ at 指向……
point out sth to sb.向某人指出某事 point out that…指出……
point sth to/at sb.把……对着某人 指点迷津:
(1).当非善意地用手指某人时,只能用point at.(2).当表示指针指向、证据表明、建筑物的朝向时,用point to.如:
e.g.The house points to the sea.那所房子面向大海。词汇派生:
pointed adj.尖锐的;尖的 pointless adj.无意义的,无益的4、upset v.使不安,打乱 adj.心烦意乱的
e.g.a.His strange behavior upset his father.他的奇怪行径困扰着他父亲。
b.I understand how upset you must be feeling.我理解你心里有多难受。思维拓展:
(1).upset sb.使某人不安 upset the plan 搅乱了计划 upset the cup 打翻了杯子
It upsets sb that 让某人心烦的是…… It upsets sb to do sth 做……使某人不快。(2).be upset about 对……赶到心烦 指点迷津:
(1).upset 指由于某事的发生而心烦意乱。(2).nervous 在做某事的过程中紧张害怕的感觉。(3).anxious 因担心某事的发生或不发生而焦虑不安。词汇派生:
upset-upset-upset-upsetting
5、concern n.担心,关心,关系; v.涉及,有关
e.g.a.There is growing concern about violence on TV.人们对电视上的暴力内容日见担忧。
b.Don’t be involved in what doesn’t concern you.不要管那些与你无关的事。思维拓展:
(1).show/express concern about/ for 对……表示关心/担心
have concern with 和……有关系
with concern 关切地
(2).concern oneself about/ for 担忧/关心…… concern oneself with 从事,参与…… concern sb./ sth 与……有关 词汇派生:
concerned adj.有关的;担心的
be concerned about/ over/for 关心;挂念 be concerned with/ in 牵扯进/参与…… all parties concerned 有关各方
as/so far as …be concerned 就……而言
e.g.As far as I’m concerned, the sooner, the better.就我而言,越快越好。
6、cheat v.欺骗,作弊 n.骗子, 作弊者
eg.He is accused of cheating the taxman.他被控欺骗税务员.eg.The two cheats set up tow looms.这两个骗子支起两架织布机.思维拓展:
cheat sb.(out)of sth 骗取某人某物 cheat sb.into doing sth 骗某人做…… cheat sb.into the belief that 骗某人相信 catch sb.cheating in an exam 作弊被抓
7、feeling n.感觉,情绪
eg.have no feeling in my foot.没有知觉 eg.can understand his feelings 解他的心情.思维拓展: a feeling of hunger 饥饿感 a feeling of danger 危险感 a feeling of gratitude 感激的心情 have a feeling that 有……的预感 lose feeling in one’s legs 双脚失去知觉 hurt one’s feelings 伤害某人的感情 hide/ mask one’s feelings 隐瞒感情 express feelings 表达感情 构词法:
feel v.感觉出 feeler n.触角,触须 feelingly adv.充满感情地
8、series n.一系列,连续
e.g.There has been a series of accidents crossing.在那个十字路口曾经发生过一连串的事故.思维拓展:
a seires of 一连串的, 一系列的 a seroes of accidents 一连串事故 a series of articles 一系列文章 a TV series 一部电视连续剧
at the in series 连续,一系列地 构词法:
serial n.连续剧, 连载小说
9、nature n.(1)大自然, 自然界
the law of nature 自然法则 the balance of nature 生态平衡 the beauty of nature 大自然之美(2)本性,性情 human nature 人性
a man of gentle nature 性情温和的人(3)性质, 种类
be different in nature 性质不同 思维拓展:
be nature to nature 逼真 by nature 天生地
against nature 违反自然地
in a state of nature 处于未开化的状态 常用搭配:
it’s natural that = it’s natural for sb.to do sth 做……是当然的 e.g.It’s natural that we should carry out the plan.= it ‘s natural for us to carry out the plan.这个计划是当然的.10、powder n.能量,力量,权力
eg.Carry this luggage requires a lot of powder.搬运这件行李需要很大的力气.思维拓展:
be in powder 执政,掌权
come into powder = take power上台,执政 under one’s own power 凭借自身的力量 have the power to do sth 具有……的能力 beyond/ out of one’s powder 力所不能及的 构词法:
powerful adj.强有力的 powerless adj.无力的,无权的11、suffer v.遭受,忍受
eg.The city suffered serous damage from the earthquake.城市因地震遭受严重破坏.练习: suffer pain / loss / defeat / punishment / hardship 遭受痛苦/损失/失败/惩罚/艰难 思维拓展:
suffer from a bad cold 患重感冒 suffer for sth.为……而受苦 构词法:
suffering n.痛苦, 苦难 sufferer n.受难者, 患者
12、purpose n.目的,意图
eg.For what purpose did he go to Africa? 他去非洲的目的何在? 思维拓展:
on purpose = by accident 故意地 for the purpose of 为了……的目的 with the purpose of 抱着……的目的
one’s purpose in doing sth.某人做……的目的 构词法:
purposeful adj.有目的的,故意的 purposeless adj.无目的的 purposely adv.特意地,故意地
13、advice n.劝告,建议 eg.He gave us some advice on how to learn a foreign language.他就如何学习外语给我们提了一些建议.思维拓展:
give / offer sb.some advice on 就……给某人提建议 ask sb.for adcice 征求某人的意见
follow / take one’s advice接受某人的建议 do sth.by one’s advice 按某人的建议做…… on / upon one’s adcice 听某人的劝告 构词法:
adviser / advisor n.建议者,顾问 advisory adj.劝告的, 顾问的 advise v.建议
advise sb.to do sth 建议某人做……
advise sb.not to do sth = adcise sb.against doing sth 建议某人不要做……
advise doing sth 建议做…… advise that 建议…… advise sb.on 向某人提…..建议
14、effort n.努力 eg.You should put more effort into your work.你应该更加努力地工作.思维拓展:
make an effort to do 努力做…… = make every effort to do = make grat efforts to do = spare no effort to do without effort 毫不费力地 注: “ 全力做…..”的表达: do all out to do
do / try one’s best to do
do all / everything / what one can to do 构词法:
effortless adj.不费力的15、habit n.习惯,习性
eg.You need to change your eating habits.你需要改变饮食习惯.思维拓展:
develop / form the habit of = build up the habit of 养成……的习惯
fall / get into the habit of 染上……的习惯 be in the habit of = have the habit of 有……的习惯
get sb.into the habit of 使某人养成…..的习惯
get out of the habit of = give up the habit of = kick / break/ drop the habit of 戒除…….的习惯
do sth.out of habit 处于习惯做某事
IV.课文短语:
1.go through 通过;经受;仔细检查;完成 练习:
go through too many wars 经过太多的战争 go through with one’s promise 实践诺言
The new law has gone through.新的法律已经通过了.The teacher went through all the students’ homework.老师将学生的作业仔细的检查了一遍.思维拓展:
break through 冲破 get through 完成, 通过 live through 活过…… look through 浏览 read through 通读 see through 看穿
have been through with 经受过(很多苦)through thick and thin 共患难 through and through 彻底,完全
2.hide away 躲避,隐蔽
eg.a.The thief hid away in the woods for a week.小偷在树林里隐藏了一周.b.They hid away the solider from the enemy.他们藏起了这个战士以躲避敌人.思维拓展:
常用被动语态形式的结构:
be hidden among the woods 躲在树林里 be devoted to education 献身教育 be stationed in the village 驻扎在村里 be buried in reading 专心阅读 be seated beside me 坐在我身边
3.set down 记下,放下,认为,归因于……
eg.a.Set down his name and address.记下他的名字和地址.b.He set down the book on the bable.他把书放在桌上.c.I set the man down as a solier.我以为那人是个士兵.d.I set down his bad temper to his health.我认为他的坏脾气是由于身体的原因.思维拓展:
set down(doing)sth 着手(做)某事 set out to do sth.着手做做某事 set off 动身,引爆 set up 竖起,创设,开办 注: 表示” 记下, 写下” 时
set down = put down = write down = get down
4.do with 处理,与…..有关
eg.He didn’t knkow what to do with his camel.他不知如何处置他的骆驼.思维拓展:
have sth.to do with 与……有关 have nothing to do with 与……无关
have much / a lot of to do with 与……有很大关系 指点迷津:(1)do with 表示 “ 处置” 时常与what 搭配,而 deal with 常与how 搭配.e.g.What to do with his camel how to deal with his camel(2)what与how 的其他搭配 What do you think of …? How do you like / find …? What to do it next
(3)do without 没有……也行
eg.If there’s none left we’ll have to do without.如果没有剩余的我们就只得将就了.5.for once 就这/ 那一次
eg.a.For once your’re right.只有这一次你是对的.b.I think we might relax orselves for this once.我想我们就这么一次可以放松一下.思维拓展:
all at once 突然;同时
once and for all 永远地;一劳永逸地 once in a while 偶尔 once more / again 再一次
once upon a time 从前(用于开始讲故事)at once 立刻;同时 指点迷津:
for once = this once = just for once = for this once
6.face to face 面对面地
eg.They stood face to face with each other.他们面对面地站着.思维拓展:
heart to heart 心贴心地, 坦诚地 shoulder to shouldedr 肩并肩地 hand in hand手拉手地 arm in arm臂挽臂地 side by side 并排地 back to back 背靠背地 指点迷津:
(1)face-to – face 是合成形容词,在句中作定语.eg.We’ll have a face-to-face interview.我们要进行一次面对面的采访.(2)face to face 中不用任何冠词.类似短语如: from door to door 挨门挨户地 from mouth to mouth 口口相传地 see eye to eye 完全同意地 from left to right 从左到右地
from generation to generation 一代一代地 from head to foot 从头到脚 from time to tme 不时地
(3)face to face 常与with 连用,表示 “与……面对面”, 在句中作状语.如:
eg.He came face to face with death.他面临死亡.7.get along with 进展,相处
eg.a.How are you getting along with your classmates? 你与同学相处怎样?
b.He’s getting along well with his business.他生意做得很顺利.思维拓展:
get along well / nicely with 与……相处得很好 get along badly with 与……相处得不好 指点迷津:
(1)get along with 中的along 也可以用on 替换.(2)get along with sb.是"与某人相处得如何",get along with sth 是"某事进展得如何"(3)在 He didn’t know that we were getting along with them.中,不能用how 代替that.当句中没有well, nicely 或 badly 等词时,才用how.e.g.I want to know how they are getting along with the work.我想知道他们的工作进展得怎么样
V.词义辨析:
1.pay, salary 与 wage
(1)pay 工资,薪金,是不可数名词.常指按时支付的固定薪酬,也指海陆军人以及在政府部门工作的人的新酬.可用来代替 salary 或wages.如:
eg.a.How much tax do they take out of your pay? 他们从你的工资中抽多少税?
b.I get my pay every Friday.我每星期五领薪水.(2)salary 薪水.可用作可数或不可数名词.通常指非体力劳动者(如:白领阶层的工作者或掌管业务的行政人员等)所得的报酬,一般按月发回半年、一年发放一次.如: eg.a.He is paid for his work at a high salary.他的工作薪水很高.
b.I draw my salary at the end of every month.我每个月底领工资.(3)wage 工资,工钱.通常指付给体力劳动者(如:蓝领工资,也可指按记时工资.常用复数形式,其谓语动词也用复数.有时工资多或少时,常说 much / little wage, 而不说 many / few wages.如:
eg.a.Wages are high in this country.这个国家的工资待遇高.
b.She has a rise in her wages.她涨了工资。
2.ignore 与be ignorant(1)ignore 装作不知,故意不理睬(2)be ignorant 不知道,没意识到.
eg.a.He ignores the doctor’s adcice and goes on smoking.他不顾(忽视)医生的忠告而继续抽烟.
b.I was ignorant(of the fact)that the boss could be so strict.我不知道老板居然那样严格.
3.calm, quiet, still 与 silent
(1)calm平静的,沉重着的.指无风浪或人的心情不激动;
(2)quiet 宁静的,安静的.指没有声音,不吵闹或心里没有烦恼、焦虑;(3)still 静止的,不动的.指没有运动或动作的状态;(4)silent 寂静的,沉默的,不发音的.指没有声音或不讲话. 如:
eg.a.He kept calm in face of great danger.面临巨大危险他还是保持镇静.
b.He leads a quiet life.他过着平淡的生活。
c.Ask the children to keep silent.让孩子们保持安静.
d.Please keep/stay still while I take your photo.我给你拍照时请别动。
4.concern, anxiety, care 与 worry
(1)concern 语气较轻,指对非常下的人或物的担忧;(2)anxiety “ 担忧,挂念,焦急",指对未来的事或不能确定的的不安,主要是怕发生不辛的事,但并非消极的悲观失望,而是积极地希望避免不辛,另外还有渴望做某事或获得某事的含义;
(3)care “担心,挂念,操心”,不仅指感情上的担忧,也包括在理智上对某事的挂念和操心;
(4)worry"担心,烦恼,操心",是日常用语,指过分的担心或无济于事的忧虑等.如: eg.a.His child’s future was his greatest concern.孩子的前途是他最关心的问题.
b.As his confidence in work increased , his anxieties about it disappeared.因为对工作的信心曾加了,他对工作的担忧消失了. c.Care had made him look ten years older.操心使他看起来老了10岁.
d.Too much worry had made him look like an old man.过分忧虑使他看起来像位老人.
5.in order to, so as to 与 so …as to
(1)in order to 引导的不定式作目的状语,可置于句首或句末.
(2)so as to 引导的不定式作目的状语,起位置一般在句末.
eg.a.In order to catch the train, he hurried through his work.为了赶火车,他匆匆忙忙完成了工作.(表目的)
b.He hurried through his work in order to / so as to catch the train.为了赶火车,他匆匆忙忙完成了工作.(表目的)(3)so … as to 结构中,so + adj./ adv.as to do 表示一个结果,意为达到某种程度.如:
e.g.a.She was so kind as to help the old lady off the bus.她好心地把那位老太太扶下了公共汽车. b.Would you be so kind as to lead me to the hospital? 请你把我带到医院去好吗?
指点迷津:
(1)否定结构:in order not to do 和 so as not to do.(2)主语从句主语一致时,才能用 in order to 或 so as to 来引导,否则,改用
so that 或 in order that 来引导.
eg.In order to see it clearly, I put on my galsses.= I put on my glasses in order to see it clearly.= I put on my glasses as to see it clearly.为了看清楚,我戴上了眼镜.
= I put on my glasses to see it clearly.= To see it clearly, I put on my glasses.6.energy, force, strength 与power
(1)energy 主要指 “人的精力", "自然界的能力"(2)force 主要指"非自然界的力量,暴力,势力,说服力,压制力,法律、道德或感情的力量,军事的力量"等.总之,它是活动过程中的力量;
(3)strength 常指固定潜在的力量,就人说,着重指力气,就物来,着重指强度、潜力等;
(4)power 主要指做一件事所依靠的能力、功能,人或机器等事物的潜在的或所能发挥出来的力量、职权、权利或政权.
eg.a.Old as he is, he has so much engergy that he can work 14 hours a day.尽管年纪大,但他有足够的精力每天工作14 小时.
b.The police had to use force when they took him to the police station.警察带他警察局时,他们不得不使用武力. c.Knowledge is power.知识就是力量. d.He lost some of the strength in his muscles when he stopped exercising.他停止锻炼时,肌肉就失去了力量
课文重现
1.Add up(增加)your score and see how many points you can get.(P1)2.Your friend comes to school very upset.The bell rings so you need to go to class.You will ignore the bell and go somewhere quiet to calm your friend down.(使某人平静下来)./ tell your friend that you’ve got to(不得不)go to class./ tell your friend that you are concerned about(关心,挂念)him/her but you have to go to class.You two will meet after class and talk then.(P1)
3.Your friend has gone on holiday(度假)and asked you to take care of(照顾)his /her dog.While walking the dog(遛狗), you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.(P1)
4.Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at(嘲笑)you, or just can’t understand what you are going through?(经历)(P2)
5.She and her family hid away(躲藏)for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered.(P2)
6.I don’t want to settle down(写下)a series of(一系列)facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.(P2)7.For example, when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose(故意)until half past eleven one evening in order to(目的是)have a good look at the moon for once by myself.(P2)
8.Another time five months ago, I happened to(碰巧)be upstairs one evening when the window was open….It was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face…(面对面)(P2)9.He used to work(过去常做某事)outdoors even in the middle of winter.(P4)
10.I’ m getting along well with(与某人相处友好)a boy in my class.(P6)
11.Join in(加入)people’s discussion.Try to make friends with(与某人交朋友)one or two classmates.(P7)
12.Mr.Jones lives alone(单独)and often feels lonely.(孤独)We communicate with each other(相互交流)by Internet /through the Internet.(P42)13.A friend in need is a friend indeed.(患难之交才是真正的朋友)(P46)
14.A friend to all is a friend to none.(滥交者无友)(P46)15.With clothes the new are the best;with friends the old are the best.(衣服是新的好;朋友是旧的好)(P46)
第四篇:高中英语必修一知识点总结
欢 迎 使 用,祝 您 学 有 所 成。
第一单元
1)add vt/vi加;添加;增添
add up合计 加起来,但在口语中有时用于否定句,表示“莫名其妙,不说明问题”。add up to 总计共达,所有一切都说明,总而言之。add sth(to sth)把……加到……里去。add to 增加,扩建。
add 表示“继续说,补充说”。区别add和increase add意思是“加,增加”,强调添加。或者表示将数字加起来求和。increase“增加”,表示在数量,产量,尺寸,程度等方面的增加。2)cheat v 欺骗;作弊 n 骗子;作弊者;骗人的事 cheat sb of sth
cheat sth out of sb 从某人处欺诈某物 cheat on/at/in 作弊,欺诈
3)list v 将事物列于表上;编事物的目录 n 名单;目录;一览表 make a list of 造表,列……表 take…off the list 从表上去掉…… stand first on the list 居首位,列前茅 as listed above 如上所列 3)share share in 分享,分担,共用
share sth with sb 和某人共用/共享某事物 share out 分配,分发;得到股息,升股息 share(n.)in/of 一分,部分
4)trust vi/vt 信任,信赖;依赖 trust in 相信,信任,信仰 trust to 依靠(运气等),依赖 trust that… 希望,想
5)suffer vt/vi 遭受,受到,蒙受;受痛苦,受折磨,受惩罚,受损伤 suffer from 受……伤害;患……病痛
注意:suffer 和 suffer from 都不能用于被动语态
6)calm vt/vi/adj.使平静;使镇定。平静的,镇静的,沉着的。calm down平静下来,镇定下来
quite指人对外界事物感触的安静。对人时,侧重不激动,平静温和,不发表意见。still指完全没有声音或者没有动静,突然静止不动。silent主要指人不爱说话,沉默不语。7)concern be concerned about 担心,关心
as/so far as…be concerned 关于,至于,就某人而言 have no concern for 毫不关心
concern oneself in/with/about sth 忙于,从事;关心,关切 have a concern in 和……有厉害关系 be concerned in/with 参与,与……有关
8)separate v/adj 分开,和……分手;单独的,分开的,不同的 separate…from 使……和……分离 9)reason lose one‟s reason 失去理智,发狂 by reason of 由于
bring sb to reason 说服某人理智些 within reason 合理 without reason 不合理 listen to reason 听从道理
reason sb into/out of sth 以理说服某人做/不做某事 10)power beyond /out of one‟s power 力所不及的,不能胜任的 =not within one‟s power
in power 当权的,握有政权的 come into power掌权,得势 11)habit form / make a habit of doing=make it a habit to do sth 养成做某事的习惯 be in the habit of 有……的习惯
fall/get into a habit of 沾染(养成)……习惯 break(off)a habit=get out a habit 戒除一种习惯 form good habits 养成良好的习out of habit 出于习惯
12)according to为介词短语,后跟名词,代词,不能很从句,表示“根据;按照;试……而定”。according to其后引出的信息应来自别人或者别处,不能来自说话者自己。according to其后不能跟opinion,view等名词。
according as 相当于连词,后跟从句,意为“正像,根据,按照,如果”。13)join in 区别join;join in;take part in;attend join 参加某个组织或者团体(党派,军队等)
,并且成为其中的一员。join in 参加正在进行着的活动,如游戏,讨论,辩论,谈话等。
take part in 参加会议或者群众性的活动,并且在其中法会一定的作用。
attend 参加会议、仪式、婚礼、葬礼、上课、上学、听报告等。重在强调“参与”的动作,不强调参加者的作用。14)dare 作实意动词有人称和数的变化,也有时态的变化;作情态动词,用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中,有时态的变化,但是没有人称和数的变化。
①在肯定据中的dare,dares,dared之后,不定式一遍加to。②在否定句中和疑问句中的dare之后,不定时一般不加to。
③在用do或者does构成的否定句和疑问句中,理论上虽然应该有to,实际使用却经常把to省略。I dare say…我敢打赌说……
15)go through 经历;经受;通过考试;经过;审阅;检查
go with 伴随,与……协调 go up 上升;建起;上涨 go over检查,审查;复习,重温 go out 熄灭;公布;播出 go ahead 进行,进展;(with)赞同 go into从事,参加(某一行业);调查 16)get along with 同……相处;进展
get away 离开;逃避
get back 回来;拿回
get down 拿下;写下 get in 进入;收获 get down to 开始认真做…… get on/off 上/下车 get over 克服;战胜 get across 被理解 get through 完成;通过;接通电话 get up 起床 get it 明白,理解;猜中
17)with复合结构,也可以叫做独立主格结构,在格式上没有谓语动词,在句中常作状语,表示伴随,原因,方式,条件等。
①with+名词+介词短语。在句中作状语,作后置定语。
②with+名词/代词+过去分词。其中过去分词表示被动或者完成了的动作。③with+名词/代词+现在分词。其中现在分词表示主动或者正在进行的动作。④with+名词/代词+不定式。其中不定式表示将要发生的动作。⑤with+名词/代词+形容词。
18)no longer=not…any longer 表示不再继续或者再现过去某一时刻发生或存在而一直延续的动作/状态时,常用于过去时、现在时或者将来时的句子中。no more=not…any more 表示再也不重复过去反复发生的动作时,常用于过去时或者将来时的句子中。When he saw the toy,the baby cried no longer.当看到玩具时,那婴儿不再哭了。Now she wasn‟t afraid any more..现在她再也不害怕了。
19)①settle down to 决心去做……,专心去做…… settle on/upon 决定……,选定…… ②have trouble with 使伤脑筋,苦恼;跟某人闹别扭
ask for trouble 自讨苦吃 be in trouble 在困境中,有纠纷 get sb into trouble 陷入困境 make trouble 惹麻烦 put sb to trouble 麻烦某人 take the trouble to do 费力做 3.语法
直接引语变为间接引语(注意:变化时句子一定为陈述句语序。)人称的变化
①直接引语中主语第一人称或者被第一人称所修饰,人称要与“讲话人”的人称一致。②直接引语的第二人称,或者被第二人称所修饰,人称要与“听话人”的人称一致。③直接引语中的第三人称不变化。“一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更改”。
二、时态的变化
直接引语——间接引语 一般现在时——一般过去时 一般过去时——过去完成时 现在进行时——过去进行时 现在完成时——过去完成时 过去完成时——过去完成时 一般将来时——过去将来时 时态不变化的情况: ①直接引语是客观真理。
②直接引语是过去进行时,时态不变。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作,变间接引语,时态不变。⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例:ought to,had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时,(例:could, should, would, might)不再变。
第二单元 1)include include是及物动词,后跟名词,代词或者动名词作宾语,或者跟宾语+介词短语等。
including通常为介词,相当于having(sb/sth)as a part,包括(某人某物)在内,可与过去分词included互换。2)present 作形容词,若表示“在场的,出席的”通常用作标标语或者后置定语;若表示“现在的,现有的”,通常用作前置定语。
作名词,也可以表示“目前,现在”,多与the连用,常用的词组at present“现在,目前”;还可以表示“礼物”含有“捐赠”的意思。常有的词组有make sb a present of 表示“将某物赠送给某人”。
作动词,表示“赠送,给与”,后跟双宾语;也可表示为“正式介绍,引见某人(尤指向级别、地位较高的人)”。常见用法present one‟s apologies/compliments/respects…表示某人的歉意/赞扬/敬意……present oneself 出席,列席; present itself 出现,呈现。3)rule rule over sb/sth 统治某人/某物 rule sth/sb out 把某人/某物排除在外 as a rule 在大多数情况下,通常
表示“控制;影响”时多用作被动语态。
作名词时表示“规则,规章,条例;惯常用法;统治;尺”。4)recognize 为非延续性动词,不用于进行时;强调原来认识的东西意为“认出,分辨出”。表示“承认某人/某物有效或者属实”有时与as连用。
与名词或者名词词组连用,that引导的从句连用,也可表示“认识到,认清某事物”。5)commend 作动词多为及物动词,表示命令,后接名词+不定式。表示“统率,指挥,控制,掌握”,后常接宾语。
作动词或名词都可以跟从句,从句中用should(常省略)+动词原形。
作名词常用词组有:in commend of 统率……的 under the commend of 被……统率的 get/obtian commend of 控制 take commend of 开始担任……的指挥 has commend of 掌握 at/by sb‟s commend 奉某人命令的,受某人指挥的 commend oneself 控制自己 6)request 作动词时常用的句型:request sb to do sth;request that sb(should)do sth; request of sb +that从句
作名词时常用的习语有:at sb‟s request/at the request of sb 应某人的要求 by request of 由于受到……的要求 make a request for sth from sb 向某人要求某物 7)explain 可作及物或者不及物动词,作及物动词时,间接宾语前要加to。例如: The teacher explains to the class the questions.The teacher explains the questions to the class.老师向全班解释了这个问题。
explain可接连接代词,连接副词或者that引导的从句。还可以接连接代词或者连接副词所引导的不定式短语。8)however 作副词,若表示转折,意为“但是,然而,不过”,可放在句首,句中,句末,要用逗号分开;若修饰形容词或者副词,意为“无论如何,无论怎样”。
作连词,引导让步状语从句。意为“不管怎样,不管用什么方式”。9)imagine 是动词,意为“想象,设想,猜想”后跟名词,动名词,从句(imagine多以否定形式出现),还可以与as连用。imagine oneself 表示“想像一下,你若……”后面所跟的to be结构常被省略。10)such as与for example的区别
都可以作例如讲,但是such as用来列举事物,放在被列举事物和前面的名词之间,后直接跟名词,没有逗号,一般不如and so on 连用;for example用来举例说明,有时可作独立句,插在句子中,后面一般用逗号隔开。such as 不能将前面所述的数量全部列出;such作形容词,可与as在句中分开使用,表示“像……这样的”,as是关系代词,引导宾语从句,作主语或者是宾语。11)more than ①more than与数词连用,意为“超过,多于”。
②more than+名词,表示超出该名词所指,意思为“不止,不仅仅是”。③more than+加形容词或者动词,表示加重语气,意思是“很,非常”。
④more than+(that)从句,其基本意义是超过,但可译为“简直不,远非……”
⑤more than之间加入形容词或者副词,有两种含义:一中是普通的比较级用法;另外一种是用来表示“与其说……倒不如说……”。
12)base sth on/upon 意为“以……为基础/依据”,被动形式为be based on/upon 13)关于way的一些短语:
by the way 顺便说说;顺便提起 in a way 在某一方面;在某种程度上
in the way 阻碍,阻挡 on one‟s way to/on the way to 在来/去……的路上/过程中 in any way 无论如何 in every way 在各个方面,完全
in no way 绝不,无论如何不 lose one‟s way 迷路;误入歧途 14)nearly和almost的用法
①almost=very nearly,表示”几乎、差不多”,常可互换使用。②almost和nearly可互换使用的场合(1)在肯定句中
(2)修饰all, every, always等时(3)在行为动词的否定式前 ③只能用almost的场合
(1)修饰no, none, never, any以及由no或any的合成词。:(2)修饰表示感觉或心理的动词或形容词。:(3)修饰more than和too。④只能用nearly的场合
(1)被very, not, pretty修饰时。
(2)表示要做什么事但后来”没有做”或”避开不做”时。
⑤mostly用作副词,意思是”大体上、主要地、大部分、多半、通常”等。15)come up 走进;上来;提出;发芽;流行;上升;出现;发生 come up to 达到;数到;不负众望;合乎(标准等)come up with 提出(建议);找到(答案,解决方法)come about 发生 come out 出版;出现;显露 come across 偶然碰上 come on 加油 16)use的短语
make full/good/the best/little use of 充分/好好/充分/不充分利用
be in use 在使用中 come into use 开始使用 bring…to use/put use to 加以使用 be of use 有用的 out of use 被废弃不用 get the use of 使用…… have no use for 对……无用 find a use for…为……找到用途 with use 经常使用 17)due to 由于(引导表语或者状语从句)thanks to 多亏,由于(引导状语从句)
owing to 由于(引导状语或者表语从句)as a result of 因为,……的结果(引导状语从句)on account of 因为(引导状语从句)by the reason of 由于,因为(引导状语)
第三单元 1)transport 作动词,常和from…to…连用。
作名词,也可是transportation,表示“运输,运送;运输工具,交通车辆”。常用词组:be transported with… 情不自禁
in transports of sth 情不自禁 2)persuade 作动词,后常接指人的代词或者是名词。意为“劝说好某人”。persuade sb to do sth “劝说某人做某事”。
persuade 表示劝说是成功的,若表示劝而不服,不能用persuade,通常在其前加try to或者是want to,也可以用advise。
persuade sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事 persuade sb out of sth 说服某人不要去做某事 persuade还可以表示“使某人相信”,常见用法: persuade sb that+从句 persuade+of短语 be persuaded that+从句 3)insist 是动词,后接介词on+名词或者动名词,也可以加他that从句,表示“坚决,强调,坚持主张”,从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即should+动词原形,should可以省略。
insist on后接动名词,如果有逻辑主语,可以用名词或者名词所有格,也可以用宾格形式,但不能用代词的主格形式。
insist 还可以表示“坚持说,力言”,其后的宾语从句要用陈述句语序。insist后面不能跟不定式。determine 作及物动词,表示“决定”,只能跟名词或者不定式(短语)作宾语,不能跟动名词(短语)。determine on/upon doing=be determined to do决定做某事 determine sb against sth 使某人决定不做某事
determine和be determined后面都可以跟宾语从句 4)record record sth(from sth)(on sth)将……录在……;录音,录像。record作名词表示“记录,记载;唱片”。keep record of 记录下来。
just for the record 供记录在案,为准确起见
off the record 私下的,非正式的,不得发表的。
record作复数表示某人做事留下的痕迹,尤其是劣迹。5)familiar be familiar with和be familiar to 都可以表示“熟悉”,但用法不同,前者的主语必须是人,后者的主语一般是物,但是宾语必须是人。
familiar有时还可以表示“随便的,不拘一格的”。6)tavel trip journey tour和voyage的区别
travel泛指旅行,有各处旅行或者游历的意思。
journey通常指时间和距离都较长的路上旅行,有预定的地点。
voyage一般指长距离上的水上旅行,尤其指海上旅行,近来也可指飞机旅行。
trip指短期或者是短距离的旅行,有时在口语中也可以用作长途旅行,有回到出发地的意思,但是不含时间,目的,交通工具或者方式。
tour指周游,巡回旅游,常常是访问一系列的地方后回到出发点。7)dream of/about 梦想……,梦见……;渴望,迫切希望。8)graduate 作动词,表示“毕业”。graduate from表示“毕业于……”。
若表示从某个学科或者是专业毕业,要用介词in,若表示所获学位或者成绩时,常用as,with。graduate作名词,意为“毕业生”。9)prefer vi宁愿;较喜欢
prefer doing宁愿做某事 prefer to do 宁愿做某事 prefer sb to do sth宁愿某人做某事 prefer sth to sth 宁愿……不愿…… prefer doing sth to doing sth 宁愿做……而不愿做 prefer to do sth rather than to do 宁愿做……而不愿意做某事 10)give的短语
give in 屈服,让步;提出,递交
give away 不小心透漏;赠送,免费给予
give back归还,恢复
give off放出,散发
give out分配,分发;用光,精疲力竭
give over交付,托付 give up放弃,认输
11)choose to do 愿意,偏要,决定
choose from/between 从……中选择 choose sb+as/for选某人当…… choose sb sth =choose sth for sb 为某人选某物 cannot choose but do 只好做 12)pace vi 跨度 n 一步,步调
set the pace定步速 keep pace with sb 赶上…… pace up and down来回踱步 13)强调句:It is 被强调部分+that/who+句子其余的部分
a.含一般疑问句的强调句型:Is it+被强调不分+that/who+句子的其余部分 b.特殊疑问句的强调句型:疑问词+is/was it+that/who+句子的其余部分
c.原句结构师not…until…,强调until时,须把not until一起放到It was…that之间。14)倍数表达
①倍数+the+名词+of ②倍数+as+adj/adv+as ③倍数+比较级+than 3.语法
现在进行时
构成:主语+be+动词ing〔现在分词〕形式 第一人称+am+v-ing 第二人称+are+v-ing 第三人称+is+v-ing 定义:现在进行时表示现在或当前一般时间正在进行的动作。现在进行时的基本用法:
a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。b.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。c.已经确定或安排好的将来活动
d.有些动词(状态动词不用于进行时态)
①表示知道或了解的动词:believe,doubt,forget,imagine,know, remember,realise,suppose,understand ②表示“看起来”“看上去”appear,resemble,seem ③表示喜爱或不喜爱hate,like.lover.prefer ④表示构成或来源的动词 be come from.contain,include ⑤表示感官的动词 hear see smell sound taste ⑥表示拥有的动词belong to.need.own.possess.want wish 在实际运用时,现在进行时常用以下几种情况:
(1)当句子中有now时,常表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时。:
(2)以look, listen开头的句子,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。
(3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作,且此时有this week, these days等时间状语,这时常用现在进行时。
(4)描述图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如: 现在进行时的变化
肯定句式:主语+be(am, is, are)+现在分词+其它.否定句式:主语+be(am, is, are)+not +现在分词+其它.一般疑问句:Be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它?
特殊疑问句:疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它?
对现在进行时的特殊疑问句的回答,它不可以用Yes或No直接作答,要根据实际情况回答。c.表示渐变的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
d.与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
第四单元 1)shake 作动词,表示“摇动,震动,抖动”,还可指“震惊,信心动摇”。
shake one‟s hand over/at sth 对……摇头 shake hands with sb=shake sb by the hand和某人握手 作名词,“摇动,颠簸”。2)rise 作动词,表示“上升,上涨;起身,起床”。rise也可以表示“太阳从地平线上生气;(情绪)增高”。作名词表示“上升,进展,振兴”。give rise to sth 引起,导致某事物 rise和raise的区别
rise是不及物动词,其主语是提高,上升的东西,不能用于被动语态。而raise是及物动词,其主语是人,可用于被动语态。3)ruin 作动词,表示“毁坏,损坏”,强调倒塌成片,也可以指健康,价值受到严重损害,断送前途等。in ruins 严重受损,破败不堪 go to rack and ruin 破坏,瓦解 4)injure 区别injure harm hurt wound injure一般指意外事故引起的损伤,还可以表示在感情,名誉上的伤害,可用于人或者是物。harm“损害,伤害”,指损伤有生命的,也可以是损伤无生命的东西。hurt“伤害”,既可以指肉体的伤害,也可是精神上,感情上的伤害。
wound“伤”,一般指外伤,如枪伤,刀伤等。尤其指在战场上受伤,也可以指感情上,荣誉上的伤。5)destroy destroy表示“毁灭,消灭,销毁”,如建筑物,庄稼,森林,村庄,城市,名誉,计划,契约,证据。6)rescue 作名词,表示营救,可用单数或者是复数,若与数字连用,表示营救的次数。come/go to the rescue=come/go to one‟s rescue “营救某人,援救某人”。7)disaster 作可数名词,表示“灾难,灾害,灾祸”,也可以表示“彻底失败的人或者是事物”。做不可数名词表示“失败”。8)judge 作动词,表示“断定,估计,认为”。其后可接that从句,或者宾语+形容词,名词等。表示“判断,断定”时,后接wh—分句或者wh—不定式。表示“裁决,充当裁判”。
judged by/from… “从……看来,从……判断”。是习惯用语,可用来引导独立成分,其逻辑主语不一定与主句的主语相一致。
作名词,表示“裁判,法官,鉴定家”。9)prepare 作动词,prepare sth相当于get sth ready,意为“准备干某事”。prepare for sth=make preparations for sth 意为“为……做准备”。prepare后接双宾语,prepare sb sth为某人准备……。
be prepared for为……准备 be prepared to do愿意做某事 be prepared against 防备 10)honor 作不可数名词,表示“荣誉,名誉,道义,尊敬”。作可数名词,表示“光荣的事或者物,荣幸”。honors表示“成绩优异,优等生荣誉”。
in honor of=in one‟s honor为了祝贺某人,向某人表示敬意;upon/on one‟s honor 以人格担保 show honor to sb对某人表示敬意 have the honor to do很荣幸干某事
作动词,表示“向某人/某物致敬,给某人以荣誉;承认(某事)并如期支付款项”。feel honored to do做某事感到荣幸 11)speech make/give/deliver a speech 发言
have speech with sb和某人谈话 相当于have a word with sb speech表示“语言,说话的能力,说话的方式”,是不可数名词。speech也可以表示“台词”,表示复数。12)shelter give/provide shelter to 给……庇护的地方 seek/find/take shelter from… 躲避……
shelter oneself under/behind/beneath…意为“躲在……之后,依仗,隐匿于……之下”。shelter sb/sth from(sb/sth)给某人/某物提供庇护处,保护某人/某物。13)crack 作动词,表示“破裂,裂开;打,击,撞”。
crack down(on)… 对……采取严厉措施 crack up(精神)崩溃,(身体)垮掉。作名词,表示“裂隙,裂缝,爆炸声”。have a crack at sth/doing sth 试做某事物 14)happen 是不及物动词,无被动语态,表示“发生”具有偶然性。happen to+名词/代词,表示“遭到或者是发生某事物”。happen to do 表示“碰巧做某事”。happen upon 偶然碰到,意外发现。as it happens偶然
what happen if… 如果……怎么办?
whatever happens=happen what may 无论发生…… 15)survive 表示“继续生存或者是存在”。
表示“比……活的长,比(某人)长命”。
16)think little of 对……不在意,不考虑 think highly/well of 对……评价很高/印象很好 think a great deal/a lot/much of 对……印象很好 think nothing of 认为没什么;把……视为平常 think badly/ill/poorly of 对……评价很糟/很低 3.语法 定语从句
定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。
注:关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。
3.定语:定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用„……的‟表示。主要由形容词担任。此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。
(一)限定性定语从句
一、关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语)
1.that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg:this is the book(which)you want。]而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置.2.which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢。
3.代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等,这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that。
4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。
5.whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。
二、关系副词(在句中作状语)
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ … which(介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ … which(介词同先行词搭配)
1.where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句。
2.when引导定语从句表示时间[注]值得一提的是,表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导。
3.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导。
(二)非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
4.有时as也可用作关系代词
5.在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why和关系代词that,而用who, whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物.。
(三)关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人在从句中做主语
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。(注:who和whom已无太大区别,可以通用。)注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who。如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who。
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
(四)注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常由介词+关系代词引导。
注意:1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等。
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose。
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
(五)关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(六)判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词;而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代词。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose);
先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语)。
(七)介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的”介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.(八)先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)
(九)as,which引导的非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
As 的用法例
1.the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he(has).一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分
1.形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分。
在一定的语言环境里,有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是,在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.2.动词短语先行成分
这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语,它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现,也可以不出现,但不能用其它动词代替。
3.句子作先行成分
这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子,有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。
二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置
由于先行成分的构成成分不同,“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况:
1.形容词做先行成分时:形容词或形容词短语(含具有形容词性质的名词)作先行成分,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。
2.动词短语作先行成分时:动词短语作先行成分时,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是,当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时,“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。
3.句子作先行成分时:“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语,“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句,“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点,所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里,“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。
三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能
一般说来,as与which的语义功能相同,可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时,它们的语义功能则有差异。
1.表示结果
表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系,从句中往往使用有结果意义的词,如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。
2.表示评注
表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向,它通常与那些表示客观事实,普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用;从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语,如natural, known to all, usual等。
3.有无状语意义
“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义(主要是方式状语意义),而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致,“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。
四、关系代词as与which的句法功能
1.as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。
as作主语时,谓语动词常为连系动词(主要是be, seem),主语补语为usual、a rule、a matter of fact等时,系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态(其中助动词be常略),不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少,常见的有happen一词。
Which作主语时,谓语动词不限,主语被动皆可,只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。
2.as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。
3.as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。
“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装,“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。
如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语,关系代词用which而不用as。如:
He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4.which在特殊从定语句中作定语。which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语,修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义,有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。
(十)关系代词that 的用法
(1)不用that的情况
(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(b)介词后不能用。
(2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(a)在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
(b)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
(c)先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时,只用that。
(d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.(e)先行词既有人,又有物时。
(f)先行词指物,在主句中作表语时.
(g)为了避免重复.
(h)先行词是the way时
举例:
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?
这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗?
Who that break the window should be punished.
谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚.
All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the their handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
(十一)难点分析
(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1.当先行词是anything, everything, nothing(something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much,each等修饰时
注意1:部分时候that可以省略,如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
2.当先行词被序数词修饰
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
4.当形容词被the very, the only,the same,the last 修饰时
5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是:
1.As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。
2.as 引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思
注意:当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which 3.当先行词受such, the same修饰时,常用as 注意:当先行词由the same修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(三)以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导,而且通常可以省略。
(四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句。
(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句。
1.定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系。
2.定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;
同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导,充当成分。
3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以。
第五单元
1)shake 作动词,表示“摇动,震动,抖动”,还可指“震惊,信心动摇”。
shake one‟s hand over/at sth 对……摇头 shake hands with sb=shake sb by the hand和某人握手 作名词,“摇动,颠簸”。2)rise 作动词,表示“上升,上涨;起身,起床”。rise也可以表示“太阳从地平线上生气;(情绪)增高”。作名词表示“上升,进展,振兴”。give rise to sth 引起,导致某事物 rise和raise的区别
rise是不及物动词,其主语是提高,上升的东西,不能用于被动语态。而raise是及物动词,其主语是人,可用于被动语态。3)ruin 作动词,表示“毁坏,损坏”,强调倒塌成片,也可以指健康,价值受到严重损害,断送前途等。in ruins 严重受损,破败不堪 go to rack and ruin 破坏,瓦解 4)injure 区别injure harm hurt wound injure一般指意外事故引起的损伤,还可以表示在感情,名誉上的伤害,可用于人或者是物。harm“损害,伤害”,指损伤有生命的,也可以是损伤无生命的东西。hurt“伤害”,既可以指肉体的伤害,也可是精神上,感情上的伤害。
wound“伤”,一般指外伤,如枪伤,刀伤等。尤其指在战场上受伤,也可以指感情上,荣誉上的伤。5)destroy destroy表示“毁灭,消灭,销毁”,如建筑物,庄稼,森林,村庄,城市,名誉,计划,契约,证据。6)rescue 作名词,表示营救,可用单数或者是复数,若与数字连用,表示营救的次数。come/go to the rescue=come/go to one‟s rescue “营救某人,援救某人”。7)disaster 作可数名词,表示“灾难,灾害,灾祸”,也可以表示“彻底失败的人或者是事物”。做不可数名词表示“失败”。8)judge 作动词,表示“断定,估计,认为”。其后可接that从句,或者宾语+形容词,名词等。表示“判断,断定”时,后接wh—分句或者wh—不定式。表示“裁决,充当裁判”。
judged by/from… “从……看来,从……判断”。是习惯用语,可用来引导独立成分,其逻辑主语不一定与主句的主语相一致。
作名词,表示“裁判,法官,鉴定家”。9)prepare 作动词,prepare sth相当于get sth ready,意为“准备干某事”。prepare for sth=make preparations for sth 意为“为……做准备”。prepare后接双宾语,prepare sb sth为某人准备……。
be prepared for为……准备 be prepared to do愿意做某事 be prepared against 防备 10)honor 作不可数名词,表示“荣誉,名誉,道义,尊敬”。作可数名词,表示“光荣的事或者物,荣幸”。honors表示“成绩优异,优等生荣誉”。
in honor of=in one‟s honor为了祝贺某人,向某人表示敬意;upon/on one‟s honor 以人格担保 show honor to sb对某人表示敬意 have the honor to do很荣幸干某事
作动词,表示“向某人/某物致敬,给某人以荣誉;承认(某事)并如期支付款项”。feel honored to do做某事感到荣幸 11)speech make/give/deliver a speech 发言
have speech with sb和某人谈话 相当于have a word with sb speech表示“语言,说话的能力,说话的方式”,是不可数名词。speech也可以表示“台词”,表示复数。12)shelter give/provide shelter to 给……庇护的地方 seek/find/take shelter from… 躲避……
shelter oneself under/behind/beneath…意为“躲在……之后,依仗,隐匿于……之下”。shelter sb/sth from(sb/sth)给某人/某物提供庇护处,保护某人/某物。13)crack 作动词,表示“破裂,裂开;打,击,撞”。
crack down(on)… 对……采取严厉措施 crack up(精神)崩溃,(身体)垮掉。作名词,表示“裂隙,裂缝,爆炸声”。have a crack at sth/doing sth 试做某事物 14)happen 是不及物动词,无被动语态,表示“发生”具有偶然性。happen to+名词/代词,表示“遭到或者是发生某事物”。happen to do 表示“碰巧做某事”。happen upon 偶然碰到,意外发现。as it happens偶然
what happen if… 如果……怎么办?
whatever happens=happen what may 无论发生…… 15)survive 表示“继续生存或者是存在”。
表示“比……活的长,比(某人)长命”。
16)think little of 对……不在意,不考虑 think highly/well of 对……评价很高/印象很好 think a great deal/a lot/much of 对……印象很好 think nothing of 认为没什么;把……视为平常 think badly/ill/poorly of 对……评价很糟/很低 3.语法 定语从句
定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。
注:关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。
3.定语:定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用„……的‟表示。主要由形容词担任。此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。
(一)限定性定语从句
一、关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语)
1.that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg:this is the book(which)you want。]而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置.2.which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢。
3.代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等,这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that。
4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。
5.whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。
二、关系副词(在句中作状语)
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ … which(介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ … which(介词同先行词搭配)
1.where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句。
2.when引导定语从句表示时间[注]值得一提的是,表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导。
3.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导。
(二)非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
4.有时as也可用作关系代词
5.在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why和关系代词that,而用who, whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物.。
(三)关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人在从句中做主语
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。(注:who和whom已无太大区别,可以通用。)注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who。如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who。
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
(四)注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常由介词+关系代词引导。
注意:1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等。
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose。
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
(五)关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(六)判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词;而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代词。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose);
先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语)。
(七)介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的”介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.(八)先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)
(九)as,which引导的非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
As 的用法例
1.the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he(has).一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分
1.形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分。
在一定的语言环境里,有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是,在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.2.动词短语先行成分
这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语,它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现,也可以不出现,但不能用其它动词代替。
3.句子作先行成分
这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子,有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。
二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置
由于先行成分的构成成分不同,“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况:
1.形容词做先行成分时:形容词或形容词短语(含具有形容词性质的名词)作先行成分,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。
2.动词短语作先行成分时:动词短语作先行成分时,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是,当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时,“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。
3.句子作先行成分时:“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语,“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句,“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点,所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里,“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。
三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能
一般说来,as与which的语义功能相同,可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时,它们的语义功能则有差异。
1.表示结果
表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系,从句中往往使用有结果意义的词,如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。
2.表示评注
表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向,它通常与那些表示客观事实,普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用;从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语,如natural, known to all, usual等。
3.有无状语意义
“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义(主要是方式状语意义),而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致,“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。
四、关系代词as与which的句法功能
1.as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。
as作主语时,谓语动词常为连系动词(主要是be, seem),主语补语为usual、a rule、a matter of fact等时,系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态(其中助动词be常略),不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少,常见的有happen一词。
Which作主语时,谓语动词不限,主语被动皆可,只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。
2.as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。
3.as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。
“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装,“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。
如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语,关系代词用which而不用as。如:
He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4.which在特殊从定语句中作定语。
which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语,修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义,有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。
(十)关系代词that 的用法
(1)不用that的情况
(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(b)介词后不能用。
(2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(a)在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
(b)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
(c)先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时,只用that。
(d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.(e)先行词既有人,又有物时。
(f)先行词指物,在主句中作表语时.
(g)为了避免重复.
(h)先行词是the way时
举例:
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?
这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗?
Who that break the window should be punished.
谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚.
All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the their handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
(十一)难点分析
(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1.当先行词是anything, everything, nothing(something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much,each等修饰时
注意1:部分时候that可以省略,如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
2.当先行词被序数词修饰
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
4.当形容词被the very, the only,the same,the last 修饰时
5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是:
1.As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。
2.as 引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思
注意:当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which 3.当先行词受such, the same修饰时,常用as 注意:当先行词由the same修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(三)以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导,而且通常可以省略。
(四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句。
(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句。
1.定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系。
2.定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;
同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导,充当成分。
3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以。.词语归纳 1)quality 表示“品质,品种”时,可有复数形式。of quality修饰人,表示“品质好的”。
说明商品时,为不可数名词,表示“质量”;作名词复数时,表示“性能,种类”。2)willing 表示“乐意的,愿意的”,作表语时,后接不定式或者是that引导的从句,从句中用should+动词原形,should可以省略。
有时willing可以用在seem,look,sound等系动词后面。作定语时,表示“积极的,肯干的,自愿的,意志坚强的”。3)fight fight against… 为……反对而斗争,和……作战 fight with和……作战或者斗争,与……并肩作战 fight for 为……斗争或者奋斗 fight over 为……争吵 fight(it)out 通过斗争解决,打出个胜负 4)advise advise sb to do sth 劝告/建议某人去做某事 advise sb not to do sth=advise sb against doing sth 劝告/建议某人不要去做某事
advise后接一个宾语从句,从句中的动词要用虚拟语气,即should+动词原形,should可以省略。advise sb of sth 把某事通知某人
advise sb on/about sth 和某人商量某事 5)youth 表示“青年男子,青年小伙子”时,是可数名词,常含贬义。
the youth 青年人的总称,作主语是,谓语动词可是复数也可是单数。表示“青春,青少年时期”是不可数名词。6)vote 作名词,表示“选举,投票,表决”时,前面常加不定冠词。
bring/put/submit sth to a/the vote 将某问题交付表决(表主动)come/go to a/the vote(某问题)被交付表决(表被动)
表示“选票,选举人“时,是可数名词。
表示“选举权”时,前面常加a,the,one‟s等限制词。
vote for 投票赞成,建议 vote against 投票反对 vote on 对……表决 vote to do 一致决定 7)position 表示“位置,姿势,职位,立场”时,是可数名词,常加in。表示“地位”时,是不可数名词,有时可加不定冠词。
in a position to do sth处于能够做某事的地位 in/out of position 在(不在)适当位置 take up the position that… 主张…… 8)accept 表示“同意,接受”时,后接名词,代词或者that引导的从句。accept还可以接不定式。9)equal 作形容词,与to连用,后接名词或者动名词,表示“能胜任的,能应付的”。作动词,后接in,表示“在某方面比得上或者敌得过”,多用于一般时。10)degree 表示“程度,等级,学位,度数”。
by degrees 渐渐地 to a degree非常;有点,稍微
do/study for degree 攻读学位 take/get/receive/earn one‟s degree获得学位 11)guard 作名词,表示“守望,警戒”。既可以作个体名词,表示“警卫,卫兵,哨兵”;表示“卫队,警卫队,仪仗队”也可以作集体名词。
keep/stand/mount guard over… 守卫…… be on guard against 提防,谨慎 off one‟s duard 失去警惕 作动词表示“保护,防止,看守,警惕”,常与against或者from搭配。12)fear 作名词,表示“恐惧,顾虑或者担心的事情,可能性”。
for fear of/that 唯恐,以免 of后接名词,动名词;that后接从句。
作动词,表示“害怕,畏惧,恐怕”。后接名词,动名词,不定式或者从句。fear for 担心 13)reward 作动词,表示“报酬,酬谢,报答,奖赏”。接介词for表示“缘故”。接介词with表示奖赏的东西。作名词,表示“报酬,酬谢,报答,奖赏”。
as a reward for 作为……奖赏,为酬谢…… in reward of(以……)酬谢 in reward 作为报酬
表示好处,回报时,常常用作复数。14)sentence 作动词,sentence sb 判决某人,后接介词to+名词,也可以接不定式。15)trouble 作名词,既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。
in trouble 处于困境 no trouble 不麻烦,不费事 ask for/look for/borrow trouble 自讨苦吃,自找麻烦 be a trouble to sb 对某人来说是个麻烦 be a trouble to do sth 干某事时间麻烦事 have trouble doing/to do sth 做某事很费力 make trouble 制造麻烦 get into trouble 陷入困境 get out of trouble 摆脱困境
give sb trouble/put sb to trouble 给某人添麻烦 trouble to do 多用于否定句或者是疑问句 16)set up 表示“建立,开创;竖起;创纪录”。
set(oneself)up as 开始当…… set out 动身,出发;开始 set about 开始;着手 set off 动身;使爆炸 set down 记下来,写下来
17)blow up①爆炸,炸毁②吹胀③训斥批评
blow away 枪杀,彻底战胜 blow in 不期而至 blow out 吹灭 blow off 不重视 blow over刮倒 18)lose heart lose one‟s heart to… 爱上 break one‟s heart 伤心 from the bottom of one‟s heart 从内心里 put one‟s heart into 全心全意 19)倒装结构的用法:
一、副词here,there, in, out,up ,down, away,back,now, then, ahead 等位于句首,当谓语动词是be,come, go, follow,run等表示位置移动的动词,而且主语又是名词时,需要把谓语动词放主语之前,即全部倒装。注意:A 此类倒装不用进行时态度。B若主语是代词时,不用倒装。二,含有否定意义的词放句首,部分倒装。
A具有否定意义的副词放句首: not,never,seldom,hardly, rarely.little,scarely,few…
B,含有否定意义的连词放句首:not only…but also.., neither..nor.., no sooner…than.., scarely..than..,Hardly..when.., not until…
*not only, no sooner,hardly.scarely要倒,but(also), than, when后面的句子不倒.neither..nor..两部分都倒装。C, 含有否定意义的介词放句首:by no means, In no time,in no case, on no account,under no circumstances… 三,only+状语,部分到装
四、表示上文的状况也适合另外一人或事半功倍有下列: 肯定:so+助动词(动/情态)+主语 *主语与上文一致 否定:neither(nor)+助动(动/情态)+主语
五、as 作“尽管/虽然”,引导让步状语从句,由于语法需要,把表语/状语/动词提于句首.
六、so..that.., such..that..的句子结构中,若so,such 和与其所修饰的词置于句首,实行部分倒。
七、若if 引导的虚拟条件句中有were, had, should 时,可将if省,把were, had , should 放主语之前。
八、充当地点状语的介词短语放句首,全倒。
九、在表示愿望的感叹句,倒装。
第五篇:人教版新课标高中英语必修一知识点归纳
人教版新课标高中英语必修一知识点归纳
人教版新课标高中英语必修一知识点归纳(按单元分)新课标必修1 Unit1 Friendship 重点词组:
be good to 对„.友好 add up 合计 another time 改时间 get sth done 使„被做 calm down 镇定下来 have got to 不得不 walk the dog 遛狗 make a list of 列出 hide away 躲藏;隐藏 be concerned about 关心;挂念 share sth with sb 和某人分享某物 go through 经历;仔细检查 set down 放下;记下 a series of 一系列;一套 be crazy about 对„着迷 on purpose 故意 in order to/ so as to 为了 face to face 面对面地 get along with 与„相处 pack up 收拾,打理行装 according to 按照;根据„所说 have trouble with sb/sth 同某人闹意见;做„有困难
communicate with sb 和„交际 throw away the friendship 放弃/终止友谊 try out 试验;试用 join in 参加(活动)far and wide 到处 look to sth 注意,留心某事 fall in love 相爱 ignorant of 无知
cheat sb(out)of sth 骗取某人某物 have the/a habit of doing sth 有做„的习惯
句子归纳:
1.I wonder if„ 我想知道是否„.2.It’s because„ 这是因为„.此从句中because不能用since或as 代替 3.What do you think a good friend should be like? 你认为一个好朋友应该是什么样的呢? 4.While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.=While you were walking the dog, „在遛狗时,你不小心让狗挣脱了绳子,结果狗被车撞了。(当while, when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致时,可将从句中的主语和be动词省去。)5.Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? 你想有一位无话不谈、能推心置腹的朋友吗? 6.I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.我已经很久不能去户外,所以我变得对自然界的所有东西都很感兴趣。
7.I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.我记得非常清楚,曾有一段时间,湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花,从未使我心醉神迷过。
8.It was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face.这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚。
9.I would be grateful if you could give me some advice.如果您给我提些建议,我会非常感谢的。(I would be grateful if„ 委婉客气提出请求)10.It’s a good habit for you to keep a diary.记日记对你来说是个好习惯。11.She found it difficult to settle and„ 12.This series of readers is very interesting.13.A friend in need is a friend indeed.14.People are told that their actions should be as gentle as the wind that blows from the sea.新课标必修1 Unit2 重点词组:
in„ways 在„方面 such as 例如 believe it or not 信不信由你 come up with 提出 come up to a place 参观某地 ever before 从前 even if/ though 即使 at the end of 在„末期 be based on 在...基础上 close to 距离„近change„into 把„变成 in the early days 在早期 take„with„随身携带 the same„as 与„相同的 at present 目前
be absent from 缺席 be present at 在席;出席 carry out a rule 执行规则 be a native of 是„人 at sb’s request 应某人的要求 have a command of掌握 make a request 请求 request that „(should)+v原形 in one direction 朝一个方向
give commands 命令 be different from 与„不同 i n the 1600’s = in the 1600s as a rule 通常;照例 be native to 是„的土产动物/植物 as we know 正如我们所知 an international language 一门国际语言 an international organization 一个国际组织
play a role/ part(in)在„中担任角色;在„中起作用;扮演一个角色;参与 play an important role/ part 在„中起重要作用 because of 因为;由于 come up(vi)走进;上来;发生;被讨论 make(good/ full)use of(好好/充分)利用
from one place to another 从一处到另一处 present sth to sb / present sb with sth 句子归纳:
1.However, they may not be able to understand everything.(然而,他们可能不是什么都懂。)2.This is because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.(这是因为英国于1765年到1947年统治过印度。)3.All languages change when cultures communicate with one another.(当不同文化互相沟通时,所有的语言都会发生变化。)4.What the British call “petrol” the Americans call “gas”.(美国人把被英国人称作“petrol”的东西称作“gas”。此处what引导宾语从句)5.Actually, it was based more on German than present day English.(实际上,当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础的,而现代英语不是。)6.„those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.7.The US is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.(in which= where, 其引导定语从句。美国是一个大国,国内说着许许多多的方言。)8.„there is more than one kind of English in the world.(more than one+单数可数名词,作主语时,谓语用单数)9.It is not easy for a Chinese person to speak English as well as a native English speaker.(对于一个中国人来说把英语说得跟以英语为母语的人一样好是不容易的。)句型:It is + adj/n+ for sb to do sth 对于某人来说做某事是„ 扩充:It is + adj+ of /for sb to do sth 当句式中形容词修饰to do sth 时用for;若形容词修饰sb,则用of.eg: It’s kind of you to help me carry the box.附:
1.either„or„和neither„nor„连接两个名词作主语,谓语动词采取就近原则。2.be different in 强调在某方面的不同
be different from 强调在各方面的不同 3.in the end 最后,最终 后无of 结构 三个表示最后最终的用法:
⑴finally: 按照顺序的最后,常与first, secondly 等连用 ⑵at last: 经过长时间等待直到最后
⑶in the end: 经过长期曲折斗争努力,终于„ 如:战争等
4.与人交谈,常会有听不清楚或听不懂的情形,遇到这种情况该如何开口呢? ⑴Pardon? ⑵I beg your pardon? I don’t understand./ Sorry, I can’t follow you.对不起,我没听懂,请再说一遍好吗? ⑶Could you say that again, please? / Could you repeat that, please? 请再说一遍好吗? ⑷Could you speak more slowly, please? 请你说得慢一点好吗? 5.include ─ including;included identity ─ identify actually ─ actual(adj);apidly ─ rapid(v)government(n)─ govern(v)wide(adj)─ widen(v);broad(adj)─ broaden(v)foreign ─ foreigner;solve(v)─ solution(n)6.petrol------gas;lift------elevator;flat------apartment film------movie;sweets----candy;post------mail 新课标必修1 Unit3 Travel Journal 重点词组:
one-way fare 单程票 round-trip fare 往返票 graduate from 从„毕业
care about 忧虑,关心 care for喜欢,照顾 care to do愿意/同意做某事give in(vt)上交 give in(to)投降;屈服;让步 give up 放弃
give up doing/sth as usual 像往常一样 at midnight 午夜 at an altitude of 在„海拔上 attitude to/ toward(s)对„态度 change one’s mind 改变主意 to my mind = in my opinion make camp 野营,宿营 make up one’s mind to do 决心干某事
put up one’s tents 搭起帐篷 sth be familiar to sb某事为某人所熟 dream of/ about doing sth 梦想做某事 go for long bike rides 做长途自行车旅行
persuade sb to do sth= persuade sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事 persuade sb not to do sth= persuade sb out of doing sth 说服某人不做某事 determine to do sth(动作)/ be determined to do sth(心理)决心干某事 get sb interested in 使某人对..感兴趣 insist on(one’s)sth/ doing sth 一定要;坚持要
the best way of doing sth/ the best way to do sth 干某事的最好办法 sb be familiar with sth某人熟悉某事
can’t wait/ can hardly wait to do sth 迫不及待想干某事 for one thing„ for another(用来引出某事的理由)一则„ 二则„ take one’s breath away 使某人大吃一惊 句子归纳:
1.It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the Mekong River.强调句基本句型:it is/ was„.that„.其中指人时可用who(主),whom(宾)。2.Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that we(should)find the source of the river.insist that„.(should)+ v原形 坚持要;坚持要求 insist that„.陈述语气 坚持说;坚持认为
3.Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles?(metaphor)4.To climb the mountain road was hard work but to go down the hills was great fun.5.Good luck on your journey.6.The lake shone like glass in the moonlight.(simile)新课标必修1 Unit4 Earthquakes 重点词组句子归纳总结 重点词组: have time to do 有时间做某事 happen to do 碰巧做某事 shake hands with sb 握手 burst into tears/ laughter in ruins 成为废墟 cut across 穿过、横穿 blow away 吹走、刮走 fall down 倒塌
rescue workers 救援人员 be pleased to do 乐意做某事 make/ give a speech 发表演说 judging„.from 根据„„来判断 tens of thousands of 成千上万 dig out 挖掘
burst out crying/laughing突然哭/笑起来 think little of 对„„评价低 be proud of / take pride in 以„„而自豪 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事 invite sb for/ to sth think highly of 对„„评价高 one-third 1/3 two-thirds 2/3 seventy-five percent 75% agree with sb give out 发出(气味等);分发;耗尽 a great/ large number of =a great many/good 大量的 be trapped in/ under 陷入„„/ 陷在„„下面 the high school speaking competition 高中演讲比赛
have sb do sth= make sb do sth= let sb do sth 让某人做某事
come to an end(vi)= put/ bring sth to an end = put/ bring an end to sth 结束某事
agree to sth give off 发出(气味等)give back 归还
give away 赠送;泄露 agree on sth 达成一致意见 agree to do sth right away= right now= at once= immediately 立刻 as you know 正如你所知道的
be known as 作为„„而知名as is known to all 众所周知 be known for 因„„而出名 as could be expected 正如可以预料到的 it is useless doing sth 干某事是无用的
happen= take place= come about= break out 偶发 有计划 偶发 战争等爆发 句子归纳:
1.It is always calm before a storm.2.Now, imagine there has been a big earthquake.此句为There be 句型 3.Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.现在分词表伴随 4.It seemed that the world was at an end.5.Water, food and electricity were hard to get.句型:主语+ be + adj + to do 其中to do 用主动形式表示被动含义 6.All hope was not lost.all 与not 连用 表示部分否定 7.It’s never too late to learn.活到老,学到老。附:分词用法 之 作定语
falling leaves 正在落的叶子 boiling water 正在沸腾的水 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的叶子 boiled water 开水 新课标必修1 Unit5 Nelson Mandela 重点词组句子归纳总结 重点词组
lose heart 丧失勇气 worry about 担心 lose one’s heart to sb/sth 爱上,喜欢上
be worried about 担心(状态)in trouble 处于不幸中
be sentenced to 被判处 be out of work = lose one’s job 失业 be equal to 相等的,平等的 be proud of / take pride in 以„„而自豪 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事 invite sb for/ to sth think highly of 对„„评价高 one-third 1/3 two-thirds 2/3 seventy-five percent 75% agree with sb give out 发出(气味等);分发;耗尽 as a matter of fact = in fact = actually 事实上
blow up 充气 爆炸 beg for 乞讨 set up 建立,创立;设置,竖起 send up 发射,使上涨 set about 着手做某事(set about doing sth)go up 上升,增长;被兴建 set off 出发,动身 set up 设立,建立;设置,竖起 set out 陈列,摆出;开始(set out to do sth)stop sb(from)doing sth be active in = take an active part in 积极参与,在„„活跃 keep sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事 die for 为„„而死 die from 死于(外因)prevent sb(from)doing sth die of 死于(内因 如:饥饿,寒冷,疾病等)be proud of / take pride in 以„„而自豪
invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事 invite sb for/ to sth agree with sb think highly of 对„评价高one-third 1/3 two-thirds 2/3 seventy-five percent 75% give out 发出(气味等);分发;耗尽 put sb in prison= throw sb into prison= send sb to prison 把„„投入监狱 advise sb to do sth 建议某人做某事 advice 不可数 a piece of advice advise doing sth fight for 为争取„„而斗争 advise sb on sth fight against 为反对„„而斗争 advise that(should)+ v原
fight with 同„„并肩作战/ 同„„斗争 have problems/ difficulty/ trouble with sth work out 算出 have a go= have a try break the law 违反法律
have problems/ difficulty/ trouble(in)doing sth be willing to do sth 乐于做某事
realize one’s dream of 实现„„ 的梦想 answer violence with violence 以暴制暴
come to power 当权,上台 social activities 社会活动 equal(adj)---equally(adv)---equality(n)violence(n)------violent(adj)cruelty(n)---cruel(adj)---cruelly(adv)educated(adj)------education(n)willing----unwilling 不愿意的 active----inactive 不活跃的 句子归纳:
1.Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.only 放在句首且后接状语时(作状语:副词;介词短语;状语从句),要使用部分倒装------才用一般疑问句语序。
Only yesterday did his father tell him the truth.Only when his father came back did he go to bed.(从句无需倒装,主句要倒装)2.He strongly believed in the three principles: nationalism;people’s rights;people’s livelihood.他主张三民主义:民主、民权、民生。
3.I felt bad the first time I talked to the group.the first time 用法相当于连词用法,用来引导从句 链接:It’s the first time that 现在完成时 It was the first time that 过去完成时
4.He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep.(should have done 本应做而未做)needn’t have done 本不应做而做了 can’t have done 过去不可能做过 新课标必修1 Unit6 重点词组:
in„ways 在„方面 such as 例如 believe it or not 信不信由你 come up with 提出 come up to a place 参观某地 ever before 从前 even if/ though 即使 at the end of 在„末期 be based on 在...基础上 close to 距离„近change„into 把„变成 in the early days 在早期 take„with„随身携带 the same„as 与„相同的 at present 目前
be absent from 缺席 be present at 在席;出席 carry out a rule 执行规则 be a native of 是„人 at sb’s request 应某人的要求 have a command of掌握 make a request 请求 request that „(should)+v原形 in one direction 朝一个方向
give commands 命令 be different from 与„不同 i n the 1600’s = in the 1600 as a rule 通常;照例 be native to 是„的土产动物/植物 as we know 正如我们所知
an international language 一门国际语言 an international organization 一个国际组织
play a role/ part(in)在„中担任角色;在„中起作用;扮演一个角色;参与 play an important role/ part 在„中起重要作用 because of 因为;由于 come up(vi)走进;上来;发生;被讨论 make(good/ full)use of(好好/充分)利用
from one place to another 从一处到另一处 present sth to sb / present sb with sth 句子归纳:
1.However, they may not be able to understand everything.(然而,他们可能不是什么都懂。)2.This is because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.(这是因为英国于1765年到1947年统治过印度。)3.All languages change when cultures communicate with one another.(当不同文化互相沟通时,所有的语言都会发生变化。)4.What the British call “petrol” the Americans call “gas”.(美国人把被英国人称作“petrol”的东西称作“gas”。此处what引导宾语从句)5.Actually, it was based more on German than present day English.(实际上,当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础的,而现代英语不是。)6.„those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.7.The US is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.(in which= where, 其引导定语从句。美国是一个大国,国内说着许许多多的方言。)8.„there is more than one kind of English in the world.(more than one+单数可数名词,作主语时,谓语用单数)9.It is not easy for a Chinese person to speak English as well as a native English speaker.(对于一个中国人来说把英语说得跟以英语为母语的人一样好是不容易的。)句型:It is + adj/n+ for sb to do sth 对于某人来说做某事是„ 扩充:It is + adj+ of /for sb to do sth 当句式中形容词修饰to do sth 时用for;若形容词修饰sb,则用of.eg: It’s kind of you to help me carry the box.附:
1.either„or„和neither„nor„连接两个名词作主语,谓语动词采取就近原则。2.be different in强调在某方面的不同 be different from 强调在各方面的不同 3.in the end 最后,最终 后无of 结构 三个表示最后最终的用法:
⑴finally: 按照顺序的最后,常与first, secondly 等连用 ⑵at last: 经过长时间等待直到最后
⑶in the end: 经过长期曲折斗争努力,终于„ 如:战争等
4.与人交谈,常会有听不清楚或听不懂的情形,遇到这种情况该如何开口呢? ⑴Pardon? ⑵I beg your pardon? I don’t understand./ Sorry, I can’t follow you.对不起,我没听懂,请再说一遍好吗? ⑶Could you say that again, please? / Could you repeat that, please? 请再说一遍好吗? ⑷Could you speak more slowly, please? 请你说得慢一点好吗? 5.include ─ including;included identity ─ identify actually ─ actual(adj);apidly ─ rapid(v)government(n)─ govern(v)wide(adj)─ widen(v);broad(adj)─ broaden(v)foreign ─ foreigner;solve(v)─ solution(n)6.petrol------gas;lift------elevator;flat------apartment film------movie;sweets----candy;post------mail