中英文外文翻译--PLC和微处理器-精品.精讲范文

第一篇：中英文外文翻译--PLC和微处理器-精品.精讲范文

Introductions of PLC and MCU A PLC is a device that was invented to replace the necessary sequential relay circuits for machine control.The PLC works by looking at its inputs and depending upon their state, turning on/off its outputs.The user enters a program, usually via software or programmer that gives the desired results.PLC are used in many “real world” applications.If there is industry present, chances are good that there is a PLC present.If you are involved in machining, packaging, material handling, automated assembly or countless other industries, you are probably already using them.If you are not, you are wasting money and time.Almost any application that needs some type of electrical control has need for PLC.For example, let‟s assume that when a switch turns on we want to turn a solenoid on for 5 seconds and then turn it off regardless of how long the switch is on for.We can do this with a simple external timer.What if the process also needed to count how many times the switch individually turned on? We need a lot of external counters.As you can see, the bigger the process the more of a need we have for a PLC.We can simply program the PLC to count its inputs and turn the solenoids on for the specified time.We will take a look at what is considered to be the “top 20” PLC instructions.It can be safely estimated that with a firm understanding of there instructions one can solve more than 80% of the applications in existence.That„s right, more than 80%!Of course we‟ll learn more than just these instructions to help you solve almost ALL your potential PLC applications.The PLC mainly consists of a CPU, memory areas, and appropriate circuits to receive input/output data, as shown in Fig.19.1 We can actually consider the PLC to be a box full of hundreds or thousands of separate relays, counters, timer and date storage locations.Do these counters, timers, etc.really exist? No, they don‟t “physically” exist but rather they are simulated and can be considered software counters, timers, etc.These internal relays are simulated

through bit locations in registers.What does each part do? INPUT RELAYS-(contacts)These are connected to the outside world.They physically exist and receive signals from switches, sensors, etc...Typically they are not relays but rather they are transistors.INTERNAL UTILITY RELAYS-(contacts)These do not receive signals from the outside world nor do they physically exist.They are simulated relays and are what enables a PLC to eliminate external relays.There are also some special relays that are dedicated to performing only one task.Some are always on while some are always off.Some are on only once during power-on and are typically user for initializing data what was stored.COUNTERS These again do not physically exist.They are simulated counters and they can be programmed to count pulses.Typically these counters can count up, down or both up and down.Since there are simulated, they are limited in their counting speed.Some manufacturers also include high-speed counters that are hardware based.We can think of these as physically existing.Most timers these counters can count up, down or up and down.TIMERS These also do not physically exist.They come in many varieties and increments.The most common type is an on-delay type.Other include off-delay and both retentive and non-retentive types.Increments vary from 1ms through 1s.OUTPUT RELAYS-(coil)These are connected to the outside world.They physically exist and send on/off signals to solenoids, lights, etc… They can be transistors, relays, or triacs depending upon the model chosen.DATA STORAGE-Typically there are registers assigned to simply store data.There are usually used as temporary storage for math or data manipulation.They can also typically be user power-up they will still have the same contents as before power war removed.Very convenient and necessary!A PLC works by continually scanning a program.We can think of this scan cycle as consisting of 3 important steps, as shown in Fig.19.2 There are typically more than 3 but we can focus on the important parts and not worry about the others.Typically the others are checking the system and updating the current and timer values.Step 1-CHECK INPUT STATUS-First the PLC takes a look at each input to determine if it is on or off.In other words, is the sensor connected to the first input on? How about the second input? How about the third…It records this data into its memory to be used during the next step.Step 2-EXECUTE PROGRAM-Next the PLC executes your program one instruction at a time.Maybe your program said that if the first input was on then it should turn on the first output.Since is already knows which inputs are on/off from the previous step, it will be able to decide whether the first output should be turned on based on the state of the first input.It will store the execution results for use later during the next step.Step 3-UPDATE OUTPUT STSTUS-Finally the PLC updates the status of outputs.It updates the outputs based on which inputs were on during the first step and the results of executing your program during the second step.Based on the example in step 2 it would now turn on the first output because the first input was on and your program said to turn on the first output when this condition is true.After the third step the PLC goes back to step one and repeats the steps continuously.One scan time is defined as the time is takes to execute the 3 steps listed above.Thus a practical system is controlled to perform specified operations as desired.The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.The device is manufactured using Atmel‟s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin-out.The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port.As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs.When is written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed lowered address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory.In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification.External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current(IIL)because of the internal pull-ups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input(P1.0/T2)and the timer/counter 2 trigger input(P1.1/T2EX).PLC和微处理器简介

PLC(可编程逻辑控制器)是极限控制中为代替必要的继电器时序电路而发明的一种设备。PLC工作时通过查询输入端并根据其状态打开或关闭输出。用户通常用软件或编程器输入程序，从而或得期望的结果。

很多实际应用都采用PLC。工业生产中应用PLC的可能性很高。如果你正在进行机械制造，产品包装，材料处理，自动化装配及无数其他工业生产，你可能已经用到了PLC。如果你没有用到，那就是在浪费金钱和时间。几乎所有需要电气控制的地方都需要PLC。

例如，假定在开关闭合时我们需要一个线圈接通5秒然后不管开关接通多长时间都将线圈断开。我们可以通过一个简单的外部定时器来实现。但是加入该过程有十个开关和线圈呢？我们就需要十个外部定时器。如果这个过长分别记录每个开关开启的次数呢？我们又需要很多外部计数器。

由此可见，系统越大，我们就越需要PLC。我们可以简单地用PLC编程来对输入信号进行技术，并在规定的时间接通线圈。

我们考察一下哪些是PLC中最常用的20条指令。保守地估计一下，如果镇长地掌握了这些指令，就能解决80%以上现存的应用问题。

是的，80%以上！当然，我们要学习的指令比这些更多，以帮助你解决几乎所有潜在的PLC应用问题。

PLC主要由中央处理器(CPU)，存储器和输入，输出电路构成，我们可以将PLC看成是一个装满了成百上千个独立的继电器，计数器，定时器，以及数据存储器的盒子。这些计数器，定时器，定时器等是不是真的存在呢？不，它们都是模拟的，物理上并不存在，但可以将它们看长是软计数器，软定时器。这些内部继电器是用寄存器中的单元模拟出来的。

各个部分是如何工作的呢？

输入继电器(触点)这些继电器连接外部电路。它们是实际存在的，并接受来自开关，传感器等的信号，通常是晶体管而非继电器。

内部通用继电器(触点)它们不从外部设备接受信号，也非物理上存在的。它们是模拟的继电器，用以消除PLC的外部继电器。此外还有一些特殊继电器，专门执行一项任务。其中一些是常开的，一些是常闭的。有一些仅在电源上电时导通一次，通常用来初始化存储的数据。

计数器 它们也并非物理上存在的，而是模拟的计数器，可通过编程来对脉冲进行计数。通常它们可进行加计数，减计数或同时进行加减计数。因为它们是用软件模拟的，计数速度就有限。一些制造商提供了基于硬件的高速计数器，这样的计数器可以认为是物理上存在的。这些计数器多数情况下可以进行加计数减计数或同时进行加减计数。

定时器它们也并非物理上存在的，分为多种类型和定时单位。最常用的一种类型是延时导通型。其他类型还有延时断开型，记忆和非记忆型。定时单位的范围是1MS到1S

输出继电器(线圈)该部分连接到外围电路。它们是物理上存在的，并给线圈，灯等发送开关信号。输出继电器也可以是晶体管，继电器或可控硅，取决于选择的型号。

数据寄存器 它们通常是用来存储数据的寄存器，一般作为运算或数据处理的暂存器。在PLC断电时通常还可以用来存储数据。再次接通电源后，其内容与断电前相同，非常方便且必要。

PLC是通过连续扫描一个程序来工作的。我们可以认为扫描周期是由三个主要阶段组成的。如图所示。当然有多余三个阶段的情况，但我们可关注重要的环节，忽略其他环节。其他阶段通常正在检查系统及更新内部计数器和定时器的当前值。

第一步----检查输入状态----首先PLC检查每一个输入是否接通。换句说就是，与第一个输入端连接的传感器接通了吗？第二哥输入呢？第三个输入呢？PLC将这些数据记录到存储器中，以便在下一个阶段使用。

第二步----执行程序----然后PLC一次一条地执行程序。你的程序可能要求第一个输入接通时，接接通第一个输出。因为在上一步已经知道输入端的开关状态，根据上一步输入端的状态，就可以确定是否应该接通第一个输出。PLC将执行结果存储起来，以供下一步使用。

第三步----更新输出状态----最后PLC更新输出状态。PLC根据第一步中国接通的输入和第二步中程序执行的结果更新输出转台。由于第一个输入接通了，程序要求在该条件满足时就接通第一个输出，根据第二步的情况，PLC就接通第一个输出。

PLC在执行完第三步后就返回到第一步，并反复循环。一次扫描时间定义为执行上面的三步所花的时间。因此，一个实际的系统应根据要求执行特定的操作。

AT89S52是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K 在系统可编程 Flash 存储器。使用 Atmel 公司高密度非易失性存储器技术制造，与工业 80C51 产品指令和引脚完全兼容。片上Flash允许程序存储器在系统可编程，亦适于常规编程器。在单芯片上，拥有灵巧的 8 位 CPU 和在系统可编程Flash，使得 AT89S52为众多嵌入式控制应用系统提 供高灵活、超有效的解决方案。

AT89S52具有以下标准功能：8k字节Flash，256字节RAM，32 位 I/O 口线，看门狗定时器，2个数据指针，三个16位定时器/计数器，一个6向量2级中断结构，全双工串行口，片内晶振及时钟电路。另外，AT89S52 可降至 0Hz 静态逻辑操作，支持2种软件可选择节电模式。空闲模式下，CPU停止工作，允许RAM、定时器/计数器、串口、中断继续工作。掉电保护方式下，RAM内容被保存，振荡器被冻结，单片机一切工作停止，直到下一个中断或硬件复位为止。

P0口是一个8位漏极开路的双向I/O口。作为输出口，每位能驱动8个TTL逻辑电平。对P0端口写“1”时，引脚用作高阻抗输入。

当访问外部程序和数据存储器时，P0口也被作为低8位地址/数据复用。在这种模式下，P0具有内部上拉电阻。在 flash编程时，P0口也用来接收指令字节；在程序校验时，输出指令字节。程序校验时，需要外部上拉电阻。

P1 口：P1 口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的 8 位双向 I/O 口，p1 输出缓冲器能驱动 4 个TTL 逻辑电平。对 P1 端口写“1”时，内部上拉电阻把端口拉高，此时可以作为输入口使用。作为输入使用时，被外部拉低的引脚由于内部电阻的原因，将输出电流（IIL）。此外，P1.0和P1.2分别作定时器/计数器2的外部计数输入（P1.0/T2）和时器/计数器2的触发输入（P1.1/T2EX）。

第二篇：中英文翻译-机械类-机械设计-外文翻译

机械设计

摘要： 机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计” 的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。关键词： 设计流程 设计规则 机械设计

设计流程

设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。

在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。

一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。

也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。

最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要求的，则再将对初步设计进行某些修改，使它能够在制造成本上有所降低。产品的设计需要不断探索和发展。许多方案必须被研究、试验、完善，然后决定使用还是放弃。虽然每个工程学问题的内容是独特的，但是设计师可以按照类似的步骤来解决问题。

产品的责任诉讼迫使设计人员和公司在选择材料时，采用最好的程序。在材料过程中，五个最常见的问题为：（a）不了解或者不会使用关于材料应用方面的最新最好的信息资料；(b)未能预见和考虑材料的合理用途（如有可能，设计人员还应进一步预测和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。在近年来的许多产品责任诉讼案件中，由于错误地使用产品而受到伤害的原告控告生产厂家，并且赢得判决）；(c)所使用的材料的数据不全或是有些数据不确定，尤其是当其性能数据长期不更新；(d)质量控制方法不适当和未经验证；(e)由一些完全不称职的人员选择材料。

通过对上述五个问题的分析，可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由而存在的结论。对这些问题的研究分析可以为避免这些问题的出现而指明方向。尽管采用最好的材料选择方法也不能避免发生产品责任诉讼，设计人员和工业界按照适当的程序进行材料选择，可以大大减少诉讼的数量。

从以上的讨论可以看出，选择材料的人们应该对材料的性质，特点和加工方法有一个全面而基本的了解。

在随后生产和售后服务的几年中，要接受新观念的变化，或者由试验和经验为基础，进一步分析并改进。

一些设计规则

在本节中，建议要运用创造性的态度来替代和改进。也许会创造出更实用、更经济、更耐用的产品。

为了激发创造性思维，下列是设计和分析的建议规则。前六个规则对设计者来说特别适用。

1.要有创造性的利用所需要的物理性质和控制过程。2.认识负载产生的影响及其意义。3.预测没有想到的负载。4.创造出对载荷更为有利的条件。

5.提供良好的应力分布和最小的刚度条件。6.运用最简单的方程来优化体积和面积。7.选择组合材料。8.仔细选择所备的原料和不可缺少的组件。

9.调整有效的设计方案，以适应生产过程和降低成本。10.规定好准确的位置条件为了使组件安装时不干涉。

机械设计包括一下内容：

1.对设计过程、设计所需要公式以及安全系数进行介绍。

2.回顾材料特性、静态和动态载荷分析，包括梁、振动和冲击载荷。3.回顾应力的基本规律和失效分析。

4.介绍静态失效理论和静态载荷下机械断裂分析。

5.介绍疲劳失效理论并强调在压力条件下接近高循环的疲劳设计，这通常用在旋转机械的设计中。

6.深入探讨机械磨损机理、表面接触应力和表面疲劳现象。7.使用疲劳分析技术校核轴的设计。8.讨论润滑油膜与滚动轴承的理论和应用。

9.深入介绍直齿圆柱齿轮的动力学、设计和应力分析，并简单介绍斜齿轮、锥齿轮和涡轮有关方面的问题。

10.讨论弹簧设计、螺杆等紧固件的设计，包括传动螺杆和预紧固件。11.介绍盘式和鼓式离合器以及制动器的设计和技术说明。

机械设计

一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。

任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。

仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。

计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。在开始阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，并得到批准。这一般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。

如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。

应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。

一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为 所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。

新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。

Mechanical Design Abstract: A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits.Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras.Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines.The term “mechanical design” is used in a broader sense than “machine design” to include their design.the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design.Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design Process

The Design Process Designing starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost.New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing.With the objective wholly or partly In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint.Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected.Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality.Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison.Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest.The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost.Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components.Materials and their treatment will be chosen.These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction;of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy;of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection;of physical behavior of materials;and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives.The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group.Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own.Product design requires much research and development.Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded.Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program.In the process of material, the most common problems for five(a)don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information,(b)failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may(such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products.In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision),(c)of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so,(d)quality control method is not suitable and unproven,(e)by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion.May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction.Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built.If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost.During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations.Sales appeal.Some Rules for Design In this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical, and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst.The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1.A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2.Recognize functional loads and their significance.3.Anticipate unintentional loads.4.Devise more favorable loading conditions.5.Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6.Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7.Choose materials for a combination of properties.8.Select carefully, stock and integral components.9.Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10.Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1.Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2.Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis , Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3.Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4.Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5.Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6.Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7.Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application

8.Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9.Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10.Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11.Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine Design The complete design of a machine is a complex process.The machine design is a creative work.Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made.Numerous materials are available to today's designers.The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection.A careful evaluation of the properties of a.material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design.In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components.The checking of calculations(and drawing dimensions)is of utmost importance.The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project.All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data.Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design(CAD)and computer-aided manufacturing(CAM).How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate.Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people.This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel.In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved.This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product.The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit.Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity.Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than.The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs.On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations.For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method.Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully.A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people.Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter.A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.

第三篇：关于现代工业机械手外文文献翻译@中英文翻译@外文翻译

附录

About Modenr Industrial Manipulayor Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on.With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being.The practicality use of robot not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program.Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering.A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of 0.006inches.Furthermore these robots can do that 24hours a day for years on end with no failures whatsoever.Though they are reprogrammable, in many applications they are programmed once and then repeat that exact same task for years.At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use.To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development.With he rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly;with the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal.Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal.The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for plastic producing with automation and high productivity.Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding.With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic

holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware.In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system.The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement.In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion.Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio.Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure.The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever.The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system.In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality.On this basis, the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given.The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system.Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism.The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism.These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective.The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, limiting the precision and speed of the end-effecter and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks.Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations.Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques.In the industrial production and other fields, people often endangered by such factors as high temperature, corrode, poisonous gas and so forth at work, which have increased labor intensity and even jeopardized the life sometimes.The corresponding problems are solved since the robot arm comes out.The arms can catch, put and carry objects, and its movements are flexible and diversified.It applies to medium and small-scale automated production in which production varieties can be switched.And it is widely used on soft automatic line.The robot arms are generally made by withstand high temperatures, resist corrosion of materials to adapt to the harsh environment.So they reduced the labor intensity of the workers significantly and raised work efficiency.The robot arm is an important component of industrial robot, and it can be called industrial robots on many occasions.Industrial robot is set machinery, electronics, control, computers, sensors, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies in the integration of multidisciplinary important modern manufacturing equipment.Widely using industrial robots, not only can improve product quality and production, but also is of great significance for physical security protection, improvement of the environment for labor, reducing labor intensity, improvement of labor productivity, raw material consumption savings and lowering production costs.There are such mechanical components as ball footbridge, slides, air control mechanical hand and so on in the design.A programmable controller, a programming device, stepping motors, stepping motors drives, direct current motors, sensors, switch power supply, an electromagnetism valve and control desk are used in electrical connection.Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device.In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of hightech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation.Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity.Manipulator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the automation of CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used.At present, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC.The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume production, you can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptable.When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product quality, and better adapt to market competition.At present, China's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrialization of the size of the low level of robot research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary.Therefore, the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.关于现代工业机械手

机器人是典型的机电一体化装置，它综合运用了机械与精密机械、微电子与计算机、自动控制与驱动、传感器与信息处理以及人工智能等多学科的最新研究成果，随着经济技术的发展和各行各业对自动化程度要求的提高，机器人技术得到了迅速发展，出现了各种各样的机器人产品。现代工业机器人是人类真正的奇迹工程。一个像人那么大的机器人可以轻松地抬起超过一百磅并可以在误差0.006英寸内重复运动。更重要的是这些机器人可以每天24小时不停止地工作。在许多应用中他们是通过编程控制的，但是他们一旦编程一次，他们可以重复地做同一个工作许多年。机器人产品的实用化，既解决了许多单靠人力难以解决的实际问题，又促进了工业自动化的进程。

目前，由于机器人的研制和开发涉及多方面的技术，系统结构复杂，开发和研制的成本普遍较高，在某种程度上限制了该项技术的广泛应用，因此，研制经济型、实用化、高可靠性机器人系统具有广泛的社会现实意义和经济价值。由于我国经济建设和城市化的快速发展，城市污染排水放量增长很快，污水处理已经摆在了人们的议事日程上来。随着科学技术的发展和人类知识水平的提高，人们越来越认识到污水处理的重要性和迫切性，科学家和研究人员发现塑料制品在水中时用于污水处理的很有效地污泥菌群的附着体。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生产的自动化和高效率要求成为经济发展的必然。本文结合塑料一次挤出成型机和塑料抓取机械手的研制过程中出现的问题，综述近几年机器人技术研究和发展的状况，在从分发挥机、电、软、硬件各自特点和优势互补的基础上，对物料抓取机械手整体机械结构、传动系统、驱动装置和控制系统进行了分析和设计，提出了一套经济型设计方案。采用直角坐标和关节坐标相结合的框架式机械结构形式，这种方式能够提高系统的稳定性和操作灵活性。传动装置的作用是将驱动元件的动力传递给机器人机械手相应的执行机构，以实现各种必要的运动，传动方式上采用结构紧凑、传动比答得蜗轮蜗杆传动和将旋转运动转换为直线运动的螺旋传动。机械手驱动系统的设计往往受到作业环境条件的限制，同时也要考虑价格因素的影响以及能够达到的技术水平。由于步进电机能都直接接收数字量，响应速度快而且工作可靠并无累计误差，常用作数字控制系统驱动机构的动力元件，因此，在驱动装置中采用由步进电机构成的环控制方式，这种方式技能满足控制精度的要求，又能达到经济型、实用化目的。

目前的工业机械臂控制将每一个机械臂的联合看做一个简单的联合伺服。伺服方法不能从分地模仿不同的动力学机械手，因为它忽略了机械手整体的运动和配置。这些控制系统的参数的变化有时是足够重要，以至于使常规的反馈控制方法失效。其结果是减少了伺服相应的速度和阻尼，限制了京都和最终效应的速度，使系统仅适用于有限精度的工作。机械手以这种方式控制速度降低而没有不必要的震动。任何在这一领域和其它领域的机械臂性能增益要求更有效率的动态模型、精密的控制方法、专门的计算机架构和并行处理技术。

在工业生产和其它领域内，由于工作的需要，人们经常受到高温、腐蚀及有毒气体等因素的危害，增加了工人的劳动强度，甚至于危及生命。自从机械手问世以来，相应的各种难题迎刃而解。机械手可在空间抓、放、搬运物体，动作灵活多样，适用于可变换生产品种的中、小批量自动化生产，广泛应用于柔性自动线。机械手一般由耐高温，抗腐蚀的材料制成，以适应现场恶劣环境，大大降低了工人的劳动强度，提高了工作效率。机械手是工业机器人的重要组成部分，在很多情况下它就可以称为工业机器人。工业机器人集机械、电子、控制、计算机、传感器、人工智能等多学科先进技术于一体化的现代制造业重要的自动化装备。广泛采用工业机器人，不仅可以提高产品的质量与产量，而且对保障人身安全，改善劳动环境，减轻劳动强度，提高劳动生产率，节约原材料消耗以及降低生产成本，有着十分重要的意义。

工业机械手是工业机器人的一个重要分支。它的特点是可通过编程来完成各种预期的作业任务，在构造和性能上兼有人和机器各自的优点，尤其体现了人的智能和适应性。机械手作业的准确性和各种环境中完成作业的能力，在国民经济各领域有着广阔的发展前景。随着工业自动化的发展, 出现了数控加工中心,它在减轻工人的劳动强度的同时, 大大提高了劳动生产率。但数控加工中常见的上下料工序, 通常仍采用人工操作或传统继电器控制的半自动化装置。前者费时费工、效率低;后者因设计复杂, 需较多继电器,接线繁杂, 易受车体振动干扰,而存在可靠性差、故障多、维修困难等问题。可编程序控制器PLC控制的上下料机械手控制系统动作简便、线路设计合理、具有较强的抗干扰能力, 保证了系统运行的可靠性,降低了维修率, 提高了工作效率。机械手技术涉及到力学、机械学、电气液压技术、自动控制技术、传感器技术和计算机技术等科学领域，是一门跨学科综合技术。

机械手主要由手部和运动机构组成。手部是用来抓持工件（或工具）的部件，根据被抓持物件的形状、尺寸、重量、材料和作业要求而有多种结构形式，如夹持型、托持型和吸附型等。运动机构，使手部完成各种转动（摆动）、移动或复合运动来实现规定的动作，改变被抓持物件的位置和姿势......机械手是在自动化生产过程中使用的一种具有抓取和移动工件功能的自动化装置，它是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。近年来，随着电子技术特别是电子计算机的广泛应用，机器人的研制和生产已成为高技术领域内迅速发展起来的一门新兴技术，它更加促进了机械手的发展，使得机械手能更好地实现与机械化和自动化的有机结合。机械手能代替人类完成危险、重复枯燥的工作，减轻人类劳动强度，提高劳动生产力。机械手越来越广泛的得到了应用，在机械行业中它可用于零部件组装，加工工件的搬运、装卸，特别是在自动化数控机床、组合机床上使用更普遍。目前，机械手已发展成为柔性制造系统FMS和柔性制造单元FMC中一个重要组成部分。把机床设备和机械手共同构成一个柔性加工系统或柔性制造单元，它适应于中、小批量生产，可以节省庞大的工件输送装置，结构紧凑，而且适应性很强。当工件变更时，柔性生产系统很容易改变，有利于企业不断更新适销对路的品种，提高产品质量，更好地适应市场竞争的需要。而目前我国的工业机器人技术及其工程应用的水平和国外比还有一定的距离，应用规模和产业化水平低，机械手的研究和开发直接影响到我国自动化生产水平的提高，从经济上、技术上考虑都是十分必要的。因此，进行机械手的研究设计是非常有意义的。

第四篇：机器人外文翻译(文献翻译_中英文翻译)

外文翻译

外文资料：

Robots First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development.It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology.It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development.But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave.So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need.Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories.is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide.Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation.So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small.Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly.Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot.It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement.So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom.We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom.Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc.These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference.It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc.It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming.The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up.This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas.If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited.Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside.a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate.This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery.This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Robot is mankind's right-hand man;friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend.In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend.Robots will create the jobs issue.We believe that there would not be a “robot appointment of workers being laid off” situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.译文资料：

机器人

首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。另一方面它也是生产力发展的需求的必然结果，也是人类自身发展的必然结果，那么随着人类的发展，人们在不断探讨自然过程中，在认识和改造自然过程中，需要能够解放人的一种奴隶。那么这种奴隶就是代替人们去能够从事复杂和繁重的体力劳动，实现人们对不可达世界的认识和改造，这也是人们在科技发展过程中的一个客观需要。

机器人有三个发展阶段，那么也就是说，我们习惯于把机器人分成三类，一种是第一代机器人，那么也叫示教再现型机器人，它是通过一个计算机，来控制一个多自由度的一个机械，通过示教存储程序和信息，工作时把信息读取出来，然后发出指令，这样的话机器人可以重复的根据人当时示教的结果，再现出这种动作，比方说汽车的点焊机器人，它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后，它总是重复这样一种工作，它对于外界的环境没有感知，这个力操作力的大小，这个工件存在不存在，焊的好与坏，它并不知道，那么实际上这种从第一代机器人，也就存在它这种缺陷，因此，在20世纪70年代后期，人们开始研究第二代机器人，叫带感觉的机器人，这种带感觉的机器人是类似人在某种功能的感觉，比如说力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉和人进行相类比，有了各种各样的感觉，比方说在机器人抓一个物体的时候，它实际上力的大小能感觉出来，它能够通过视觉，能够去感受和识别它的形状、大小、颜色。抓一个鸡蛋，它能通过一个触觉，知道它的力的大小和滑动的情况。第三代机器人，也是我们机器人学中一个理想的所追求的最高级的阶段，叫智能机器人，那么只要告诉它做什么，不用告诉它怎么去做，它就能完成运动，感知思维和人机通讯的这种功能和机能，那么这个目前的发展还是相对的只是在局部有这种智能的概念和含义，但真正完整意义的这种智能机器人实际上并没有存在，而只是随着我们不断的科学技术的发展，智能的概念越来越丰富，它内涵越来越宽。

下边我简单介绍一下工业机器人的一些情况。到目前为止，工业机器人是最成熟，应用最广泛的一类机器人，世界总量目前已经销售110万台，这是1999年的统计，但这110万台在已经进行装备使用的是75万台，这个量也是不小的。总体情况看，日本在工业机器人这一块，是首位的，成为机器人的王国，美国发展也很迅速，目前在新安装的台数方面，已经超过了日本，中国刚开始进入产业化的阶段，已经研制出多种工业机器人样机，已有小批量在生产中使用。

点焊机器人主要是针对汽车生产线，提高生产效率，提高汽车焊接的质量，降低工人的劳动强度的一种机器人。它的特点是通过机器人对两个钢板进行点焊的时候，需要承载一个很大的焊钳，一般在几十公斤以上，那么它的速度要求在每秒钟一米五到两米这样的高速运动，所以它一般来说有五到六个自由度，负载三十到一百二十公斤，工作的空间很大，大概有两米，这样一个球形的工作空间，运动速度也很高，那么自由度的概念，就是说，是相对独立运动的部件的个数，就相当于我们人体，腰是一个回转的自由度，我们大臂可以抬起来，小臂可以弯曲，那么这就三个自由度，同时腕部还有一个调整姿态来使用的三个自由度，所以一般的机器人有六个自由度，就能把空间的三个位置，三个姿态，机器人完全实现，当然也有小于六个自由度的，也有多于六个自由度的机器人，只是在不同的需要场合来配置。

第二类是服务机器人，随着工业化的发展，尤其近十年以来，机器人的发展的应用领域在不断拓宽，目前一个很重要的特征，大家都知道，机器人已经从制造业逐渐转向了非制造业和服务行业，刚才谈的汽车制造属于是制造业，但服务行业包括清洁、加油、救护、抢险、救灾这些等等，都属于非制造行业和服务行业，那么这里边跟工业机器人相比，它有一个很重要的不同，它主要是一个移动平台，它能够移动、去运动，上面有一些手臂进行操作，同时还装有一些像力觉传感器和视觉传感器、超声测距传感器等等。它对周边的环境进行识别，来判断它的运动，完成某种工作，这是服务机器人的基本的一个特点。

例如，家务机器人主要体现在像一些对地毯和地板定期的它能够进行清扫和吸尘，它这个机器人很有意思，它有传感器，它能够把家具和人能识别出来，它自动的按照一种规律，能根据路径把地面全部的清扫干净，这也是家务中一些机器人的表现。

那么医疗机器人，是近五年来发展比较迅速的一个新的应用领域。如果人手术的时候，医生来手术，一个是疲劳，另一个人手操作的精度还是有限的。在德国一些大学里面，面向人的脊椎，如腰间盘突出这种病，进行识别以后，能够自动地用机器人来辅助进行定位，进行操作和手术。像美国已经有一千多例机器人对人眼球进行手术，这样的机器人，还包括通过遥控操作的办法，实现对人的胃肠这种手术，大家在电视里边看到，一个机械手，大概有手指这样粗细的一个机械手，通过插入腹脏以后，人在屏幕上操作这个机器手，同时对它用激光的方法对病灶进行激光的治疗，这样的话，人就不用很大幅度地破坏人的身体，这实际对人的一种解放，是非常好一种机器人，医疗机器人它也很复杂，一方面它完全自动去完成各种工作，是有困难的，一般来说都是人来参与，这是美国开发的一个林白手术这样一个例子，人通过在屏幕上，通过一个遥控操作手来控制另一个机械手，实现通过对人的腹腔进行手术，前几年我们国家展览会上，美国已经成功的实现了对人的心脏瓣膜的手术和搭桥手术，这已经在机器人领域中，引起了很大的轰动，还包括，AESOP的这种外科手术机器人，它实际上通过一些仪器能够对人的一些病变进行检查，通过一个机械手就能够实现对人的某些部位进行手术，还包括遥操作机械手，以及多个医生可以在机器人共同参与下进行手术，包括机器人给大夫医生拿钳子、镊子或刀子来代替护士的工作，同时把照明能够自动的给医生的动作联系起来，医生的手到哪儿，照明就去哪儿，这样非常好的，一个医生的助手。

机器人是人类的得力助手，能友好相处的可靠朋友，将来我们会看到人和机器人会存在一个空间里边，成为一个互相的助手和朋友。机器人会不会产生饭碗的问题。我们相信不会出现“机器人上岗，工人下岗”的局面，因为人们随着社会的发展，实际上把人们从繁重的体力和危险的环境中解放出来，使人们有更好的岗位去工作，去创造更好的精神财富和文化财富。

第五篇：室内设计中英文翻译【适用于毕业论文外文翻译】

毕业设计英文资料翻译

Translation of the English Documents for Graduation Design

课题名称

院（系）专 业 姓 名 学 号 起讫日期 指导教师

2011 年 02 月 20 日

Interior Design

Susan Yelavich

Interior design embraces not only the decoration and furnishing of space, but also considerations of space planning, lighting, and programmatic issues pertaining to user behaviors, ranging from specific issues of accessibility to the nature of the activities to be conducted in the space.The hallmark of interior design today is a new elasticity in typologies, seen most dramatically in the domestication of commercial and public spaces.Interior design encompasses both the programmatic planning and physical treatment of interior space: the projection of its use and the nature of its furnishings and surfaces, that is, walls, floors, and ceilings.Interior design is distinguished from interior decoration in the scope of its purview.Decorators are primarily concerned with the selection of furnishings, while designers integrate the discrete elements of décor into programmatic concerns of space and use.Interior designers generally practice collaboratively with architects on the interiors of spaces built from the ground up, but they also work independently, particularly in the case of renovations.There is also a strong history of architect-designed interiors, rooted in the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk, the total work of art, that came out of the Arts & Crafts movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.It is no accident that its strongest proponents(from Frank Lloyd Wright to Mies van der Rohe)extended their practices to include the realm of interiors during the nascency of the interior-design profession.Indeed, it was a defensive measure taken by architects who viewed formal intervention by an interior decorator or designer as a threat to the integrity of their aesthetic.Today, apart from strict modernists like Richard Meier who place a premium on homogeneity, architects who take on the role of interior designer(and their numbers are growing)are more likely to be eclectic in philosophy and practice, paralleling the twenty-first century's valorization of plurality.Nonetheless, the bias against interior designers and the realm

of the interior itself continues to persist.Critical discussions of the interior have been hampered by its popular perception as a container of ephemera.Furthermore, conventional views of the interior have been fraught with biases: class biases related to centuries-old associations with tradesmen and gender biases related to the depiction of the decorating profession as primarily the domain of women and gay men.As a result, the credibility of the interior as an expression of cultural values has been seriously impaired.However, the conditions and the light in which culture-at-large is understood are changing under the impact of globalization.The distinctions between “high” culture and “low” culture are dissipating in a more tolerant climate that encourages the cross-fertilization between the two poles.Likewise, there are more frequent instances of productive borrowings among architecture, design, and decoration, once considered exclusive domains.And while the fields of architecture, interior design, and interior decoration still have different educational protocols and different concentrations of emphasis, they are showing a greater mutuality of interest.Another way to think of this emergent synthesis is to substitute the triad of “architecture, interior design, and decoration” with “modernity, technology, and history.” One of the hallmarks of the postmodern era is a heightened awareness of the role of the past in shaping the present.In the interior, this manifests itself in a renewed interest in ornament, in evidence of craft and materiality, and in spatial complexities, all running parallel to the ongoing project of modernity.Even more significantly, there is a new elasticity in typologies.Today, the traditional typologies of the interior—house, loft, office, restaurant, and so on—strain to control their borders.Evidence of programmatic convergences can clearly be seen in public and commercial spaces that aspire to be both more user-friendly and consumer-conscious.Growing numbers of private hospitals(in competition for patients)employ amenities and form languages inspired by luxury spas;at the same time, many gyms and health clubs are adopting the clinical mien of medical facilities to convince their clients of the value of their services.The same relaxation of interior protocols can be seen in offices that co-opt the informal, live-work ethic of the artist's loft, and in hotels that use the language(and contents)of galleries.Similarly, increasing numbers of grocery stores and bookstores include spaces and furniture for eating and socializing.Likewise, there is a new comfort with stylistic convergences in interiors that appropriate and recombine disparate quotations from design history.These are exemplified in spaces such as Rem Koolhaas' Casa da Musica(2005)in Porto, Portugal(with its inventive use of traditional Portuguese tiles), and Herzog & de Meuron's Walker Art Center(2005)in Minneapolis, Minnesota(where stylized acanthus-leaf patterns are used to mark gallery entrances).These interiors make an art out of hybridism.They do not simply mix and match period furnishings and styles, but refilter them through a contemporary lens.Another hallmark of the contemporary interior is the overt incorporation of narrative.Tightly themed environments persist in retail spaces such as Ralph Lauren's clothing stores and in entertainment spaces like Las Vegas casinos.However, a more playful and less linear approach to narrative is increasingly common.Of all the typologies of the interior, the residence has been least affected by change, apart from ephemeral trends such as outdoor kitchens and palatial bathrooms.However, the narrative of the residence dominates interior design at large.It has become the catalyst for rethinking a host of spaces once firmly isolated from it, ranging from the secretary's cubicle, to the nurse's station, to the librarian's reading room.Considerations such as the accommodation of personal accessories in the work space, the use of color in hospitals, and the provision of couches in libraries are increasingly common, to cite just three examples.The domestication of such environments(with curtains and wallpaper, among other residential elements)provides more comfort, more reassurance, and more pleasure to domains formerly defined by institutional prohibitions and social exclusions.Unquestionably, these changes in public and commercial spaces are indebted to the liberation movements of the late 1960s.The battles fought against barriers of race, class, gender, and physical ability laid the groundwork for a larger climate of hospitality and accommodation.It is also possible to detect a wholly other agenda in the popularity of the residential model.The introduction of domestic amenities into commercial spaces, such as recreation spaces in office interiors, can also be construed as part of a wider attempt to put a more acceptable face on the workings of free-market capitalism.In this view, interior design dons the mask of entertainment.There is nothing new about the charade.Every interior is fundamentally a stage set.Nor is it particularly insidious—as long as the conceit is transparent.Danger surfaces，however, when illusion becomes delusion—when design overcompensates for the realities of illness with patronizing sentiment, or when offices become surrogate apartments because of the relentless demands of a round-the-clock economy.In these instances, design relinquishes its potential to transform daily life in favor of what amounts to little more than a facile re-branding of space.Another force is driving the domestication of the interior and that is the enlarged public awareness of design and designers.There is a growing popular demand for design as amenity and status symbol, stimulated by the proliferation of shelter magazines, television shows devoted to home decorating, and the advertising campaigns of commercial entities such as Target and Ikea.In the Western world, prosperity, combined with the appetite of the media, has all but fetishized the interior, yielding yet another reflection of the narcissism of a consumer-driven society.On the one hand, there are positive, democratic outcomes of the growing public profile of design that can be seen in the rise of do-it-yourself web sites and enterprises like Home Depot that emphasize self-reliance.It can also be argued, more generally, that the reconsideration of beauty implicit in the valorization of design is an ameliorating social phenomenon by virtue of its propensity to inspire improvement.On the other hand, the popularization of interior design through personas such as Philippe Starck, Martha Stewart, and Barbara Barry has encouraged a superficial understanding of the interior that is more focused on objects than it is on behaviors and interactions among objects.For all the recent explosion of interest in interior design, it remains, however, a fundamentally conservative arena of design, rooted as it is in notions of enclosure, security, and comfort.This perception has been exacerbated by the growth of specialized practices focused, for example, on healthcare and hospitality.While such firms offer deep knowledge of the psychology, mechanics, and economies of particular environments, they also perpetuate distinctions that hinder a more integral approach to the interior as an extension of architecture and even the landscape outside.One notable exception is the growth of design and architecture firms accruing expertise in sustainable materials and their applications to the interior.At the same time that design firms are identifying themselves with sustainability and promoting themselves as environmentalists, a movement is building to incorporate environmental responsibility within normative practice.Over the past four decades, efforts have intensified to professionalize the field of interior design and to accord it a status equal to that of architecture.In the US and Canada the Council for Interior Design Accreditation, formerly known as FIDER, reviews interior design education programs at colleges and universities to regulate standards of practice.Furthermore, the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design(ICSID)embraces interior design within its purview, defining it as part of “intellectual profession, and not simply a trade or a service for enterprises.”

Yet, the education of interior designers remains tremendously variable, with no uniformity of pedagogy.Hence, interior design continues to be perceived as an arena open to the specialist and the amateur.This perception is indicative of both the relatively short history of the profession itself and the broader cultural forces of inclusion and interactivity that mark a global society.原文来源：

Board of International Research in Design，Design Dictionary Perspectives on Design Terminology，Birkhäuser Verlag AG 2008