第一篇:中美会计准则差异吐血总结.doc大全
中美会计准则差异吐血总结
来源:网络
从2005年初开始,中国在总结多年会计改革经验基础上,大力推进会计准则建设及其国际趋同,建成了与市场经济发展进程相适应、并与国际财务报告准则相趋同的企业会计准则体系。2005年11月,中国会计准则委员会与国际会计准则理事会签署联合声明,确认中国企业会计准则与国际财务报告准则实现了实质性趋同。故基本上认为中国会计准则与美国会计准则目前的差异越来越小:
我认为
1.理念
美国会计准则核算理念是财务人员应根据实际业务模式选择自身的会计核算模式。同时美国会计准则更多强调企业外部环境及内部环境的变化对会计核算的影响。
2.实际操作
目前中国很多企业会计核算仍旧是以税务为基础进行会计核算,并且审计师实际操作过程中的操作尺度相对于美国审计师要明显宽松多。
(1)中国很多企业都是基于税务发票进行核算。而正常会计核算应当考虑很多其他证明文件如合同、收货单、验收单、客户确认单、结算单。
(2)资产减值.尽管中国会计准则也提到资产减值的概念,但在实际操作过程种,很少有企业会认真对待资产减值,而由于企业核算人员习惯以历史成本计价,也就不会考虑太多公允价值问题。
(3)关联方及关联交易。美国对关联方的定义比中国可能更广些,特别是实际操作过程中。
3.准则方面
(1)收入确认方面: 美国准则不仅规定了收入确认的四个基本原则。里面比较复杂的象,多种形式收入确认,软件收入确认,建筑方面等。并且在评价收入确认时,还会根据合同及业务的情况最终判定收入的确认方法。
(2)应收账款方面:美国会计分应收开票与应收未开票。应收开票是与发票结算相关的,而未开票应收是同收入确认相关。
(3)预收账款方面(美国会计分预收与递延收入):预收账款是同预收保证金对应,而递延收入是同应收开票一样与发票相关科目(4)企业合并:包括合并实体方面,美国会计准则强化控制及影响的概念,并且提出可变权益实体(VIE概念)。并合并会计处理及合并披露与中国会计准则都存在差异。如合并披露中美国会计准则要求披露合并模拟报表,中国一般不需要。
(3)限定性现金:中国会计准则没有限定性资金概念。
(4)固定资产的定义及范围
象租入固定资产改良在美国会计准则下就是要计入固定资产。
(5)折旧摊销的政策
美国折旧摊销政策比较灵活,如残值及折旧年限都可以企业自由制定
(6)金融衍生工具的核算及公允价值计量
由于美国金融衍生工具较多也比较复杂,所以其公允价值计量也相应比较复杂。如可转债核算美国会计准则下就是要先评定是属于债还是属于权益,然而再进行分债与权益核算。而中国会计准则下,可转债直接计算划分为债与权益。
(7)股权补偿成本核算
在会计核算分录中,美国会计准则要求企业计算其先计算公允价值,然后分摊核算。而中国会计准则下股权补偿成本核算与美国显得不一样。
(8)政府补贴
中国会计准则下有净额法及总额法。而美国会计准则则在政府批准时就可确认相关收入。
(9)少数股东权益
美国会计准则下少数股东权益不一定依据比例计算,有可能依据公允价值计量。这样少数股东权益的金额有可能与按比例计算的少数股东权益不一样 2.会计批露
(1)中国会计准则下财报年度与日历年度一致,而美国会计准则可以不一致。
(2)美国会计准则下有综合性收入报表,中国的没有
(3)美国会计准则下有未确认外汇折算损益与已确认的汇总损益,中国未细分
(4)美国会计准则下下批露时允许用非准则调整方法对企业净利润进行阐述,中国没有批及此。
第二篇:中美礼仪差异
由于各国的历史与文 化底蕴不同,各国人民在进行礼尚交往时的习惯也有不少差异。特别是中西方之间,礼仪上的差别很大,若不了解,就容易引起不必要的误会和损失。例如,在中国近代史上,由于中国闭关自守,对西方不了解,在一次希特勒举行的宴会上,一位中国使节按照在中国的习惯用餐巾去揩拭刀叉,殊不知这种做法在国外是极不礼貌的,仿佛是在责备刀叉不干净。希特勒一见之下,立即命令侍者将全体客人的餐具一律重新换过,使那位中国使节窘迫难堪。再例如,李鸿章曾应俾斯麦之邀前往赴宴,由于不懂西餐礼仪,把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。当时俾斯麦不了解中国的虚实,为了不使李鸿章丢丑,他也将洗手水一饮而尽,见此情景,其他文武百官只能忍笑奉陪。在文化方面就美国来讲,中国人赞赏推崇的愚公移山,令全拿搬家不当回事的美国人大惑不解,他们会用智叟的语调发问:“他为什么不搬家?”中国人以谦虚为美德,而美国人对中国人“水平不高,能力有限”的自谦并不以为然,相反地他会认为你缺乏自信,不知有多少留学生在美国因为“谦虚”而推掉了饭碗。如此相反的结论,如此巨大的反差,是东西方存在的文化差异的显现。
造成这种差异的根本原因,是因为西方人和我们有着完全不同的世界观和价值取向。当然西方人也有许多地方是值得我们学习的。例如,中国游客在美旅游后准备买票回国,凭主观想象买票是肯定要排队的,但当他们进入售票大厅时,见窗口只有一个人在办理手续,另有几个人静静地坐在大厅的边上。我国的游客马上拥至窗口抢购机票,售票员在给中国游客办好机票后,微笑着对他们说:“下次买票请自觉排队,并用手指了指边上的人,当中国人回头看时,他们报微笑,使几个中国人真是无地自容。在现代的社会再犯这样的错误是不应该的,以自己的国情来看待别国才会出“洋相”,这有待于提高自己的文化素质,因此,了解中西方礼尚交往之间的习惯差异是很有必要的。若一无所知,就容易在与外国人交往时处于不利的形势。无论是在政治上,还是在经济贸易中,了解对方国家的礼仪习惯,是对对方的尊重,容易给对方留下一个好印象,以便交往的顺利进行。
首先要明确,东方文明和西方文明都是在一定的社会历史条件下产生和发展的,存在都是合理的,没有孰优孰劣的问题。就美国来说,它的历史只有短短200年,而它的人民是从各个地方移民而来的,可以说美国是一个“大熔炉”,它合众为一,众多不同民族和种族都融合在一起,很多人被同化了,不管什么肤色,不管讲何种语言,都自豪地称自己是美国人。他们的宗旨是永远向前看,遥望目力所及的前方,并且迈开双脚前进;自强自立,追求幸福,永不满足。这是他们良好的品质和素质,而他们信奉的誓言是:“只要我们能够梦想的我们就一定能够实现!”这是美国精神,是在英雄主义和献身精神的基础上建立起来的,以它短短200年的历史,创造了人类史上的灿烂文明,它所创造的生产力,比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多,还要大,这就是美国的魅力。我们不能因为中国是拥有五千年传统文化的,就盲目自大,而应尊重别人,尊重他人的人格与习惯,这样交往才能顺利进行。所以了解、研究别国的礼仪就显得很有必要了。
下面,我们对美国的礼仪文化作点研究:
美国成立时间不长,国内各类移民又不计其数,因此美国的礼仪文化可以说是多种文化的汇合,有不少都与中国人的习惯截然相反。
一、见面的礼仪。
美国人见面时,不一定会握手,只要笑一笑,打个招呼就行了,即使是第一次见面,而中国人则视握手为一个基本礼节。但在中国握手并没有太多的限定,而美国人握手是有一定礼节的。例如男女之间,女方先伸出手,若女方无握手之意,男子就只能点头鞠躬致意;长幼之间由长辈先伸出手;上下级之间,由上级先伸出手;宾主之间由主人先伸出手。而且握手时应注视对方,并摘下手套,否则会被视为不礼貌。在美国,人们见面时喜欢直呼其名,这是亲切友好的表示,纵使交谈之初可能互相用姓称呼,但过一会儿就改称名字。而在中国,人们很喜欢被称为某某经理,某某总裁,因为这是身份与地位的象征。但在美国,人们很少用正式的头衔称呼别人,正式的头衔只用于法官、高级政府官员,军官,医生,教授和高级宗教人士。值得注意的是,美国从来不用行政职务如局长、经理、校长等头衔来称呼别人。另外,在与人交谈时,切不可谈及个人的私事,诸如年龄、婚姻、收入、信仰等等。看到别人买的东西不可问其价格;如果看到别人回来,也不能问他去哪儿了或者从哪里来,否则就会遭人厌恶,美国人常用“鼻子伸到人家私生活里来了”这句话来表示对提问人的轻蔑。而在中国,人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻,人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。但在中国人与美国人打交道时,在中国人看来很普通地问对方一些家庭情况,美国人就很可能认为你侵犯了他的隐私,别有用心,一桩生意很可能就这样泡汤了。
二、送礼、约会、作客的礼仪。
一般来说,美国人不随便送礼,礼物通常不很贵重,只是些书籍、文具、巧克力糖之类的物品,在探病时则以送鲜花与盆景为主。与中国不同的是,美国人以为单数是吉利的,有时只送三只梨也不感到菲薄,而中国则讲究成双成对。美国人在收到礼物时,一定要马上打开,当着送礼人的面欣赏或品尝礼物,并立即道谢。另外,美国人的礼物重视包装,很可能你收到一份里三层外三层精美包装的礼物,打开却只能是几颗巧克力糖而已,你也不要因此觉得失望,或者认为美国人小气,相对于礼物的价值,美国人更注重的是心意。
美国人办事重效率,往往每天都有严格的计划,因此去美国家庭作客都要提前预约,否则打乱了别人的计划,就会被认为是不速之客,吃闭门羹。所以应该提前一两天写信或打电话预约。一旦约定,就要准时到达,不能迟到,也不要太早到,因为客来之前,主妇都要布置客厅准备茶点,如果去早了,主妇尚未准备好,又要接待你,就造成许多不便。而那些规模较大的正式场合,守时更为重要,万一去早了,也应在外面等几分钟后再进去。
在进门之前,应该把鞋上的泥土擦干净,以免弄脏地板。进门后要摘帽。并把雨衣雨伞留在室外。然后先向女主人问好,再向男主人问好。若主人家宾朋满座,只需与主人和相识者握手,对其他人点头致意即可。如果主人请你坐,你就应该马上坐下,不要推托不坐下,也不要随意翻动主人的用品,更不可问用品的价格。作客时,不要轻易吸烟,如想吸时应问在座的女士是否介意,并先向其他人敬烟。若主人向你敬烟,即使你自己有烟,也要接受主人的烟,这与中国人的习惯不同,中国人往往会因为客气而有所推拒,但这在美国人眼里,他就会认为你看不起他,而使朋友之间关系变坏。作客时间一般不宜过长,但饭后不要立即告辞,应再与主人攀谈一会儿。若夫妇同去作客,应由妻子先起立告辞。如果你与主人不太熟,作客后应打电话或写短柬以表谢意。这样美国人会认为你很懂礼貌,从而留下一个好印象。
三、餐桌上的礼节。
在用餐时,应等到全体客人面前都上了菜,且女主人示意后才开始用餐。在女主人拿起她的勺子或叉子以前,客人不得食用任何一道菜。而中国人往往习惯一边上菜一边用餐,女主人往往是最后开始坐下进餐的。在用餐时,始终保持沉默在美国是不太礼貌的,但咀嚼食物时也不要讲话,讲话时不应放下刀叉,但也不要拿着刀叉乱晃。在餐桌前不应擤鼻涕或打嗝,如果打喷嚏或咳嗽也应向周围的人道歉。取菜时,最好每样都取一点,这样会使女主人愉快。用餐完毕后,女主人应先离座,客人再一起随着离开,餐巾放在桌上,不要照原来的样子折起,除非主人请你留下吃下顿饭。
在席间,主人应使谈话始终活泼而风趣,使每个客人都不受冷落。主人的吃饭速度不可太快,如果多数人已吃完,而少数人尚未吃完,更应放慢速度,以免使客人感到不安。席间,客人将刀叉掉在地上,应礼貌地为其换一把。若客人不慎将盘碗打碎,女主人应镇静地收拾干净,安慰客人,绝不能显出不悦之色。最后,主人绝不能在客人面前计算请客的花费。
四、服饰的礼仪
美国人的服装以体现个性为主,很难从穿着上看出他们是富有还是贫穷,他们的身份地位如何。如果是一位穿着时髦笔挺西装的男士,看上去似某大公司的老板,其实他可能是演艺界的艺员,甚至是一个美容美发师。穿着牛仔裤运动鞋旧T恤的,看似流浪汉,其实却可能是一位不修边幅的教授。因此,在美国,万万不可先敬罗衣后敬人。曾经有美国外商来华,接待人员乍一见便以为那西装笔挺的一定是老板要员,而忽视了一行人中的大胡子。虽然把热情过多地倾泻到了“西装笔挺”上,还好,也没冷落了“大胡子”。稍后,一介绍身份,方知道谁是真正的老板,而那个“西装笔挺”不过是雇员。因此在美国,穿得好的不一定有钱,穿得不好的不一定没钱。若简单地以衣帽取人,不仅会主次不分,使自己陷入窘境,而且会让美国人轻视。
虽然美国人穿着随便,不像欧洲人这么讲究,但在美国的穿着可谓“不怕穿破,不许穿错。”有许多场合,服饰有很严格的规定。例如,美国许多公司上班有专门设计订做的制服,在律师楼和银行上班的老板和职员们天天都是西装笔挺,而且每日均需要换,若两日相同,就容易被人误会是个夜晚没有回家更衣的人。再例如在美国举办各种宴会,往往在请柬上注明是否“黑领结”。如果注明了“黑领结”,男士则一定要穿无尾礼服,系黑色领结,女士必须穿晚礼服。这时,男士的长条领带,女士的裤装都上不了台面。如果没有注明“黑领结”,而表示是“正式穿着”,那么西服就可以上场。如果写的是“白领”,表示要穿燕尾服,系白色领带。因此什么宴会穿什么样的衣服,是很有讲究的。试想,如果在一个不怎么正式的场合,每个人都是一身短打扮,唯独你一个人身着深黑笔挺的燕尾服;或者每一个都云鬟高挽,长裙及地,唯独你一人一袭T恤,这种巨大的不协调,你自己不觉得张狂,别人也会看着你在人堆里悠悠晃晃不像个东西。而且在美国,这是对宴客的主人大不敬的明确表示,主人也会因此对你感到厌恶,从而与你断绝来往,这会是你的一大损失。因此注意场合与服装的搭配在美国尤为重要。
总之,美国与中国之间有不少不同的交往习惯,同样其它的西方国家,也有各自的文化习惯,因此在与外国人交往或者到别的国家去之前,了解对方国家的礼仪习惯是十分必要的,这不仅是对对方的尊重,也给自己带来了便利,避免了不必要的麻烦与误会,以便在多方竞争中争取主动,并能取得良好的结果。
第三篇:中美家庭差异(英)
三 江 学 院
本科生毕业设计(论文)
题 目中美家庭差异对比
学院 英语 专业 学生姓名学号 指导教师职称 指导教师工作单位
起讫日期 2016.11-2017.5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In doing this thesis, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates.They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions.I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the thesis would not have been what it is now.Particularly, I am deeply indebted to(自己填老师名字), who guided me throughout the entire process of writing this thesis.Her standards of academic excellence have made my revision an exciting and gratifying experience.Furthermore, none of this would have been possible without the help of thoseindividuals and organizations hereafter mentioned with gratitude:(自己填大学名字), the university library and its staff.ABSTRACT Family is the basic unit of society, and family members of the rules of conduct, living habits often affect the formation of this family values.Family values are generally recognized, it gradually formed a prototype of the social value system.These national values also represent the image of the people of the country to a certain extent.China and the United States due to cultural traditions, ideas, social customs and other aspects of the differences led to the two countries in the family values of many differences.In the context of cross-cultural communication between China and the United States to compare family ethics, education, marriage, etc., correctly understand and understand the differences between family values between the two countries, to cross-cultural communication to remove obstacles.The core proposition of this paper is family values.It is well known that family values are the core of the cultural value research system, which plays a decisive role in the behavior of family members.And the family is the epitome of the socio-economic form, is the most basic unit of social composition, so the family members of the valuesdirectly affect their words and behavior in society, that is, the values of society as a whole depends largely on the family Values, it can be seen that the role of family values is very important.The impact of family valueson people is important because family values are the starting point for people to accept value education.Second, the family members of the values once formed, it will not easily change, it will exist for a long time, and even affect people's life.Therefore, the impact of family values on people is more far-reaching, broad and lasting.Third, family values are closely related to the development of society.Therefore, the study of family values is necessary and important.Based on the thinking of crossChinese and American family cultures.4.Differences between Chinese and American Families Values 4.1 The Values of Chinese Families
China's history is long, its deep heritage to the Chinese social form is very clear and difficult to change.Chinese society is a collectivist cultural group, the core value of individual behavioral interests must obey the collective interests, therefore, the behavior of family members to meet the collective interests of their loved ones.The most direct manifestation of Chinese family ethics is the strong clan concept.In the context of the ancient agricultural economy and society, most of the rural areas are homed with the same ethnic groups, clan or family organizations have the production, education and even self-defense functions, the family mayor, in accordance with the family management family members.Now, the development of economy and society makes the form of clan change, the clan split into a family, but the clan concept has been inherited, still stressed the harmony between different levels of family members.Strong hierarchical concepts and the traditional moral system makes the clan between the clan to strict compliance, such as the call must be accurate.Respect for the long and young people have been living in the family, the young people must respect the elders, daily life to the elders to please, respect for smoke, seat, let way, eat when sitting is also very particular about the elderly in his later years Need to be supported.Filial piety, raising children and other traditional concepts reflect the characteristics of Chinese families.A child in a family before the general situation is the need to live with their parents, and even after marriage and their parents live together is also affirmed and praised.Life contact in marriage is also very close, often together to eat, meet, in the Spring Festival and other important festivals will meet, greetings.This kind of spiritual contact and concern is a deep-rooted standard of Chinese family clan concept, often not with the social change, the development of the times and change.4.2 The Values of American Families The history of the United States is relatively short, as a new system from the British society split out of the country, it has before the traditional British classical social values, but more of a variety of cultural inclusion and recognition, and gradually formed a large fusion Of the nation.American society advocates the recognition of personal dignity, respect for human personality is the basic composition of its social value.The concept of family gradually formed in the family also makes the recognition of individual rights to the point where nothing is added.In the United States, both economic, political, and cultural are impacted by the principle of personality first, American family values are influenced by this principle.Therefore, in American society, often pay great attention to the cultivation of individual thinking, the collective concept is relatively lacking.From the American society to see the value of the composition of the family, you can understand that this family concept is individual-centered, respect for the individual on the first place.American children in adulthood, with independent ability, the family is independent of the individual, the young people will take the initiative to divorce from the original family, even in the major festivals did not meet the moral requirements, even if not family and Reunion is not condemned, which in a certain sense is respect for the individual's rights.Personal status is protected in a family, and the integrity of the family can not replace personal decisions.And in the family of their own relatives are more general terms, the title of the simplification is also to a certain extent, showing the recognition of social habits.China's respect for the class, the collective sense of identity makes in the decision-making of large things on the more consistent, more efficient transmission of information capabilities, but the personality has been a certain degree of repression;American concept too much respect for individuals, making the United States Collective concept is relatively weak, clan concept is not strong, some collective projects to be successful to do is relatively difficult.5.Differences in Family Education between China and America The family is the most important place for enlightenment education for children, and plays an important role in the development of good habits and the development of intelligence.Family education is the most important part of all the earliest education, it is the child's thinking mode and the formation of the world view of great significance.Deng Xiaoping once said: “The basis of national modernization in the talent, the basis of talent in education, education based on the family.” China is a country that attaches importance to family education, China's deep educational and cultural traditions contain excellent family education components.For thousands of years, many people in the field of family education hard work, accumulated a lot of fruitful results.The difference between Chinese and American educational concepts has always been the focus of discussion.In the family environment, we can significantly feel the impact of family ideas on the growth of children.Social environment mapping in the concept of family education, making the concept of family education in China and China have a huge difference.5.1 Family Education in China
Chinese education, we can see the phenomenon is often the child to comply with the teacher, the parents of the arrangements, conservative and objective accumulation of basic knowledge, divergent thinking is weak, the attitude of learning is also very obedient arrangements for elders, this compromise led to students Of stereotypes, sluggish, lack of creativity.In the family education, parents attach importance to the number of children, moral education, the traditional essence of Chinese culture to the modern society.In the formal education is often very important to the performance of the child, the academic performance as a good identification of a very important measure of the expectations of the child is very high, expect them to succeed, meteoric rise.This leads to the child's daily education is extremely strict, and will not consider the child's nature of the shape, not to find children grow up in line with their personality.Therefore, in China's education can often be extreme phenomena, there can be extreme genius, but also often caused by excessive pressure caused by tragedy.Chinese parents attach great importance to the social adaptability of education, they often in accordance with the established model to develop their children, but often overlooked from the child's physical and mental development characteristics to promote its growth.They look forward to their children have a bright future, more emphasis on academic tendencies, that the child as long as the results are good, what problems can be resolved.Whether the child in the future, whether to find a good career, whether in the good times through life, these are the purpose of parental education.Based on this expectation, many parents believe that the parents of the child's responsibility is to let them live better, parents give them how much happiness to give them how much happiness.If you can give children to create the most favorable living conditions, so hard and willing to.5.2 Family Education in America
American families place children's independence and autonomy in an important position, focusing on the ability of children to adapt to a variety of environments and to survive independently.They argue that the purpose of education is not to prepare a living, but to prepare for survival.What they emphasize is the value of shaping the mind, a value that is unrelated to utilitarian or occupation.Based on this concept, they attach great importance to the child's own exercise, such as labor training, will exercise, but the most fundamental is to adapt to a variety of hardships and training of labor ability.Through the labor, let the children from childhood to develop a sense of independence and love of labor habits.In the labor and hardships to overcome difficulties, temper the will, develop their own strengths, growth and talent, to develop hard, frugal good quality.They generally believe that the growth of children must rely on their own strength, so since childhood to focus on training their self-reliance and independent living ability.American family education is focused on the identity of the child's nature, giving children the freedom to judge the power of things.This psychological buffer makes the child in the learning process can accept a lot of innovative thinking, the child's education is not limited to basic education.Relative to the focus of Chinese education on basic education, the United States is more inclined to practice.American children's freedom of control over the weekend is far greater than the Chinese children.So we can see the Chinese children are in a pressure environment to come out, the United States children in the free and open space to learn things to judge and understanding.This practice of learning is more conducive to their integration into the community, but also give them a wide range of values to choose the face.The development of children in the American family education model is more comprehensive, which makes the children in the American family earlier self-reliance, early contact with the community, the vision is more open.Chinese children in the family, education is more conservative, lack of innovation in thinking, but the basic knowledge is very solid.American education of people-oriented, excessive human indulgence will produce a relatively weak basic education phenomenon.Two kinds of education only learn from each other, to find a suitable fit point in order to achieve the optimization of education.6.Conclusion
Under the influence of different cultural values of the two countries, China and the United States have significant differences in family values.In the traditional culture of China and the United States, Chinese families are mostly used for generations.US President Bill Clinton praised the Chinese family values.Indeed, thousands of years of Confucian culture created the obligations of family members in the Chinese family-a parental responsibility, mutual support and interdependence among family members;parental respect for children in American families , The child is very young to learn for their own American rights and mother fight.There are differences between Chinese and American family values.This kind of difference embodies the nationalities and regionalities.We can not simply summarize them with differences or fusion, but only analyze the commonness and characteristics of family values in different countries in different historical periods.Only by overcoming the prejudice of European and American cultural centers can help to deepen the understanding of the uniqueness and integrity of the national family culture and social culture in order to promote mutual understanding and exchange.Today, the traditional family values of China and the United States have been hit hard by the growing globalization, and have undergone tremendous changes.We can not say which family values are better.However, with the international exchange and cultural integration of the highly developed era, the Chinese family members of the independent consciousness and respect for the independence of the consciousness is strengthened, the US family will also promote family members to each other mutual cooperation and common development.We can not expect the perfect unity of Sino-American family values, and we expect to maximize the cost of integration of different family values.In a variety of different family values set up a bridge between the communication, so that the perception of another family values from unfamiliar to cognitive, but also by the recognition to recognition, and finally slowly blending through.Thus we can see that strengthening the study and research of family values in different cultural backgrounds is of great practical significance for us to engage in cross-cultural communication and build a harmonious society.References [1] Datesman, Maryanne, Joann, American Ways: An Introduction to American Culture ,published by Pearson Education, Inc.2005.[2] Bert N., Adams,Handbook of world families, Stage Publication Inc.2005.[3] Marvin B.Sussman, Handbook of marriage and the family, Plenum Press, 1998.[4] John Locke, Of Civil Government, Second Treatise, Chicago,Henry Regency Company,1999.[5] Schwab J J.Gray-Ice H.M., Family Functioning-The General Living Sytem Research Model, New York 233 Spring: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub1ishers, 2000.[6]孟小佳.论中美家庭在教育方式上的差异[J].前沿,2010,(11): 193~ 195.
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第四篇:中美师德规范差异
中美师德规范差异
仅从两国规范的名称就可以透视出两者的一些明显的差别。我国《中小学教师职业道德规范》,适用于从事普通教育的中小学教师,不适用于幼儿园和中等职业技术教育的教师,不适用于高校教师,也不适用于校外教育机构的教师。美国《教育专业伦理规范》适用于全体教育专业工作者,无论校内校外,也无论中小学还是大学。
美国教育专业伦理规范它是行业自治的规范,一半是维护教育专业服务对象权益的职业规范,另一半是维持教育专业团体及其成员的利益和声誉的职业规范,较充分地体现出专业自身的诉求。我国大陆更倾向于把教师工作看成是一种普通的“职业”,因此颁布的师德规范称作“职业道德规范”。美国教育界有着更高的抱负,试图将教育工作建设成为一门“专业,所以颁布的行业伦理规范称作“专业伦理规范”。
我国大陆的师德规范由主要国家教育部和教师工会共同颁布,带有明显的官方性质,因此比较充分地体现了国家和政府的意志,甚至包含了教师工作的政治规范等。由于它不是教师自身的行会组织制定的,所以几乎没有维护专业声誉和利益的任何条款。
第五篇:中美学生的差异
我看中美学生的差异
最近看了一些有关中国教改的视频和美国教育的资料,发现由于长期中美教育教学理念的差异,所培养出来的学生就表现出明显的不同,特别是中国学生到美国留学以后,在美国老师眼中中美学生的差异较大。主要表现在以下几方面:
1、中国学生在课堂上比较自律,遵守纪律,而美国学生比较自由散漫,不拘一格。中国学生对违反纪律、犯错误大都比较害怕,而美国学生认为犯错误理所当然,他们认为只有不断的“试错”才能找到正确的答案。而美国老师往往也鼓励学生犯错,这样学生就可以大胆地思考、提出不同的意见,有利于培养学生的批判性思维。他们的理念是“试错”是一种重要的学习方法。另外,美国教育还特别重视研究性学习。比如理科学习以项目研究为主,自己选择研究题目,写项目报告,报告不能直接抄录书本或网络上的观点、语言,引用必需注明出处,与我们大学论文基本一致,这是我们中国孩子的软肋。
2、中国学生在课堂上喜欢被动接受知识,很少发言提问,也不主动参与课堂讨论。可以说在美国课堂里中国留学生是发言最少的人。而美国课堂里所有老师都喜欢讨论式教学,常常让学生讨论对某个问题的看法,学生自由发言,提出观点,并指出支撑观点的依据。美国老师只在个别时候做一些启发引导或发表一下自己的看法,激起学生进一步讨论。美国老师的教学理念是获得知识的过程比获得知识的结论更重要,他们认为培养学生的批判性思维远比收获一两个结论重要得多。尤其是学生毕业以后离开学校这种能力在工作中将终生受益。可以说独立思考、质疑一切、敢于创新是美国教育的灵魂,自由是创造之母,批判性思维是创新能力的源泉,是美国教育的基石。由于美国学生从小就在这种讨论式的课堂气氛中长大,他们也习惯于这种教学,经常主动问问题,主动参与讨论。有的学生为了证明自己观点的正确性,不惜在课前花大量时间查阅资料。而中国学生初次在这种课堂里会感到无所适从,常常觉得课堂里没学到什么东西而苦恼。中国学生从小在中国课堂里习惯于听讲记笔记,被动接受老师所讲的知识。老师很少营造讨论气氛,学生更注重获得知识的结论而不是获得知识的过程。相当一部分中国学生不主动思考遇到的问题,迷信老师和课本提供的标准答案,没有质疑一切的精神,也不主动请教老师,常常囫囵吞枣、死记硬背结论。另外美国课堂还特别重视体验和参与。比起我们的课堂教学,美国中小学课堂教学的密度小得多,但是课堂活动往往丰富多彩。在传授知识的过程中,老师们更关注学生对知识的感受和内心体验。所有的课堂活动都尽可能让学生参与其中,动手又动脑,其中不乏孩子们喜闻乐见的游戏形式。由上述分析可知,美国学生收获的是获得知识的过程即学习方法,而中国学生收获的是知识本身和知识结论。
3、中国学生为高考而学,而美国学生为兴趣而学。美国学生没有固定的班级概念,大家各自按照自己所选修的课程去上课。课间时,学生们在各个教室之间匆忙奔走,根本没有在教室和楼道里追跑打闹的工夫。美国多元化的教育理念特别重视个性化教育,注重因材施教,注重培养学生的兴趣和特长。学校提供多种课程和课外活动供学生选择。他们认为每个学生都有自己潜在的强项和特长,需要学校帮助他们开发出来,让每个学生都能获得成就感。他们的学生很多都是按照自己的兴趣在学习,兴趣是最好的老师,按照兴趣学习,大多数学生不仅能获得快乐和成就感,而且还能持久专注于某一领域,也容易在这一领域做出贡献,所以为什么他们的诺贝尔奖获得人数那么多也就不足为奇了。我们中国学生往往从小就树立要考好大学的理想,考上好大学是为了找一个好工作。这种功利化的思想影响了一代又一代的中国学生。中国的教育可以说是一切为了高考,不管学生是否喜欢,大家都在为过高考这个独木桥而拼搏。由于没有注重个性化教育和学生的兴趣特长,中国的学生就像是大工业化时代流水线上的产品一样,由一个模子铸出来的。事实上,抹杀学生的兴趣特长,不承认学生之间的个体差异,按照一种单一课堂教学模式和评价体制只会使极少数学生获得成就感,大多数学生会感到沮丧,压抑,这样也就谈不上具有创新能力了。
4、美国学生的动手能力明显强于中国学生。这种差异从幼儿时期的家庭教育就开始出现了分化。中国学生从很小就开始学习数数、识字、背古诗等,中国家长常常以自己的孩子在4—5岁就能识多少字,背多少古诗而自豪。这些急于“拔苗助长”的家长觉得,应该让一个4岁的孩子提前掌握小学的知识内容,因为大家都怕自己的孩子输在起跑线上。而这时美国的孩子在堆积木,学会把自己的玩具用完后整齐地放在箱子里,按照家长要求做一些力所能及的简单家务,如叠被子,将垃圾放到指定地点、洗车等等。任何事美国家长都鼓励孩子们自己去体验, 自己去独立解决。总之,整个少儿时期,中国孩子更多地在各种兴趣班动脑学习,而美国孩子则按照自己的兴趣更多地在动手体验生活。学校里的情况也不容乐观,美国课堂里凡是能通过实验解决的,一定让学生亲自动手体验。而中国课堂里的教材必做实验也不一定让学生做,特别是那些经济不发达地区的学校以及那些学生人数较多的大班和超大班,教师常常是在黑板上讲实验。一切为了高考的应试教育深入大多数中国人包括一些政府官员、校长和教育工作者的灵魂。在中国大地由于这种家庭教育和学校教育的功利化培养,中国学生养成了懒于动手操作的习惯,甚至高中毕业还洗不来自己的衣服,教育培养出的人才往往是高分低能者,更谈不上创新能力的培养了。科学研究表明,幼儿经常动手活动可以促进大脑发育。调查表明凡是少儿时期喜欢动手的人在成人时期更不容易失业,而不喜欢动手的人在成人时期不仅容易失业还容易罹患心理疾病和精神病。
5、美国学生特别重视体育锻炼。美国的教育理念认为没有强健的身体,其他再好也没有意义。美国的学校里体育课甚至比语文数学重要。体育课也是学生最喜欢上的课之一。学校体育设施不仅完备,还根据学生兴趣开设了篮球、排球、橄榄球等等各种兴趣班供学生选择。每天下午3:30后是学生的运动时间,私校为学生提供免费的运动辅导,春季以室外运动为主,冬季以室内运动为主。每个学区都会组织校际间的篮球、足球、曲棍球等运动竞赛,比赛时学生和家长都自愿去助威呐喊。而中国的体育课往往比较单一,有些学生甚至不喜欢上体育课。毕业班的体育课常常被中、高考科目替代。在一些学生家长老师的心目中体育课可有可无,无关紧要。不重视体育锻炼使得学生的身体素质明显下降,近年来近视眼和肥胖儿增多就是一个明显实例。
6、没有社区实践活动也是中国学生的一大缺失。虽然中国的新课标教育体系里规定了社区实践活动课,但很多学校都是流于形式,没有多大意义。全社会没有建立起可供学生社会实践的体系,包括认识、实践基地、评价和考核以及登记制度等等。社区实践不仅有利于培养学生动手能力而且还培养了学生认识社会、关爱社会、感恩社会、回馈社会的情感,为将来做一个合格劳动者打好基础。学生没有进行真正意义上的社区实践,不能不说这是中国教育的一大遗憾。美国教育的目标在于培养合格的公民。他们认为,教育即生活、教育的艺术就是社会生活的艺术,其目的就是使人适应这个世界。从整体上讲,学校培养不出天才,而是要培养好的公民,公民培养好了,人才也就有了。因此他们要求每个学生一定要完成规定时间的社区服务。
总之,从智商的角度上,中美学生并没有太大差异。甚至在很多领域,中国学生已经把美国同龄人远远地甩在后面。中美学生最大的不同就是中国学生喜欢被动接受知识结论,知识总量多,知识应用能力不足,而美国学生喜欢主动思考、喜欢讨论、喜欢质疑并主动探究知识的来源、喜欢动手实践、喜欢按照自己的兴趣来确定自己的发展目标。中国学生的长处正好是美国学生的短处,而中国学生缺乏的恰好是美国学生擅长的。中国学生通常在知识内容上非常渊博,而美国学生则在思维和方法上更占优势。美国学生比中国学生更具有批判性思维能力和创新能力。这就可以解释为什么中国中学生每年国际奥林匹克数学竞赛获金牌人数最多而没有几个中国人获得被誉为数学诺贝尔奖的“菲尔兹奖”。这种差异主要源于两国家庭教育、学校教育和社会教育理念的不同。