市场营销专业的网络营销论文内容摘要 中英文对照

第一篇：市场营销专业的网络营销论文内容摘要 中英文对照

内容摘要

互联网络的出现和新兴网络技术的发展是一场伟大的变革，它影响着经济和生活的各个层面，基于互联网的各种应用已经成为商业活动的重要载体和人们日常生活不可缺少的工具。网络技术的发展使人们对数字式信息的获取、操纵、传输和使用越来越重视。数字传递技术和网络信息技术的大规模普及一直在改变着企业与企业之间和企业与消费者之间的关系，改写了企业与消费者的行为准则，极大地促进了电子商务、网络营销、电子货币及电子金融市场的高速发展。电子商务时代的到来，使生活中的生产、交换、分配、消费等经济活动，以及生产者、消费者、金融机构和政府职能部门等主体经济行为，都同信息网络密切相关。如何有效利用因特网络进行交互式营销，并使之与传统营销实现整合，成为企业在这场变革中所面临的首要课题。正因如此，如何在电子商务背景下通过网络营销来实现既定目标，就成为当今以至于未来的焦点话题。随着国内Internet使用人数的增加，利用Internet进行网络购物并以银行卡付款的消费方式已渐流行，市场份额也在快速增长，电子商务逐渐成为业界热议的一个焦点话题，相关的电子商务网站也层出不穷。

关键字: 互联网络网络营销营销模式网络技术

Analysis

The emergence of the Internet and the new development of network technology is a great change, it affects economic and all facets of life, based on the Internet all kinds of applications has become an important carrier of the commercial activities and People's Daily life indispensable tools.The development of Internet technology to make people to digital information acquisition, manipulation, transmission and use pay more and more attention to.Digital transmission technology and network information technology of large-scale popularity has been changing enterprise and enterprise and between the enterprise and the consumer, the relationship between enterprises and consumers rewritten the standards of conduct, greatly promote the e-business, network marketing, electronic currency and electronic financial market growth.The arrival of the era of electronic commerce, make life production, exchange, distribution, and consumption and other economic activities, and producers, consumers, financial institutions and the functions of the government sector and other main economic activity, and are closely related with the information network.How to effectively use the Internet for interactive marketing and traditional marketing and realize conformity, to become the enterprise in this reform facing the first topic.Because of this, how in the electronic commerce background through the network marketing to achieve the goals, will become the focus of future that topic.With the increasing number of domestic Internet use, using the Internet for network shopping and bank CARDS payment by way of consuming is popular, market share is growing rapidly, e-commerce has become the industry of hot debate a topic, relevant e-commerce sites also emerge in endlessly.Key word:Internet marketingmode of network

marketing networktechnology

第二篇：机械专业论文中英文对照

Gearbox NoiseCorrelation with Transmission Error and Influence of Bearing Preload

ABSTRACT The five appended papers all deal with gearbox noise and vibration.The first paper presents a review of previously published literature on gearbox noise and vibration.The second paper describes a test rig that was specially designed and built for noise testing of gears.Finite element analysis was used to predict the dynamic properties of the test rig, and experimental modal analysis of the gearbox housing was used to verify the theoretical predictions of natural frequencies.In the third paper, the influence of gear finishing method and gear deviations on gearbox noise is investigated in what is primarily an experimental study.Eleven test gear pairs were manufactured using three different finishing methods.Transmission error, which is considered to be an important excitation mechanism for gear noise, was measured as well as predicted.The test rig was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measured noise and vibration levels were compared with the predicted and measured transmission error.Most of the experimental results can be interpreted in terms of measured and predicted transmission error.However, it does not seem possible to identify one single parameter,such as measured peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.The measurements also show that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair can change the levels of measured noise and vibration considerably.This finding indicates that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In the fourth paper, the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibration is investigated.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400Nm, with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay, and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results show that the bearing endplay and preload

influence the gearbox vibrations.With preloaded bearings, the vibrations increase at speeds over 2000 rpm and decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm, compared with bearings with endplay.Finite element simulations show the same tendencies as the measurements.The fifth paper describes how gearbox noise is reduced by optimizing the gear geometry for decreased transmission error.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque is considered in order to find a gear geometry giving low noise in an appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error, noise, and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations and noise was investigated in speed sweeps from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.Static loaded transmission error seems to be correlated with the ability of the gear pair to excite vibration in the gearbox dynamic system.Keywords: gear, gearbox, noise, vibration, transmission error, bearing preload.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out at Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna and at the Department of Machine Design at the Royal Institute of Technology(KTH)in Stockholm.The work was initiated by Professor Jack Samuelsson(Volvo and KTH), Professor Sören Andersson(KTH), and Dr.Lars Bråthe(Volvo).The financial support of the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems – VINNOVA – is gratefully acknowledged.Volvo Construction Equipment is acknowledged for giving me the opportunity to devote time to this work.Professor Sören Andersson is gratefully acknowledged for excellent guidance and encouragement.I also wish to express my appreciation to my colleagues at the Department of Machine Design, and especially to Dr.Ulf Sellgren for performing simulations and contributing to the writing of Paper D, and Dr.Stefan Björklund for performing surface finish measurements.The contributions to Paper C by Dr.Mikael

Pärssinen are highly appreciated.All contributionsto this work by colleagues at Volvo are gratefully appreciated.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Noise is increasingly considered an environmental issue.This belief is reflected in demands for lower noise levels in many areas of society, including the working environment.Employees spend a lot of time in this environment and noise can lead not only to hearing impairment but also to decreased ability to concentrate, resulting in decreased productivity and an increased risk of accidents.Quality, too, has become increasingly important.The quality of a product can be defined as its ability to fulfill customers’ demands.These demands often change over time, and the best competitors in the market will set the standard.Noise concerns are also expressed in relation to construction machinery such as wheel loaders and articulated haulers.The gearbox is sometimes the dominant source of noise in these machines.Even if the gear noise is not the loudest source, its pure high frequency tone is easily distinguished from other noise sources and is often perceived as unpleasant.The noise creates an impression of poor quality.In order not to be heard, gear noise must be at least 15 dB lower than other noise sources, such as engine noise.1.2 Gear noise This dissertation deals with the kind of gearbox noise that is generated by gears under load.This noise is often referred to as “gear whine” and consists mainly of pure tones at high frequencies corresponding to the gear mesh frequency and multiples thereof, which are known as harmonics.A tone with the same frequency as the gear mesh frequency is designated the gear mesh harmonic, a tone with a frequency twice the gear mesh frequency is designated the second harmonic, and so on.The term “gear mesh harmonics” refers to all multiples of the gear mesh frequency.Transmission error(TE)is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines transmission error as “the difference between

the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” Transmission error may be expressed as angular displacement or as linear displacement at the pitch point.Transmission error is caused by deflections, geometric errors, and geometric modifications.In addition to gear whine, other possible noise-generating mechanisms in gearboxes include gear rattle from gears running against each other without load, and noise generated by bearings.In the case of automatic gearboxes, noise can also be generated by internal oil pumps and by clutches.None of these mechanisms are dealt with in this work, and from now on “gear noise” or “gearbox noise” refers to “gear whine”.MackAldener [2] describes the noise generation process from a gearbox as consisting of three parts: excitation, transmission, and radiation.The origin of the noise is the gear mesh, in which vibrations are created(excitation), mainly due to transmission error.The vibrations are transmitted via the gears, shafts, and bearings to the housing(transmission).The housing vibrates, creating pressure variations in the surrounding air that are perceived as noise(radiation).Gear noise can be affected by changing any one of these three mechanisms.This dissertation deals mainly with excitation, but transmission is also discussed in the section of the literature survey concerning dynamic models, and in the modal analysis of the test gearbox in Paper B.Transmission of vibrations is also investigated in Paper D, which deals with the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise.Differences in bearing preload influence a bearing’s dynamic properties like stiffness and damping.These properties also affect the vibration of the gearbox housing.1.3 Objective The objective of this dissertation is to contribute to knowledge about gearbox noise.The following specific areas will be the focus of this study: 1.The influence of gear finishing method and gear modifications and errors on noise and vibration from a gearbox.2.The correlation between gear deviations, predicted transmission error, measured transmission error, and gearbox noise.3.The influence of bearing preload on gearbox noise.4.Optimization of gear geometry for low transmission error, taking into consideration robustness with respect to torque and manufacturing tolerances.2 AN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION − TRANSMISSION NOISE REDUCTION 2.1 Introduction This section briefly describes the activities involved in reducing gear noise from a wheel loader transmission.The aim is to show how the optimization of the gear geometry described in Paper E is used in an industrial application.The author was project manager for the “noise work team” and performed the gear optimization.One of the requirements when developing a new automatic power transmission for a wheel loader was improving the transmission gear noise.The existing power transmission was known to be noisy.When driving at high speed in fourth gear, a high frequency gear-whine could be heard.Thus there were now demands for improved sound quality.The transmission is a typical wheel loader power transmission, consisting of a torque converter, a gearbox with four forward speeds and four reverse speeds, and a dropbox partly integrated with the gearbox.The dropbox is a chain of four gears transferring the powerto the output shaft.The gears are engaged by wet multi-disc clutches actuated by the transmission hydraulic and control system.2.2 Gear noise target for the new transmission Experience has shown that the high frequency gear noise should be at least 15 dB below other noise sources such as the engine in order not to be perceived as disturbing or unpleasant.Measurements showed that if the gear noise could be decreased by 10 dB, this criterion should be satisfied with some margin.Frequency analysis of the noise measured in the driver's cab showed that the dominant noise from the transmission originated from the dropbox gears.The goal for transmission noise was thus formulated as follows: “The gear noise(sound pressure level)from the dropbox

gears in the transmission should be decreased by 10 dB compared to the existing transmission in order not to be perceived as unpleasant.It was assumed that it would be necessary to make changes to both the gears and the transmission housing in order to decrease the gear noise sound pressure level by 10 dB.2.3 Noise and vibration measurements In order to establish a reference for the new transmission, noise and vibration were measured for the existing transmission.The transmission is driven by the same type of diesel engine used in a wheel loader.The engine and transmission are attached to the stand using the same rubber mounts that are used in a wheel loader in order to make the installation as similar as possible to the installation in a wheel loader.The output shaft is braked using an electrical brake.2.4 Optimization of gears Noise-optimized dropbox gears were designed by choosing macro-and microgeometries giving lower transmission error than the original(reference)gears.The gear geometry was chosen to yield a low transmission error for the relevant torque range, while also taking into consideration variations in the microgeometry due to manufacturing tolerances.The optimization of one gear pair is described in more detail in Paper E.Transmission error is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines it as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” In this project the aim was to reduce the maximum predicted transmission error amplitude at gear mesh frequency(first harmonic of gear mesh frequency)to less than 50% of the value for the reference gear pair.The first harmonic of transmission error is the amplitude of the part of the total transmission error that varies with a frequency equal to the gear mesh frequency.A torque range of 100 to 500 Nm was chosen because this is the torque interval in which the gear pair generates noise in its design application.According to Welbourn [1], a 50% reduction in transmission error can be expected to reduce gearbox noise by 6 dB

(sound pressure level, SPL).Transmission error was calculated using the LDP software(Load Distribution Program)developed at the Gear Laboratory at Ohio State University [3].The “optimization” was not strictly mathematical.The design was optimized by calculating the transmission error for different geometries, and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise, considering not only the transmission error, but also factors such asstrength, losses, weight, cost, axial forces on bearings, and manufacturing.When choosing microgeometric modifications and tolerances, it is important to take manufacturing options and cost into consideration.The goal was to use the same finishing method for the optimized gears as for the reference gears, namely grinding using a KAPP VAS 531 and CBN-coated grinding wheels.For a specific torque and gear macrogeometry, it is possible to define a gear microgeometry that minimizes transmission error.For example, at no load, if there are no pitch errors and no other geometrical deviations, the shape of the gear teeth should be true involute, without modifications like tip relief or involute crowning.For a specific torque, the geometry of the gear should be designed in such a way that it compensates for the differences in deflection related to stiffness variations in the gear mesh.However, even if it is possible to define the optimal gear microgeometry, it may not be possible to manufacture it, given the limitations of gear machining.Consideration must also be given to how to specify the gear geometry in drawings and how to measure the gear in an inspection machine.In many applications there is also a torque range over which the transmission error should be minimized.Given that manufacturing tolerances are inevitable, and that a demand for smaller tolerances leads to higher manufacturing costs, it is important that gears be robust.In other words, the important characteristics, in this case transmission error, must not vary much when the torque is varied or when the microgeometry of the gear teeth varies due to manufacturing tolerances.LDP [3] was used to calculate the transmission error for the reference and optimized gear pair at different torque levels.The robustness function in LDP was used to analyze the sensitivity to deviations due to manufacturing tolerances.The “min, max, level” method involves assigning three levels to each parameter.2.5 Optimization of transmission housing Finite element analysis was used to optimize the transmission housing.The optimization was not performed in a strictly mathematical way, but was done by calculating the vibration of the housing for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise.Vibration was not the sole consideration, also weight, cost, available space, and casting were considered.A simplified shell element model was used for the optimization to decrease computational time.This model was checked against a more detailed solid element model of the housing to ensure that the simplification had not changed the dynamic properties too much.Experimental modal analysis was also used to find the natural frequencies of the real transmission housing and to ensure that the model did not deviate too much from the real housing.Gears shafts and bearings were modeled as point masses and beams.The model was excited at the bearing positions by applying forces in the frequency range from 1000 to 3000 Hz.The force amplitude was chosen as 10% of the static load from the gears.This choice could be justified because only relative differences are of interest, not absolute values.The finite element analysis was performed by Torbjörn Johansen at Volvo Technology.The author’s contribution was the evaluation of the results of different housing geometries.A number of measuring points were chosen in areas with high vibration velocities.At each measuring point the vibration response due to the excitation was evaluated as a power spectral density(PSD)graph.The goal of the housing redesign was to decrease the vibrations at all measuring points in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 Hz.2.6 Results of the noise measurements The noise and vibration measurements described in section 2.3 were performed after optimizing the gears and transmission housing.The total sound power level decreased by 4 dB.2.7 Discussion and conclusions It seems to be possible to decrease the gear noise from a transmission by

decreasing the static loaded transmission error and/or optimizing the housing.In the present study, it is impossible to say how much of the decrease is due to the gear optimization and how much to the housing optimization.Answering this question would have required at least one more noise measurement, but time and cost issues precluded this.It would also have been interesting to perform the noise measurements on a number of transmissions, both before and after optimizing the gears and housing, in order to determine the scatter of the noise of the transmissions.Even though the goal of decreasing the gear noise by 10 dB was not reached, the goal of reducing the gear noise in the wheel loader cab to 15 dB below the overall noise was achieved.Thus the noise optimization was successful.3 SUMMARY OF APPENDED PAPERS 3.1 Paper A: Gear Noise and Vibration – A Literature Survey This paper presents an overview of the literature on gear noise and vibration.It is divided into three sections dealing with transmission error, dynamic models, and noise and vibration measurement.Transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration.It is defined as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate” [1].The literature survey revealed that while most authors agree that transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration, it is not the only one.Other possible time-varying noise excitation mechanisms include friction and bending moment.Noise produced by these mechanisms may be of the same order of magnitude as that produced by transmission error, at least in the case of gears with low transmission error [4].The second section of the paper deals with dynamic modeling of gearboxes.Dynamic models are often used to predict gear-induced vibrations and investigate the effect of changes to the gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.The literature survey revealed that dynamic models of a system consisting of gears, shafts, bearings, and gearbox casing can be useful in understanding and predicting the dynamic behavior of a gearbox.For

relatively simple gear systems, lumped parameter dynamic models with springs, masses, and viscous damping can be used.For more complex models that include such elements as the gearbox housing, finite element modeling is often used.The third section of the paper deals with noise and vibration measurement and signal analysis, which are used when experimentally investigating gear noise.The survey shows that these are useful tools in experimental investigation of gear noise because gears create noise at specific frequencies related to the number of teeth and the rotational speed of the gear.3.2 Paper B: Gear Test Rig for Noise and Vibration Testing of Cylindrical Gears Paper B describes a test rig for noise testing of gears.The rig is of the recirculating power type and consists of two identical gearboxes, connected to each other with two universal joint shafts.Torque is applied by tilting one of the gearboxes around one of its axles.This tilting is made possible by bearings between the gearbox and the supporting brackets.A hydraulic cylinder creates the tilting force.Finite element analysis was used to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes for individual components and for the complete gearbox.Experimental modal analysis was carried out on the gearbox housing, and the results showed that the FE predictions agree with the measured frequencies(error less than 10%).The FE model of the complete gearbox was also used in a harmonic response analysis.A sinusoidal force was applied in the gear mesh and the corresponding vibration amplitude at a point on the gearbox housing was predicted.3.3 Paper C: A Study of Gear Noise and Vibration Paper C reports on an experimental investigation of the influence of gear finishing methods and gear deviations on gearbox noise and vibration.Test gears were manufactured using three different finishing methods and with different gear tooth modifications and deviations.Table3.3.1 gives an overview of the test gear pairs.The surface finishes and geometries of the gear tooth flanks were measured.Transmission error was measured using a single flank gear tester.LDP software from Ohio State University was used for transmission error computations.The test rig described in Paper B was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measurements showed that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair might change the levels of measured noise and vibration.The rebuild variation was sometimes of the same order of magnitude as the differences between different tested gear pairs, indicating that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In a study of the influence of gear design on noise, Oswald et al.[5] reported rebuild variations of the same order of magnitude.Different gear finishing methods produce different surface finishes and structures, as well as different geometries and deviations of the gear tooth flanks, all of which influence the transmission error and thus the noise level from a gearbox.Most of the experimental results can be explained in terms of measured and computed transmission error.The relationship between predicted peak-to-peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 500 Nm is shown in Figure 3.3.1.There appears to be a strong correlation between computed transmission error and noise for all cases except gear pair K.However, this correlation breaks down in Figure 3.3.2, which shows the relationship between predicted peak to peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 140 Nm.The final conclusion is that it may not be possible to identify a single parameter, such as peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.3.4 Paper D: Gearbox Noise and Vibration −Influence of Bearing Preload The influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibrations is investigated in Paper D.Measurements were carried out on a test gearbox consisting of a helical gear pair, shafts, tapered roller bearings, and a housing.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400 Nm with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results shows that the bearing endplay or preload influence gearbox vibrations.Compared with bearings

with endplay, preloaded bearings show an increase in vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm and a decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm.Figure 3.4.1 is a typical result showing the influence of bearing preload on gearbox housing vibration.After the first measurement, the gearbox was not disassembled or removed from the test rig.Only the bearing preload/endplay was changed from 0 mm endplay/preload to 0.15 mm preload.Therefore the differences between the two measurements are solely due to different bearing preload.FE simulations performed by Sellgren and Åkerblom [6] show the same trend as the measurements here.For the test gearbox, it seems that bearing preload, compared with endplay, decreased the vibrations at speeds below 2000 rpm and increased vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm, at least at a torque level of 140 Nm.3.5 Paper E: Gear Geometry for Reduced and Robust Transmission Error and Gearbox Noise In Paper E, gearbox noise is reduced by optimization of gear geometry for decreased transmission error.The optimization was not performed strictly mathematically.It was done by calculating the transmission error for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise considering not only the transmission error, but also other important characteristics.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque was considered in order to find gear geometry with low transmission error in the appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error as well as noise and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations, and noise was investigated in a speed sweep from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Static loaded transmission error seems to be strongly correlated to gearbox noise.Dynamic transmission error does not seem to be correlated to gearbox noise in speed

sweeps in these investigations.Henriksson [7] found a correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise when testing a truck gearbox at constant speed and different torque levels.The different test conditions, speed sweep versus constant speed, and the different complexity(a simple test gearbox versus a complete truck gearbox)may explain the different results regarding correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise.Bearing preload influences gearbox noise, but it is not possible to make any general statement as to whether preload is better than endplay.The answer depends on the frequency and other components in the complex dynamic system of gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.To minimize noise, the gearbox housing should be as rigid as possible.This was proposed by Rook [8], and his views are supported by the results relating to the optimization of a transmission housing described in section 2.5.Finite element analysis is a useful tool for optimizing gearbox housings.5 FUTURE RESEARCH It would be interesting to investigate the correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise for a complete wheel loader transmission.One challenge would be to measure transmission error as close as possible to the gears and to avoid resonances in the connection between gear and encoder.The dropbox gears in a typical wheel loader transmission are probably the gears that are most easily accessible for measurement using optical encoders.See Figure 5.1.1 for possible encoder positions.Modeling the transmission in more detail could be another challenge for future work.One approach could be to use a model of gears, shafts, and bearings using the transmission error as the excitation.This could be a finite element model or a multibody system model.The output from this model would be the forces at the bearing positions.The forces could be used to excite a finite element model of the housing.The housing model could be used to predict noise radiation, and/or vibration at the attachment points for the gearbox.This approach would give absolute values, not just relative levels.REFERENCES [1] Welbourn D.B., “Fundamental Knowledge of Gear Noise −A Survey”, Proc.Noise & Vib.of Eng.and Trans., I Mech E., Cranfield, UK, July 1979, pp 9–14.[2] MackAldener M., “Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture & Robustness of Gears”, Royal Institute of Technology, Doctoral Thesis, ISSN 1400-1179, Stockholm, 2001.[3] Ohio State University, LDP Load Distribution Program, Version 2.2.0, http://www.xiexiebang.com/ , 2007.[4] Borner J., and Houser D.R., “Friction and Bending Moments as Gear Noise Excitations”,SAE Technical Paper 961816.[5] Oswald F.B.et al., “Influence of Gear Design on Gearbox Radiated Noise”, Gear Technology, pp 10–15, 1998.[6] Sellgren U., and Åkerblom M., “A Model-Based Design Study of Gearbox Induced Noise”, International Design Conference – Design 2004, May 18-21, Dubrovnik, 2004.[7] Henriksson M., “Analysis of Dynamic Transmission Error and Noise from a Two-stage Gearbox”, Licentiate Thesis, TRITA-AVE-2005:34 / ISSN-1651-7660, Stockholm, 2005.[8] Rook T., “Vibratory Power Flow Through Joints and Bearings with Application to Structural Elements and Gearboxes”, Doctoral Thesis, Ohio State University, 1995.

第三篇：专业中英文对照

太原理工大学各学院及专业中译英

【机械工程学院】College of Mechanical Engineering

机械设计制造及其自动化 Mechanical engineering and automation

1.机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacturing and its Automation

2.机械设计及理论 Mechanical Design and Theory

3.机械电子工程 Machinery Electronics Engineering

4.车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering

工业设计 Industrial Design

机械系 Department of Mechanical Engineering

机械制造工艺及设备Machinery manufacturing process and equipment

【材料科学与工程学院】College of Materials science and Engineering 从材料成型机控制工程 Material Shaping and Control Engineering 金属材料工程 Metallic Materials Engineering

无机非金属材料工程 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials Engineering 冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering

高分子材料与工程 Polymer Materials and Engineering 材料物理 Materials Physics

材料化学 Chemistry of Materials

1.材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry

2.材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering

3.材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering

4.钢铁冶金 Iron and Steel Metallurgy

5.有色金属冶金 Nonferrous Metallurgy

【电气与动力工程学院】 College of Electrical and Power engineering 电气工程及其自动化 Electrical engineering and automation 热能与动力工程 Thermal Energy and Power Engineering 培养方向：

1.热动力工程 Thermo power Engineering

2.动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering

3.电机与电器 Electrical Machinery and Appliances

4.电力系统及其自动化 Electrical System and its Automation

5.高压电绝缘技术 High-Voltage Electricity an Insulation Technology

6.电气，电子和传动装置 Electrical, Electronics and Transmission

7.电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering

【信息工程学院】 College of Information Engineering

自动化 Automation

培养方向：电路系统 Electric Circuit an System

电子信息工程 Electronic and Information Engineering

测控技术与仪器Measurement control technology and instruments

培养方向：

1.检测技术与自动化设备 Detecting Technology and Automatic Equipment

2.系统工程 Systems Engineering

3.模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intellectual System

通讯工程 Communication Engineering

培养方向：

1.通信与信息系统 Communication and Information System

2.信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing

电子科学与技术 Electronic Science and technology

培养方向：控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering

【计算机科学与技术学院】 College of Computer Engineering and Software

计算机科学与技术Computer science and technology

物联网工程 Networking Engineering

【软件学院】 College of software

软件工程 Software engineering

【建筑与土木工程学院】College of Architecture and Civil engineering

建筑学 Architecture

城市规划 City Planning

土木工程 Civil Engineering

【水利科学与工程学院】 College of Water Conservancy Science and Engineering

水利水电工程 Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Engineering

农业水利工程（含水利信息化方向）Agricultural Water Conservancy Engineering

水文与水资源工程 Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering

Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering

Hydrology and Water Resources

Hydraulics and River Dynamics

Water Engineering and Structural Engineering

Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Engineering

Harbor Beach and Inshore Engineering

【化学化工学院】 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

化学工程与工艺Chemical Engineering and Technology

（化学工艺、能源化工、精细化工、高分子化工方向）Chemical engineering and technology(Chemical process、Chemical energy、Fine chemical、Polymer chemistry)

应用化学 Applied Chemistry

生物工程 Biological Engineering

制药工程（化学与生物制药工程方向）Pharmaceutical Engineering

过程装备与控制工程 Process Equipment and Control Engineering

化学和生物制药工程方向 Chemical and biological pharmaceutical engineering direction

【矿业工程学院】 College of mining engineering

采矿工程 Mining engineering

安全工程 Safety engineering

资源勘查工程 Resource exploration engineering

测绘工程 Engineering of Surveying and mapping

地理信息系统工程 Geographical information system engineering

矿物加工工程Mineral processing engineering

城市地下空间工程 City Underground Space Engineering

勘查技术与工程 Prospecting technology and Engineering

【轻纺工程与美术学院】College of Textile Engineering with Academy of Fine Arts 纺织工程 Textile Engineering

服装设计与工程 Clothing design and Engineering

艺术设计Artistic Design

绘画 Painting(Drawing)

摄影 Photography

动画 The animation

电子商务 Electronic Business

数字媒体艺术 Digital media art

文化产业管理 Cultural industry management

【环境科学与工程学院】 College of Environmental Science and Engineering 给水排水工程 Water supply and drainage engineering

环境工程 Environmental Engineering

建筑环境与设备工程 Constructing Environment and Equipment Engineering

【数学学院】 College of Mathematics

数学与应用数学 Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

信息与计算科学 Information and Computing Science

统计学 Statistics

【物理与光电工程学院】 College of Physics and Photo electricity Engineering光信息科学与技术Optical information science and technology

应用物理 Applied Physics

光源与照明 Light source and lighting

【力学学院】 College of Mechanics

工程力学 Engineering Mechanics

【外国语学院】 College of foreign languages

英语 English

【政法学院】 College of politics and law

法学 Law

行政管理 Administrative management

思想政治教育 Ideological and Political Education

【经济管理学院】 College of Economics and management 市场营销 Marketing and sales

工程管理 Project management

会计学 Accounting

国际经济与贸易 International Economics and trade 物流管理 Logistics management

【体育学院】 College of Physical Education

体育教育 Physical education

第四篇：专业技术职称中英文对照

专业技术职称中英文对照

在改革开放的年代，各行各业都面临一个交流的问题，特别在国际交流中，以职称表明身份的场合很多，填表要填写头衔，看名片要印上职称，写信、会见、洽谈都需要抬出职称以表明身份，我们经常会遇到有关职务和其他职称的汉译英问题。

为了更加准确的翻译技术职称，应遵循以下几条原则：

1、体现“国际性”，尽量遵循国际惯例。

2、体现“级别性”，高、中初级别类的要力争表达准确，不失我国评定职称的初衷。

3、“解释性翻译”，不要逐字硬译。

4、简短，一目了然。

5、该区别的予以区别。

以下是我国各行业主要系列的高、中、初各级职称的翻译：

1、研究系列 研究员 researcher 副研究员 associate professor 助理研究员 research associate

2、大学教师系列 教授 professor 讲师 lecturer 助教 assistant

3、中等专业学校、技工学校教师系列 高级讲师 senior lecturer 讲师

lecturer 助理讲师 assistant lecturer 教员 teacher

4、中学教师系列

中学高级教师 senior teacher（middle school）中学一级教师 first-grade teacher（middle school）

5、小学教师系列

小学高级教师 senior teacher（primary school）小学一级教师 first-grade teacher（primary school）

6、工程技术系列

教授级高级工程师

professor 高级工程师senior engineer 工程师 engineer 助理工程师 assistant engineer

7、实验系列

高级实验师 senior experimentalist 实验师 experimentalist 助理实验师 assistant experimentalist

8、农业技术系列

高级农艺师 senior agronomist 农艺师 agronomist

助理农艺师 assistant agronomist

9、图书资料系列

研究馆员 professor of library science 副研究馆员 associate professor of library science 馆员 librarian

10、档案系列

研究馆员 professor of archives science 副研究馆员 associate professor of archives science 馆员archivist

11、文物博物系列

研究馆员 professor of relics and museology 副研究馆员 associate professor of relics and museology 馆员musicologist

12、卫生技术系列

主任医师 professor of medicine

副主任医师 associate professor of treatment 主治医师 doctor-in-charge 医师 doctor

13、新闻系列

高级编辑 full senior editor 主任编辑 associate senior editor 编辑 editor 高级记者 full senior reporter 记者 reporter

14、翻译系列

译审 professor of translation 翻译 translator

助理翻译 associate translator

15、广播电视播音系列

播音指导 director of announcing 主任播音员 chief announcer 一级播音员 first-grade announcer

16、经济系列

高级经济师 senior economist 经济师 economist 助理经济师 assistant clerk

17、会计系列

高级会计师

senior accountant 会计师 accountant

助理会计师 assistant accountant 会计员 treasurer

18、统计系列

高级统计师 senior statistician 统计师 statistician 助理统计师 assistant statistician 统计员 statistical clerk

19、律师系列 律师 lawyer 一级律师

first-grade lawyer 律师助理 lawyer’s assistant 20、公证系列 公证员 notary public 一级公证员 first-grade notary public

21、海关系列

高级关务监督 senior customs supervisor 关务监督customs supervisor

22、航空飞行系列 一级飞行员 first-grade pilot 二级飞行员 second-grade pilot

23、船舶技术系列 船长 captain 大副 first mate 二副 second mate 高级轮机长 senior engineer 轮机长 chief engineer

24、体育教练系列 主教练 head coach 教练 coach 助理教练 assistant coach

25、艺术系列

一级演员 first-grade actor 一级导演 first-grade director

26、工艺美术系列

高级工艺美术师

senior industrial artist 工艺美术师industrial artist 助理工艺美术师 assistant industrial artist

第五篇：常用论文术语中英文对照

A.安居工程 Housing project for low-income families

按成本要素计算的国民经济总值 GNp at factor cost

按揭贷款 mortgage loan

按劳分配 distribution according to one's performance

暗亏 hidden loss

奥姆真理教 Japanese Aum Doomsday Cult

B.巴黎证券交易所 paris Bourse

把握大局 grasp the overall situation

白色行情表 white sheet

白手起家 starting from scratch

摆架子 put on airs

拜年 pay New Year call

搬迁户 relocated families

半拉子工程 uncompleted project

棒球运动记者 scribe

包干到户 work contracted to households

包工包料 contract for labor and materials

保持国民经济发展的良好势头 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy

保持国有股 keep the State-held shares

保健食品 health-care food

保税区 the low-tax, tariff-free zone;bonded area

保证重点支出 ensure funding for priority areas

保值储蓄 inflation-proof bank savings

北欧投资银行 Nordic Investment Bank

本本主义 bookishness

《本草纲目》 Compendium of Materia Medica

本垒打 circuit clout, four-master, round trip

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches

奔小康 strive for a relatively comfortable life

蹦击 bungee, bungee jumping

逼上梁山 be driven to drastic alternatives

闭门羹 given cold-shoulder

边际报酬 marginal return

边缘科学 boundary science

标书 bidding documents

表演赛 demonstration match

剥夺冠军 strip the gold medal of somebody

补缺选举 by-election

布达拉宫 potala palace

不败记录 clean record, spotless record

不承诺放弃使用武器 not undertake to renounce the use of force

不打不成交 No discord, no concord.《不见不散》 Be there or be square.不良贷款 non-performing loan

不夜城 sleepless city, ever-bright city

不正之风 bad(harmful)practice;unhealthy tendency

步行天桥 foot bridge

C.擦边球 edge ball, touch ball

擦网球 net ball

采取高姿态 show magnanimity

菜篮子工程 shopping basket program

参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs

层层转包和违法分保 multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting

差额投票 differentail voting

差额选举 competitive election

茶道 sado

拆东墙补西墙 rob peter to pay paul

禅 dhyana

产粮大省 granary province

产品结构 product mix

产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理 clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management

产权制度、产权关系 property relations;property order

产销直接挂钩 directly link production with marketing

长二捆 LM-2E

长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共 long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe

畅通工程 “Smooth Traffic project”

唱高调 mouth high-sounding words

超高速巨型计算机 giant ultra-high-speed computer

超前消费 overconsuming, excessive consumption

城市规划 city's landscaping plan

城乡信用社 credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas

吃大锅饭 egalitarian practice of “everybody eating from the same big pot”

抽杀成功 hit through

筹备委员会 preparatory committee

出风头 show off;in the limelight

出口创汇能力 capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports

出口退税制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods

出口转内销 domestic sales of commodities orginally produced for exports

出家 pravrajana;cloister

创建卫生城市：build a nationally advanced clean city

春蕾计划 Spring Buds program

《春秋》 Spring and Autumn Annals

从粗放经济转变为集约经济 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy

促进全球经济一体化 foster integration with the global economy

存款保证金 guaranty money for deposits

D.“达标”活动 “target hitting” activities

打白条 issue IOU

打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering

打破僵局 break the deadlock

打顺手 find one's touch, get into gear, settle into a groove

大包干 all-round responsibility system

大轰动 blockbuster

大力扣杀 hammer

大路货 staple goods

大满贯 grand slam

大款 tycoon

大排挡 sidewalk snack booth

大事化小，小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

大胜 white wash

大腕 top notch

大要案 major and serious criminal cases

大专生 junior college student

大专文凭 associate degree

大藏经 Tripitaka

带薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits

待岗 await job assignment, post-waiting

待业 job-waiting

单循环制 single round-robin system

盗用公款 embezzlement

单刀赴会 start a solo run

倒计时 countdowm

倒爷 profiteer

等外品 off-grade goods, rejects

第二产业 secondary industry

第一发球权 first inning

第一发球员 first server

第一双打 first pair

地方保护主义 regional protectionism

地方财政包干制 system whereby local authorities take full responsibility for their finances

地区差异 regional disparity

点子公司 consultancy company

电话号码升位 upgrade telephone number

电话会议 teleconference

电视直销 TV home shopping

吊球 drop shot

吊销执照 revoke license

定向培训 training for specific posts

豆腐渣“工程 jerry-built project

独立核算工业企业 independent accounting unit(enterprise)

”渡假外交“ holiday-making diplomacy

短期债务 floating debt

对外招商 attract foreign investment

队长袖标(足球）skipper's armband

多党合作制 multi-party co-operation in exercising State power

多任务小卫星 small multi-mission satellite(SMMS)

夺冠 take the crown

E.恶性通货膨胀 hyperinflation

二板市场(创业板市场）second board on the country's stock market

二流选手 scrub, second-rater

F.发展不平衡 disparate development

法治国家 a country under the rule of law

法制国家 a state with an adequate legal system

翻两番 quadruple

反败为胜 bring about a complete turnabout, pull out of the fire

防洪工程 flood-prevention project

放高球 lob

飞行药检 spot check

费改税 transform administrative fees into taxes

分流 reposition of redundant personnel

分期付款 installment payment

（产品）分销 subunderwriting, distribution

锋利扣杀 razor-sharp smash

封闭式基金 close-ended fund

封杀出局 force out

“封圣” canonization of ”Saints“

福利彩票 welfare lotteries

福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system

扶贫 poverty alleviation

覆盖率 coverage rate

复式住宅 compound apartment

G.改制上市：An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.干部队伍革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化 make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent

高层次、全方位的对话 high-level and all-directional dialogue

高产优质 high yield and high quality

高级商务师 Certified Business Executive

高难度动作 stunner, stunt

高新技术产业开发区 high and new technology industrial development zone

(公路）隔离带 median

根本政治制度 fundamental political system

个人收入应税申报制度 the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment

”各就位“ ”On your marks!“

跟踪审计 follow-up auditing

工商局 industrial and commercial bureau

工业园区 industrial park

公积金public accumulation funds, public reserve funds

公款吃喝 recreational activities using public funds

公正、公平、公开 just, fair and open

共产党领导下的多党合作与政治协商 multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of Communist party

国产化率 import substitution rate;localization rate of parts and components

国防动员体制 the mobilization for national defense

国际惯例 international common practice

《国际先驱论坛报》 International Herald Tribune

国家经济体制改革委员会 the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic Systems

国家一级保护 first-grade State protection

国库券 treasury bonds

过度开垦 excess reclamation

H.海湾战争综合症 the complexities of the Gulf War

豪赌 unrestrained gambling

好事不出门，恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.好出风头的运动员 exhibitionist, grandstander

好莱坞大片 Hollywood blockbuster

”好球“ ”Strike“

合理引导消费 guide rational consumption

合议庭 collegiate bench

黑店 gangster inn

宏观调控 macro-control efforts

红包（中）red paper containing money as a gift,(贬)bribe, kickback

环太平洋地区 pacific Rim

后防空虚 leave the defense exposed

胡子工程 long-drawn-out project(a project which takes so long that young workers become bearded)

虎父无犬子 A wise goose never lays a tame egg.户口管理制度 domicile system, residence registration system

户主 head of a household

护身法宝 amulet

华表 ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele

华盖 canopy

”坏球“ ”Ball“

还俗 resume secular life, unfrock

”黄、赌、毒“ pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking

黄金时段 prime time

挥棒 swing

挥棒不中 fan

灰色收入 income from moonlighting

汇丰银行 Hong Kong and Shang Hai Banking Corporation

婚外恋 extramarital love

活到老，学到老 One is never too old to learn.货币回笼 withdrawal of currency from circulation

J.机构臃肿overstaffing in organizations(government)

基本路线要管一百年 The basic line must be followed unswervingly for a very long time to come.基本国情 fundamental realities of the country

基层民主 democracy at the grassroots level

基层组织 organizations at the grass-roots level

绩优股 blue chip

激烈竞争 cut-throat competition

吉祥物 mascot

缉私力量 the forces engaged in the fight against smuggling

集体婚礼 collective wedding ceremony

集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development

计划生育责任制 responsibility system of family planning

计算机中央处理器 central processing unit(CpU)

记者席 press box

技术下乡 spread technological knowledge to farmers

嘉宾 distinguished guest, honored guest

加班 work extra shifts

加密 encrypt

加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion

家庭联产承包责任制 the household contract responsibility system

假唱 lip-synch

假动作 deception, feint

甲骨文 inscriptions on oracle bones

假日经济 holiday economy

坚持统一，反对分裂，增加了解，化解歧见 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences

监督部门 watchdog

尖端产品 highly sophisticated products

剪彩 cut the ribbon

剪刀差 the scissors gap between the prices of...and...减负 alleviate burdens on sb.减员增效 downsizing for efficiency;cut payroll to improve efficiency

讲诚信，反欺诈： honor credibility and oppose cheating

脚踩两只船 sit on the fence

脚踏实地 be down-to-earth

侥幸球 fluke

接口 interface

解放生产力 emancipate the productive forces

解放思想、实事求是的思想路线 ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts

结售汇制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales

戒毒所 drug rehabilitation center

戒急用忍 overcome impetuosity and exercise patience

金本位 gold standard

金边债券 gilt-edged bonds

金刚经 Vajra Sutra|

金降落伞 golden parachute

紧箍咒 inhibiting magic phrase

紧密型企业集团 tightly-knit groups of enterprises

紧追 cling to, shadow, thunder on one's trail

近海渔业 offshore fishery

进出口商会 chamber of import and export trade

进口渗透 import penetration

禁渔期 closed fishing seasons

禁止在任何地方、任何环境进行一切方式的释放核能的核武器试验保爆炸 prohibit any nuclear weapon test explosion which releases nuclear energy at any place and in any environment

经常项目顺差favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account

经常性贷款 commercial lending

经常性支出 running expenses

经济林 cash tree

经营管理高度科学化的现代化大企业 modern big enterprise with highly scientific management system

精简机构 streamline government organs

京剧票友 peking Opera fan

景泰蓝 cloisonné

劲射 power shot

竣工式 completion ceremony

K.卡丁车 kart

开放式基金 open-ended fund

开工不足 enterprises running under their production capacity

坎儿井 karez

抗美援朝战争 War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea

抗震棚 quake-proof shelter

考研 take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools

科技成果转化为生产力 transfer of scientific and technological achievements

科技含量 technology content

科技是第一生产力 Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.科教兴国 rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation

可持续发展 sustainable development

空头支票 accommodation note, lip service

控股公司 holding company

扣帽子 put a label on

跨实际工程 a trans-century project

亏损企业 enterprises running in the red/under deficit

困难职工 the needy

国民党 Kuomintang

L.垃圾债券 junk bond

拉动经济增长 fuel economic growth

拉拉队 cheering squad

拉拉队长 cheer-leader, rooter king

拉关系 try to curry favor with

劳动合同制 labor contract system

老字号 an old and famous shop or enterprise

”篱笆墙“ barriers/ blockage to inter-regional trading

礼仪小姐 ritual girl

利改税substitution of tax payment for profit delivery

利基 niche

立体农业 three-dimensional agriculture

联合联络小组 joint liaison group

廉政、勤政、务实、高效政府 an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government

廉洁奉公，以正治国(of an official)clean and devoted, and govern the state with his own example of uprightness

联合兼并 conglomeration and merger of enterprises

联合投标 syndicated tender

联想集团 Legend Group

练摊 to be a vendor

粮食收购部门(government's)grain procurement(purchasing)agencies

粮油关系：grain and oil rationing registration

两岸直航促进会 Association for promotion of Cross-Straits Direct Transportation

两弹一艇 A-bomb, H-bomb and nuclear-powered submarine

”两个对等的政治实体“ ”two equal political entities

两个文明一起抓 place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress

“两思”（致富思源，富而思进）to think of the source of getting rich and of making progress after becoming affluence

老少边穷地区 former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote and border areas and poverty-stricken areas

猎头公司 head-hunting company

临时主教练 caretaker coach

领头羊 bellwether

留职停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary

留学咨询：consulting on the study abroad

流动人口 transient population

乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费 unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises

乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款 arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines

《论语》 Analects of Confucius

裸机：bare mobile phone

绿地覆盖率 forest coverage rate

绿化 afforestation

M.满意度 degree of satisfaction

盲流和倒流人员 transient from the countryside

帽子戏法 hat trick

买一送一 two-for-one offer, buy one get one free

门前三包 be responsible for general sanitation, green covering and keeping good social order in a designated area outside the unit building

朦胧诗 misty poetry

民工潮 farmers' frenzied hunt for work in cities

民进党 Democratic progressive party

民主党派、工商联与无党派人士 non-Communist parties, federations of industry and commerce, personages without party affiliation

民族凝聚力 national cohesion

民族委员会 ethnic affairs commission

明明白白消费（2000年保护消费者权益工作主题）transparent consumption

磨洋工 dawdle along

N.纳米 nanometer

囊括 complete a sweep

耐用消费品 durable consumer items(goods)

南水北调 South-to-North water diversion

能官能民 be ready to both serve as an offical and be one of the common people

能上网的手机 WAp phone

内耗 in-fighting

年同比 year-on-year;on an annual basis

年夜饭 family reunion dinner

扭转局面 reverse the tide, turn the table

农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labour(labourers)

O.p.跑龙套 utility man

泡沫经济 bubble economy

配股 allotment of shares

配套政策 supporting policies

碰钉子 get snubbed

疲软股票 soft stock

皮包公司 bogus company

票贩子 scalper, ticket tout

骗汇、逃汇、套汇 obtain foreign currency and false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage

贫富悬殊 polarization of rich and poor

瓶颈制约 “bottleneck”restrictions

扑网 rush-up, rushing

Q.起跑器 block

千代田寿险公司（日本）Chiyoda Mutual Life Insurance Co.抢跑 false start, beat the gun

亲民党 people First party

屈体 jackknife, pike

全能冠军 all-around winner

全球通 global system for mobile communications

拳头产品 competitive products;knock-out products;blockbuster

R.绕圈子 beat around the bush

人才流失brain drain

人浮于事 overstaffing

人工智能 artificial intelligence(AI)

人机交互 human-computer interaction

人类免疫缺陷病毒Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)

人情债 debt of gratitude

任意球 free kick

融资渠道 financing channels

入水时水花很少 clean entry

软新闻 soft news

S.三八线 38th parallel

三步走战略 the three-step development strategy

三大作风 the party's three important styles of work(integrating theory with practice, forging close links with the masses and practicing self-criticism

“三个代表” “three represents” theory(The party should always represent the development needs of China's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of China's advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largest member of the Chinese people.)

三个有利于 “three favorables”(whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, increases the overall strenth of the socialist state and raises the people's living standards

三好学生 merit student

“三讲”教育（讲学习、讲政治、讲正气）“three emphases” education(to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)

三角债 chain debt

三通 three direct links of trade, mail, and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits

三通一平“three supplies and one leveling”;supply of water, electricity and road and leveled ground(conditions ready for further economic development)

三下乡 a program under which officials, doctors, scientist and college students go to the countryside to spread scientific and literacy knowledge and offer medical service to farmers

三字经 three-character scripture

“扫黄”、“打非” eliminate pornography and illegal publications

《山海经》the Classic of Mountains and Rivers

商检局 Commodity Inspection Bureau

商品条码 bar code

上市 to be listed

少数服从多数、下级服从上级、局部服从全体、全党服从中央 the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership of the party to the Central Committee

社会热点问题 hot spots of society

社会治安情况 public security situation

审时度势 size up the situation

渗透、颠覆和分裂活动 infiltrative, subversive and splittist activities

《生死抉择》 “Live or Die”

生态农业 environmental-friendly agriculture

失学儿童 dropout实践是检验真理的唯一标准 practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.实体经济 the real economy

实现中华民伟大复兴 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation

实行国民待遇 grant the national treatment to

实行计划生育、控制人口数量、提高人口素质 promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the health of the people

实现小康目标 to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life

市场疲软 sluggish market

市场准入 market access

适度从紧的财政政策 moderately tight financial policy

适销对路的产品readily marketable products

手机入网费 mobile access fee

受灾地区 disaster-affected are

售后服务 after-sale services

树立企业良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image

涮羊肉 instant-boiled mutton

双刃剑 double-edged sword

水货 smuggled goods

水墨画 Chinese brush drawing;ink and wash painting

思乡曲 Nostalgia

思想僵铁 fossilized concept

四项基本原则 the Four Cardinal principles of adherence to the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the Communist party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought

素质教育 education for all-around development

T.弹性外交 elastic diplomacy

套利 arbitrage

提高农产品收购价格 the government's increase in its procurement prices(for farm products)

铁饭碗 iron rice bowl

统一市场 single market

统一税 flat tax, consolidated tax

同乡会 an association of fellow provincials or townsmen

筒子楼：tube-shaped apartment

偷税漏税 tax evasion

偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税 tax evasion, tax fraud, and refusal to pay taxes

投手 pitcher

透过现象看本质 see through the appearance to perceive the essence

团身 bunch up the body

推广科研成果 turning laboratory achievements into commercial/mass production;commercialization of laboratory achievements

退耕还林还草 grain for green

脱贫 cast off poverty

脱手 release grip

W.汪辜会谈 Wang Daohan-Koo Chen-fu Talks(Wang-Koo talks)

网络出版 online publishing

网上冲浪surf the Internet

稳定压倒一切 Maintaining stability is of top priority

维护人权和不断改善人权状况 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation

伪劣产品 fake and shoddy products

卫冕世界冠军 reigning world champion

屋顶花园 roof garden

无氟冰箱freon-free refrigerator

无人售票 self-service ticketing

无线应用协议 WAp（wireless application protocol）

物价局 price Bureau

物业管理 estate management, property management

X.西部大开发 West Development

吸收游资 absorb idle fund

希望工程 project Hope

喜忧参半 mingled hope and fear

洗钱 money laundering

下放权力给 delegating the management of...(to...)

下岗 laid-off workers

下海 plunge into the commercial sea

下网 off line

险胜 cliff-hanging win, narrow victory, nose out

县改市：county upgraded to city

县级市：county-level city

现代企业制度 modern enterprise system;modern corporate system

向钱看 mammonism, put money above all

项目立项：approve and initiate a project

消费信贷 consumer credit services

削减战略核武器会谈 strategic arms reduction talks(START)

小康 a comfortable level of living;a better-off life;moderate prosperity

新秀 up-and-coming star, rising star

信息港 inforport

信息化 informationize

信用紧缩 credit crunch

形象小姐/先生 image representative of a product or a brand

虚拟网 virtual net

选举权和被选举权 the right to vote and the right to be elected

徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends

Y.压水花技术 rip entry

压线(口令)Line!

严打斗争Strike-Hard Operation, campaign to crack down relentlessly on criminal activities

阳春（最经济方式）no-frills

羊肉串小摊 barbecue stall

养老金 pension

摇钱树 cash cow

药物检查 dope control, drug testing

一式两联(receipt or invoice)in duplicate

一手抓物质文明，一手抓精神文明；一手抓经济建设，一手抓民主法制；一手抓改革开放，一手抓打击犯罪惩治腐败 We must always work for material progress and at the same time for cultural and ethical progress;We should develop the economy and at the same time strengthen democracy and the legal system;We should promote reform and opening to the outside world and at the same time fight crime and punish corruption.以公有制为主体，多种经济成分共同发展 the pattern with the public sector remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side

以经济建设为中心 focusing on the central task of economic construction

以谋略制胜 outmaneuver

以权谋私 abuse of power for personal gains

以人为本 people oriented;people foremost

以质量求生存、求发展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of equality

义和团运动 Boxer Uprising

义务兵役制 compulsory military service, conscription

义务教育 compulsory education

义演收入 proceeds from benefit performmance

易拉罐 pop can

因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude

隐性就业 unregistered employment

硬道理 absolute principle, top priority

营业税 turnover tax;business tax

应试教育 examination-oriented education system

优化结构 optimize structure

有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究 There must be laws to go by, the laws must be observed and strictly enforced, and law-breakers must be prosecuted.有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律 with lofty ideals, integrety, knowledge and a strong sense of discipline

有望夺金者 a gold medal hopeful

有勇无谋 use brawn rather than brain

与国际市场接轨 integrate with the world market;become integrated into the global market

舆论导向 direction of public opinion

舆论监督 supervision by public opinion

冤假错案 cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced;unjust, false or wrong cases

圆寂 parinirvana

缘分 chemical,(as if by)predestination, be preordained to come together

远景计划 long-term development targets

运球 dribble

Z.“宰人” rip off

在职博士生 on-job doctorate

再贷款 re-lending;subloan

再就业服务中心 re-employment service center

藏学 Tibetology

糟粕 dross

早恋 puppy love

造假帐 falsified accounts

斋月 Ramadan

债转股 debt-to-equity swap

沾光 benefit from one's association

站票 standing-room-only ticket

涨落线 advance balance line

朝阳产业 sunrise industry

招标投标制 the system of public bidding for project

正式照会 formal note

政府搭台，部门推动，企业唱戏 Governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprise put in the show.政府上网工程Government Online project

政企不分 without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises;the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up

政企分开 separate government functions from enterprise management

政务公开 make government affairs public

知识产权 intellectual property rights

知识经济 knowledge economy , knowledge-base economy

致命要害 Achilles' heel

掷钱猜先 toss

《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》 Law of the people's Republic of China on the protection of Consumers' Rights and Interests

中流砥柱 mainstay, chief corner stone

中美战略核武器互不瞄准对方 non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other

中央大型企业工委：Central Work Committee for Large Enterprises

中央商务区 central business district(CBD)

重点发展 prioritize

主体经济 the mainstay of the economy

主持人 anchorperson

住房分配货币化进程 capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation

助跑 approach run, run-up

抓大放小 to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones;focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves

抓住机遇 seize the opportunity

转化机制(of State-owned enterprises)to shift to new management mechanisms

转基因食品 GM food(genetically modified food)追平produce the equalizer

转体 truck rotation, turn, twist

撞线 breast the tape

追赶型和跨越式发展 pursuant and leap-forward development

资产保值增值 maintain and increase the value of assets;maintenance and appreciation of assets value

资产阶级自由化 bourgeois liberalization

资源配置 the distribution(allocation)of resources

《资治通鉴》 History as a Mirror

自律机制 the self-discipline system

自我保护意识 self-protection awareness

自由港 free-trade port，free port

综合国力 comprehensive national strength

综合业务数字网 integrated service digital network(ISDN)

综合治理 comprehensive treatment

遵纪守法、廉洁奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties