第一篇：英文学术论文写作常用句型
学术英语常用句式Joseph Li
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)
~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)
Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever known about today’s college students.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V
Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否认的...）
例句：There is no denying that the practicality of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~（全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that it is the doctor’s duty and obligation to heal the wounded and rescue the dying.全世界都知道救死扶伤是医生的天职。
六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~（毫无疑问的...）
例句：There is no doubt that the Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning.毫无疑问因特网比书面文字更方便、快捷。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（...的优点是...）
例句：An advantage of children’s participating in some paid work is that this practice can cultivate their independence, self-determination and sense of-1-
responsibility.孩子参加有偿劳动的一个优点是这种实践可以培养小孩的独立性、自主性和责任感。
八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why a large number of customs have altered a great deal is that most of them are connected with some superstitious beliefs, and they cannot fit in this world with highly-developed technology.多数旧风俗习惯都产生了巨大的改变的原因是它们大多与封建迷信有关，与现代社会格格不入。
九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子（如此...以致于...）
例句：So pervasive are advertisements that no one can avoid being influenced by them.广告是如此盛行，每个人都难免不受它们的影响。
十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~（虽然...）
例句：Lovely as pets are, it is by no means appropriate for city dwellers to keep them in their houses.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}
虽然宠物很可爱，但市民在家中饲养是丝毫不妥的。
十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）The more children are encouraged to get in touch with various aspects of society, the more comprehensive their knowledge will be.越鼓励孩子接触社会的各个方面，他们学习的知识会更全面。
十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~（借着...，..能够..）
例句：By putting the responsibility into the government’s hand, citizens can enjoy a higher level of assurance in quality.借着将这种职责放在政府手中，市民在质量上能够享有更高程度的保障。
十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V（..使..能够..）
例句：Community service programs enable the government to relieve the strain on its limited budget.社区服务计划有助于减轻政府财政负担。
十四、On no account can we + V ~~~（我们绝对不能...）
例句：On no account can we ignore the significance of education.我们绝对不能忽略教育的重要性。
十五、It is time + S + 过去式（该是...的时候了）
例句：It is time we evaluated the roles that modern technology plays in our life from more balanced and objective perspectives.该是我们从更加公正和客观的角度来评价现代科技在我们的生活中所发挥的作用的时候了。
十六、Those who ~~~（...的人...）
例句：Those who think otherwise contend that computers are designed and programmed by human beings to do all the translation work in a comparatively mechanical manner.那些持反对意见的人争论到电脑是由人设计和编程的，因此只能是较机械地进行语言翻译。
十七、There is no one but ~~~（没有人不...）
例句：There is no one but longs to display the best self and impress others.没有人不渴望展现最好的自我以给他人留下深刻印象。
十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V（不得不...）
例句：Only in a peaceful environment can people lay emphasis on sports events.The Olympic Games is a convincing example because it has been compelled to be cancelled several times in its history due to wars..只有在和平的环境里，人们才有精力去重视体育赛事。奥运会就是一个很有说服力的例子，因为在历史上它由于战争而数次被迫取消。
十九、It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的）
It is obvious that + 句子（明显的）
It is apparent that + 句子（显然的）
例句：It is conceivable that with the rapid development in society and economy, competition is becoming increasingly fierce and acute.可想而知，随着社会经济的发展，竞争将更加剧烈。
二十、That is the reason why ~~~（那就是...的原因）
例句：It costs an astronomical sum of fund to lock up so many criminals and that’s the reason why imprisonment has imposed a great strain on the budget of a nation.把如此多的罪犯关押起来需要耗费大量资金，那就是为什么监禁已经大大增加了国家负担的原因。
二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）例句：For the past decade or so, practical courses, such as computer and business, have gained tremendous popularity on college campuses.过去十年来，实用性课程诸如电脑和商科在大学中普遍盛行。
二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。
例句：Since the advent of modern urbanization, people have been confronted with the dilemma whether or not they should demolish old houses and buildings that seem to have spoilt the cityscape.自从现代城市化的进程开始之后，人们一直面临着这样一种两难的境地：他们是否应该拆除那些是否有损市容的旧房屋和建筑物。
二十三、It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）
例句：It pays to create a fair atmosphere in which both males and females cooperate and compete on an equal footing.创造一个让男女平等合作竞争的良好环境是值得的。
二十四、be based on（以...为基础）
例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
二十五、Spare no effort to + V（不遗余力的）
Developed nations should spare no effort to finance their economically disadvantaged counterparts.发达国家应该不遗余力地资助贫国。
二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事（让...明白...事）
例句：We should bring home to the masses the significance of space research.我们应该让人们明白太空研究的重要性所在。
二十七、be closely related to ~~（与...息息相关）
例句：Expanding population and influx of migrant workers are closely related to the problem.人口激增与外来民工大量涌入与交通问题息息相关。
二十八、There exists the possibility of + Ving(存在...的可能性)
There exists the possibility of wronging an innocent person
有可能冤枉无辜的人。
二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~（因为...）
例句： Thanks to coeducation system, benign competition and cooperation between male and female students are rightly encouraged.由于男女共校的教育体制，异性同学间的良性竞争和友好合作精神得到了发扬。
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十、Only...can（只有...才能）
例句：Only in cities can children be well prepared for their future life and keep up with the trend of the world.只有在城市里孩子们才能为他们未来的生活作好准备并与世界趋势同步。三
十一、Leave much to be desired（令人不满意）
例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我们的交通状况令人不满意。
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十二、Have(exert, impose)a great influence on ~~~（对...有很大的影响）例句：Quality of citizens has a great influence on a nation’s prosperity.国民的素质对于国家的繁荣有重大的影响。
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十三、do good to（对...有益），do harm to（对...有害）
例句：Reading does good to our minds.读书对心灵有益。
Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。
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十四、Pose a great threat to ~~（对...造成一大威胁）
例句：abortion poses a great threat to both women’s physical and mental health.堕胎对于妇女的身心健康都会造成巨大威胁。
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十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best（尽全力去...）
例句：schools should do their utmost to ensure the students’ sound growth.学校应尽全力去确保学生的健康成长
第二篇：英文写作常用句型
英文写作常用句型
文章开首常用句型
1)This is a general discussion today about the issue of … those who criticize… argue that… They believe that… But people who advocate… on the other hand, argue that… quite a few believe… 这是当今对于某事的普遍讨论……那些持批评意见的人……觉得…… 他们认为…… 但是那些支持者……则从另一方面，认为…… 他们中相当多的人认为……
This is a much debate nowadays over/on the problem of… those who object to… argue that…They believe that… But people who favor… on the other hand, argue that…
近来对于某某问题的辩论比较多见……那些反对……的人认为……他们相信…… 但是那些赞成的人……则相反，认为……
This is a public controversy present days as to the issue of …
当今社会在某某事件上出现公开的论战……
2)When it comes to… most / many people think / argue that…,but other people think of(view / regard)as …
当……事发生（来临、产生……），很多人认为……但是另一些人却认为……
3)In recent years these is a general awareness of…..近些年来人们普遍意识到……
In the past few years there has been a widespread realization of …
过去几年中，社会中对于……有一种广泛的认识
In recent years there is a growing feeling towards…
近几年来人们对于……的意识有所增加
4)Now people in growing(significant)numbers are beginning(coming / getting)to believe(realize/ be aware)that …
时下越来越多的人（很多的人）开始（越来越）相信（意识到）……
5)Now it is commonly(widely / generally)believed(thought/ felt/ accepted)that …
现在人们普遍（广泛）相信（认为、感到、接受）……
6)In the past … years there has been a sudden(dramatic / sharp)rise(increase)in …
在过去的……年中，…………上有了一个突然的（巨大的、急剧的）上升（增长）
文章结尾常用句型
1)From what has been discussed above, we may safely reach the conclusion that…
从以上的讨论，我们有把握得出这样一个结论……
Taking into account all these factors, we may safely come to the conclusion that…
考虑到上述事实，我们完全可以得出这样一个结论……
Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely reach the conclusion that…
根据所提供的事实证据，我们可以得出这样一个结论……
2)All the evidence supports a sound conclusion that …
所有事实都在支持这样一个正确的结论，那就是……
All the analysis justifies an unshakable conclusion that…
所有分析都证明了这样一个不可动摇的结论……
All the evidence confirms a just idea that..所有证据都证实了一个想法……
3)It is high time that we placed great emphasis on the improvement of …
是时候把重点放在对……的改善上了
It is high time that we put special emphasis on the development of …
这正是我们要特别重点发展……的时候了。
It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on the increase of…
强调对于……的发展正当时了
4)There is little doubt that serious(special / immediate/ considerable)attention must be called(paid / devoted)to the problem of…
在……问题上，毫无疑问应该提起（付出、贡献）严重（特殊、即刻、相当）的注意了。
5)It is necessary(essential)that effective(quick / proper)actions(steps/ measures)should be taken to correct(end / prevent)the tendency(situation/ phenomenon).为纠正（终结、抑制）这种倾向（局面、现象）而采取有效（快速、适合）的措施（步骤、手段）是有必要的（非常重要的）。
论说文常用句型
1)The advantages of … outweigh any benefit we gain from …
……的利处，大于我们从……得到的任何利益
The advantages of … carry more weight than those of …
……的优点，意义重于那些……
The advantages of … are much greater than …
……的利处，比……要大的多。
2)When the advantages and disadvantages of … are carefully compared, the most striking
finding(conclusion)is self-evident(obvious)
如果仔细比较……的利和弊，这显著的发现（结论）就会不言自明（非常明显）
3)Although everyone believes that … I doubt(wonder)whether the argument bears close
examination / much analysis.尽管大家都认为……，我仍然怀疑这些辩论是否能经受住细致的考验（更严格的分析）
4)Contrary to widely(commonly/ generally)held(accepted)belief(ideas / views), I believe
(argue)that …
与广泛（普遍，通常）持有（接受）的信仰（想法、观点）正好相反，我却相信（主张）……
5)Although it widely accepted(commonly held/ generally agreed)that…, it is unlikely to be
true that…
尽管……是被广泛接受（广泛存在、普遍同意）的，但不一定真的……。
6)It is true that…, but this is not to say that…
尽管确实……，但不一定就是说……
7)Too much attention paid to … may overlook other facts…
对于……的过分重视，也许会让人忽视这样一些事实……
Too much importance attached to … may neglect other facts…
对……赋于太多的重要性，也许会让人忽略其它事实……
8)What these people fail to consider is that…
这些人们没有考虑到的是……
9)At first thought , this may seem a sound idea ,but on second thoughts, we find that …
乍一想，这可能是个很好的想法，但是如果细细考虑，我们就会发现……
At first thought, this may seem an attractive solution, but carefully weighing on the mind, we find that…
乍一看，这可能是个很吸引人的解决办法，但是经过细致权衡，我们可以发现……
解释原因,分析影响
1)Among the most convincing(important)reasons given(cited/ offered)by people for …, one
should be stressed(emphasized/ mentioned)…
在人们对……给出的（引用的、提供的）这些最具说服力（重要）的原因中，有一个需要被着重考虑（强调、提出）……
2)One may regard(view / think of)the trend(phenomenon)as a sign(result)of …
人们应该把这种倾向（现象）当做……的信号（结果）来认为（看待、考虑）
3)The failure(change/ success/ increase)in … mainly(largely / partly)results(arises)from the
fact that…
……的失败（变化、成功、增长），主要（很大程度、部分）来自（产生）于……的事实
4)There are many(several)causes(reasons)for this dramatic(significant)growth(decline/
increase/ change)in… First…Second…Third…
很多（若干）原因导致了……的戏剧性（显著）的成长（衰退、增长、变化）。首先是……其次是……再次是……
5)A number of factors could account for(contribute to / lead to / result in)the change(success
/ development/ increase/ decrease)in …
许多因素能够解释（促成、引起、导致）……上的变化（成功、发展、增长、减少）
6)It is no easy task(simple job)to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which
involves several factors.找到这个涉及到很多因素的复杂现象的原因并非易事（简单的工作）
阐述或论述的句型
1）We may cite(quote / mention)a single(common)example of…
我们可以举（引用、提起）这样一个（常见）的例子……
2）A recent(new/ nationwide)study(survey/ poll)conducted(taken)at a university
indicates(reveals/ suggests/ proves)that …
某大学里，一个近期（新的、全国性的）研究（调查、民意调查）表明……
3）According to figures(situations)released by the government…
根据政府发布的数据（形势）……
As can be seen in the findings(data)provided by an institute…
从某机构提供的调查结果（数据）可以看出……
There is(no)good evidence to show that…
有（没有）可靠证据显示……
There is little evidence against…
没有证据反对……
There is strong proofin favor of …
有强有力的证明支持…… 4)
第三篇：英文写作句型
英文写作必背句型35句
一、… the + ~ est + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)… the most + 形容词 + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr.Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + VNothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为 过。）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否认的...）例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~（全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~（毫无疑问的...）例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（...的优点是...）例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create(produce)any pollution.使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）例句：人不满意。
九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子（如此...以致于...）例句：So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~（虽然...）例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令
+ V（..使..能够..）例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~（借着...，..能够..）例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
十四、On no account can we+ V ~~~（我们绝对不能...）例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
十五、It is time + S + 过去式（该是...的时候了）例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关
当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
十六、Those who ~~~（...的人...）例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。
十七、There is no one but ~~~（没有人不...）例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.没有人不渴望上大学。
十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V（不得不...）例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。
十九、It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的）It is obvious that + 句子（明显的）It is apparent that + 句子（显然的）例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
二十、That is the reason why ~~~（那就是...的原因）例句：Summer is sultry.That is the reason why I don't like it.夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。二
十一、For the past+ 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。
二十三、It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）例句：It pays to help others.帮助别人是值得的。
二十四、be based on（以...为基础）例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
二十五、Spare no effort to + V（不遗余力的）例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事（让...明白...事）例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。
二十七、be closely related to ~~（与...息息相关）例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。
二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V（养成...的习惯）
We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~（因为...）例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。
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十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事！
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十一、Leave much to be desired（令人不满意）例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我们的交通状况令人不满意。
三
十二、Have a great influence on ~~~（对...有很大的影响）例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。
三
十三、do good to（对...有益），do harm to（对...有害）例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。
三
十四、Pose a great threat to ~~（对...造成一大威胁）例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。
三
十五、do one's utmost to + V = do one's best（尽全力去...）例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
第四篇：英文写作基本句型
1.a fish out of water既可以表示“离水之鱼”，也可以表示“不自在的人”或“感到生疏不适的人”。
2.all but…=almost；nearly，表示”几乎”。它是个含有副词功能的词条。all but…有时可表示“差一点就···”的意思。The skaters on the pond all but broke through the ice.all but有时也可表示“除···之外，全部都”的意思。这时all but。。=all except。I enjoy all but the last one of her novels.3.1 all not表示“并非所有都···”的意思，是部分否定。它的倒装形式为not…all。
All of them do not speak Chinese.(正常语序)=Not all of them speak Chinese.(倒装语序)他们并非全都讲中文。2 every…not,both…not等句型也表示部分否定。Everyone can not be successful.并非每个人都能成功。I can not select both of the schemes.我不能两个方案都选择(只能选择其中一个)。None of 与neither of 均可表示全部否定。I can select neither of the two schemes.两个方案我都做不出选择。
4.1 and that 是用来代替前面句子的全部或一部分，一般用来加强语气，表示“而且”的意思。Everyone seeks for a happy family, and that without any exception.2 and that也作and all that=and some,表示“等等”的意思。He used to take drugs and that when he was young.他年轻的时候常常吸毒以及干过其他诸如此类的事。
5.1 anything but=not at all；far from,表示强烈否定，是“决不”的意思。2 anything but 有时也表示“除···之外的任何···”等意思。I enjoy anything but amusement.我喜欢除娱乐外的任何事情。
6.as if(as though)好像。1 as if 可表示“(天气等)好像···”，也可表示“(人的行为)好像···”
As if/as though+动词过去式可表示过去虚拟的语气。As if/as though+动词过去完成式，也可表示过去虚拟。
7.as it is 1 一般而言，句首的as it is 承接前面的假设，表示“事实上，实际上”的意思。它的过去是形式为as it was.2 一般而言，句末的as it is 表示“就这样，就那样”的意思。复数形式为as they are,过去是形式为as it was。Leave him as he is.别管他就让他那样好了。China as she is, is very different from china as she was ten years ago.现在的中国与十年前的中国有很大的差别。
8.1 as it were好像 2 as it were 也可翻译成“换句话说，可以说是”的意思，用来缓和夸张或比喻时的语气。He is my best friend, my second self, as it were.他是我的好朋友，也可以说是我的第二个自我。3 as it were=in matter of speakinng；so to speak。So to speak可以代替as it were使用。
9.as long as只要。1 As long as是一个连接词，引导条件状语从句。当as long as=if 时，表示“要是···，或假如···”的意思。2 as long as有时可=if，表示只要的意思。3 so long as可以代替as long as表示只要。
10.as many(much)…同···一样的1 as many…=the same number,表示“同数目的”或“同···一样的”的意思。It had been five months since the husband left for Beijing, but they seemed as many years to the wife.丈夫去北京已经五个月了，但这五个月对妻子来说就像是五年一样。As many=five。There are six grammar mistakes in as many sentences.(as many=six)六个句子中有六处语法错误。2 as many as是一种句型=the same degree as,表示“与···到一样的程度”的意思。There are as many minds as there are men.有多少人存在，就有多少心灵存在。(个人有个人的想法)
11.as soon as…一···就···1 as soon as表示(一···就···)它与其他的关联词一样，引导的时间状语从句无论放在句首或句中都可以。2 与as soon as表示相同的连接词有no sooner…than;scarely/hardly…when.一般而言，他们跟过去完成时(had…)一起使用。3 hardly…when与 no sooner…than可用于倒装句，其作用在于加强语气。
第五篇：英语学术论文常用句型
英语学术论文常用句型
Beginning
1.In this paper。
2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review
1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body
1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section
1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer
implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract
1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in
15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1.Introduction
Time
1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive
2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the
4.The development of...is explored
5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose
1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx
4.The scope of this research lies in
5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:
8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10.The main objective of such a...system is to
11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13.In order to take advantage of their similarity
14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed
15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues
17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for
structuring..methods
20.This illustration points out the need to specify
21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review
23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade
25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to
35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to
37.Characterized the...system as
38.Developed an algorithm to
39.Developed a system called...which
40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41.Emphasized the need to
42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken
44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed
45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46.Point out that the problem of
47.A study on...was done / developed by []
48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49.The approach taken by [] is
50.The system developed by [] consists
51.A paper relevant to this research was published by []
52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development
54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to
56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that
58.Their work is based on the principle of
59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established
61.The...studies indicated that
62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question
63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69.An unanswered question
70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed
73.The three prime issues can be summarized:
74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to
76.It is expected to be serious barrier to
77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
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