工程造价与管理论文英文文献中英对照

第一篇：工程造价与管理论文英文文献中英对照

英文文献

Engineering cost management Project cost control emphasis should be transferred to the project construction early days, is transferred to the project decision and design stage.Project cost control in construction projects throughout the entire process, the key lies in the pre construction investment decision-making with design phase, whereas in the investment decision is made, the key lies in designing.According to expert analysis: architectural design, in the preliminary design stage, design stage, construction design stage to the engineering effect were 75% ~ 95%, 35% ~ 75%, 5% ~ 35%;while in the construction phase, through the optimization of construction organization design, construction cost saving the possibility of only 5% to 10%.We should put the focus shifted to the design stage, in order to get twice the result with half the effort.Pay attention to the technical and economic optimization combination.The combination of technology with economy is most effective way to control engineering cost.China engineering fields for a long time did not do this.The lack of technical personnel economy idea, design thought is conservative, the design of the outcome of the economy are not fully reflect.Therefore, we should solve the problem is to improve economic efficiency as the goal, in the construction process, organization, technology and economy organic ground union rises.Through the economic analysis, comparative study and effect evaluation, correct processing of advanced technology and reasonable in economy between the relation of unity of opposites, strive to advanced technology under the conditions of economic rational, reasonable in economy based on advanced technology.Carry out “limitation is designed” method.To be consciously put the application of value engineering to the specific design, actively promote quota design in engineering design contract, by way of bidding.This has been proven in practice is an effective way, it is not only an economic problem, more precisely a technical and economic problems.This “limitation is designed” to effectively control the project cost.In order to make the “limitation is designed” to achieve the desired objectives, should be involved in the design personnel must be experienced skilled economic designer.Their design results must be practical, advanced and reasonable cost.Control of engineering cost on the other hand is the need for comparison, because the outcome is a process of gradual improvement, and not to decide, so the comparison is a measure of its practical, advanced and economical means.Do good project cost control in the process.(1)compilation of economic and feasible construction scheme.Before construction, construction enterprises should be combined with the construction drawings and the actual situation at the scene, their mechanical equipment, construction experience, the management level and technical specification acceptance criteria, a set of practical and feasible construction scheme.The construction scheme is engineering implementation of the programme of action.(2)to technical personnel, materials, machinery and personnel staff communication

and coordination.In the process of construction, construction technology, materials and mechanical personnel should cooperate closely, understand each other, to management as the core, to reduce costs for the purpose of.(3)to the project completion settlement.Strict supervision system.Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision(including cost management)system.Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.Strict supervision system.Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision(including cost management)system.Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.To establish and perfect the independent project cost advisory body, cultivate a Zhi De have both engineering team.To establish a real sense of independent engineering cost consulting agencies.Through improving the laws and regulations, normative behavior, separate government functions from enterprise management, the establishment of independent business partnership, share-holding system, the limited responsibility system and other forms of organization, an industry-based, diversified services integrated project consulting company, build and development and reform the engineering cost intermediary service institutions, make construction project management of a gradual transition by an independent specialized agency in charge of project cost whole process tracking management, truly between owner and contractor plays an intermediary role.To strengthen engineering cost consulting industry association construction, establish project cost consulting industry self-discipline mechanism, and constantly improve the Engineering Cost Association in engineering cost consulting industry status, to be truly representative of the interests of the majority of the industry practitioners, government and enterprises to become connection link and the bridge.At the same time to strengthen the project cost specialty in higher education and in service education.As a result of project cost management in construction projects and various economic interests are closely related, and the whole social economic activities play a very important role, it requires the cost engineering technical personnel should have different levels of knowledge, in addition to their professional knowledge and have a deep understanding, also deal with the design content, design process, construction technology, project management, economic laws and regulations have a comprehensive understanding of.Therefore, the project cost management, project cost per unit of society groups, has already obtained a cost engineer qualification personnel, in order to carry out plan, has the goal, multiple levels of continuing education and training, to understand and master Chinese bilateral agreements with countries project cost technology, regulations, management system and its development trend, to expand domestic and foreign exchanges, and actively participate in international or regional engineering activities, improve their professional quality, so that the current practitioners in intelligent

structure, theory and working experience three aspects can meet the needs of engineering cost management.Cost engineering professionals need to strengthen their own learning, in addition to the professional knowledge to upgrade, should also work in combination with a broad understanding and master the relevant engineering and technical expertise, educational organizations and industry regulatory bodies constitute a complete education system, so as to the field of engineering senior talent development to create good conditions.中文译文：

工程造价与管理

工程造价控制重点应转移到项目建设的前期，即转移到项目决策和设计阶段。工程造价控制贯穿于项目建设全过程，关键在于施工前的投资决策和设计阶段，而在做出投资决策后，关键在于设计。据有关专家分析：建筑设计方案，在初步设计阶段、技术设计阶段、施工图设计阶段对工程的影响分别达75％～95％、35％～75％、5％～35％；而在施工阶段，通过优化组织施工设计，节约工程造价的可能性只有5％～10％。所以应该把重点转移到设计阶段，以取得事半功倍的效果。

注重技术与经济的优化结合。技术与经济相结合是控制工程造价最有效的手段。中国工程设计领域长期以来没有做到这点。技术人员缺乏经济观念，设计思想保守，使设计成果的经济性得不到充分体现。因此，我们现在应该解决的问题是以提高经济效益为目的，在工程建设过程中将组织、技术与经济有机地结合起来。通过经济分析、技术比较及效果评价，正确处理技术先进与经济合理两者之间的对立统一的关系，力求在技术先进条件下的经济合理，在经济合理基础上的技术先进。

推行“限额设计”方法。要自觉地把价值工程运用到具体的设计中去，积极推行限额设计，在工程设计发包中采用招投标方式。这是被实践证明的有效途径，它不单纯是一个经济问题，更准确地说是一个技术经济问题。这种“限额设计”能有效地控制整个项目的工程造价。为使“限额设计”达到预期目的，应该做到参与设计人员必须是有经验懂技术经济的设计师。他们设计的成果必须实用、先进而且造价合理。控制工程造价的另一方面是必须进行多方案比较，因为设计成果是一个逐步完善的过程，并不是一开始就能确定下来，所以多方案比较是衡量其实用性、先进性和经济性的重要手段。

做好工程实施过程中的造价控制。（1）编制经济可行的施工方案。施工前，施工企业要结合施工图纸及现场实际情况、自身的机械设备、施工经验、管理水平和技术规范验收标准，编制一套切实经济可行的施工方案。该施工方案是工程实施的行动纲领。（2）做好技术人员、材料人员、机械人员的沟通与配合。施工过程中，施工技术人员，材料人员和机械人员要密切配合，互相了解，以经营管理为核心，以节约成本为目的。（3）做好工程竣工结算。

严格实行监理制度。有效地控制工程造价，在项目建设前期阶段必须实行监理（含造价监理）制度。通过对设计过程的监理，使设计趋于合理，造价控制在限额范围内，真正做到用最小的投入取得最大的产出。

建立和完善独立的工程造价咨询机构，培养一支德才兼备的工程造价队伍。要建立一批真正意义上独立的工程造价咨询机构。通过健全法规，规范行为，政企分开，建立自主经营的合伙制、股份制、有限责任制等多种组织形式，一业为主、多种经营服务的综合性工程项目咨询顾问公司，建立和发展与改革相适应的工程造价中介服务机构，使建设项目管理逐步过渡到由一个独立的专业化中介机构负责对工程造价进行全过程跟踪管理，真正在业主与承包商之间起中介作用。要加强工程造价咨询行业协会的建设，建立工程造价咨询行业自律机制，不断提高工程造价协会在工程造价咨询行业的地位，使之成为真正代表行业内多数从业

者的利益，成为政府与企业联系的纽带和桥梁。同时要加强工程造价专业高等教育及在职人员的再教育。由于工程造价管理在建设项目中和各方经济利益密切相关，且对全社会的经济活动起着十分重要的导向作用，它要求造价工程专业技术人员应具有多层次的知识，他们除了要对本专业的知识有深入的了解外，还应对设计内容、设计过程、施工技术、项目管理、经济法律法规等有全面的了解。为此，工程造价行业管理机构，工程造价学会团体等部门单位，对目前已经获得造价工程师资格的人员，要进行有计划、有目标、多层次的继续教育及培训，了解和掌握与中国达成双边协议的国家的工程造价技术、法规、管理体系及其发展动向，扩大内外交流，积极参与国际性或区域性工程造价组织的活动，不断提高他们的业务素质，使目前从业人员在智能结构、理论水平和工作经验三方面都能满足工程造价管理工作的需要。工程造价专业人员也要加强自身的学习，除了对本专业的知识进行更新提高外，还应该结合工作广泛了解和掌握有关工程技术专业的知识，国民教育机构和行业管理机构构成完备的教育体系，从而为工程造价领域高级人才的成长创造良好的条件。

第二篇：文献中英对照

11.1 BMC Family Practice IF：2.032 一个实用临床试验的原理和设计，以评估家庭血压监测和降压药自滴定对控制不良的高血压的影响

摘要：

Lack of control of hypertension is one of the most prevalent problems encountered by general practitioners(GPs).Self-measured blood pressure monitoring at home(SMBP)and self-titration of medication could be a good strategy to improve hypertension management, however, evidence is limited and not conclusive.We aimed to assess the effectiveness, in the primary care setting, of an intervention that includes educational components, SMBP and self-titration of antihypertensive medication to decrease systolic blood pressure compared to usual care, in a population with poorly controlled hypertension, during a 12-month period.背景:高血压控制不足是全科医生遇到的最普遍的问题之一。家庭自测血压(SMBP)和药物自滴定可能是改善高血压管理的一个好策略，然而，证据有限，没有结论性。我们的目的是评估在基层医疗机构中，在高血压控制不足的人群中，相比于常规治疗，包含教育、SMBP和自滴定降压药的干预措施在12个月内降低收缩压的效果。

Methods: Pragmatic, controlled, randomized, unblinded clinical trial with two parallel groups assigned in a ratio of 1:1 to self-management(which includes educational components, SBMP and self-titration of antihypertensive medication based on a patient s GP s pre-established adjustment plan)or to usual care(with educational components too)

方法:采用实用的、随机对照非盲的临床试验，将两平行组按1:1的比例分配给自我管理组(其中包括教育成分、SBMP和基于患者的家庭医生预先制定的调整计划自我滴定降压药）或常规护理组(也包括教育成分)。

Discussion: If the data from this trial show positive results, the study may contribute to a change of strategy in the treatment of hypertension, focusing on the patient as the main actor to achieve blood pressure control.Furthermore, this approach might contribute to the financial sustainability of the National Health Service

讨论:如果本试验数据显示为阳性，本研究可能有助于改变高血压治疗策略，以患者为主要角色控制血压。此外，这种做法可能有助于国家卫生服务的财政可持续性。

试验注册:本试验已在数据库中注册，编号EudraCT: 2016-003986-25。2017年5月5日注册 关键词:自我监测;血压;高血压；自我滴定；基层医疗；实用的临床试验

背景：

The presence of hypertension is one of the most important issues in the global burden of disease [1].In developed countries, the degree of control of hypertension has increased progressively over the last 15 years and has contributed to a decline in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [2 8].However, a recent study carried out in 12 European countries showed that more than 50% of patients treated for hypertension continued to have uncontrolled blood pressure(BP)[9] and that results are far from ideal.As a large part of hypertension management is carried out in primary care(PC)and it is one of the most prevalent problems encountered by General Practitioners(GP), interventions aimed at improving its management should preferably be made in this setting.Recent hypertension clinical guidelines put emphasis on self-measured blood pressure monitoring(SMBP)by patients and on team-based systems to manage the condition [10].高血压的存在是全球疾病负担[1]中最重要的问题之一。在发达国家，高血压的控制程度在过去15年中逐步提高，心血管发病率和死亡率下降[2-8]。然而，最近在12个欧洲国家进行的一项研究表明，50%以上接受高血压治疗的患者仍然无法控制血压(BP)[9]，这一结果远非理想。由于高血压管理的很大一部分是在基层医疗(PC)中进行的，它是全科医生遇到的最普遍的问题之一，因此改善管理的干预在这种机构下进行可能更好。最近的高血压临床指南强调由患者在家庭自行测量血压(SMBP)和基于团队的系统来管理[10]。

Self-measured blood pressure monitoring at home(SMBP)is practiced extensively nowadays.In the United Kingdom and Canada it is highly recommended by GPs and used by more than 30% of patients [11, 12].Systematic reviews have shown disparate information regarding the effectiveness of SMBP alone in reducing blood pressure(BP).On the other hand, self-monitoring in conjunction with co-interventions(including systematic medication titration by doctors, pharmacists, or patients;education;or lifestyle counseling)has been shown to lead to clinically significant BP reduction, which persists for at least 12 months.Nevertheless, the effectiveness of SMBP requires additional evaluation given that its definition in those studies is highly heterogeneous(different clinical protocols, different strategies for additional support and management)and given the fact that most studies have short follow-ups(1 year or less)[13, 14].目前家庭自测血压广泛应用。在英国和加拿大，全科医生高度推荐它（家庭自测血压），超过30%的患者使用[11,12]。系统评价显示单独SMBP降低血压(BP)有效性的不同信息。另一方面，自我监测与联合干预相结合(包括医生、药剂师或患者的系统药物滴定;教育;或者生活方式咨询)已经被证明会引起显著临床意义的血压下降，至少持续12个月。然而，鉴于SMBP在那些研究中的定义高度异质性(不同的临床方案，不同的额外支持和管理策略)，并且考虑到大多数研究的随访时间较短(1年或更短)，SMBP的有效性需要额外的评估[13,14]。

Regarding home titration of antihypertensive medication, evidence is more limited and shows mixed results.Two clinical essays, the TASMINH2 [15]and the TASMINH-SR[16], both in the United Kingdom and developed in the primary care setting by the same research team, are some of the most recent and interesting clinical trials carried out in this field.In these studies, SMBP together with self-titrate medications(according to a previously agreed plan), combined with telemedicine components, was compared with usual care.In both studies systolic blood pressure(SBP)decreased from baseline to 12 months, with significant differences between the intervention and control group(5.4 and 9.2 mmHg, respectively).Frequency of side effects was similar in both groups [15, 16].The TASMINH-SR study is of special relevance because it was carried out with high risk patients(with a personal history of stroke, ischemic cardiopathy, diabetes or kidney failure), a population of special interest to achieve BP targets [16].On the other hand, a clinical trial carried out in the US in a low-income, predominantly minority population, aimed to determine whether health coaching, SMBP and home titration of antihypertensive medications could improve BP control compared with SMBP and health coaching alone.The results showed that both the home-titration arm and the no–home-titration arm had a reduction in SBP, with no significant differences between them from baseline to 6 months [17].关于降压药的家庭滴定，证据更有限，结果不一。两篇临床论文，TASMINH2[15]和TASMINH-SR[16]，都在英国，由同一研究小组在基层医疗环境下进行的，是在这个领域最新和令人关注的临床试验。在这些研究中，将SMBP和自滴定药物(根据先前商定的计划)，以及远程医疗成分，与常规治疗进行比较。在这两项研究中，从基线到12个月收缩压(SBP)在干预组和对照组之间下降有显著差异(分别为5.4mmHg和9.2 mmHg)。两组不良反应发生频率相似[15,16]。TASMINH-SR研究之所以具有特殊意义，是因为它是针对高风险患者(有中风、缺血性心脏病、糖尿病或肾衰竭的个人病史)进行的，而这些患者对达到BP目标[16]特别感兴趣。另一方面，美国在一个以少数族裔为主的低收入人群中进行了一项临床试验，目的是确定，与单独进行SMBP和健康指导相比，健康指导、SMBP和降压药家庭滴定是否能改善血压控制。结果表明，家庭滴定和非家庭滴定SBP均有降低，从基线到6个月[17]无显著差异。

Finally, when interpreting hypertension studies over time, it is important to procede with caution, as the definition of the condition changes almost with every update of guidance.For instance, earlier versions of guidelines such as those of the the Joint National Committee(JNC)and of the European Society of Hypertension(ESH)/European Society of Cardiology(ESC), suggested more restrictive BP control objectives than recent versions(especially in patients over 60 years old, diabetics and patients with renal failure)[18-20].These objectives may be modified again in the light of the results of recent studies [21 23].最后，随着时间的推移，在解释高血压研究时，必须谨慎行事，因为这种情况的定义几乎随着指南的更新而改变。例如,早期版本的指南如联合国委员会的(JNC)和欧洲高血压协会（ESH）/欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)的,相比最新的指南，提出更加严格的血压控制目标(特别是在60岁以上患者,糖尿病患者和肾衰患者){18-20]。根据最近的研究结果，这些目标可能会再次修改[21 23]。

研究目的

The primary aim of the ADAMPA TRIAL is to assess the effectiveness, in the primary care setting, of an intervention that includes educational components, SMBP and self-titration of antihypertensive medication to decrease SBP compared to usual care, in a population with poorly controlled hypertension, during a 12-month period.In addition, an extension with passive follow-up is planned for 24 months, collecting a reduced set of outcome variables as secondary variables.ADAMPA试验的主要目的是评估在基层医疗机构中，在高血压控制不足的人群中，相比于常规治疗，包含教育、SMBP和自滴定降压药的干预措施在12个月内降低收缩压的效果。此外，计划进行24个月的被动随访延伸，收集结果变量减少的组作为次要变量。

Main research questions 1.Does a self-management intervention based on SMBP and self-titration medication allow for better control of blood pressure? 2.What is the impact of this intervention on adherence to treatments, lifestyle changes, quality of life, clinical outcomes and use of health services? 3.Is this intervention cost-effective? 4.What are patients , caregivers and health professionals views and experiences of SMBP plus self-titration in poorly controlled hypertension 主要研究问题 1.2.3.4.基于SMBP和自滴定药物的自我管理干预能够更好地控制血压吗? 这种干预对治疗依从性、生活方式改变、生活质量、临床结局和医疗服务的使用有什么影响? 这种干预是否具有成本效益? 在控制不良的高血压中，患者、护理人员和卫生专业人员对SMBP加自滴定有什么看法和经验

Methods

Study design and setting

The ADAMPA study is a pragmatic, controlled, randomized, unblinded clinical trial with two parallel groups assigned in a ratio of 1:1 to self-management(which includes educational components, SBMP and self-titration of antihypertensive medication based on a patient sGP s pre-established adjustment plan)or to usual care(with educational components too).方法

研究设计和设置

ADAMPA研究是一个务实的,控制,随机选取临床试验和两个平行组分配比例1:1的自我管理(包括教育部分,SBMP和s基于患者的全科医生预先制定的调整计划进行降压药自滴定)或常规治疗(也有教育部分)。

All participants belong to a Health Area in the Valencia Region(Spain), with a population coverage of 345,500 inhabitants and a geographical area covering the north-east of the city of Valencia and some surrounding towns that are served by sixteen Primary Care Centers(PCC), two Hospitals and a Medical Specialty Centre.This trial has been registered in the https://eudract.ema.europa.eu/ database with reference number EudraCT: 2016 003986-25.所有参与者属于瓦伦西亚地区的卫生区域(西班牙),人口为345500的人口覆盖率，地理区域覆盖瓦伦西亚城市的东北部和一些周边城镇，有十六个基层医疗中心(PCC),两家医院和医疗专业中心提供服务。

该试验已在数据库注册https://eudract.ema.europa。eu/，编号为EudraCT: 2016 003986-25。

Study participants

Identification and recruitment Potential patients eligible to participate in the study will be selected by their General Practitioners(GP)among all patients attending their general practice(case-finding).In their general practice at the PCC, the GPs will inform patients of the study objective and in the case that they meet the inclusion criteria and none of exclusion criteria, GPs will give them the information sheet and informed consent form, responding to all queries and concerns.研究参与者 识别和招募

有资格参与研究的潜在患者将由他们的全科医生(GP)在就诊的所有患者中选择(病例发现)。在基层医疗中心，如果患者符合纳入标准而没有排除标准，全科医生会告知患者研究目的，全科医生会给他们信息表和知情同意书，同时对所有的怀疑和忧虑作出回应。

Eligibility criteria Eligibility criteria will aim to recruit patients with treated hypertension managed in primary care, who are aged 40 years or older, have a diagnosis of hypertension in their electronic history(coded),haveameanBPreading on the reference arm of SBP > 145 or diastolic blood pressure(DBP)> 90 mmHg on the baseline examination, who voluntarily accept participation in the study and sign the corresponding informed consent.The mean BP will be obtained as follows: In the first visit, BP should be measured on both arms.If there are differences, the reference arm should be that with the highest value of BP.Subsequently, the average BP of at least two measurements, in the sitting position, spaced 1-2 min apart should be calculated.If the first two readings are very different, an additional measurement should be done and the mean BP will be the average of the two readings considered valid [8].合格的纳入标准

合格的标准旨在招募在基层医疗管理且高血压在治疗的患者，40岁以上,在电子病历诊断过高血压(编码), 基线检查时参照臂的SBP平均值 > 145或舒张压(DBP)的平均值> 90 mmHg,自愿参与研究并签署相应的知情同意。平均血压得到的方法如下:第一次就诊时，血压需要测量双上臂。如果有差异，参考臂应该是BP值最高的那个。随后，至少两次坐姿血压测量的平均值，间隔1-2分钟计算。如果前两个读数区别不同，则需要进行额外测量，两次有效的读数的平均值即为血压平均值[8]。

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria will include inability to self-manage their BP, including dementia or significant cognitive impairment(at the discretion of the researcher performing the recruitment), a history of orthostatic hypotension(fall> 20 mmHg from SBP after taking the orthostatic position), SBP > 200 or DBP > 100 mmHg in the baseline examination, being prescribed more than 4 antihypertensive drugs, inclusion in another hypertension study or clinical trial, presence of tremor or neurological disease that makes it difficult to perform SMBP, presence of arrhythmia, presence of terminal illness, chronic incapacitation to leave home, an acute cardiovascular event in the last 3 months, hypertension managed directly by other specialist doctors outside the primary care environment，pregnant women or those actively seeking to become pregnant, having a household member already enrolled in the study and non-or temporary residents.排除标准

排除标准包括,没有自己管理血压的能力的，包括痴呆或重大的认知损害(由负责招募的研究者判断),直立性低血压病史(立位后SBP下降> 20毫米汞柱),在基线检查时SBP > 200或DBP> 100毫米汞柱,开超过4种降压药,参与另外的高血压研究或临床试验,存在震颤或神经系统疾病，使得SBPM有困难的，存在心律失常，存在终末期疾病，长期不能离开家，在过去3个月发生急性心血管事件，高血压在基层医疗机构之外的由其他专科医生直接管理的。怀孕妇女或那些积极准备怀孕的，家庭成员已经登记参加研究和非或临时居民。

Randomization Patients with uncontrolled hypertension will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either usual care or self-management using a computer randomization system via internet.Minimization will be used [24], taking into account age, gender, SBP > 160 mm HG, diabetes, cardiovascular disease(ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy and peripheral arterial disease), stroke(chronic stroke)and chronic kidney disease status.Similar approaches have been used in previous clinical trials of self-monitoring in the control of hypertension [15, 16].随机化

通过互联网使用计算机随机化系统将高血压控制不好的患者以1:1的比例随机化分为常规医疗或自我管理。将使用最小化[24]，考虑年龄、性别、SBP > 160mm HG、糖尿病、心血管疾病(缺血性心脏病、心力衰竭、心肌病和外周动脉疾病)、中风(慢性中风)和慢性肾病状态。在以往高血压控制的自我监测的临床试验中也使用了类似的方法[15,16]。

Participant flow through the study该研究参与者经过

An overview of the schedule of enrolment, interventions, and assessments in the ADAMPA study, according to the SPIRIT guidelines is shown in Fig.1.Each aspect will be described in more detail throughout the present protocol.在ADAMPA研究中，根据SPIRIT指南的注册、干预和评估的时间表概述如图1所示。每一个方面都将在本协议中详细描述。

Recruited hypertensive patients who meet the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria, who have been duly informed(by their GP)of the characteristics of the study, have signed the informed consent and been randomly assigned to the intervention or control group, will proceed as follows

招募符合纳入标准但没有排除标准的高血压患者，他们已经(由他们的家庭医生)充分被告知研究的特征，已经签署知情同意书并被随机分配到干预组或对照组，将按照如下步骤进行 干预组

At their practice, the GPs will have established, with each patient in the intervention group, the BP target according to the European Guide for the management of Hypertension 2013 [19] and how to act according to their BP measurements(Fig.2), including instructions for medication self-adjustment(if necessary).At the same time, the GP will inform them that they will be recalled to make an appointment with a member of the research team, who will provide them with additional information about their self-management of BP and for completing data corresponding to the baseline visit.在他们的实践中，全科医生(GPs)与干预组的每个患者一起，根据2013年欧洲高血压管理指南[19]设定血压目标值和如何根据他们测量的血压采取行动(图2)，包括药物自我调整的说明(如果必要的话)。同时，全科医生将告知他们，他们将被召回（通知）与研究小组中的那名向他们提供关于血压自我管理信息成员预约，完成与基线来访相对应的数据。

Subsequently, patients will be given-and trained in the use of-a validated home blood pressure monitor(Omron M3 model HEM-7131-E), as well as the Intervention group booklet containing: the patient s code, the reference arm on which BP is measured, the BP target, general information and basic recommendations for improving BP control, instructions to manage the home blood pressure monitor, how to act according to their BP(Fig.2)and the monthly registration sheets for a six month period in order to register their blood pressure twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening(for the first seven days of each month)and to register contacts related to their BP(by phone, regular or urgent consultation at the office or hospital consultation)during that follow-up period.随后，患者将接受验证过的家用血压计(欧姆龙M3型hemi-7131-e)的使用培训，以及包含以下内容的干预组小册子:病人编码,血压测量的手臂,血压目标,改善BP控制的一般信息和基本建议、家庭血压计管理说明,根据他们的BP(图2)如何行动和在六个月内的每月登记表，这个表一天登记两次的血压，每天早上和晚上一次(每月的头七天)，并登记随访期间与BP相关的联系(通过电话、定期或紧急咨询诊室或医院咨询)。

对照组

Patients will be informed by their GP that they will continue their usual care regarding their BP and that they will be recalled to make an appointment with a member of the research team, who will provide them with information and basic recommendations for improvement of BP control and for completing the data corresponding to the baseline visit.Subsequently, members of the research team will deliver the Control group booklet containing the patient s code, general information and basic recommendations for improving BP control, as well as the monthly registration sheets for a six month period in order to register contacts related to their BP(by phone, regular or urgent consultation at the general practice or hospital consultation)during the follow-up period.全科医生告知病人,继续他们血压的常规治疗,他们将被召回与研究小组中那名向他们提供改善血压控制基本建议的成员预约，完成与基线来访相对应的数据。随后,研究团队的成员给对照组小册子，包含病人编号,一般信息和改善BP控制的基本建议,以及在六个月内的每月登记表，这个表登记随访期间与BP相关的联系(通过电话、定期或紧急咨询诊室或医院咨询)。

Patients in the control and intervention groups will be informed that the research team will phone them four weeks after the baseline visit to clarify any doubts raised.If necessary, on-site visits will be arranged for further clarification.对照组和干预组的患者将被告知，研究小组将在基线随访4周后给他们打电话，以阐明任何疑问。如有需要，将安排现场随访进一步澄清。

Both groups will be contacted by phone at 3 months to clarify any doubts and at 6 months a follow-up visit will be established at the PCC, where the corresponding variables will be collected.The same will be done at 12 months.The follow-up variables will be collected up to a maximum of 6 weeks after the end of the follow-up period.An extension of the study will be performed with passive follow-up at 24 months, collecting a reduced set of outcome variables as secondary variables.Participants flow through the trial is outlined in Fig.3.3个月后，都会通过电话联系两组阐明任何疑问，6个月后将在PCC进行随访，收集相应的变量。12个月后也是如此（在PCC随访）。随访变量将在随访期结束后最多6周内收集。本研究的延伸将在24个月的被动随访中进行，收集一组结局变量减少作为次要变量。试验的参与者流程如图3所示。

Patients have the right to leave the study at any time.In addition, the researcher may discontinue a patient from the study if deemed necessary for any reason including: non-eligibility(retrospective if not detected at the time of inclusion, or prospective e.g.pregnancy during the follow up), an adverse event or disease progression involving incapacity to comply with trial procedures.患者有权随时退出研究。此外，如有必要，研究者可终止患者参与本研究，理由包括:不合格(回顾时发现，纳入时未发现，或未来发现，随访时怀孕)，不良事件或包括无法遵守试验规定的疾病进展。样本量估算

A sample size of 382 patients was estimated in order to have 90% power to detect a difference in SBP of 5 mmHg(SD 15 mmHg)between the intervention and the control group with a contrast of two-tailed hypotheses and an alpha error of 0.05.This figure represents a clinically relevant difference(which should represent a reduction of approximately 19% in strokes)and is in line with the results observed in previous trials in this field(TASMINH2 and TASMINH-SR)[15, 16].These figures will be increased by 20% to compensate for possible drop-outs and follow-up loss, resulting in a total sample size of 458 participants.我们对382名患者的样本量进行了估计，以便有90%的能力检测干预组和对照组之间SBP 5 mmHg(SD 15mmhg)的差异，采用双尾假设对比，α误差为0.05。这一数据（α）代表了一个临床相关的差异(这应该代表中风减少了大约19%)，并且与该领域以前的试验结果一致(TASMINH2和TASMINH-SR)[15,16]。这些数字将增加20%，以弥补可能的退出和失访，从而使总样本量达到458人。干预组

Blood pressure self-monitoring Patients will be trained to perform SMBP by the research team through a validated home blood pressure monitor(Omron model M3 HEM-7131-E).Patients will take their BP in the morning and in the afternoon, every day of the first week of each month.This will be done in the morning, before breakfast and before taking their medication(between 6 am.and 9 am.)and in the evening before dinner and before taking their medication(between 6 pm.and 9 pm.).These measurements will be recorded by the patients for the first seven days of each month on the monthly registration sheets located in the Intervention group booklet.If patients want to monitor their BP during the remaining weeks of the month, it is recommended that they just do so one day a week.Patients are instructed to act according to a table that contains easy-to-follow colour coded action steps.This guideline prompts the patient to contact the GP or visit the health center when BP values are very high or very low.Four or more above target readings in a month will require a change in medication(See Fig.2).研究小组训练血压自我监测的患者用经验证的家庭血压计(欧姆龙M3型HEM-7131-E)来SMBP。患者将在每个月的第一周的每天早上和下午进行血压检查。这将在早上，早餐之前和服药之前(早上6点到9点之间)完成。在晚餐前和服药前(下午6点到9点之间)。这些测量数据将由患者在每个月的头七天记录在干预组手册的每月登记表上。如果病人想在每月的最后几周监测他们的血压，建议他们一周只监测一天。病人被指示根据一张表格采取行动，表格中包含易于遵循的彩色编码动作步骤。当血压值非常高或非常低时，该指南提示患者联系全科医生或医疗中心就诊。一个月内超过目标值4次以上的患者需要改变用药(见图2)。

Target blood pressure

Patients will be informed of their target BP, which will be established by their own GP and individualized for each patient based on the Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension(ESH)and European Society of Cardiology(ESC)[19].Recommendations on target BP, according to cardiovascular risk and reflecting home as compared to office readings are shown in Table 1.目标血压 患者将被告知他们的目标血压，目标血压将由他们全科医生根据欧洲高血压协会(ESH)和欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)[19]高血压管理指南个性化制定。根据心血管风险和与诊室读数相比反映家庭的目标血压的建议如表1所示。

Self-titration

In order to reach their target BP, each patient will be given a self-management plan to adjust medication if necessary depending on blood pressure measurements(See Fig.2).The self-adjustment plan will consist of either an increase in the dose or additional medication.Therapeutic plan choice will be at the discretion of the GP, who will receive a copy of the Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology [19] to aid decision-making.If self-adjustment takes place, the participant will have an appointment with his/her GP within 3 weeks following self-adjustment, and a new tailored self-management plan will be provided.自我滴定 为了达到目标血压，给每个患者自我管理计划，必要时根据血压测量情况调整药物(见图2)。自我调整计划包括增加剂量或加其他药物。治疗方案的选择将由GP决定，GP将收到欧洲心脏病学会[19]临床实践指南的副本，以帮助决策。如果进行自我调整，参与者将在自我调整后的3周内预约全科医生，并提供新的量身定制的自我管理计划。对照组

Patients allocated to the control group will receive routine hypertension care with appointments and medication changes following the GP s criteria in the context of routine clinical practice.在对照组的患者将接受常规高血压治疗，并按照全科医生在常规临床实践中的准则进行预约和调药。

In both, the intervention and control group, all relevant concomitant care within usual clinical practice will be at the discretion of the GP.在干预组和对照组中，所有日常临床实践相关的将由全科医生决定。结果

The primary outcome will be the change in mean SBP-mmHg-between baseline and 12 months.Secondary outcomes will include:

1.Change in mean SBP at 6 and 24 months of follow-up.2.Change in mean DBP at 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up.3.Percentage of patients with SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg at 6, 12 and 24 months of follow-up.4.Quality of life(as measured by EuroQoL-5D)at 6, 12 and 24 months of follow-up.5.Adherence measured by proportion of days covered(PDC)at 6 and 12 months of follow-up.6.Persistence, defined as period of continuous use of the corresponding drug from the beginning of the follow-up until its discontinuation at 6 and 12 months of follow-up.7.Therapeutic inertia(TI), defined as the number of patients whose pharmacological treatment had not been modified, divided by the number of patients not reaching the target values(SBP and/or DBP measurements taken at 6 and 12 months of follow-up), according to the recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology [19].主要结果是在基线和12个月之间平均SBP-mmhg的变化。次要结果包括: 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.随访6个月和24个月时平均SBP的变化。随访6个月、12个月和24个月时平均DBP变化。

随访6、12、24个月，SBP < 140 mmHg, DBP < 90 mmHg的患者百分比。随访6个月、12个月和24个月时的生活质量(以EuroQoL-5D衡量)。随访6个月和12个月时，以覆盖天数占比(PDC)来测量依从性。持久性，指从随访开始到随访6个月和12个月停止使用相应药物的时间。

治疗惯性(TI),定义为没有调药的患者数量除以没有目标(在6和12个月的随访时测量的SBP和/或DBP)病人的数量,目标值是根据欧洲高血压协会和欧洲心脏病学会的建议[19]。其他结果指标：

1.Changes in lifestyle(smoking, exercise, body weight)at 6, 12, and 24 months compared to these characteristics at baseline.2.Clinical events: We will assess if any of the following adverse events are present during the follow-up: angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypotensive crisis and death.3.Use of health services for hypertension at 6, 12 and 24 months.4.Incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained in the intervention group compared to the control group.5.Views and experiences of patients and health professionals on the self-management(SMBP plus self-titration)of hypertension.1.6个月、12个月和24个月时与基线时相比生活方式(吸烟、锻炼、体重)的变化。

2.临床事件:我们将评估在随访期间是否存在以下不良事件:心绞痛、心肌梗死、中风、低血压危机和死亡。3.4.5.在6个月、12个月和24个月因高血压医疗服务的使用。干预组与对照组相比，每质量调整生命年增加的成本。

患者和医疗专家对高血压自我管理(SMBP +自我滴定)的看法和经验。

数据收集

Data will be collected at the different participant study sites.Details on type of data and timing of collection are shown in Fig.1.Data entry, coding, security, and storage, including any related processes to promote data quality(eg, double data entry, etc)and other aspects related to data management such as data monitoring of the ADAMPA study, will be performed by the SCReN platform(for more information on the Screen platform and its role regarding the ADAMPA study, see:https://www.xiexiebang.complete cases.We will use mixed models(general linear modeling GLM)to compare SBP at 12 months between the intervention and control groups.This analysis will be presented in both crude and adjusted forms for the different covariates of interest(baseline BP, gender, GP/PCC-random effect, diabetes, etc.).A sensitivity analysis will be performed to examine the potential effect of missing data, which will include substitution by multiple imputation, replacement of data lost by the most recent data or by the mean of the series.Additionally, analyses of the main outcome measure by subgroups of age, gender, comorbidity, level of chronicity, better control at baseline, etc.will be performed.分析将基于为了案列完整的意向性治疗。我们将使用混合模型(通用线性建模GLM)来比较干预组和对照组12个月的SBP。该分析将以粗糙和调整的形式呈现，以适应不同的协变量(基线血压、性别、GP/ pccs随机效应、糖尿病等)。将进行敏感性分析，以检查缺失数据的潜在影响，这将包括通过多重插补替代，用序列的平均值或最近数据替代缺失的数据。此外，还将根据年龄、性别、合并症、慢性程度、基线控制的更好等亚组分析主要结果指标。

Differences in secondary outcome measures(DBP, percentage of patients controlled, PDC, persistence and TI)will be analyzed using methods similar to those used for analysis of the main outcome measure.将使用与主要结果分析方法类似的方法分析次要结果(DBP、患者控制百分比、PDC覆盖天数占比、持久性和TI治疗惯性)的差异。经济分析

The economic analysis will include a cost-consequence analysis, estimating both the costs(hospitalizations, outpatient visits, emergency visits and antihypertensive drugs)and the potential benefits(e.g.reduced incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction, etc.)in natural units.In addition, we will collect information on Health-Related Quality of Life(HRQOL)through the EQ-5d questionnaire, which will allow us to obtain utilities and therefore perform a cost-utility analysis with the estimated benefits in terms of Quality-Adjusted Life-Years(QALY).经济分析将包括成本-后果分析，估计成本(住院、门诊、急诊和抗高血压药物)和潜在效益(如减少卒中、心肌梗死等)在自然单元。此外，我们将通过EQ-5d问卷收集与健康有关的生活质量(HRQOL)的信息，（欧洲五维健康量表）可以让我们获得效用值，从而进行成本-效用分析，根据质量调整生命年(QALY)来估计效益。

A modeling will be performed to obtain longer-term predictions of the results observed in the trial.The results on which this modeling will be based will be survival, quality of life and costs associated with clinical events.A sensitivity analysis(deterministic and probabilistic)will be performed to analyze the robustness of the results.Key parameters will be modified to determine their impact on results.All analyses will be performed using STATA version 14.将进行建模以获得对试验中观察到的结果的长期预测。这个模型所基于的结果是生存，生活质量和与临床事件相关的成本。将进行敏感性分析(确定性和概率性)来分析结果的稳健性。将修改关键参数以确定它们对结果的影响。所有分析将使用STATA 14进行。质量亚组分析

Qualitative research techniques will seek to provide an in-depth understanding of the positive elements and areas of improvement related to self-titration and self-monitoring intervention.To this end, two meetings will be held, one with professionals(GPs and nurses)and one with patients, using the Nominal Group Technique(NGT).The NGT is a working methodology that establishes a framework for highly structured interaction that enables participation and equal consideration of the contributions of all members of the working group, and allows the identification of priorities, consensus and disagreement, solution generation and decision-making in an agile and objective manner [25

定性研究技术将力求深入了解与自我滴定和自我监测干预有关的积极因素和改进领域。为此目的，将举行两次会议，一次与专业人员(全科医生和护士)和一次与病人，使用名义群体技术(NGT)。NGT是一种工作方法，它为高度结构化的交互建立了一个框架，允许工作组所有成员参与和平等地考虑其贡献，并允许以敏捷和客观的方式确定优先级、共识和分歧、生成解决方案和决策[25] 讨论

The ADAMPA trial is a clinical research project that aims to improve the control of BP through training the patient for self-management of their hypertension.Hypertension is a risk factor of high prevalence that, even today, presents an unacceptable percentage of uncontrolled patients, according to the recommendations of the guidelines of clinical practice for BP control.ADAMPA试验是一项临床研究项目，目的是通过训练患高血压自我管理来改善血压控制。根据《血压控制临床实践指南》的建议，高血压是高患病率的危险因素，即使在今天，仍有不可接受的比例的患者不受控制。

If the data from this trial show positive results, the study may contribute to a change of strategy in the treatment of hypertension, focusing on the patient as the main actor to achieve these objectives.Furthermore, this approach might contribute to the financial sustainability of the National Health Service.如果本次试验的数据显示阳性结果，本研究可能有助于改变高血压治疗策略，以患者为主以达到这些目标。此外，这种做法可能有助于国家卫生服务的财政可持续性。

第三篇：工程造价管理论文

浅析工程造价管理

姓名：周晴

班级：09级工程造价3班

学号：200909180109科目：工程造价管理院系：建筑工程学院

浅析工程造价管理

【内容摘要】：

随着市场经济发展,一个工程建设项目的实施就不再是单单考虑工程质量问题了,在达到既定的工程质量不变的前提下追求尽可能经济是每一个项目必须面对的问题。因此应该正确认识和解决工程造价管理各方面存在的问题,建立科学的工程造价体系。把强化工程造价管理以确保建设工程进度,建设工程质量的理念,贯穿于工程项目的全过程,实现把建设项目的投资控制在合理的、批准的投资限额之内,保证投资管理目标的实现,达到理想的投资效益和社会效益。工程管理中的成本控制是全过程、全系统控制的过程，这种控制是动态的，应该是贯穿于项目始终的全过程造价控制，在投资决策、设计、发包、施工以及竣工等任何一个阶段，都应该牢牢地把握投资目标，随时纠正发生的偏差，把建设项目的投资控制在目标范围之内。通过对预、结算进行全面、系统的检查和复核，及时纠正所存在的错误和问题，使之能够更加合理地确定工程造价，达到有效地控制工程造价的目的，是保证项目目标管理实现的重要手段。

【关键词】： 工程造价造价管理投资控制

【正文】：

一、工程造价的发展历程

工程造价管理主要包括概、预算定额，预算价格，费用定额及计价办法、规定等有关工程造价计价依据的管理。工程造价管理体制的建立是在五十年代初期，为适应当时大规模基本建设的需要而开始的。党的十四大会议召开，明确了社会主义市场经济的建立之后，特

别强调了工程造价管理在工程项目中的必要性，以及它对整个国民经济的影响力度。

从1949年建国初期国家开始重视国民经济的发展。投入大量的资金，大规模搞基本建设。鉴于我国当时的实际情况，没有制定出一套比较完整的计价办法。在此之后，国家非常重视造价业的发展，投入了大量的资金，招揽各界资深的专家学者来研究造价体系。终于在1977年我国研制出了一套基本完善的造价管理办法。从此我国便有自己的一套计价办法。

从建国初期至今造价管理已有五十年之久的历史了，现阶段我国工程造价管理体系不断改进，不断趋于完善、不断适应社会发展。对促进我国国民经济的发展发挥着巨大的作用。

二、工程造价管理的认识以及对工程造价全过程控制的必要性

1、对工程造价管理的认识：

工程造价是指建设某项工程项目所花费的全部费用。我们所指的造价管理即是对建设项目在投资决策阶段、设计阶段、招标投标阶段和项目实施阶段以及建设结算阶段实行全过程的管理,把建设项目的投资控制在批准的投资限额内,保证项目管理目标的实现,以求能在建设项目中合理地使用人力、物力、财力,取得较好的投资效益。工程造价管理是遵循工程造价的运动规律和特点,运用科学、技术原理和经济及法律等管理手段,解决工程建设活动中的工程造价确定与控制,技术与经济,经营与管理等实际问题,达到提高投资效益的全部业务行为和组织活动。工程造价管理的基本内容是合理确定,提高效

益,有效控制。随着科学技术的迅猛发展,面临的竞争日益激烈。我国工程造价管理模式必须采取有效的措施才能适应经济全球化和知识经济时代的要求。没有工程造价管理体制、管理内容、管理方式的改革创新,当今我国的建筑业就难以在世界竞争激烈的市场环境中强盛起来。

2、影响工程造价的因素：

工程造价即工程价格，影响工程造价的因素主要有：它的大额性以及动态性。

（1）能够发挥投资效益的一项工程，不仅实物形体庞大、而且造价高昂。

（2）由于一项工程的工期长，设计变更、设计材料价格、地区费率的不同决定了工程造价的不稳定，这就是工程造价的特殊地位，也说明了造价管理的重要意义。

3、工程造价管理全过程控制的必要性：

谈到工程造价的管理和控制，我们便习惯地想到是工程预决算。确实就目前的体制和现实来看，工程造价管理和控制工作就是预决算，要全面、有效地控制工程造价，取得最佳的社会效益和经济效益，就必须对工程项目的各个阶段实施全过程的控制。施工企业的造价管理就直接关系到企业的盛衰存亡，尤其是对构成工程制造成本的工程直接费的管理体制尤为重要，因为直接费、其他直接费、现场经费，占工程总造价的80%～90%，因此工程造价管理是企业经营管理的核心工作。

三、如何加强造价管理

1、工程前期的造价管理是工程造价管理的关键

（1）加强投资决策阶段的可行性研究工作。

（2）加强设计阶段的造价管理与控制。

（3）抓好招标工作环节。

2、工程施工阶段是加强工程造价管理的重要阶段

(1)做好施工组织设计工作。

(2)做好统计签证管理工作。

（3）建立良好的造价管理系统。

3、竣工结算阶段是工程造价管理的重要环节

竣工阶段(事后总结)竣工验收工程是完成建设目标的标志,即全面考核基本建设成果。竣工验收合格的项目即投资成果转入使用。竣工结算是反映建设项目实际工程造价的技术经济文件,为今后类似工程的建设提供资料、经验和提高工程造价管理水平都有重要意义。

4、大力推行工程量清单计价

大力推行工程量清单计价,促进建筑工程造价管理质的飞跃。

5、此外,加强法律法规建设,严格按照国家各工程造价规定,加大管理力度。加强对工作人员素质的培养,提高工程造价管理人才素质。加强信息化建设,实现信息化管理。

（1）加强法律、法规建设。

（2）提高工程造价管理人才素质。

(3)加强信息化建设,实现信息化管理。

综上所述,建设工程造价管理的核心还在于建设工程造价全过程控制,它贯穿于决策评估阶段、前期准备阶段、设计阶段、工程承发包阶段、施工实施阶段、竣工验收和决算审计阶段等项目建设全过程,将建设项目的造价控制在预定的投资额度之内,是提高项目投资效益的关键所在。

工程造价管理不仅仅是个经济问题,它是集经济、技术与管理为一体的综合学科。工程造价的高低,直接影响着投资效益的好坏,充分体现了我们建设单位的工作质量和管理水平。所以,在工程建设中,我们建设单位必须把造价管理工作作为一项核心工作来抓,最终达到降低工程造价,提高经济效益。

【参考文献】：

[1]程鸿群,姬晓辉,陆菊春.工程造价管理[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004:365.[2]刘国华,陈建俊.对加强工程造价管理的几点认识[J].价值工程,2004(5).[3]王兰甫.谈工程造价管理[J].四川建筑,2004(6).

第四篇：汽车营销论文英文文献

Foreign automobile marketing mode rare reference to the research for the automobile marketing mode, and also rare.After the existing data

collection and found that foreign automobile marketing mode of literature concentrate on franchising(4S monopoly)in the field.John S Kiff(2000)view is that the car manufacturers, franchise model represents a low input, low-risk and control channel for the market.Franchise mode on the car because franchisees have many requirements, such as the minimum level of sales and service capabilities.Car manufacturers do not need to sell part of investment capital and management, these tasks borne by the dealer.Johny K Johansson McCrane / shaker(1998)that the franchise model is the most important features of manufacturers and distributors from the “zero-sum race” into a mutually supportive relationship between the “win-win” relationship.Abell, Mark(1993)found that consumers store to buy a car through the license, especially high-end cars, not only the purchase of the product itself, but more importantly a symbol of status, peer recognition and the reality of man's spirit so that if The expensive high-end cars with poor car market crowded together on the show, will greatly reduce the value of the former.On automobile marketing mode, many of our scholars from different angles, using different methods to make their respective contributions, mainly in the following areas: Sized Enterprises Jiang-hui, “Multinational Automobile Marketing Models”(2004)proposed: the current mode of the general framework of the car market is divided into three main elements: marketing ideas, marketing

organizations and marketing.Construction of the network from the

marketing point of view, the network marketing model into construction mode, and network by network models and patterns;from the marketing organization's point of view, the agent system into marketing mode, auto trading market system, distribution system of licensing, multi-brand specialty forms, etc.;from the marketing point of view, the agents and direct marketing model into other ways.Hanxue Chun in “System of China's auto sales and auto sales market structure model”(2002)that: a

reasonable model would be automotive products as the main distributor for the leading all aspects of service features, the user at the core to the Automotive enterprises, automobile products(vehicles, parts and

components), car dealers, car product users, car repair services, auto finance services, car insurance services, and business management

together.He Jihong Yu country side and the “Reform and Reconstruction of automobile marketing mode,”(2006), the proposed guidance based on ecological theory, marketing models of new cars: car sales Ecological Park.The park, car manufacturers, dealers, consumers and stakeholders to realize the value of the transfer and for the purpose of forming a value chain and value network, build a “living system” the interests of the community.WANG Yi Jun Wu submerge cases and the “development pattern of China's auto sales model the dynamic features of analysis”(2005)to

construct a development pattern of China's automobile marketing mode of the system dynamics model, marketing model analyzes the dynamic evolution of various characteristics, and prediction within the next few years, China's overall vehicle sales model pattern trends.Mu Xiaoli and Li Yuan in “emerging automobile marketing mode,”(2002)presented a paper on Cultural Marketing Model: Dalian University of arrest and Zhoukuai Bin Yu Duo also “E-commerce will be applied in the automotive marketing”(2002)article, detailed analysis of the e-commerce applications in the automotive industry opportunities and difficulties, and e-business transformation of Chinese auto industry made a preliminary study.Bear Country Dr.Qian Zaiqi thesis “based on the value of transferring the system mode selection of the Chinese car market evaluation”(2006), the use of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, from value creation, value added, value delivery and value of collaborative 4 categories 30 transferring the system to establish the value of indicators

competitiveness evaluation index system of the car on the five main marketing mode were evaluated.In summary, the present theoretical model of vehicle service marketing research is lagging behind, the discussion on the practical level, more, there is a certain lack of theoretical depth;from a local point of view of many, but a comprehensive systematic infrequent.The rapid development of practice, an urgent need for our automotive service marketing model features, performance and its future pattern of running in-depth, Ji Tong analysis and research, so as to China's automotive industry to provide the sound development of the future theory of Jian Yi Zhi Dao and useful.原文：

国外少有汽车营销模式的提法，对于汽车营销模式的研究也并不多见。经过对现有资料的收集和整理发现，国外汽车营销模式的文献集中在研究特许经营（4S专卖）领域。John S Kiff(2000)的观点是对汽车制造商来说，特许经营模式代表着一种低投入、低风险和针对市场的可控渠道。因为特许经营模式对汽车特许经销商有许多要求，诸如最低销售水平和服务能力等。汽车制造商不必对销售环节投入资金和管理，这些任务由经销商承担。Johny K Johansson

McCrane/shaker(1998)认为特许经营模式最重要的特点是制造商和经销商从“零和竟赛”的关系转化为相互支持的“双赢”关系。Abell，Mark(1993)研究发现，消费者通过特许专卖店购买汽车特别是高档车，不仅是购买产品本身，更重要的是一种地位的象征、同龄人的认同以及现实男子汉的气概等，如果这些昂贵的高档车同低劣的车一同放在拥挤的市场中展示，会大大降低前者的附加值。关于汽车营销模式，我国许多学者从不同的角度，利用不同的方法，做出了各自的贡献，主要表现在以下几个方面：康灿华、姜辉在《跨国公司在华汽车营销模式研究》（2004）中提出：目前一般把汽车营销模式的框架划分为三大要素:营

销理念、营销组织和营销手段。并从营销网络的构建角度，把营销模式分成建网模式、借网模式和并网模式;从营销组织的角度，把营销模式分成总代理制、汽车交易市场制、特许经销制、多品牌专卖形式等；从营销方式的角度，把营销模式分成代理和直销等几种方式。韩学春在《中国汽车营销体系和汽车销售市场结构模式的探讨》（2002）中指出：合理的模式应该以汽车产品为主体、经销商为主导、全方面服务为特点、用户为核心地把汽车制造企业、汽车产品(整车、零部件)、汽车经销商、汽车产品用户、汽车维修服务、汽车金融服务、汽车保险服务和工商管理联系在一起。俞国方和贺继红在《汽车营销模式变革与重构》（2006）中，提出了基于生态学理论为指导的新型汽车营销模式:汽车营销生态园。园区内，汽车生产商、经销商、消费者及相关利益者以价值转移和实现为目的，形成了价值链和价值网，构建了“类生物”的利益共同体。吴泅宗和王奕俊在《中国汽车营销模式发展格局的动态特征分析》（2005）中，构建了中国汽车营销模式发展格局的系统动力学模型，剖析了各种营销模式的动态演化特征，并且预测了未来几年内中国汽车营销模式格局的总体发展趋势。牟晓莉和袁理在《新兴汽车营销模式探讨》（2002）一文中介绍了文化营销模式：大连理工大学的逮宇铎和周会斌也在《电子商务将在汽车营销中得到应用》（2002）一文中详细分析了电子商务在汽车工业中应用的机会和困难，并对中国汽车工业的电子商务改造进行了初步的探讨。熊国钱在其博士论文《基于价值让渡系统的中国轿车营销模式选择的评价》（2006）中，借助模糊综合评价模型，从价值创造、价值增值、价值交付和价值协同4大类30个指标建立了价值让渡系统竞争力的评价指标体系，对五种主要的轿车营销模式进行了评价。综上所述，目前有关汽车服务营销模式理论上的研究相对滞后，实际操作层面上的讨论较多，有一定理论深度的探讨不够；从某个角度出发的局部研究多，但全面的系统性研究较少。实践的迅速发展，迫切需要对我国汽车服务营销模式特征、运行绩效及其未来格局进行深入、系统的分析和研究，从而为我国汽车产业未来的良性发展提供理论指导和有益的建议。

相似文献：国外汽车企业营销模式对于我国的启示 The Enlightenment of the Marketing Modes of the Foreign Automobile Enterprises on Our Country 笔者:张建英, 期刊 科技谍报开发与经济SCI/TECH INFORMATION DEVELOPMENT & ECONOMY 2006年 第11期我国汽车市场营销模式探讨 笔者:白玉,程莎, 期刊 神州团体经济CHINA COLLECTIVE ECONOMY 2007年 第30期我国汽车营销模式的现状及对于策 笔者:邢伟, 期刊 天津职工现代企业管理学院学报JOURNAL OF TIANJIN MODERN ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT COLLEGE FOR STAFF AND WORKERS 2003年 第04期关于我国汽车营销模式成长的探讨 Probing into Chellona automobile

marketing mode development 笔者:刘飞,徐成, 期刊-焦点期刊 特区经济SPECIAL ZONE ECONOMY 2007年 第08期浅显的议论我国汽车营销模式 笔者:蔡云,聂丹丹, 期刊 神州团体经济CHINA COLLECTIVE ECONOMY 2007年 第08期我国汽车市场营销模式和计谋的成长标的目的 Development Orientation of The Sales Mode and Strategy in Chellona Automobile Market 笔者:胡晓, 期刊 上海汽车SHANHAI AUTO 2002年 第10期

第五篇：工程造价文献综述

毕业设计（论文）

文献综述

题专业工程管理（工程造价管理）班级学生指导教师

重庆交通大学

2012年

文献综述

毕业设计是理论与实际相结合的重要方式，也是专业教学计划中的重要环节，通过毕业设计活动，我们不仅将书本中空洞的理论知识运用到实际工程环境中，加深了对专业课程的理解，同时从一定程度上培养了我们看问题的多样视角，让我们学会根据不同的工程条件选择不同的施工方案和质量控制标准。毕业设计是每一个大学毕业生必须拥有的一段经历，它使我们在学习中了解工程，在学习中巩固知识。毕业设计又是对每一位大学毕业生专业知识的检验，它让我们学到了很多在课堂上根本学不到的知识，既开阔视野，又增长见识，也是我们迈向工作岗位的关键步骤。这次我的毕业设计题目是泉州至三明高速公路SMA1-B标(K118+700～K122+000)投标设计与进度优化，为此我查阅了《公路工程标准施工招标文件》、《公路工程造价原理与编制》、《公路工程基本建设项目概算预算编制方法》、《工程招投标与合同管理》、《公路工程施工组织设计与信息化管理》、《公路桥涵施工技术规范》、《公路路基施工技术规范》、《公路沥青路面施工技术规范》等相关资料，以便更好地完成这次设计活动。

这些资料为我完成泉州至三明高速公路SMA1-B标投标设计与进度优化起了指导性的作用。首先我依照《公路工程标准施工招标文件》初步编制了工程量清单，根据文件要求，并结合具体的施工环境条件，我对范本清单作了一定调整，保留了大部分的工程项目，适当删除了多余的项，同时增加了一些特殊的工程细目。然后根据具体的施工图设计文件复核、统计、计算出各项目的工程量，并进行了多次修改。《公路工程标准施工招标文件》对指导、规范招投标工作、控制工程质量和工期、降低工程造价有决定性作用，因此我们要在以后的学习工作中不断熟悉它，充分理解其中的深意，最后能灵活地运用它。《公路工程造价原理与编制》是由周直和宾雪锋主编的，该书主要阐述了公路工程造价原理及其工程造价的编制。主要内容包括：工程造价及管理的基本概念，工程建设定额概论，工时消耗的研究，施工定额，预算定额，概算定额，工、料、机预算价格的确定,公路基本建设工程概算、预算费用组成，施工图预算,设计概算及修正概算，估算指标与投资估算，工程招标标底、投标标价及合同价款的确定，施工阶段的工程造价管理等。《公路工程基本建设项目概算预算编制办法》是交通部颁布的相关定额及编制办法，是我在编制投标文件时需要查阅的。通过定额的查找，我了解了各分项工程的材料组成及其用量，还有各分项工程的工作内容，让我能更准确合理地套用相关定额，并对投标报价有了总体的了解,在做设计的过程中少走了很多的弯路。由吴芳和冯宁主编的《工程招投标与合同管理》同样对我的毕业设计起到了

不可忽视的重要作用。工程招投标与合同管理课程是工程管理专业的主干专业课程之一，项目招投标与合同管理工作也是工程项目管理中的一个重要环节。项目招投标工作的结果直接表现为选择哪些单位参与到工程项目中来。招投标工作是对项目的咨询、设计、施工、监理、材料设备采购等项目具体任务的实施单位的落实，同时也决定了项目的承发包模式、项目的合同条件等诸多重要问题，直接影响项目的成败。高质量的项目招投标工作是保证项目圆满完成的必要保证。本书通过建筑市场，建设工程招标投标概述，建设工程招标，建设工程投标，开标、评标与决标，国际工程招标与投标，建设工程其他招投标，建设工程合同，建设工程施工合同管理九个方面系统介绍了工程项目招投标和合同管理的相关知识。《公路工程施工组织设计与信息化管理》着重讲述了要从工程的全局出发,按照客观的施工规律和当时当地的具体条件,统筹考虑施工活动的人力、资金、材料、机械和施工方法这五个主要因素，对整个工程的施工进度和资源消耗等作出科学而合理的安排。通过网络优化，分别对成本和资源进行优化，使工程达到最优。从该书的学习中，让我对绘制网络图，横道图和垂直图有了更深的理解。《公路桥涵施工技术规范》系统地介绍了公路路基、路面及桥梁、涵洞工程的施工技术，主要内容包括：土质路基与石质路基施工，稳定土路面、碎（砾）石路面、沥青路面和水泥混凝土路面施工，桥涵的基础、墩台施工，钢筋混凝土桥、预应力混凝土桥及涵洞的施工等。通过这本书的学习，让我对吉州大桥和科山后大桥以及涵洞工程的施工工艺有了一定的掌握，同时对桥涵的预制、运输、装卸、安装、施工注意事项，以及桥涵的基础、沉降缝和防水层的施工都有了进一步的了解。与此同时，我还参考了《公路路基施工技术规范》和《公路沥青路面施工技术规范》。他们主要介绍了一般路基施工，路基排水，特殊路基施工，冬、雨季路基施工，路基防护与支挡，路基安全施工与环境保护，路基整修与交工验收和热拌沥青混合料路面，沥青表面处治与封层，沥青贯入式路面，冷拌沥青混凝土料路面，透层、粘层，其他沥青铺装工程，施工质量管理与检查验收等。

当然在整个毕业设计过程中我还参看了其他相关的书籍和资料，在这里就不一一进行赘述了。这些书籍、资料和老师的指导让我顺利地完成这次的毕业设计，同时有效地帮助我对以前的知识进行了梳理和整合，也完善了自身知识体系。大学本科教育是为我们今后发展打下坚实基础的关键步骤，因此它是不可或缺的。而具有实践意义的毕业设计活动，对开拓我们的视野，加强对学生自学能力的培养，增加自我支配的时间，留下自学空间，提供自学指导，同样是不容忽视的环节。本次毕业设计虽然不长，但是却给了我一个很好的平台去亲身接近工程建设，感受工程建设。在学习的过程中，我遇到许多从未遭遇过的障碍，但正是由于这些阻力，才激励我成长，勉励我进步。这次的毕业设计我仍然存在许多不足和考虑不周的地方，望老师给予批评和指正。

参考文献：

[1] 《公路工程标准施工招标文件》（交公路发[2009]221号）.北京：人民交通出版社，2009

[2]周直、宾雪锋编.《公路工程造价原理与编制》[M].北京：人民交通出版社，2009

[3]交通运输部.《公路工程基本建设项目概算预算编制办法》（JTGB06-2007）及2011年第83号.人民交通出版社，2007

[4]吴芳、冯宁主编.《工程招投标与合同管理》.北京大学出版社，2009

[5]魏道升.《公路工程施工组织设计与信息化管理》北京：人民交通出版社，2011

[6]《公路桥涵施工技术规范》、《公路路基施工技术规范》、《公路沥青路面施工技术规范》

[7]公路工程造价人员资格考试用书《公路工程造价计价与控制》北京：人民交通出版社，2012

[8]交通运输部.《公路工程预算定额》北京：人民交通出版社，2007

[9]崔新媛、周直编著.《工程项目招标与投标》北京：人民交通出版社，2004

[10]王洪江、符长青主编.《公路工程施工组织设计编制手册》北京：人民交通出版社，2005

[11]交通部第一公路工程公司编.《公路施工手册》.北京：人民交通出版社，2007

[12]黄绳武.《桥梁施工及组织管理》北京：人民交通出版社，2004