第一篇:典型句式上传9-28
1.采取走出去学、请进来讲、沉下身练、科学化考核、制度化管等形式,不断拓展培训渠道,改进培训方式,培训干部3万多名
2.把工作重心、干部力量、工作经费向一线倾斜,确保后进党组织普遍实现晋位升级。
3.基层情况复杂,任务重、困难多。干部下基层既要身入,更要心入,扑下身子为群众办事,真正融入基层,和群众打成一片。
4.湖南省桂东县委组织部对工作实行“精细化管理”,将组织工作6大项内容细化分解成90个小项,明确工作进度和责任人,制定工作流程图,建立完善目标管理考核办法,全方位落实“定任务、定时限、定质量、定责任、定考核、定奖惩”责任制。
5.江苏省如皋市采用“民意调查”考评干部实绩,通过走访社区发放干部工作问卷,利用网络平台测评干部德能表现,电话征询干部工作业绩、形象及口碑,形成干部成绩报告单,作为选拔任用干部的重要依据。
6.云南省近日出台《基层党组织晋位升级工作流程》,强化统筹指导,规范操作程序,推动基层党组织晋位升级工作常态化、长效化。
7.在群众路线教育实践活动中,我们一些党员干部特别是领导干部,自觉在“少上酒桌”中减负,在“多上课桌”中“增效”,不仅使自己知识面拓宽了,工作水平提高了,决策能力增强了,而且使本单位本部门干部作风好转了,党群关系密切了,生产发展加快了。
8.当前,在教育实践活动中有个别干部抱怨,抓学习、查问题与正常业务“冲突”。其实是没有领会和掌握“统筹兼顾”原则的表现。提高活动实效,创新提高工作水平,必须抓住统筹兼顾“牛鼻子”。
9.强化学习要“学、用”结合。查摆问题要“大、小”兼顾。整改问题要“前、后”协调。互相批评要“上、下”齐心。
第二篇:北京中考50个典型句式(测试版)
中考50个典型句式
1.一…就… ______________________________________
2.不如______________________________________ 3.尽…可能地
______________________________________
4.请求,要求______________________________________ 5.请教/告诉某人如何做…______________________________________ 6.请/告诉某人做/不做某事______________________________________ 7.害怕做某事/害怕,担心…______________________________________ 8.忙于做某事______________________________________ 9.以…著名______________________________________ 10.高兴…______________________________________ 11.…与…两者都…______________________________________ 12.为某人买某物______________________________________ 13.要么…要么…______________________________________ 14.喜欢/讨厌/完成/介意/一直坚持/继续做某事______________________________________ 15.变得越来越…______________________________________ 16.与…相处______________________________________ 17 为…做准备______________________________________ 18.把…展示/带来/借/送/递/告诉给某人______________________________________ 19.最好做/不做______________________________________ 20.帮某人做某事______________________________________ 21.认为…不…______________________________________ 22.我想做…______________________________________ 23.花费某人…时间做某事(it句型)______________________________________ 24.对...有好/害处______________________________________ 1 25.对于某人来说做…是重要的(it句型)______________________________________ 26.对于…来说是做…的时间了。______________________________________ 27.它两米长。/…四岁了。______________________________________ 28.让某人一直做某事______________________________________ 29.让…一直保持(接形容词)…______________________________________ 30.喜欢做某事______________________________________ 31.让某人做/不做某事______________________________________ 32.既不… 也不…______________________________________ 33.根本不______________________________________ 34.不仅…而且….______________________________________ 35.直到…才.…______________________________________ 36.一个…另一个…______________________________________ 37.看见某人做了/正在做某事______________________________________ 38.如此…以至于…______________________________________ 39.在…方面花费…(sb.做主语)______________________________________ 40.阻止某人做某事______________________________________ 41.停下来去做某事______________________________________ 42.随身携带______________________________________ 43.越…越…______________________________________ 44.…出了问题/毛病______________________________________ 45.太…以至于不能…(简单句)______________________________________ 46.过去常常______________________________________ 47….怎么样呢?______________________________________ 48.…出什么问题了? ______________________________________
49.为什么不做…呢?__________________
50.你愿不愿意做….呢?__________________ 2
第三篇:法律英语翻译典型词语和句式
法律英语翻译典型词语和句式
泛瑞翻译
一、典型法律禁令句型翻译之一 “不得”字句
用“不得”字句表达禁止性规范,庄重严肃,简洁明快。“不得”一般译作shall not, 然而“不能”常译为may not,这和英文中一些否定表达方法对应一致,故不再重复。要注意根据实际情况选择程度不同的否定表达方式。
例1:没收财产是没收犯罪分子个人所有财产的一部分或者全部。在判处没收财产的时候,不得没收属于犯罪分子家属所有或者应有的财产。(刑法第五十九条)
参考译文:Confiscation of property refers to the confiscation of part of all of the property personally owned by a criminal.When a sentence of confiscation of property is imposed, property that the criminal’s family member owns or should own shall not be subject to confiscation.legaltranz.com 与“不得”语义相近的还有“不许,不准,不能”等。
例2:判决宣告以前一人犯数罪的,除判处死刑和无期徒刑的以外,应当在总和刑期以下、数刑中最高刑期以上,酌情决定执行的刑期;但是管制最高不能超过三年,拘役最高不能超过一年,有期徒刑最高不能超过二十年。
参考译文:For a criminal who commits several crimes before a judgment is pronounced, unless he is sentenced to death or life imprisonment, his term of punishment shall be decided in such a way that it may not exceed the total of the terms for all the crimes and must be longer than the maximum term for any one of the crimes, depending on the circumstances of each case.However, the term of public surveillance may not exceed three years, the term of criminal detention may not exceed one year, and fixed-term imprisonment may not exceed twenty years.二、典型法律禁令句型翻译之二 “禁止”字句
“禁止”字句在汉译英的过程中通常译为be prohibited句式。
例1 禁止证券交易内幕信息的知情人和非法获取内幕信息的人利用内幕信息从事证券交易活动。
参考译文:Persons possessing inside information relating to securities trading and persons obtaining such information unlawfully are prohibited from making use of such inside information in securities trading activities.legaltranz.com
禁止任何人利用任何手段扰乱社会秩序。扰乱社会秩序情节严重,致使工作、生产、营业和教学、科研无法进行,国家和社会遭受严重损失的,对首要分子处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。参考译文: it shall be prohibited for anyone to disturb public order by any means.If the circumstances of the public disturbance are so serious that work, production, business, education or scientific research cannot be conducted and the state and society suffer serious losses, the ringleaders shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.三、典型法律禁令句型翻译之三 “处”字句
用“处”字句表示禁止性规范有以下两个特点:其一,在语义上,与“不得”字句不同的是,它用具体的制裁来表示禁令。其二,在结构上,主语往往为“的”字结构,突出犯罪主体或犯罪行为,简介庄重;谓语部分的“处”字突出对犯罪主体或犯罪行为的处置。“处”字句一般为被动句,为使行为简洁,实施(司法机关)一般不出现。有时为了使语义明确,实施(司法机关)也可以出现,通常译为be sentenced to句式。请看下例: 策动、勾引、收买国家工作人员、武装部队、人民警察、民兵投敌叛变或者叛乱的,处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑。(刑法第九十三条)
参考译文:Whoever instigates lures or bribes a state functionary or a member of the armed forces, the people’s police or the people’s militia to defect to the enemy and turn traitor or to rise in rebellion shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years.四、典型法律禁令句型翻译之四 “是”字句
“是”字句规定什么行为是犯罪,语气坚决,表达禁止性规范庄重简练。与“处”字句不同的是,它不表述具体的处罚。常译为refer to,用来解释说明。请看下例:
例1:明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的后果,并且希望或者放任这种结果发生,因而构成犯罪的,是故意犯罪。(刑法第十四条)
参考译文:An intentional crime refers to a crime committed by a person who clearly knows that his act will produce socially dangerous consequences but who wishes or allows such consequences to occur.例2:组织、领导犯罪集团进行犯罪活动的或者在共同犯罪中起主要作用的,是主犯。对于主犯,除本法分则已有规定的以外,应当从重处罚。(刑法第二十三条)
参考译文:A principal criminal refers to any person who organizes and leads a criminal group in carrying out criminal activities or plays a principal role in a joint crime.A principal criminal shall be given a heavier punishment unless otherwise provided for in the specific provisions of this Law.Legaltranz.com 例3:剥夺政治权利是剥夺下列权利:
(一)选举权和被选举权;
(二)宪法第四十五条规定的各种权利;
(三)担任国家机关职务的权利;
(四)担任企业、事业单位和人民团体领导职务的权利;
参考译文:Deprivation of political rights refers to deprivation of the following rights:
(1)the right to vote and to stand for election;
(2)the right provided for in Article 45 of the Constitution;(3)the right to hold a position in a state organ;and
(4)the right to hold a leading position in any enterprise, institution or people’s organization.五、法律词语翻译之 Must翻译
在法律草拟专家和该领域的翻译专家的实践中,尤其是在具权威性法律文献的翻译实践中,以must对应“必须”的惯例似乎早已确立.例如
1.The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative region must be a person of integrity, dedicated to his/her duties.香港特别行政区行政长官必须廉洁奉公、尽忠职守。
2.任何单位和个人实施他人专利的,除本法第十四条规定的以外,都必须与专利权人订立书面实施许可合同,向专利权人支付专利使用费。„ 专利权的所有权单位或者持有单位应当对职务发明创造的发明人或者设计人给予奖励。
Except as provided for in Article 14, any entity or individual exploiting the patent of another must conclude a written licensing contract with the patentee and pay the patentee a fee for the exploitation of its or his patent.„ The entity owning or holding the patent right on a job-related invention-creation shall reward the inventor or designer.3.中华人民共和国公民必须遵守宪法和法律,保守国家机密,爱护公共财产,遵守劳动纪律,遵守公共秩序,尊重社会公德。
Citizens of the People’s Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the Law, keep state secrets, protect public property and observe labor discipline and public order and respect social ethics.虽然我们可以在其他一些法律条文的译本中找到shall或may被译成“必须”的例证,但那种译法毕竟比较偶然。所以,我们建议:法律英语中的shall不应译成“必须”,而应把“必须”的任务留给must去完成。
六、法律词语翻译之 情态动词May May 在法律英语中主要有两种解释。
一是表示“给予许可”或者“给予某人做某事的授权”(be allowed to or have permission to),这一含义多用于法律法规中。二是表示“也许”或者“可能性”(be in some degree likely to),这一含义多用于法律合同中。
第一、May 在法律法规中的翻译
May 在法律法规的法律英语中表示被授权的法律含义时,汉语中常用“可”或“可以”表示。下面的例子就是进一步说明这一特征。
① 中华人民共和国法律和中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约没有规定的,可以适用国际惯例(《中华人民共和国民法通则》第142 条)。
International practice may be applied on matters of which neither the law of the People’s Republic of China nor any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People’s Republic of China has any provisions.② 民事法律行为可以采取书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式(《中华人民共和国民法通则》第56 条)。
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form.③ 人民法院审理案件,其中一部分事实已经清楚,可以就该部分先行判决(《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第139 条)。
If some of the facts in a case being tried by the People’s Court are already evident, the Court may pass judgment on that part of the case first.④ 当事人对重审案件的判决、裁定,可以上诉(《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第154 条)。The parties concerned may appeal against the judgment or written order rendered in a retrial of their case.第二、May 在法律合同文件中的翻译
May 在法律英语合同法律文件中的法律解释以“可能”、“可以”(likely, possible)或者“(或)许”(perhaps)的含义为主,但也更有可能在“可能性”(possibility)与“准许”(permission)之间易产生歧义。在汉语的法律表述中常常用词组“可以⋯⋯, 也可以⋯⋯”来表达may 在法律英语中“可能性”的法律解释。
① 当事人依法可以委托代理人订立合同(《中华人民共和国合同法》第9 条)。The parties may conclude a contract through an agent in accordance with the law.② 承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金(《中华人民共和国合同法》第228 条)。The lessee may request a reduction of rent or not to pay the rent.③ 出租人可以要求支付全部租金;也可以解除合同,收回租赁物(《中华人民共和国合同法》第248条)。
The lesser may request it to pay all the rent, or rescind the contract and take back the leased property.”
④ 发包人可以与总承包人订立建设工程合同,也可以分别与勘察人、设计人、施工人订立勘察、设计、施工承包合同(《中华人民共和国合同法》第272 条)。The contract letting party may enter into a construction project contract with a general contractor, or enter into a survey contract, design contract or construction contract with a surveyor, designer or constructor respectively.七、法律词语翻译之 情态动词Shall
在表述“施为性”和“必要性”的法律概念时,汉语用典型特征的词“应当”、“应该”或“应”来表示法律英语中shall 包含的“权力义务和责任”的法律含义。我国现行法规的英文翻译就能充分对比这些特征。
1.The Customs shall keep the reporters secret.海关应当为举报人保密(《中华人民共和国海关法》第8条)。
2.The finished products for processing trade shall be exported within the specified time limit.For those imported materials used for the purpose that are bonded with approval given in accordance with State regulations, formalities for the records of bond shall be written off with the Customs;where duties are collected in advance, formalities for the drawback of the duties paid shall be completed with the Customs in accordance with law.加工贸易制成品应当在规定的期限内复出口。其中使用的进口料件,属于国家规定准予保税的应当向海关办理核销手续;属于先征收税款的,依法向海关办理退税手续(《全国人大关于修改〈中华人民共和国海关法〉的决定》第17条)。
3.When the lawsuit is brought, a statement of complaint shall be provided to the People’s Court, and copies of the statement shall be provided according to the number of defendants.起诉应当向人民法院递交起诉状,并按照被告人数提出副本(《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第109条)
4.After the creditor has submitted his application, the People’s Court shall inform the creditor within five days whether it accepts the application or not.债权人提出申请后,人民法院应当在五天内通知债权人是否受理(《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第190条)。
八、法律英语中“的”字句的八种译法
“的”字结构事实上是中文省略了作为逻辑主语的行为者的一种语法结构,在句子中充当主语。
它们主要有三种形式。
(一)由抽象词组成,如“红的是我的,绿的是你的”;
(二)由动宾词组+的组成,例如,“值得高兴的是,他没有受伤。”;
(三)由主谓词组+的,例如:“他指的不是这件事”。
“的”字结构在法律文书中尤为常见。“的”字结构的多种形式中,用于法律文书的主要有“动宾词组+的,比如:“构成犯罪的”,“获得证书的”,等等,下面,笔者试图将法律文书中的“的”字结构再细分为八类,分门别类进行分析,并举出中国法律出版社的相关译文以资参考。
1、Whoever式:
原文:具有下列条件之一的,可以参加执业医师资格考试。(医师法,8)
分析:逻辑主语是行为者,而且句子比较短,适合使用这种句型。值得注意的是,法律文书不用those who句型,因为这种句型比较口语化,与法律文书的文体要求不符,whoever同时又有包括一切人的含义,比较适用于这种泛指一切人的句子。
译文:Whoever meets one of the following requirements may take the examinations for the qualifications of a licensed doctor.(医师法,8)
2、Anyone who 式:
原文:具有高等学校医学专科或者中等专业学校医学专业学历,在执业医师指导下,在医疗、预防、保健机构中试用期满1年的,可以参加执业助理医师资格考试。(医师法,10)
分析:anyone who 与whoever表面看来没有什么区别,但是细辩之下,它们的适用范围还是有一些不同,anyone who 用来指称具备一定条件的人,并不是泛指所有的人,如whoever那样;anyone who 另外一点与whoever不同的地方是,anyone who是个定语从句,后边可以带好几个并行成分的句子而读者读起来不感吃力,这点whoever是自叹不如的,大家在决定用whoever还是anyone who 之前一定要仔细分析句型,然后再下笔。
译文:Anyone who has reached the level of a graduate from the faculty of medicine of a university or a polytechnic school and,under the guidance of a licensed doctor ,worked on probation for at least one year in the medical treatment, disease prevention or health care institution may take the examinations for the qualifications of an assistant doctor.(医师法,10)
3、No one who 式:
原文:有下列情形之一的,不予注册:(医师法,12)
分析:这是anyone who 的否定形式。中文常常否定动词,如此句中的“不予注册”,而英语却否定名词,如此句中的no one。正由于这个原因,尽管这个句子很短,也不适用whoever 句型。
译文:No one who is found in one of the following cases shall be registered(医师法,12)
4、寻找主语式:
原文:取得医师资格的,可以向所在地县级以上人民政府卫生行政部门申请注册。(医师法,10)
分析:上面说过,“的”结构,实际上是省略了逻辑主语的句子,由于英语受SVO结构的要求,必须出一个主语。然而,这第四种类型的句子,没有必要按照anyone who的句型去翻译,另外添加一个主语,那样就会显得累赘。有时,主语可以在上下文当中找到。这句就是一个比较典型的例子。因为“取得医师资格的人”岂不就是“执业医师”的意思吗?当然,要把主语找出来,并打破原文的字面束缚,是需要一定的学识与胆量的,需要平时多看多学,细细体会。
译文:A certified doctor may apply for registration to the administrative department for public health of the local people′s government at or above the county level.(医师法,10)
5、补出主语式:
原文:储存、运输,处置城市生活垃圾违反本法规定的,按照国务院关于环境保护和城市环境卫生的有关规定予以处罚。(环境法,44)
分析:补出主语式与上文第一式“whoever”式,第二式anyone who 式不同之处在于它根据原文的上下文,补出了一个具体的主语,使行为者更加具体、明确。这儿补出的主语是“any person or unit”。翻译好这类句子的关键是找准行为者,使之与上下文协调。译文:If any person or unit stores, transports or treats urban house refuse against the provisions of this Law, he or it shall be punished in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State Council regarding environmental protection and urban environmental sanitation.(环境法,44)
6、Where + person(active voice)式:
原文:以不正当手段取得医师执业证书的,由发给证书的卫生行政部门予以吊销;(医师法,28)
分析:当“的”字结构的逻辑主语与具体行为的主语并非同一的时候,where是个非常有用的词。在法律文书的翻译中,where结构是经常用到的。必须指出的是where与when、if的不同。初看之下,好象用where起句的地方,可以用if或when取代。但是细细分析起来,它们之间还是有区别,主要的区别在于,if强调了一种假设,when强调了时间上的关系,而where显得比较客观,读来给人一种庄重的感觉,“只要你这么做了,你就理当受到惩罚”,而不分时间,也没有任何条件。
译文:Where a person obtains the doctors license by illegitimate means, the administrative department for health that granted the license shall revoke it;(医师法,28)
7、Where+things(passive voice)式:
原文:仿造、变造会计凭证、会计帐簿、编制虚假财务会计报告,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。(会计法,34)
分析:这是where式句型的一种变体,用以强调原文动宾结构中的宾语。应该讲,用6式还是7式都是可以的,也就是说,无论是用主动句型还是用被动句型都是可以考虑的。至于用哪个,要看具体情况来定。像这句,有五个动词,五个宾语,三个短语,如用6式,出一个人称主语anyone, 句子势必显得、冗长,头轻而脚重。而用被动,可以将句子拆成三个部分,分别表达,整句显得前后用力平衡。译文:Where accounting vouches or account books are counterfeited or altered, or false financial and accounting reports are prepared, and therefore a crime is constituted, criminal liabilities shall be investigated in accordance with law.I(会计法,34)
8、If it is +adjective 式:
原文:确有必要进口前款规定目录中的固体废物用作原料的,必须报国务院环境保护行政主管部门会同国务院对外经济贸易主管部门审查许可,方可进口。(环境法,18)
分析:如同上面的两种句式,这种句式其实也有一个潜在主语,把它补出,也未尝不可。如此句,也可以译成If a unit really needs to import „„ If it is really necessary for a unit to import„。但是,与上面两句不同的是,这句中有一个形容词“必要”,因此,完全可以利用这个形容词,而把事实上的主语也同样隐藏起来。
译文:If it is really necessary to import as raw material of the solid waste that is included in the catalog stipulated in the preceding paragraph, examination must be conducted by the competent administrative department of environment protection in conjunction with the competent department of foreign economic relations and trade under the State Council and permission must be obtained from them in advance.(环境法,18)
第四篇:句式222
转换句式
1、这是真理。(改为反问句)
2、多得些知识决不是一件坏事。(改为否定句)
3、这件事我一定要做。(调换顺序,意思不变)
4、疲劳和干渴把它们折磨得有气无力。(改为“被”字句)
5、澎湃的波涛把海里的泥沙卷到岸边。(改为“被”字句)
6、又短又软的淤泥怎么承受得住这样重的老象呢?(改为陈述句)
7、是不是应该用我的能力把我所能做到的事情做得更精致、更仔细、更加一丝不苟呢?(改为陈述句)
8、多读多练,作文会进步。(用关联词语把句子连起来)
9、他的学习成绩很好,很自私,算不上好学生。(用关联词语把句子连起来)如果胜利不属于这样的队伍,还会属于谁呢?(改为不用关联词表示肯定的陈述句)
11、这是英雄的中国人民坚强不屈的声音!(改为反问句)
12、他热情地和我握了握手,说:“我的国语讲得不好,是初学的。”(改为不用引号的转述)
13、这难道不是伟大的奇观么?(改为陈述句)
14、我在星星的怀抱中微笑着。(改变句序,句子意思不变)
15、不劳动,连棵花也养不活,这难道不是真理吗?(改为陈述句)
16、多得些知识不是坏事。(改为反问句)
17、小李完成了老师交给她的画版报任务。(改为“被”字句)
18、在这树上有许多鸟巢。(改变词序,句子意思不变)
19、海上日出真是伟大的奇观。(改为反问句)
20、外祖父送给了莺儿一幅墨梅。(改为“把”字句和“被”字句)
21、地球之外是否有生命存在,是人类一起探索的宇宙生命之谜。(改为反问句)
22、这些设想即使能实现,也是遥远的事情。(改为反问句)
23、我完成了这幅作品。(改为感叹句)
24、我做成了这个试验。(改为反问句)
25、你不是不知道这件事有多重要。(改为肯定句)
26、这比山还高,比海还深的情谊,我们怎能忘怀呢?(改为肯定句)
27、狂风刮飞了地上的落叶。(改为“把”字句和“被”字句)
28、没有太阳,就没有我们这个美丽的世界。(改为反问句)
29、有几个省市的建设与兴安岭完全没有关系呢?(改为陈述句)
30、蔺相如说:“秦王我都不怕,会怕谦将军吗?”(改为转述语句)
31、听到这个消息,我高兴地跳起来。(改为反问句)
32、这本书难道不是你的吗?(改为陈述句)
33、王老师对同学们说:“星期天,我们一起去滑雪”。(改为间接引用)
34、小红军对陈庚说:“我还要等我的同伴呢?”(改为间接引用)
35、爸爸对妈妈说:“明天我出发,你别去上班了。”(改为间接引用)
36、人与山的关系日益密切,怎能不使我们感到亲切、舒服呢?(改为陈述句)
37、在阳光下,一片青松的边沿,闪动着白桦的银裙,不像海边上的浪花吗?(改为陈述句)
38、大至矿井、铁路,小至椽柱、桌椅,有几个省市的建设与兴安岭完全没有关系呢?(改为陈述句)
39、雨下得很大。(改为比喻句)
40、田里的青蛙叫。(改为拟人句)
41、这么美的水真吸引人。(改为反问句)
42、写得不怎么样,但还是有希望的。(改为双重否定句)
43、他这样做虽然过分了点,但还是有道理的。(改为双重否定句)
44、问题还没有弄清,但已经有了一点儿头绪。(改为双重否定句)
45、凡卡从老板的立柜里拿出一小瓶墨水。(改为反问句)
46、这个足球场太小了。(改为夸张句)
47、他的鞋真大。(改为夸张句)
48、桂花开了,很远就能闻到香味。(改为夸张句)
49、这里一只鸟飞起来,那边鸟又落下去,眼睛都看不过来了。(改为夸张句)
50、哥哥把牛郎叫到跟前。(改为“被”字句)
51、小窗户里望见的能有多大呢?(改为陈述句)
52、凶狠的老板打凡卡。(变换语序,意思不变)
53、溪水哗哗地流向远方。(改为拟人句)
54、“鸟的天堂”真是鸟的天堂。(改为反问句)
55、天空中飘着大雪。(改为比喻句)
56、你承认电子计算机是“天之骄子”。(改为双重否定句)
57、地球资源枯竭了,人类否能活吗?(改为陈述句)
58、曹操气得脸都红了。(变换语序,意思不变)
59、地球是人类的母亲,生命的摇篮。(改为反问句)
60、邱少云趴在火堆里一动也不动。(改为比喻句)
61、有一天,妈妈忽然对我说:“莺儿,我们回唐山去。”(改为间接引用)
62、越过岷山,不能不使红军战士喜笑颜开。(改为反问句)
63、绵延不断的王岭山脉,在红军眼里却很细小。(改为比喻句)
64、漓江的水绿得仿佛一块无暇的翡翠。(改为反问句)
65、大家老师热爱自己的祖国。(改为反问句)
66、父亲说:“这是我对你们的希望。”(改为间接引用)
67、我是一名少先队员,必须遵守纪律。(改为反问句)
第五篇:主要句式
2011年中考英语考点9主要句式
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(一)知识概要
初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种:
① 主语+不及物动词。如:I arrived at six last night.② 主语+及物动词+宾语,如:I bought a good EnglishChinese Dictionary yesterday.③ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:Please tell me a story before I go to bed.这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach.④ 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,如:I found it impossible to do it.Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.⑤ 主语+系动词+表语,如:Tom is an American boy.The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be…句型,表示存在某种事物,如:There is a map on the wall其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后,也要保持be动词,不要换用have,如:There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题,即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。
要注意的有如下几点:
① 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数,但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式,如:A singer and dancer is coming to our party.a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。
②有些以 s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数,如: The news is good(news 为不可数名词)。③ 有量词时应按量词的数量计算;如: This pair of glasses is good My glasses are broken.④有些形单却意为复数的名词,如: People are coming here 这样的词还有 Police,如果要讲一个警察时,应讲 a policeman。两个警察为 two policemen。又如 a policewoman, two policewomen
⑤ 所有不定代词 each,either,neither,one,the other,nobody,nothing,anyone,anything,someone,something … 要作为单数如: Someone is waiting for you在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有: and not only … but also,neither … nor,either … or 如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。表示转折关系的并列连词有: but 和 yet,如: She is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam.又如: I think the news is strange, yet it is true 表示选择关系的连词有:or,either … or,如: Hurry up, or you will be late for school 表示因果关系的并列连词有: for,so 如: They studied very hard,so they all passed the exam
在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种,而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述,为了使同学阅读文章方便,我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。
① 在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如: I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如: I knew that he was a good man 这时宾语从句的连接词有 that,(that 只在从句中起联接作用,不在句中充当语法成分,既不是主语也不是宾语,所以在口语中常常被省略。如: I am sure(that)she has passed the exam
②if, whether 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作是否讲。从句中有 or not 结构时,要用 whether, 如: I ask him if(whether)he has had his lunch I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not
③ what 它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外,还要作主语或宾语成份,如: I don't understand what you said(what 作 said 的宾语)。又如: I asked him what made him sick(what 在宾语从句中作主语)。
④ who,它也和what一样,在句中除作连接词外,可以充当句中的成份,如:I know who she is looking for?
⑤ whose 如: I want to know whose book this is? ⑥ which 如: Do you know which book is mine? 在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词,① how 它的应用最广,如: how much, how many, how long, how soon, how old …。如: How much does it cost?
② when 它只是连接时间状语,如: Please tell me when the meeting will begin? ③ where 它连接地点状语,如: Where are you from?
④ why 它要连接的是原因状语从句,如: The teacher asked why Tom didn't come to school.在考试中常见到的考点是:宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。
① 主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态,如: I know he didn't come.我知道他没来。I know he will come tomorrow 我知道他明天来。I know he has gone to London 我知道他已去伦敦了。
② 主句中的谓语动词若是过去时,宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如: 一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时,不能用现在时态。如: I wanted to know when he would come The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun状语从句主要有时间 状语从句,其连接词有:after,before,when,as,as soon as,until(till),while,since,by
其中较难掌握的有以下几点:
① until(till)直到,在用 until 表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词,它要用肯定句,如: I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如: He didn't go to bed until his mother came back
② 由since,for,by,before 来引导的时间状语从句。since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如: I have studied English since 1990 而由 by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如: I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term 而before 则多用于完成时,ago 则多用于一般过去时,如: He had finished his work before twelve yesterday I left my hometown two years ago
③ 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时,如: If it rains, they won't go to the park on Sunday 也可以主句是一般过去时,从句用一般过去进行时,如: He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park 考试中常见的考点有:要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句,因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态,如: I want to know if he will come here tomorrow 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系,如: I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow
在原因状语从句中主要是
① because,应译为“因为”。它表达的因果关系最强,如: He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard
② since 应译为“既然”,如: Since you were ill yesterday I left some notes on your desk
③ as 应译为“由于”,如: As it is too hot we'd better go swimming since 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比 because 弱得多。而 for 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首,如: He studies hard, for he wants to go to college在比较状语从句中有同级比较 as … as,如: This book is as good as that one
要注意的有两点:
① as … as 中间要用原级而不是比较级。
② 用形容词还是副词,如: Mary writes as carefully as Tom 而其否定句为 not as(so)… as,如: They didn't work so hard as we did, 而不同级比较用比较级加 than, 如: He is younger than I am
要注意的是表示“越来越”这一概念时有两个句型:
① 比较级+and+比较级,如: The days are getting longer and longer The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful
② 定冠词 the + 比较级+ the + 比较级,如: The harder you study, the more you can learn方 式状语中要注意的是as(连词)与 like(介词)的区别。as 作为连词其后接从句,如: Please do it as I did it 但后面的句子常作省略,如: Please do it as I 而 like 是介词,其后要接的是宾语,如: Please do it like me
结果和目的状语从句主要有 so … that,so that,in order that等几种用法。
① so … that用在单数可数名词前,so + 形容词 + a + 名词 + that,如: She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her 或用 such + a + 形容词 + 名词 + that, 如: She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her
② 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用 such,如: It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic 又如: They are such good players that they should win the game.③ 在much,many,few,little 之前只能用so,如: I have so little money that I can't buy it
④ so … that 之间只有形容词时,则不能用 such,如: It is so good that I want to buy ⑤ so that 其后接从句,如: I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus
(二)正误辨析
[误] The stories in that book was written many years ago [正] The stories in that book were written many years ago.
[析] 作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词,它们往往要带有修饰词,这些词可能是形容词,也可能是短语,但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数,要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的语法成份,如: book 作了 of 的介词宾语则不可能再作主语了。 [误] To read many books are good for you [正] To read many books is good for you [析] 不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。 [误] What he said are right [正] What he said is right
[析] 从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。 [正] The rich is not always happy [误] The rich are not always happy
[析] 形容词+定冠词表示一类人,谓语动词应用复数,如: The young are very interested in study and sports [误] The school master and writer are coming [正] The school master and writer is coming
[析] 本句应译为:校长兼作家就要来了。而 The school master and the writer are coming 则要译为:校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中确实有 The girl and boy are playing on the grass 这应译为:一个女孩,一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。又如: the husband and wife 夫妻二人。
[误] You or she go to get some water for us [正] You or she goes to get some water for us
[析] 由 or 连接的两个主语应以离谓语动词近的那一个计算其数。这样的用法还有 either … or,neither … nor,not only … but also 也有人称作“就近原则”。 [误] The teacher with a lot of students come into the classroom [正] The teacher with a lot of students comes into the classroom
[析] 真正的主语是 the teacher,而 with 短语是伴随状态,不影响主语的数。 [误] My glasses is broken [正] My glasses are broken [误] This pair of glasses are good [正] This pair of glasses is good [误] These kinds of butter is good. [正] These kinds of butter are good
[析] 英语中有些名词只有复数形式,如: glasses 眼镜,shorts 短裤等。如没有量词在前时,要用复数谓语动词,但有了量词之后则要按量词的单复数计算。 [误] One of the boys are going to take part in the match [正] One of the boys is going to take part in the match [析] One of 结构应以 one 来计算主语的数。 [误] Half of the work are done [正] Half of the work is done [误] Half of the books is read [正] Half of the books are read
[析] 在小于1的数量词作主语时,如: 2 3,80%,0.35… + of +名词,这时主语的数应按 of 后面的名词计算。如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数,则谓语动词要用单数,如名词是复数则要用复数谓语动词。
[误] Each sides are full of trees [正] Each side is full of trees [误] Both side is full of trees [正] Both sides are full of trees
[析] each,either 其后都要加单数名词,而 both 后要加复数名词。如: each,either,another,little,a little,much等作主语时,谓语动词全部要用单数形式。 [误] The boys each has an apple [正] The boys each have an apple
[析] each 作同位语时,不影响句子的主语。 [误] Everyone of us has a ticket for the concert [正] Every one of us has a ticket for the concert
[析] everyone,someone,everybody … 在作主语时都不能加 of 结构。[误] Girls like dancing very much,but few likes playing football [正] Girls like dancing very much,but few like playing football [析] few 虽然含意上是“几乎没有”,但作主语时仍要当作复数。 [误] The number of the workers in that factory are two hundred [正] The number of the workers in that factory is two hundred
[析] the number of 意为:某某的数字是…… 如: the number of students 学生人数,the number of players 运动员人数。不论数字如何都应看作单数。而 a number of 与 many 意思相同,其后加可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数形式。如: A number of students are playing on the grass [误] The rest of the students is here [正] The rest of the students are here [误] The rest of the work are done [正] The rest of the work is done
[析] the rest of 的用法与2/3,一半,80%+ of 的结构一致,of 后面为可数名词复数时用复数谓语动词,为不可数名词或可数名词单数时用单数谓语动词。这样用法还有 lots of,a lot of,plenty of。
[误] The news in today's newspaper are not bad [正] The news in today's newspaper is not bad
[析] 有些以 s 结尾的名词要用作不可数名词,它们是:news,physics,mathematics,thanks,…
[误] The Chinese is kind and friendly [正] The Chinese are kind and friendly
[析] Chinese 作为中文来讲是单数名词,但作为中国人讲是单复同形的名词。如: one Chinese,two Chinese … 而 The Chinese = The people of China 要用复数谓语动词。[误] This dictionary is too expensive for me Ten dollars are a big sum for me [正] This dictionary is too expensive for me Ten dollars is a big sum for me [析] 表示一段时间,一笔金钱,一段距离,都应看作单数名词。 [误] Who are going to take part in our football match? [正] Who is going to take part in our football match?
[析] 用 who 提问时,习惯上用单数谓语动词,但 which 则要视其情况而定,如: which are better these shoeses or those shoes? 又如: which is better this one or that one? [误] What a hot weather it is! [误] How hot the weather it is! [正] What hot weather it is! [正] How hot the weather is!
[析] 感叹句是用来表达说话人的喜怒哀乐的感情。它由 what 与 how 作句子的开始,判定是用 what 还是用 how 的最好办法是将它们换为陈述句,比如: What the hot weather it is!应转换为: It is the hot weather 那么句子的起点是单词 it。再来看感叹句中 it 前有不可数名词 weather,则只能用 what。再看第二句 How hot the weather is!转为陈述句时为: The weather is hot这时句子的开始单词为 the weather,再来看感叹句在 the weather 前只有形容词,所以应用 how。至于是用 what a 还是 what 要看名词的具体情况而定,单数可数名词加 what a 其余的加用 what。 [误] We have to sing this,have we? [误] We have to sing this,haven't we? [正] We have to sing this, don't we?
[析] 在反意疑问句中除了标准的一些常规外,有一些例外: Let's go home,shall we? Let us go home,will you? She had to leave,didn't she? Do your homework at once,will you?
There is not much good news in today's newspaper,is there? Neither of them are right,are they? I think he will come to the party won't he?
think 后的宾语从句,与其他宾语从句不一样,在初中只有这样一个较特殊的词。这样的句子的反意疑问句的主语要用宾语从句中的主语,其助动词要用宾语从句的助动词,而肯定还是否定要看主句谓语动词而定,如: I don't think he is coming to our party,is he? [误] I want to know where does he live [正] I want to know where he lives
[析] 宾语从句中一律要用陈述语序,而不用疑问语序。 [误]Nor I have
[正]Nor(Neither)have I
[析] nor,neither 用在简答否定句中时要采用倒装语序。在肯定句的简答句中则要用so,如: I do my homework very quickly,So does Mary [误] Look!Here the bus comes! [正] Look!Here comes the bus! [误] Look!Here comes he! [正] Look!Here he comes [析] 在 there,here 打头的句子中,如果主语是名词,则要采用倒装语序;如果是人称代词则用一般语序。
[误] Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us? No,I don't hope so
[正] Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us? No,I hope not
[析] 我不这样想,可用 I don't think so 但 hope 的否定简答句只能用 I hope not 这是习惯用法。但这两个词的肯定简答句形是一样的,如: I think so.I hope so [误] That is difficult for us to learn English well [正] It is difficult for us to learn English well
[析] It 这里的语法作用是形式主语,而真正的主语是后面的不定式。形式主语和形式宾语都要用 it 而不能用 that,如: I think it difficult to learn English well it 在这句中是 think 的形式宾语。
(三)例题解析
1
There ___ a pencilbox on the desk.
A.is B.are
C.has
D.have [答案] A.
[析] There be 句形中的 be 动词要看其后面离它最近的名词而定,如: There are two books and a pencil on the desk 但却可以讲 There is a pencil and two books on the desk 2
Could you tell me ___ ?
A Mrs King where lives B where does Mrs King live C where Mrs King lives D Mrs King lives where [答案] C.
[析] 宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。 3
Your brother came to see you,___ ?
A does he B doesn't he C did he D didn't he [答案] D.
[析] 前句是肯定句,后面反意疑问句要用否定句,同时 came 为过去时态,所以应用 didn't he 4
It's getting cloudy,___ ?
A does' it B doesn't it C is it D isn't it [答案] D.
[析] 要区分's 是 has 还是 is,这里由 getting 得出's 是is。 5
___ keep me waiting so long. A Not B Won't C Don't D Not to [答案] C.
[析] Don't + 动词原形为祈始句的否定句。 6
Mr Green hasn't been to Beijing, ___ ?
A has he B hasn't he C did he D didn't he [答案] A.
[析] 此句 has 是助动词与过去分词构成现在完成时态。 7
You have your lunch at school, ___ ?
A have you B haven't you C do you D don't you [答案] D.
[析] 这里的 have 是实意动词“吃”,而不是助动词。 8
___ sunny day!Let's go out for a walk. A How a B How C What a D What [答案] C.
[析] 这个感叹句是个省略句,其真实的句子应为 What a sunny day it is!9
-Can you tell me ___ ?
-Sure She's a nurse A where is your sister B where your sister is C what is your sister D what your sister is [答案] D.
[析] who 问的是姓名,如: Who is he? He is Smith 或 He is my fatheris he? He is a teacher
What 问的是职业,如: What 10
10
John likes listening to the radio,___ ?
A does he B doesn't he C doesn't John D does Johe [答案] B.
[析] 当名词作主语时,反意疑问句应用代词。 11
Neither you nor I ___ on the team. A are B were C am D is [答案] C.
[析] 由 neither … nor … 作连接词作主语时,其谓语动词要与相临近的那个主语相呼应。 12
___ delicious food!I'd like some more. A what a B How a C What D How [答案] C.
[析] 因 food 为不可数名词。 13
___ there a cat under the chair? A Are B Is C Has D Have [答案] B.
[析] 这是 there be 句型的疑问句。 14
Could you tell me ___ ?
A when the train will arrive B when the train arrived C when did the train arrive D when does the train arrives [答案] A.
[析] could 用于现在时疑问句表达了口气的委婉,并不是过去时态。且宾语从句要用陈述语句。15
-___ bad weather!
-Yes,But it's going to be fine soon,I think A How B What a C What an D What [答案] D.
[析] weather 为不可数名词。
16
-Could you tell me ___ ?-Yes,They ___ to the library A where are the twins,have been B where were the twins,have been C where the twins are,have gone D where the twins were,have gone [答案] C.
[析] have been to 是去过什么地方,而现在回来了。have gone to 是到某地去了,人现在不在这里。 17
Go and ___ the TV quickly The volleyball match will begin right away. A turn off B turn down C turn up D turn on [答案] D.
[析] 这是个祈使句,它由 and 连接两个动词。注意词组搭配的不同含义。18
Let's go for some tea,___ ?
A shall we B will we C do we D don't we [答案] A.
[析] Let's go …,shall we? Let us go …,will you?这是两个特殊的反意疑问句。
19
Joan's short,___ ?
A wasn't she B hasn't she C isn't she D doesn't she [答案] C.
[析] 在此句中应视's为is,而不是 has 或 was。 20
I don't know ___ to read the word. A which B what C whose D how [答案] D.
[析] 因不定式 to read 中的 read 是及物动词,已有自己的宾语 the word,所以应用疑问副词 how。
21
He didn't go to school,___ he was ill. A for B but C and D so [答案] A.
[析] 这里是表示因果的关系,从句表示原因,所以用 for,放于句尾,且常常前面有一个逗号。so 引起的是结果状语从句,如: He was only twelve,so he couldn't join the army 22
The young woman can hardly ride a bike,___ she? A doesn't B does C can't D can [答案] D.
[析] hardly 为否定词,所以应视此句为否定句。其后的反意疑问句应用肯定句。 23
Tom never goes to the cinema on Sundays,___ ? A does he B doesn't he C isn't he D is he [答案] A.
[析] never 也是否定词,所以应将句子看作否定句。 24
Mother said to him,“Don't ___ on football.” A spend too much time B to spend too much time C spend too many time D to spend too many time [答案] A.
[析] time 作为“时间”讲为不可数名词,应用 much 来修饰。当作“次数”讲是可数名词,如 three times 三次,而 Don't … 这一句是祈使句的否定句。
25
Mr White,together with some Japanese friends,___ visit our school this afternoon. A are going to B is going to C have D has [答案] B.
[析] 句子的主语是Mr White,而together with … 是伴随状况,不影响句子的主语。 26
There is little water in the glass,___ ? A is it B is there C isn't it D isn't there [答案] B.
[析] 这是 there be 句型的反意疑问句。
27
Ampere was thinking about a maths problem,___ ? A didn't he B wasn't he C did he D is he [答案] B.
[析] 这是进行时态的反意疑问句。
28
She had a good time yesterday,___ she ? A wasn't B didn't C hasn't D isn't [答案] B.
[析] had 这里是实意动词而不是助动词。
29
We'll make ___ for you in the front of the car. A a room B room C rooms D some rooms [答案] B.
[析] room 此处为不可数名词,意为“地方,空间”。 30
Neither she nor I ___ to the Great wall before. A has gone B have gone C have been D has been [答案] C.
[析] 由neither … nor 连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与相临近的那个主语相呼应。 31
Help me collect these books,___ ? A are you B will you C do you D shall you [答案] B.
[析] 祈使句的反意疑问句应用 will you,而Let's go 例外,其反意疑问句为 shall we? 32
The number of deer,mountain lions and wild roses ___ change much if people leave things as they are. A don't B doesn't C isn't D didn't [答案] B.
[析] the number of 为“……的数量、数目”,所以谓语动词用单数形式。而 a number of 要加复数名词,其谓语动词也用复数。 33
She's had breakfast,___ ?
A is she B isn't she C hasn't she D has she [答案] C.
[析] 这里的's应视为 has 34
I wonder ___ .
A whose bicycle is it B it is whose bicycle C is it whose bicycle D whose bicycle it is [答案] D.
[析] wonder 后的宾语从句应用陈述语序。 35
It is good for us ___ morning exercises. A do B to do C did D done [答案] B.
[析] 这里的 it 是形式主语,而真正的主语是不定式 to do … 36
Peter has sports very often,___ ?
A does,Peter B doesn't he C doesn't Peter D does he [答案] B.
[析] has 这里是实意动词,而主语为名词时其反意疑问句中的主语要用代词。37
Mr Black said,“Jenny,don't be late tomorrow” Mr Black told Jenny ___ .
A don't be late tomorrow
B didn't be late tomorrow C not be late next morning
D not to be late the next day [答案] D.
[析] tell 一般要加双宾语,其间接宾语是 Jenny,直接宾语是不定式。而这里用的是不定式的否定形式。
38
Li Mei read the newspaper to the granny,___ ? A does she B didn't she C did she D wasn't she [答案] B.
[析] read这里是过去时态,因其主语是第三人称单数,而 read 并未加 s 所以是过去时态。(read 的过去时与过去分词都是 read,只不过读音不同)