第一篇：作文赏析一
缓缓品生活
狄更斯在《双城记》中写道：“这是最好的时代。这是最坏的时代。”这句话同样适用于现在，并且我认为还可再添上一句话：“这是需要慢一点的时候。”因为许多人都在奔忙，为名为利为富贵„„
我曾经看到过一篇文章，说香港少有咖啡馆，多是油腻腻、甜滋滋的餐厅。为了维持在某地区排行榜上的前列，香港全民都在奋斗，根本无暇在咖啡馆中与朋友聊天、消磨时光。香港是很富裕，可是香港人整天皆在为名利奔忙，难道不觉乏味疲累？难道不觉被工作填满的生活枯燥无味？台湾作家龙应台说过：“奔忙，使思想家变成名嘴，使名嘴变成娱乐家，使娱乐家变成聒噪的小丑。”一味奔忙的人生看似充实，实则是个悲剧。
相比之下，台湾人则智慧得多，在台湾，转角即是咖啡馆，台湾的咖啡文化不需刻意即已形成，这也就不难解释为什么香港多富豪而台湾多启人心智的作家了。
在内地，在我们中国的大陆上，生活正在往香港模式前进，这一点，从“国考”的激烈程度中可窥一斑。做公务员，既有好听的名声又可获得铁饭碗，实在是当今中国社会上大多数人梦寐以求的事。可是，正如周国平先生所说，那些在名利场上折腾的人，他们既然听不见自己的声音，就更听不见灵魂的声音了。川端康成便是一个不幸的例子。川端康成获得诺贝尔文学奖后，采访者和慕名而来者络绎不绝，他既获得了名，也获得了利。却失去了更为珍贵的“静”，因此晚年几乎无所成就，只能在慨叹“太拥塞了”后无奈地结束自己的生命。
为名利奔忙。为名利所扰会使我们失去自己的本心，失去生命本应有悠闲的欢乐。而当我们慢一点，甚至停下来小憩一会，我们便会惊觉。原来生命如此丰富多彩。
远离名利场，才有了陶渊明“采菊东篱下”的悠然，才有了王维“空山新雨后”的寂静，才有了梭罗瓦尔登湖畔诗意的栖居，才有了钱钟书这样的大家。现在的中国，真真需要慢一慢，享受片刻悠闲的生活。
古人说“陌上花开，可缓缓归也。”我想说，生活如此美好，可缓缓行也。远离名利场，真正地感受生活的美好吧！
[简评]
本文能扣住材料内涵行文立意——“远离名利，感受生活的美好和悠闲”。举例信手拈来、恰当自然，论证充分。更难能可贵的是，作为一篇议论文，语言绝无刻意为之的生硬，自然流畅，显示出很强的写作功底。不足之处是，文题“缓缓品生活”，其“缓缓”二字突显的是生活节奏的问题，不切合材料。综合考虑，本文评为一类中64分。
绝望之处孕育的新生
高档的裙子被一个小小的烟头烧出了一个窟窿，看着完美作品转眼成空的你如何是好呢？或许你会咒骂那承担了千古罪名的烟头毁了你艺术的高峰，或许你会终日想着如何把它复原到起初无瑕的完美而再无新作诞生„„可是他却不一样，谁说这窟窿不是上帝仁慈的扶持？复制几个，饰以金边，一条“金边凤尾裙”把这裁缝推上了更高的云端。世界上很多时候就是这样，正如《无望井》一书里让我感触最深的一句话：“在最深的绝望中，你会看到最美丽的希望的星空。”绝望与希望本来就只差一线，以勇气挣开绝望的束缚，用心去拓展希望的疆域，一个人总能创造出意料之外也是情理之中的奇迹。
敌军的第五次围剿终于冲破了我军战士们死守的防线，人民的军队陷入了最大的危机中，这是令人绝望的黑暗。可是深知历史发展的我们都清楚，正是这次危机促成红军壮烈的二万五千里长征。在毛主席的领导下，人民军队在陕甘宁地区凭着地形的优势从此站稳了脚跟。更不用说，后来还在那里团结了西北人民强大的力量，成立了敌后根据地，给予了日本侵略者最沉重的打击。如此看来，这一危机不也是让党的军队真正扎根于广大农民群众的转机吗？
绝望的危机总能激发人最深最尖锐的智慧，而往往正是
逼近中、压力下迸发出的思考反而照亮了漆黑一片的夜空。我很佩服中国人民“置诸死地而后生”的见识与睿智，正如小说中虚竹的那一步棋，失了一大片疆土的同时却换得柳暗花明的新局面。人是应该有点放手的胸襟，为什么非要保住大手大脚的占地呢？为什么非要死守原来的绝妙呢？死守的结果可能是连原有的高度也不能保证，但敢于尝试新的路向却可能给予你更意想不到的“洞天之所”！又想起那孔明闻名于世的“空城计”，原有的势单力薄是绝望，但这位智者并没有因此放弃，带着对司马懿的了解与放手一搏的信心，他大开城门，焚香弹琴，以出人意料的计谋赢得了漂亮的胜利。
挣开绝望吧，你就能看到希望的新光！
评语：本文以“绝望之处孕育的新生”为题，把握住裁缝在坏事出现后摆脱不利的局面，变废为宝这一材料重点，审题准确。文中组织多个材料，均扣住人们在绝望处如何通过主观努力，巧妙地化腐朽为神奇这一题意，论述语言自然流畅，语句使用准确到位，思路清晰，内容环环相扣。美中不足的是文章后半部分由于时间掌握不好，显得较仓促。
【样文二】
柳暗花明又一村
生命是一条没有回程的单行线。随着时间齿轮地滚动向前，有时我们会滚进“山重水复疑无路”的窘境，但我们没有退路，无法回到从前。因此，只有用智慧，用努力，用永
不言弃，才能“柳暗花明又一村”。
我们要用智慧去面对残局困境。有一位粗心的裁缝在裁制高档裙子时不小心在上面烧了个窟窿，眼看就要损失惨重，他灵机一动，凭着他的智慧和高超手艺使裙子别具特色，备受追捧，生意自然也就十分红火。从这个故事里我们可以得到启发，假如在残局困难面前，不发挥智慧，那么就不是“山重水复疑无路”，而是“山重水复必无路”了。我们要用努力去扭转残局，克服困难。不通过努力，再多的智慧也只能付诸东流，再多的智慧也无法扭转残局，走出困境。我们说霍金是一个有智慧的人，但与其说他有智慧，不如说他努力。他很小的时候已经残疾，下半身动弹不了，即便是一个很有智慧的人面对这样的困境，抛弃努力又如何成功呢？因此，我们说努力是扭转残局，克服困难的重要因
素。
我们更要用永不言弃态度去改变残局困境。试想一个人在山重水复疑无路时，高举双手向命运投降，这无异于等死！贝多芬作为一名音乐家，失聪对他来说无异于把他逼进“无路”之境，是什么令他坚持下来了？是什么让他凭着手感“摸”出音乐来？是什么令他在失聪以后还能创作出家喻户晓、广为流传的不朽作品？我想，正是他那永不言弃的积极态度帮他改变了残局，克服了困难，终于换来“柳暗花明又一村”。著名的残疾作家张海迪也是凭着她那在困难面前不低头，残局面前不气馁的积极态度，改变了一个又一个残局，克服了一个又一个困难，从而向世人诉说了身残志坚的励志道理。经历风雨，又见彩虹。
生命继续进行着，时间的齿轮继续滚动着，当我们陷入“疑无路”之困境，不要只会后悔，不要只会气馁，用智慧，用努力，用永不言弃的态度，定能“柳暗花明又一村”！评语：这篇文章立意准确，结构层次清晰。题目引用诗句，切合材料，并且在文章中多次扣题，灵活的运用表现了作者对材料理解得非常到位。论述过程中对三个分论点的论证有理有据，条理清晰。但美中不足的是文章语言表达还显平淡，文采不足。
【样文三】
意外与困难的门扉之后
当你不小心走上了计划外的道路，请相信“条条大路通
罗马”的古语，满怀信心地往前走吧。
当被意外的风吹离了计划的航线，请看到陌生却又光亮的灯塔，清醒勇敢地掌好舵吧。
当被错误的地图带进了死胡同，请思考忽略的可能性吧，冷静、沉着地越过阻碍。
因为，意外并不可怕，可怕的是向意外与困境投降。一位裁缝将高档裙子上烧出来的窟窿装饰一番，成为时髦的“金边凤尾裙”。你看，像这样的事情时有存在。因此，我们不必向意外与困难投降，只要我们愿意挑战。以一颗信心，迎着未知的意外与困难前进。麦哲伦完成环球航行，当中的惊险可想而知，然而在遇到困难及海上疾病时，他并没有放弃，甚至当机立断地改航道，意外地发现许多海峡海岛。画错的细节往往让画家们无所适从，然而妙手一挥，也可促成点睛之笔。关键是信心，信自己，也信生
活，信这个机遇遍布的世界。
以一双亮眼，察觉意外与困难中潜藏的奇迹。炼丹师们造成的爆炸本是意外本是失败，却有人从中看到了可能，进而发明了火药。商机也是这样，善于观察，善于了解细节的眼盯上的，像刚开始不被看好的高科技产业、电脑市场，却能被有识之士看上。关键是敏锐的眼光，看细节，看世界，看这个广阔的未来。
以一身智慧，思索意外中埋藏着的道理与意义。尽管灵感是促成意外向成功转化的主要因素，但更多时候，灵机一触不及深思熟虑可靠。从“推”与“敲”的思考中，我们了解到意外而来的难题，就像诗歌中的炼字，需要去想而不是横冲直撞。百事可乐公司总裁也曾陷入要将公司卖给可口可乐集团的困境，然而苦心经营几载，终于还是用思想、用智慧垒起了公司的基业。关键是智慧的头脑，想问题，想方法，想这个世界的法则。
生活本身就是意外。有人去算了一个人诞生于世的几率，分母可以用无限大去形容。生活不可能摆脱意外。既然我们意外降生，从而活了下来，困境与意外，又有什么可怕的呢？走吧。当生活向你开了一扇意外的、甚至是不好的门，面对艰难的前路，走下去，也总是有未来的。
门扉之后，将是一个新世界。
评语：本文在立意上属于切合题意，三个分论点能做到切合材料，其中所使用的事实论据能够支撑论点，但第二个分论点的论述稍有偏差。在表述上明显感受到该生在平时语言表达时能力不错，如文章的题目、开头前三段和结尾都相当有
文学味道，但有些繁复晦涩，造成表意不够流畅，不够明确。
第二篇：一-英语作文赏析
一 ~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)
~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr.Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二 Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三 ~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。）
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四 There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否认的……）
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五 It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~（全世界都知道……）例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
六 There is no doubt that + 句子~~（毫无疑问的……）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七 An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（……的优点是……）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create(produce)any pollution.使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八 The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（……的原因是……）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
九 So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子（如此……以致于……）
例句：So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
十 Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~（虽然……）
例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.(by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不)虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
十一 The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈……愈……）
例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈进步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
十二 By +Ving, ~~ can ~~（借着……，能够……）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
十三 ~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V（使……能够……）
例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
十四 On no account can we + V ~~~（我们绝对不能……）
例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
十五 It is time + S + 过去式（该是……的时候了）
例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致，关系代词与先行词的一致。
Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。
Brief: 文章“简为贵”，要抓住要点，简明扼要。
Coherence: 文理通顺，前后连贯。
Development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。
Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当，划分要清楚，避免使用重复字句和种子片段。
Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。
Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。
Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题，每段都应有主题句。
Logical: 内容要符合逻辑。
Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。
Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。
Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。
Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。
Relevant: 文章一定要要题。
Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。
Strait: 开门见山，直来直去。
Style: 文体恰切，适合内容要求。
Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。
Theme: 选题得当，主题突出
1.增补(Addition)
in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.2.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as 3.对照(Contrast)
whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while
4.因果(Cause and Effect)
because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus
5.强调(Emphasis)
certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant
6.让步(Concession)
although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)
for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.8.总结(Conclusion)
to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary
9.推断(Inference)
therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise 10.时间和空间(Time and Space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of I.用于文章主题句
1.不用说¸…
It goes without saying that子句 =(It is)needless to say(that)子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S.+ V.例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。
It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2.…是不可能的;无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving.= There is no possibility of Ving.= It is impossible to V.= It is out of the question to V.= No one can V.= We cannot V.例︰不可否认的¸成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.3.我深信…
I am greatly convinced(that)子句 = I am greatly assured(that)子句 例︰我深信预防是于治疗。
I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.4.在各种…之中¸… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, …
例︰在各种运动中¸我尤其喜欢慢跑。
Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.5.…是很容易证明的。It can be easily proved(that)子句 例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。
It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.6.…无论如何强调都不为过 … cannot be overemphasized
例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.7.就我的看法¸…；我认为… In my opinion, … = To my mind, ….= As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that子句
例︰就我的看法¸打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。
In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.8.(A)每个人都知道… Everyone knows(that)子句(B)就我所知¸…
As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知¸下列方法对我帮助很大。
As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.9.毫无疑问地¸… There is no doubt(that)子句
例︰毫无疑问地¸近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。
There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.10.根据我个人经验¸…
According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, …
例︰根据我个人经验¸微笑已带给我许多好处。
According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.11.在我认识的人当中¸也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …
例︰在我认识的人当中¸也许没有一个人比我的英文老师张老师更值得我尊敬。Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.12.在我的求学过程中¸我忘不了…
In the course of my schooling.I will never forget …
例︰在我的求学过程中¸我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。
In the course of my schooling.I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.13.(A)随着人口的增加¸… With the increase/growth of the population, …(B)随着科技的进步, … With the advance of science and technology, … 例︰随着台湾经济的快速发展¸许多社会问题产生了。
With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.14.(A)在这信息的年代¸…扮演重要的角色。
In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.(B)在今日工业社会中¸…是生命不可或缺的。In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.例︰在这信息的年代¸计算机扮演非常重要的角色。
In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role.15.在讨论…¸一个人不得不承认…。
In dealing with …, one cannot but admit(that)子句
例︰在讨论未来的职业¸一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。
In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.16.世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as … 例︰世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.17.… 是必要的 It is necessary that S(should)V … 是重要的 It is important/essential that S(should)V … 是适当的 It is proper that S(should)V … 是紧急的 It is urgent that S(should)V 例︰我们当保持公共场所清洁是应当的。It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.18.每当我听到…¸我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.每当我做…¸ 我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.每当我想到…¸我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.每当我遭遇…¸我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.每当我看到… 我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.例︰每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪¸我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.19.据说… It is said(that)子句 一般认为… It is thought(that)子句 大家都知道… It is known(that)子句 据报导… It is reported(that)子句 一般预料… It is expected(that)子句 一般估计… It is estimated(that)子句 一般相信… It is believed(that)子句
例︰一般相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。
It is believed(that)reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.20.…的主要理由是… The main reason why …..is(that)子句
例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日一败坏。
The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.21.俗语说得好：「…」。Well goes an old saying, “…”
= As an old saying goes(runs, says), “…” = An old saying goes, “…” = It's an old saying(that)子句 例︰俗话说得好：「诚实为上策」。
As an old saying goes, “Honesty is the best policy.” 22.(A)…用下列方法… … in the following ways.(B)…有三个主要理由。… for three major reasons.(C)要…¸至少我们可做三件事。To …, there are at least three things we can do.例︰(A)我用下列方法增加信心。
I increase my confidence in the following ways.(B)人们学外语有三个理由。
People learn a foreign language for three major reasons.(C)为了维护健康¸我们每天至少可做三件事。To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.II.用于文章承转句 23.那就是(说)…；亦即… That is to say, … = That is, … = Namely, …
例︰我们生活需有规律。也就是说¸早睡早起¸戒除烟酒。
We need to live a regular life.That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.24.(A)基于这个理由¸… For this reason, …(B)为了这个目的¸… For this purpose, …
例︰基于这个理由¸我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。
For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.25.我们有理由相信…
We have reasons to believe(that)子句 例︰我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。
We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.26.事实上¸… As a matter of fact, … = In fact, …
例︰事实上¸健康才是最重要。As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.27.(A)例如¸… For example, …(B)拿…做例子 Take … for example.例︰例如¸我们盲目地提高生活水准¸却降低生活品质。
For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.28.此外¸我们不应忽视…
Besides(In addition), we should not neglect …
例︰此外¸我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。
In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.29.相反地¸… on the contrary, … = by contrast, …
例︰相反地¸少数学生似乎还在鬼混。
On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.30.另一方面¸… on the other hand, …
例︰政府应严格执法¸另一方面¸大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。The government should enforce laws strictly.On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.31.然而¸很可惜的是… However, it is a pity that子句
例︰然而¸很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。
However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.32.换言之¸… in other words, … = to put it differently 例︰换言之¸我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。
In other words, I will try my best to attain(gain, live up to)my goal.33.别人可能认为这是事实¸但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that子句 例︰别人可能认为这是事实¸但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.34.从此之后¸我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found that子句 例︰从此之后¸我已发现… Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.35.这样说来¸假如...¸当然毫无疑问地…。
In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt(that)子句
例︰这样说来¸假如我们能善用时间¸当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。
In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.36.更严重的是¸…。
What is more serious is(that)子句 例︰更严重的是¸我们不珍惜野生动物。
What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.37.鉴于社会的实际需要¸…。
In view of the practical need of society, ….例︰鉴于社会的实际需要¸愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。
In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.III.用于文章结论句 38.如果能实践这三点¸…。
If one can really put the three points into action(practice), … 例︰如果能实践这三点¸…。If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.39.做这些简单之事¸我们一定可以…。By doing these simple things, we surely can ….例︰做这些简单之事¸我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。
By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.40.如此¸我相信…。In this way, I believe(that)子句
例︰如此¸我相信大家能够像我一样¸享受乘坐公车的乐趣。
In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.41.实践这些¸…。
By putting them(the above)into practice, ….例︰实践这些¸在智育方面我一直能不断进步。
By putting them(the above)into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.42.(A)唯有符合此三项要求¸我们才能…。Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….(B)唯有通力合作¸我们才能…。Only with combined efforts, can we ….例︰唯有通力合作¸我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。
Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.43.最后¸但并非最不重要¸…。Last but no least, ….例︰最后¸但并非最不重要¸教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.44.这证据显示～的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized.例︰这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.45.由于这些理由¸我…。For these reasons, I ….例︰由于这些理由¸我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。
For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.46.总而言之¸…。In conclusion, … = To sum up, …
例︰总而言之¸好国民应该遵守交通规则。In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.47.因此¸我们能下个结论¸那就是…。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion(that)子句 例︰因此¸我们能下个结论¸那就是世上自由罪珍贵。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.48.如果我们能做到如上所述¸毫无疑问地¸…。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt(that)子句 例︰如果我们能做到如上所述¸毫无疑问地¸我们就能精通英语。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English 49.因此¸这就是…的原因。Thus, this is the reason why ….例︰因此¸这就是我重感冒的原因。Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.50.所以¸我们应该了解…。Therefore, we should realize(that)子句
例︰所以¸我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。
Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.51.因此¸由上列的讨论我们可以明了…。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion(that)子句 例︰因此¸由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.52.1.从～观点来看¸…。From the ～ point of view, ….2.根据～的看法¸…。According to ～ point of view, ….例︰从政治的观点来看¸这是一个很复杂的问题。
From the political point
1.词语选择的重要性
在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world.“
显然，说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国，古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用冥思苦想，因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。
成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔，或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。
2.词语选择的可能性
实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。
从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然，一部好词典也不会毫无缺点，更难以面面俱到，因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话：
Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.3.词语选择的三项标准
关于择语标准，人们说法不一，但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然，某词语用得是否符合要求，不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼，还要看其具体使用场合，包括同其他词语搭配等。
1)择语的准确性
准确性，就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式，正如有句英语俗语所言：
Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.著名美国作家马克·吐温说：“用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug.)
为了择语准确，必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说，含义各不相同：
He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.反之，也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义，如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia，the blues，the dismal in the dumps，low等词语表示。
要做到准确选择，有必要注意词语的两种意义：“基本意义”(denotation)和”引申意义“(connotation)。前者指该词语的本身，或客观的固有含义，后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义，往往比较含蓄，带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思，如顾客问营业员：“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的，当然并不是说质量可以不好，但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思，这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。
选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上，需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族，在一定的条件下可以转化，如
labor一词通常带抽象含义，但并非一成不变。试比较：
A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义，泛指各种社会劳动，B句中labor为具体含义，特指WAW，即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。
2)择语的鲜明度
准确性是鲜明度的前提，也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而，鲜明与简练相关。英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标，为此，应从两个方面加以注意：
A.在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语，如：do something for(不用perform，accomplish)，用end／finish a letter(不用terminate，conclude)。
B.多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想，因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去：
mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other，(an entirely)complete confidence，repeat the question(again)，return(back)from abroad，etc.3)择语的生动感
生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness)，它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的，否则，单纯追求生动或优雅，就会出现辞藻华丽(flowery)而内容空洞的文风，这是应当避免的。
I.用于文章主题句 1.不用说?…
It goes without saying that子句 =(It is)needless to say(that)子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S.+ V.例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。
It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2.…是不可能的;无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving.= There is no possibility of Ving.= It is impossible to V.= It is out of the question to V.= No one can V.= We cannot V.例︰不可否认的?成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。
There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.3.我深信…
I am greatly convinced(that)子句 = I am greatly assured(that)子句 例︰我深信预防是于治疗。
I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.4.在各种…之中?… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, …
例︰在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。
Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.5.…是很容易证明的。It can be easily proved(that)子句 例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。
It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.6.…无论如何强调都不为过 … cannot be overemphasized
例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.7.就我的看法?…；我认为… In my opinion, … = To my mind, ….= As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that子句
例︰就我的看法?打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。
In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.8.(A)每个人都知道… Everyone knows(that)子句(B)就我所知?… As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知?下列方法对我帮助很大。
As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.9.毫无疑问地?… There is no doubt(that)子句
例︰毫无疑问地?近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。
There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.10.根据我个人经验?…
According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, …
例︰根据我个人经验?微笑已带给我许多好处。
According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.11.在我认识的人当中?也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …
例︰在我认识的人当中?也许没有一个人比我的英文老师张老师更值得我尊敬。Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.12.在我的求学过程中?我忘不了…
In the course of my schooling.I will never forget …
例︰在我的求学过程中?我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。
In the course of my schooling.I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.13.(A)随着人口的增加?… With the increase/growth of the population, …(B)随着科技的进步, … With the advance of science and technology, … 例︰随着台湾经济的快速发展?许多社会问题产生了。
With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.14.(A)在这信息的年代?…扮演重要的角色。
In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.(B)在今日工业社会中?…是生命不可或缺的。In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.例︰在这信息的年代?计算机扮演非常重要的角色。
In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role.15.在讨论…?一个人不得不承认…。
In dealing with …, one cannot but admit(that)子句
例︰在讨论未来的职业?一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。
In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.16.世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as … 例︰世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.17.… 是必要的 It is necessary that S(should)V … 是重要的 It is important/essential that S(should)V … 是适当的 It is proper that S(should)V … 是紧急的 It is urgent that S(should)V 例︰我们当保持公共场所清洁是应当的。
It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.18.每当我听到…?我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.每当我做…? 我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.每当我想到…?我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.每当我遭遇…?我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.每当我看到… 我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.例︰每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪?我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.19.据说… It is said(that)子句 一般认为… It is thought(that)子句 大家都知道… It is known(that)子句 据报导… It is reported(that)子句 一般预料… It is expected(that)子句 一般估计… It is estimated(that)子句 一般相信… It is believed(that)子句
例︰一般相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。
It is believed(that)reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.20.…的主要理由是…
The main reason why …..is(that)子句
例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日一败坏。
The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.21.俗语说得好：「…」。Well goes an old saying, ”…“
= As an old saying goes(runs, says), ”…“ = An old saying goes, ”…“ = It's an old saying(that)子句 例︰俗话说得好：「诚实为上策」。
As an old saying goes, ”Honesty is the best policy.“ 22.(A)…用下列方法… … in the following ways.(B)…有三个主要理由。… for three major reasons.(C)要…?至少我们可做三件事。To …, there are at least three things we can do.例︰(A)我用下列方法增加信心。
I increase my confidence in the following ways.(B)人们学外语有三个理由。
People learn a foreign language for three major reasons.(C)为了维护健康?我们每天至少可做三件事。
To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.II.用于文章承转句 23.那就是(说)…；亦即… That is to say, … = That is, … = Namely, …
例︰我们生活需有规律。也就是说?早睡早起?戒除烟酒。
We need to live a regular life.That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.24.(A)基于这个理由?… For this reason, …(B)为了这个目的?… For this purpose, …
例︰基于这个理由?我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。
For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.25.我们有理由相信…
We have reasons to believe(that)子句 例︰我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。
We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.26.事实上?… As a matter of fact, … = In fact, …
例︰事实上?健康才是最重要。As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.27.(A)例如?… For example, …(B)拿…做例子 Take … for example.例︰例如?我们盲目地提高生活水准?却降低生活品质。
For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.28.此外?我们不应忽视…
Besides(In addition), we should not neglect …
例︰此外?我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。
In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.29.相反地?… on the contrary, … = by contrast, …
例︰相反地?少数学生似乎还在鬼混。
On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.30.另一方面?… on the other hand, …
例︰政府应严格执法?另一方面?大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。
The government should enforce laws strictly.On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.31.然而?很可惜的是… However, it is a pity that子句
例︰然而?很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。
However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.32.换言之?… in other words, … = to put it differently 例︰换言之?我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。
In other words, I will try my best to attain(gain, live up to)my goal.33.别人可能认为这是事实?但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that子句 例︰别人可能认为这是事实?但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.34.从此之后?我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found that子句 例︰从此之后?我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.35.这样说来?假如...?当然毫无疑问地…。
In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt(that)子句
例︰这样说来?假如我们能善用时间?当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。
In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.36.更严重的是?…。What is more serious is(that)子句 例︰更严重的是?我们不珍惜野生动物。
What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.37.鉴于社会的实际需要?…。
In view of the practical need of society, ….例︰鉴于社会的实际需要?愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。
In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.III.用于文章结论句 38.如果能实践这三点?…。
If one can really put the three points into action(practice), … 例︰如果能实践这三点?…。
If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.39.做这些简单之事?我们一定可以…。By doing these simple things, we surely can ….例︰做这些简单之事?我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。
By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.40.如此?我相信…。In this way, I believe(that)子句
例︰如此?我相信大家能够像我一样?享受乘坐公车的乐趣。
In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.41.实践这些?…。
By putting them(the above)into practice, ….例︰实践这些?在智育方面我一直能不断进步。
By putting them(the above)into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.42.(A)唯有符合此三项要求?我们才能…。Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….(B)唯有通力合作?我们才能…。Only with combined efforts, can we ….例︰唯有通力合作?我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。
Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.43.最后?但并非最不重要?…。Last but no least, ….例︰最后?但并非最不重要?教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.44.这证据显示～的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized.例︰这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.45.由于这些理由?我…。For these reasons, I ….例︰由于这些理由?我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。
For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.46.总而言之?…。In conclusion, … = To sum up, …
例︰总而言之?好国民应该遵守交通规则。
In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.47.因此?我们能下个结论?那就是…。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion(that)子句 例︰因此?我们能下个结论?那就是世上自由罪珍贵。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.48.如果我们能做到如上所述?毫无疑问地?…。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt(that)子句 例︰如果我们能做到如上所述?毫无疑问地?我们就能精通英语。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English 49.因此?这就是…的原因。Thus, this is the reason why ….例︰因此?这就是我重感冒的原因。Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.50.所以?我们应该了解…。Therefore, we should realize(that)子句
例︰所以?我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。
Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.51.因此?由上列的讨论我们可以明了…。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion(that)子句 例︰因此?由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.52.1.从～观点来看?…。From the ～ point of view, ….2.根据～的看法?…。According to ～ point of view, ….例︰从政治的观点来看?这是一个很复杂的问题。
From the political point
写作素材
01 The Language of Music
A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm-two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties;the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.02 Schooling and Education
It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.03 The Definition of ”Price“
Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the ”system“ of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define ”price“, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total ”package“ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.04 Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small-often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.05 The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the ”acting area“ and the ”auditorium.“ In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.According to this vies tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats)are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.06 Television
Television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word ”television“, derived from its Greek(tele: distant)and Latin(visio: sight)roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera)into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses, when fed into a receiver(television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however.It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.07 Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves.”He who dies rich, dies disgraced,“ he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity.His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.08 American Revolution
The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations.Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking.What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution.During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing.Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations.One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States.Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors.The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose.In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing.British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.09 Suburbanization If by ”suburb“ is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart.But the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment.In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities.As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors.In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County.Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York.Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed.Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.Types of Speech
Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality.As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations.Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language.Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority.Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified.Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech.Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity.In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions.First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society;second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups;third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms ”standard“ ”colloquial“ and ”slang“ exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language.Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions.Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.连接词汇
1.增补(Addition)
in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.2.比较(Comparison)
in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as 3.对照(Contrast)
whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while
4.因果(Cause and Effect)
because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus 5.强调(Emphasis)
certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant
6.让步(Concession)
although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)
for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.8.总结(Conclusion)
to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary
9.推断(Inference)
therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise 10.时间和空间(Time and Space)
afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of
常用短句
Money is not everything.There's Mastercard and Visa.钞票不是万能的，毕竟有时还需要信用卡。
One should love animals.They are so tasty.每个人都应该热爱动物，因为它们很好吃。
Save water.Shower with your girlfriend.要节约用水，所以尽量和女友一起洗澡。
Love the neighbor.But don't get caught.要用心去爱你的邻居，不过不要让她的老公知道。
Behind every successful man, there is a woman.And behind every unsuccessful man, there are two or more.每个成功男人的背后，都有一个女人。每个不成功男人的背后,都有两个或更多。
Every man should marry.After all, happiness is not the only thing in life.再快乐的单身汉迟早也会结婚，毕竟幸福不是永久的嘛。
The wise never marry.聪明人都是未婚的。
Success is a relative term.It brings so many relatives.成功是一个相关名词，它会给你带来很多不相关的亲戚。
Never put off the work till tomorrow what you can put off today.不要等明天交不上差再找借口，今天就要找好。
Love is photogenic.It needs darkness to develop.爱情就像照片，需要大量的暗房时间来培养。
Children in backseats cause accidents.Accidents in backseats cause children.后座上的小孩会生出意外，后座上的意外会生出小孩。
”Your future depends on your dreams.“So go to sleep.现在的梦想决定着你的将来，所以，还是再睡一会吧。
There should be a better way to start a day than waking up every morning.应该有更好的方式开始新的一天，而不是千篇一律地在每个上午都醒来。
”Hard work never killed any body."But why take the risk？
努力工作不会导致死亡。但为什么要冒险呢？
第三篇：习作赏析(一)
习作赏析：
团结就是力量
大自然是人类的老师，给了我们许多有益的启示。
有一天，我吃苹果时不小心掉了一小块。当我要回家时，无意中发现那一小块苹果旁出现了一只黑蚂蚁。天生对蚂蚁感兴趣的我赶紧蹲下身子，只见它们围着苹果打转，时不时用触角碰碰苹果、用身子撞撞苹果。当然，苹果对它们来说可谓庞然大物，纹丝不动！
当我正为蚂蚁可笑的行为叹息时，它们忽然朝草丛的方向爬去。它们怎么走了呢？我好奇地追随着蚂蚁到草丛边，只见又有几只蚂蚁出了巢。紧接着，一大群蚂蚁浩浩荡荡地出现在我眼前。
首先发现苹果的那只蚂蚁就像一位长官，用触角朝其他蚂蚁抖了抖，蚁兵随后排成一条长龙向苹果进军了。众蚂蚁围成一圈，在长官的命令下，用肩膀抬起苹果，一步一步艰难地往前走。
到了洞口，苹果太大了，无论蚁兵怎样用力，苹果都塞不进去。聪明的长官好像在对蚁兵说：“快把苹果咬烂！”众蚁兵接到任务后，爬到苹果上。它们在干什么？过了许久，一块苹果被它们咬成许多碎块。紧接着，众蚂蚁搬起苹果渣，将苹果渣运回洞里。
通过这次观察，我发现：一只蚂蚁的力量虽然微弱，但是许多蚂蚁的力量集合在一起时是惊人的！小小的蚂蚁都懂得团结，更何况我们呢？
老师不在的时候
叮铃铃，这熟悉的铃声在我的耳边响起，大家都习惯地端坐在桌前，等待老师来上课。可是等了一会儿，见老师没来，不知谁说：“周老师去开会了”。于是教室里顿时像一锅水一样，慢慢地沸腾起来。
有的人在写英语家作，边写边和旁边的同学讲讲悄悄话，对对答案；有的人走下位置，到别人的座位上讲话，不时嘻嘻哈哈；有的人在津津有味地看漫画书，还有的人竟然禁不住零食的诱惑，嘴巴不停地咀嚼着……教室里乱成一团，任凭班干部怎么喊都无济于事。
只听，张宇航喊了一声“周老师来了”！大家吓得面如土色，魂飞魄散，都信以为真。走下位置的同学跑回自己的位置；看漫画书的同学，赶紧把书往桌子里一藏，生怕老师把自己心爱的漫画书收走；写英语作业的同学以迅雷不及掩耳之势把作业往课桌里藏，生怕老师把自己辛辛苦苦做出来的作业撕掉。大家都端端正正地坐着，假装一本正经的样子，等待老师的到来。只听张宇航哈哈大笑，才知被她骗了。大家都不约而同笑了。教室里又恢复了原状。
我正写着作业，隐约听到张益和张宇航在说我坏话，我忍住怒气，继续听着，听听他们究竟在搞仕么鬼。只听张宇航对张益说；“你打得过高玲娜吗？”张益说：“打得过。”张宇航又说：“那你敢在高玲娜写作业时把她的凳子抽掉吗？”张益犹 豫了一下。张宇航用激将法对他说：“不敢了吧，还打得过她！”这一招果然见效，张益说：“抽就抽，有什么了不起。”正当他准备抽我凳子时，我一转身，张益大惊，我气愤地对他们说：“你们的话我听得一清二楚。”这时张宇航又怂恿我抽张益的凳子，她最喜欢看张益摔跤的样子，可自己又不愿做，好一个借刀杀人！这时，张益威胁我说：“你要再来烦我，我就往你身上咳嗽。”我怕他把病菌传染给我，只好罢手。
之后，沈阳又跟路程爆发了一场战争……
这时，周老师突然出现在窗前，原本吵得不可开交的教室立刻变得鸦雀无声。大家都摆出一副一本正经的样子。
老师不在的时候，新闻真多啊！
我找回了自信
以前，我老是没有自信，上课不敢发言，不敢跟老师说话，也不敢跟不熟的小朋友玩，对学习也没有信心……可是现在，这些问题都已经不存在了，我变得开朗大方，不仅敢发言了，还交了很多好朋友，我已经找回了自信。
这一切，都离不开妈妈的鼓励。
记得刚来北京时，我普通话说得不好，也没有朋友，整天在家里待着，很无聊。妈妈说：“外面那么多小朋友，你为什么不去找他们玩呢？”我说：“我不敢，他们不认识我，不会和我玩。”妈妈说：“你不试试怎么知道呢？就算人家不理你，你也不会损失什么。”于是，我就去找人玩。让我没想到的是，他们都很欢迎我。
虽然我可以玩了，但是我一句话也不敢说。妈妈说：“既然迈出了第一步，怎么不敢迈第二步呢？谁也不是天生会说普通话，你多练习就能说好了。”为了帮助我练习说好普通话，从此以后，爸爸妈妈在家都说普通话，我也很快适应了北京。
妈妈经常鼓励我要相信自己，自信才能把事情做好，自信才能得到别人的尊重。
记得我刚上公共英语时，因为我是第一次上课外班，总觉得自己不行，很自卑，不敢跟老师说话。上课的时候，老师让我回答一个特别简单的问题，本来我是回答得出的，但是因为太紧张，所以一站起来脑子里一片空白，什么也说不出来。下课的时候，妈妈说：“你要有信心。老师的每个问题都有答案，你越自信，就越轻松，越能集中注意力，去把答案找出来。下次，只要你不紧张，一定能回答正确的！”到了下次上课的时候，老师又让我回答问题。我鼓起勇气回答了，没想到，老师居然表扬了我。从此以后，我再也不怕老师提问了。
妈妈经常鼓励我：“人生就像马拉松，相信你会越来越好！”我现在真的觉得我越来越好了，我对自己充满了信心。
第四篇：现代诗歌赏析(一)
现代诗歌赏析
（一）教学内容
1.现代诗歌的赏析方法 2.《偶然》赏析
3.《你是人间的四月天》赏析 教学目的
掌握现代诗歌赏析的方法，理解两首诗歌的意境，把握诗人蕴藏于意象中的情感。教学重点
1.诗歌意象的含义
2.体会诗人所表达的的情感 教学难点
把握蕴藏于意象中的情感。
一、诗歌赏析的方法
（一）揣摩意境。
1.诵读《雨巷》并品味意境
意境，顾名思义，“意”就是情意，就是主观的思想感情；“境”就是境界，就是立体感的艺术图画。在文学作品中，“意”不能赤裸裸地说出，需借物来表现；“境”不能是纯客观的物象，需由意所触发。因此，所谓“意境”，可以说就是诗人的主观思想感情与诗中所描绘的生活图景有机融合而形成的一种耐人寻味的艺术境界，是诗人强烈的感情和生动的客观事物的交融。它既是作家苦心追求的目标，也是我们评论作品的重要准绳。我国近代著名文学评论家王国维先生认为：情与景是意境的两个基本要素，情景交融是意境的基本特点；追求感情的真挚、形象的真实和语言的真切是意境的核心。诗人创造意境常常用“触景生情”和“缘情写景”（即“寓情于景”）。
2.诗歌的意象
意象，在这里是个特殊的概念。有人也称为“传统意象”、“固定意象”、“典故意象”等，名称不一，所指基本相同。
意象，是指诗词中有些艺术形象在被成功地使用过一次以后，后来的诗人反复运用，并逐渐约定俗成，使这些形象被固定在一个或几个特定意义上。比如“东篱”这一艺术形象，最初出自陶渊明《饮酒》诗：“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。”陶诗中的“东篱”，纯系实写，别无他意，但后来诗人反复使用，并渐渐赋予其特定意义，以至于一提到“东篱”，便产生超尘脱俗之感。如李清照《醉花阴》：“东篱把酒黄昏后，有暗香盈袖。”词中的“东篱”已不再是实指，但却有了特定的意义。
诗词中的意象，不胜枚举，这里暂列几个常见的例子。“杨柳”，是一个关乎离别的意象。“菊花”是一个关乎“隐逸者”的意象。“明月”，是一个关乎“思乡”、“思人”的意象，古人有“对月思人”之说。“白云”，是一个关乎“思友”的意象，古人有“望云思友”之说。“清秋”，是一个关乎“感伤”、“悲秋”的意象。“大雁”，也是一个关乎“思乡”、“思人”的意象，古人有鸿雁传书之说。“杜鹃”，因其叫声凄厉，又其声如言“不如归去”，最终成为一个关乎“思归”的意象。
意象，对于诗人抒发感情，有着独特的作用。懂得意象的知识，当然也有助于我们理解诗歌的内容及诗人的感情，因此，对一些常见意象，需要多做一些积累与识记的功夫。
意象是诗歌中浸染了作者感情的东西，是诗人用来兴寄思想感情的人、物、景、事等。“千锤万凿出深山，烈火焚身若等闲。粉身碎骨浑不怕，只留清白在人间。”(于谦《石灰吟》)《石灰吟》取的是“物象”，托意于物，借物以达意。“枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。”(马致远《天净沙》)《天净沙》取的是“景象”，寄情于景，借景以抒情。“以笑的样子哭着，以恨的样子爱着；以善良的样子残忍着，以疏远的样子亲近着；以跑动的样子站立着，以沉默的样子诉说着；以充实的样子空虚着，以糊涂的样子清醒着；以死亡的样子生存着，以真理的样子荒谬着。”(北岛《无题》)《无题》取的是“事象”，寄理于事，借事以明理。
诗歌取象，有的只取一个意象。例如舒兰的《乡色酒》：“三十年前，你从柳树梢头望我，我正少年，你圆，人也圆。三十年后，我从椰树梢头望你，你是一杯乡色酒，你满，乡愁也满。”这首诗只有一个意象——月亮。以月亮写乡愁，用“乡色酒”喻月光，飘逸莫名的乡愁就变得具体可感了。有的诗歌，取的是一组意象。例如余光中的《乡愁》：“小时候，乡愁是一枚小小的邮票，我在这头，母亲在那头。长大后，乡愁是一张窄窄的船票，我在这头，新娘在那头。后来呵，乡愁是一方矮矮的坟墓，我在外头，母亲在里头。而现在，乡愁是一湾浅浅的海峡，我在这头，大陆在那头。”这首诗选择了“邮票”、“船票”、“坟墓”、“海峡”等四个意象来承载感情，层层叠加，层层递进，渲染了海外游子与故国家园根脉难断的凝重感情。
从虚实角度看，诗的取象还可分为实象和虚象两大类。所谓实象，是指可置于我们眼前眉睫的事物；所谓虚象，是指读者感受心造的事物。例如，郑板桥的“夜深更欲秋潭水，连月带星舀一瓢。”在这两句诗中，“夜深”、“秋潭水”是实象，“连月带星舀一瓢”是虚象。这两句诗好就好在以实带虚，以虚写实，实象虚出，虚象实出，给诗句揉进了另一种韵味，另一种灵性。诗歌不能没有意象，鉴赏诗歌也不能不注意意象，一首好的诗歌应是意象与意境的巧妙铸合。
（二）把握情感。
诗是抒情的艺术，情绪和情感是诗的基础。与其他文体相比，诗更能充分地显示诗人的品格和情怀。长久以来，人们常用诗歌中所表现的民族精神内涵——深沉的思想，诚实的品质，宽宏的怀抱，自然的意趣，情致婉约，风骨挺拔，以及操守、格调、丰神等人格魅力来抒情志，明教化，寄情思，逞才能，以默默的持久的力量，改造并提高人们的精神境界，净化人们的灵魂。读诗时，把握了诗的思想感情，也就把握了诗的灵魂与命脉。例如《理想》这首诗是一首哲理诗。在这首诗里作者指出了理想的特征、内涵，以及对人生、历史、社会的重大意义，号召人们树立远大的理想，挥鞭起程，为理想而努力奋斗。社会主义现代化的宏伟事业需要我们去建设，中华民族的伟大复兴将在我们手中实现，党和人民殷切期望我们志存高远，在改革开放和现代化建设的广阔平台上，充分发挥自己的聪明才智，展现自己的人生价值，努力创造无愧于时代和人民的业绩。这正是作者在这首诗中所抒发的强烈的思想感情，也是作者所热切期望的。读后，每一个读者都会被感染得激情亢奋，热情高涨。
（三）赏析技法。
诗歌的表现形式及表现技法是经过多年的摩挲砥砺，在实践中已经使大家觉得是最方便、最熟练、最能得心应手的，可以拈来随手随心应用。淘沙拣金，去粗存精，诗歌大家们给我们留下了大量文质兼美的优秀篇什，淋漓尽致地展现了他们的横溢才华。这些精美的诗篇既体现在诗篇的形式上，包括它的语言，它的音韵、节奏和旋律；更重要的是诗篇表现出的完美的表达形式，恰当贴切的表现技法，无不是人们学习的典范。诗歌创作中常常使用的表现技法有联想想象，用典铺垫，渲染烘托，暗示省略，以及修辞手法的运用，诗中大量使用的修辞手法是比喻、象征、排比、拟人、夸张等。例如著名诗人邵燕祥在《致空气》这首诗里，就运用了大胆的联想和奇特的想象手法，用象征手法，以人们司空见惯的空气为歌颂对象，抓住其特点：“无所不在”“踪迹难寻”等，在对空气这一时刻难离的自然现象的讴歌中，寄寓了诗人对友谊、对真情的赞颂。自觉地理解吸收借鉴优秀诗歌中的写作技法，一方面可提高鉴赏水平，另一方面对写作也大有裨益。
（四）品味语言。
诗歌是语言的艺术，诗歌中的语言是诗人千锤百炼的结果。“两句三年得，一吟双泪流。”“吟安一个字，拈断数茎须”等都说明了这个道理。诗歌的语言是富含哲理的、含蓄隽永的、凝练深沉的、生动流畅的、形象传神的、充满情感的，往往言在此而意在彼，言有尽而意无穷。这都给诗歌的审美带来了一定的困难。所以，在诗歌的学习中应当注意语言的品味。例如著名诗人顾城在《一代人》中写道：黑夜给了我黑色的眼睛/我却用它寻找光明。全诗只有两句话，虽短小却警醒世人，表明作者及整个时代人们的心声：渴望光明，自由与个人价值的实现。语言含蓄隽永，深刻蕴藉。冰心在《春水·三三》中写道：墙角的花/你孤芳自赏时/天地便小了。这首哲理小诗，告诉我们要把眼界放宽、切莫孤芳自赏。孤芳自赏的含义是：比喻自命清高，自我欣赏。很显然，在这里作者运用了拟人的手法，生动形象地写出墙角花朵的形态，可以唤起人们丰富的想象力。语言使用准确恰当，贴切生动。理解了诗歌中的语言运用之妙，不仅知道诗歌写了哪些内容，而且懂得了诗歌是怎样写的，为什么这样写，就能够从更高层面上去把握和鉴赏诗歌。
二、徐志摩的《偶然》赏析
能把“偶然”这样一个极为抽象的时间副词，使之形象化，置入象征性的结构，充满情趣哲理，不但珠润玉圆，朗朗上口而且余味无穷，意溢于言外——徐志摩的这首《偶然》小诗，对我来说，用上“情有独钟”之语而不为过。
徐志摩的《偶然》这首诗作于1926年5月，初载同年5月27日《晨报副刊·诗镌》第9期，署名志摩。诗人运用多种意像将自己的人生历程融入于此，表明诗人人生中经历了太多的偶然，将偶然形象化，不仅充满情趣意味，还给读者留下了足够的想像空间。无数次偶然，无数次坎坷，无数次邂逅，似乎都显得如此平常，不必不必讶异，更无须欢喜，记得也好，最好你忘掉构成诗人的态度。他与张幼仪的结合是偶然，与林徽因的恋情是偶然，与陆小曼的**也是偶然；他学习金融是偶然，倾心康桥是偶然，飞机失事更是偶然。这些偶然就像一根穿线的珠子。
诗句开始以“我是天空里的一片云”比喻自己，表明诗人在天涯海角肆意飘忽却高洁不俗，直喻自己为下文作了铺垫，突然一转意“偶尔投影在你的波心”，给人一种舒缓气势却又耐人寻味，两人偶然的相遇就好比云与水的相遇，但都是虚幻的，短暂的相遇更能使其产生了距离的美感，却最终还是昙花一现。特别是“波心”的“心”字的用得恰到好处，意在表明及时再多么的投入和缘分或许也只是一个偶然罢了。虽然人生中充满着偶然，但我们却不能停止自己的脚步继续等待，唯有追求的永恒。正因为这次相遇只是一个偶然，所以接着说明对方应该持有的态度：你不必不必讶异，更无须欢喜，这就借景抒情，充满着人生哲理，是人生中很平常的事了，更没有值得留恋的地方，同时也表明诗人的坦诚，这也只是在转瞬间消灭的踪影。
诗歌第一节运用了“天空”，“云”，“水波”等形象的实物比喻使诗歌更加生动，形象，天空的一片云投影在波心也反应出诗人的内心活动以及心里特征，表明其爱与美的追求。还运用了“投影”，“消灭”两个动词更显示出其偶然的因果关系，投影是虚幻的就必将导致彻底消灭，最终从偶然相遇转化到消灭了的踪影，踪影又与投影形成对应关系。另外诗人将诗歌中的主人公“你”和“我”也清楚的表现出来了，说明“你”和“我”的两个主体之间存在必然的联系，虽然在这个联系中存在感情的依托，但你不必讶异，更无须欢喜，这里起到一个波浪转折的作用，意在表明虽然是偶然与你相遇，似乎还是比较融入但却因为最终踪影的消灭，所以不必讶异，更无须欢喜，最后说明其原因。而在“你不必讶异，更无须欢喜”中存在着更进一步的关系，讶异没有必要，欢喜更没有必要，中间用一个“更”字联结恰到好处，说明诗人一再压抑自己的兴奋而还在奉劝对方不要讶异和欢喜过早了，表明诗人明白自己的人生处境而不想伤害对方，因为“我是天空里的一片云”。同时可以看出人生不是又自己可以主宰的，任何美好的事物都要受到各种外界因素的制约和影响，既然是偶然的事物就一定是转瞬间的事物，我们一定要加倍珍惜这个事物。
诗歌第二节以“你我相逢在黑夜的海上”将你我两个主体同时拉在一起，在黑夜的背景下，在海的渲染下，“你”的突然出现，似乎让我在黑夜的海上不再孤单不再寂寞，“你”的出现更使我获得了感情的寄托。但即使是这样，却我们只是人生旅途中的匆匆过客，因为：你有你的，我有我的，方向，在这种偶然的必然情况下发生的相遇，就像一次上帝的眷顾，情剧中的故意情节，在同样甘受寂寞孤独的相遇最终还是会因为我们彼此的方向不同而彼此错过，说明在人生方向上的选择往往是充满着戏剧化的，是不会永恒的。在此处戏剧化的安排一个与我相对应的主体的你，说明诗人对爱情等的追求和向往，但因为选择的方向不同我们彼此擦肩而过，或许彼此留下了一个会心的微笑甚至在彼此留恋着对方，但终究在黑夜的海上的背景下因为方向的选择而错失美好的事物无可奈何，顿时诗人一种失落的情感流露在心间，最后奉劝自己：“你记得也好，最好你忘掉”，这里起到一种安慰自己的作用，告诫一种人生哲理：很多时候何曾不只退一步想呢？同时承接上文“在这交会时互放的光亮！”
诗歌第二节运用了“黑夜”，“海”，“光亮”等形象的实物比喻使诗歌更加生动，具体。也运用了“相遇”，“交会”等相对应的动词，直接承第一个情节将第二个情节拉得更近，由云与水的远距离直接转入你与我的近距离，由白天转入黑夜，由水波转为海，完全是上一个情节的更进一步升华。你我即使距离再近或许也因为外部的因素而阻止我们的继续相遇，在人生茫茫无边的大海上，即使情节安排得再好，环境安排得再好，心与心的艰难交融也最终成为一个泡影，消失在大海深处。我们都有属于自己的方向，在偶然相遇中互放的光亮也只是一时的不是永恒的事物，因此诗人告诫自己不要盲目回忆过去，要赶快走出阴影，记得也好，最好你忘掉，这里也是诗人的感情变化条件，中间用一个“最”字联结，说明诗人以信心的态度渴望走出人生的低谷奉劝自己最好要忘记掉偶然的事物而迎接新的曙光，这是现实的无奈，人生的无奈。面对“记得”与“忘掉”的两难选择，最好选择了后者，人生何不是如此呢？
通过诗歌的全文不难读出所描述出的两个情景，语言生动，形式完美，情节波浪起伏，给人以无穷的想像空间。诗歌前后两节相互对应，读起来朗朗上口，耐人寻味。从表面上去看是一首爱情诗歌，仔细去品读，却更加有味，给人越读越有味的感觉，蕴涵了深层的人生哲理和人生感悟，不乏一篇经典名作。新月诗人陈梦家也认为：“《偶然》等几首诗，划开了他前后两期的鸿沟，他抹去了以前的火气，用整齐柔丽清爽的诗句，来写那微妙的灵魂的秘密。”同时将平常熟悉的意象穿插于整首诗歌中并将诗歌的两个主人公融入到意境中，仿佛一部戏剧片，给人以清新自然的感觉。诗人采用两两对的事物将其矛盾化，可谓匠心独运的写作手法将其动静结合。偶然的相遇或不再来临，但我们是否应该懂得更加珍惜美好的时光，随着诗人感情的变化无不表现和谐之美。随着我们对新事物的认识，感悟也会随着逐渐加深，因为人总是在不断认识实践中前进的。
仰望星空，天空还是原来的天空，但是因为我们的命运不完全由自己掌握，在充满挫折中总是遇到或多或少的偶然，既然是偶然，但我们必须得意识到最终的结果，清楚自己所处的环境，不管是天空的一片云还是黑夜的海上，在不伤害对方的同时还要奉劝自己，在奉劝对方的同时还要看到自己的方向，何不在得不到的情况下忘掉呢，毕竟彼此的交会也留下过光亮。
在贫困黑暗的时代里，诗人的偶然何不是一种对人生的呐喊，对爱与美的追求，抒写着诗人的灵魂空间。在呐喊与追求的路上，难道不是苦苦挣扎的路吗？
三、《你是人间的四月天》的赏析 徐志摩遇难后，林徽因写了《悼志摩》，寄托对他的突然去世的震惊与哀思。她说：“我们中间没有绝对信命运之说的，但是对这不测的人生，谁不感到惊异，对着那许多事实的痕迹又如何不感到人力的脆弱，智慧的有限。世事尽有定数？世事尽是偶然？对这永远的疑问我们什么时候能有完全的把握？”
徐志摩去世四年之后，1935年，林徽因写了散文《纪念志摩去世四周年》，还有一首诗《别丢掉》，散文表达的是同志式的怀念和伤感，而诗歌则暗示性的表达了她内心丰富的情感，写出了她对徐志摩的那份情感，她不会丢掉“那份过往的热情”，她要他相信她会永远记得他的爱：“你仍要相信，山谷中流着，有那回音。”“回音”就是对他过去在《你去》中说的“我爱你”，那一句话的铭记，这首怀人诗用情很深，足以见她对徐志摩的情谊。
因为阴阳相隔，林、徐之昔日情感在林徽因的心目中成了“此情可待成追忆”，余下的只是追念。蓝棣之在《作为修辞的抒情》中说：“林徽因与徐志摩的感情故事，在1932年夏天写过《别丢掉》之后，从诗歌这方面来看，虽然不能说已经丢掉，但是就差不多不再记起来了。”如果认为《你是人间的四月天》是写给徐志摩的，此语显然就值得推敲了。《你是人间的四月天》作于1934年，是林徽因发表《别丢掉》和作《纪念志摩去世四周年》前一年，这段感情因为徐志摩的早逝，已经不能再相互激发，而是演变成林徽因对徐志摩的追念和感怀。徐志摩已经缺席，没有心灵的交流与碰撞，林徽因不会再为他写出动人的情诗。因此这首诗只能是亲子之诗，是为儿子的出生而作的生命赞歌，这可以从林徽因作为诗人和母亲双重身份及其心理得到确证。
在笔者看来，如林徽因不曾对梁思成先生说过这首诗是为儿子出生而作，依梁思成先生的性格绝不会无中生有的。假如这首诗真是为徐志摩而写，林徽因绝不会说是为儿子写的。因为，无论徐志摩是多么的有才华，以世俗的眼光来看，毕竟也只是一个短命的诗人。林徽因是才女，但不是仙女，更何况她又是一个母亲。虽然她将徐志摩失事现场捡回来的飞机残片一直保留作为纪念，但是这并不意味着作为一个母亲，她会将写给一个已经在天国的昔日恋人的诗说成是写给她亲爱的儿子的，这应该是她要忌讳的。作为一个母亲，她希望自己的儿子平安、健康、幸福。尽管林徽因少女时代就游学英国，但她毕竟在中国的传统大家庭长大，传统文化的影响必然存在。她曾在给胡适的信中说过：我的教育是旧的，我变不出什么新的人来，我只要“对得住”人——爹娘、丈夫(一个爱我的人，待我极好的人)、儿子、家族等等，后来更要对得起另一个爱我的人(按:即金岳霖)，我自己有时的心，我的性情弄得十分为难。前几年不管对得起他(即徐志摩)不，倒容易——现在结果，也许我谁都没有对得起，你看多冤!这几天思念他得很，但是他如果活着，恐怕我也待他仍不能改的。事实上太不可能。也许那就是我不够爱他的缘故，也是我爱我现在的家在一切之上的确证。志摩也承认过这话。
在这段话中，她将自己对徐志摩的感情与自己对家人的感情对比，并且在爹娘和梁思成以及金岳霖和徐志摩之外，还特别提到了“儿子”，可见“儿子”在她心目中的分量。因此她的佳作当中，有一首是写给儿子的，就非常合情合理了。她在1938年给费正清夫人费尉梅的信中说到自己的孩子：“宝宝（梁再冰）常常带着一副女孩子的娴静的笑，长得越来越漂亮，而小弟是结实而又调皮，长着一对睁得大大的眼睛，他正好是我所期望的男孩子。他真是一个艺术家，能精心地画出一些飞机、高射炮、战车和其他许许多多的军事发明。”她赞美自己的“所期望”的儿子是个“艺术家”，疼爱之心充溢字里行间。由此可以看出，在林徽因的心目中，儿子有着很重要的地位，她不会舍得以儿子的名义来纪念徐志摩。再者，既然林徽因可以在给胡适的信中坦白地说起徐志摩、金岳霖、梁思成这三个爱她的男人，并且曾经向梁思成坦白过她爱上了金岳霖的事实，因此，假如这首诗真是为徐志摩而作，她根本没有必要也不会向梁思成隐瞒自己写作这首诗的真实意图，也就更没必要将写给徐志摩的诗说成是写给自己儿子的。故而从作者性情之真及她的母亲心理这两个角度来分析，这首诗绝不会是情诗。
蓝棣之在《文学创作的有意识与无意识》中说，事隔四年，林徽因对徐志摩之死的那种伤感已经淡化，她相信徐志摩已经是一个自由的精灵了，所以写出这样的诗。如果写给儿子的，不会这样写，可能会写一些祝福期望之类的话，而不是写这样的话。这好像不太吉利。正如前面所说，如果这首诗不吉利，那林徽因为什么还说是写给自己儿子的呢？何况这首诗中我们看不到不吉利的意象，如果说诗中有意象不适合比喻孩子的话，那只能是“黄昏”、“夜晚”、“月亮”、“白莲”这样的意象，但是，诗中“黄昏”是吹着“软”风的，“夜夜的月圆”却又是吉祥美满的；“白莲”也是“梦期待”的、“柔嫩喜悦” 初放在“水光浮动”之上的。它们尽管是冷色的，但纯净美好，充满生机。
我们可以比较《别丢掉》和《你是人间的四月天》这两首诗中的意象，很明显，前一首中的意象和情感非常符合怀念故去徐志摩的写作意图，“幽冷的山泉底”、“黑夜”、“山谷”、“渺茫”、“隔山灯火”、“月明”等凄清幽冷的意象描画的就是内心对死者的怀念和“叹息”，有些怀亡者的凄凉况味，也足以见她对于徐志摩之死的伤痛之深。后一首诗中的意象和意味则截然不同，如“春”、“笑响”、“细雨点”、“鹅黄”、“新鲜初放的芽的绿”、“柔嫩喜悦”、“花开”、“燕在梁间呢喃”，“你是爱，是暖，是希望，你是人间的四月天”等等，这些意象温馨美好洋溢生机，而且诗歌的内在情感节奏轻灵欢快，我们可以感受到作者内心的欢欣与喜悦，而迥然不同于《别丢掉》那种忧伤幽缓的叹息。徐志摩的死在林徽因的心灵里投下了很深的关于死亡阴影，故而《别丢掉》里的弥漫着忧伤叹息，其散文《纪念志摩去世四周年》写到经过徐志摩的故乡时的伤感、1935年发表的小说《钟绿》对美人钟绿及其男友韶华之年早去人间的幽幽感叹，都显示了作者心灵里对于徐志摩之死的震动、伤感与思索。以情诗来解，就很难理解林徽因为什么能将对已故的徐志摩的怀念之情写得如此轻灵生动，文学史上也罕见有用这样轻快灵动的风格来写一个离开人间不久的逝者。因此，在笔者看来，这首诗写给徐志摩是不可能的。它不可能是一首情诗，因此只会是一首亲子之诗，是一首对生命的赞歌。
蓝棣之先生说：“写给孩子的诗会提出期望什么的。”纵观中国文学史上诗人们为孩子们写的诗，确有其例，但并不尽然。兹略举几例：
对孩子提出期望的有李商隐《骄儿诗》：“儿当速成大，探雏入虎穴。当为万户侯，勿守一经帙。”思念孩子的也有，李白《寄东鲁二稚子》以生动细腻的笔触写出了一位慈父思念小儿女的骨肉真情：“娇女字平阳，折花倚桃边。折花不见我，泪下如流泉。小儿名伯禽，与姊亦齐肩。双行桃树下，抚背复谁怜？”写出儿女娇态，表达父爱的也有，如南朝左思的《娇女诗》：“吾家有娇女，皎皎颇白皙。小字为织素，口齿自清历。鬓发覆广额，双耳似连璧。明朝弄梳台，黛眉类扫迹。浓朱衍丹唇，黄吻澜漫赤。……”由此看来，父母对幼小的孩子的感情不只局限于期望一类。父母之爱子，历来符合自然和社会的法则，也一直在人类社会中绵延不息。柔嫩的婴儿以其幼小、稚嫩以及新鲜的生命力和对世界孩子气的好奇和探索唤起父母心中浓烈的爱怜，故而文学家们都会感受和表现出孩子们的童趣的一面。在母亲眼里，孩子就更是很奇妙的天使。正如印度诗人泰戈尔《开始》中说：
你的温柔在我年轻的肢体上开花了，像一道曙光在太阳出来之前划过天空。
天堂里的第一个宠儿与晨曦一同降临，你沿着世界生命的溪流漂浮而下，终于在我的心头停泊。
当我凝视你的脸时，神秘感震撼着我，原属于一切的你，竟成了我的。
因为怕失去你，我把你紧紧地拥在怀里。是什么魔法把这世界的宝贝牵引到我这纤弱的臂膀中呢?
在母亲的怀里，幼小的孩子就更是一切纯洁和美好的化身，就是有生机的一切，“是爱，是暖，是希望，你是人间的四月天”。西蒙·波伏娃《女性的秘密》中说：“受时间和空间的限制，男人在他们陌生的自然和历史中只不过是一个孤独的个体。他们只有一具躯体有限的生命。女人也同样受到限制，而且同男人一样，她也被赋予了心灵与精神。但是她属于自然，无限的生命之流穿过她的身体，因此她是个人与宇宙的调解人。”林徽因是一个女人，一个母亲。宇宙的生命之流穿过林徽因的身体，为她带来了一个新的生命。她又是个诗人，有着非常敏感的心灵。徐志摩的英年早逝，刺激了她的诸多感慨，但最真切的莫过于使她感受到了生命的无常，这是她在《悼志摩》中已经表达过的生命体验。因为最好的、可以有精神共鸣的朋友的意外死亡，她对于生命、对于做母亲就有了更为深刻的体验。林徽因曾与徐志摩一起接待过访华的泰戈尔，泰戈尔诗中对生命的感悟也许在她亲身感受了生命的无常与神秘之后才在她的心目中更加清晰起来。体验了死亡和失去之痛后，更明白新生之生命的欢乐和意义，即更能感觉到雪化后那片“鹅黄”的可贵。
《你是人间的四月天》的写作，正是出于此种心境。它确实是一首母亲为孩子出生所做的诗，林徽因没有明确说明是为儿子的出生而作，是因为母亲的公允不允许她作这样的说明。如一定要说与徐志摩有关，那么只能用蓝棣之所说的“文学症候式分析”来假设，即在女诗人的心目中，徐志摩消逝了的生命经过宇宙的生命之流，在她的身体中获得了新的生命，即生命在轮回。这是中国传统的生死轮回观念。以荣格的集体无意识理论为据，在林徽因的潜意识中，这一定是存在的。
你是人间的四月天
—— 一代才女林徽因的诗歌与情感经历
我们今天提起林徽因，更多想到的是才子徐志摩对她至死未了的真挚爱情以及她与梁启超之子梁思成的美好婚姻，想到的是那富丽大方、美观庄重的共和国国徽和肃穆庄严的人民英雄纪念碑，却很少有人将她那些精美优雅的诗歌拾来重温。“写诗只是她的副业，灵感一至，妙手得之，然后便束之高阁，朋友们不向她索稿，她是轻易不发表的。”所以当我今天又读到这些真挚而清丽的诗歌时，内心被她那份珍贵朴实的情感深深打动了。
第五篇：一1-英语作文赏析
1.How can students of average intellegence be top students without additional work? 中等智力的学生如何才能在不增加学习负担的情况下成为优等生？
2.Improving your study habits can help you to be a top student without much additional work.改进学习习惯能使你不必增加太多学习负担而成为优等生。
3.Studying shouldn''t occupy all of your spare time/free time/leisure hours.It is important to set aside time for
relaxation,hobbies and entertainment.学习不应当把业余时间全部占去，还得给休息、业余爱好和娱东活动留出时间，这一点很重要。
4.Making a study plan can make us more aware of how we are going to spend our time.制定学习计划能使你更有意识地去支配时间。
5.The purpose of skimming is to find out the main idea of the passage.略读的目的是找出一篇文章的中心思想。
6.Making full of time in class means we can spend less time after class.充分利用上课霎时间意味着课外少花时间。
7.We have to double our efforts if we want to be successful in our studies.如果我们想在学习上取得成功，我们必须加倍努力。
8.Regular review can make our new knowledge permannent.定期复习能帮助巩固新知识。
9.The teacher is explaining what we were confused about.老师正在讲解我们原因混淆不清的问题。
10.The problem remains untouched.这个问题还是无人过问。
11.We should share happiness and sorrow with our friends.我们应当与朋友同甘共苦。
12.Qualified college students should develop morally,intellectually and physically.合格的大学生应当德、智、体全面发展。
13.Reading has added great pleasure to our college life.阅读增加我们大学生活的乐趣。
14.I tried my best to have finished that assigement ahead of time.我尽力终于提前完成了任务。
15.It is no use worrying excessively about a single failure, we should draw some useful lessons form it.过分地担心一次考试的失败是没有用的，我们应当从中听取有用的教训。
16.The purpose of a test is to show both the teachers and students how they are getting along with their work.考试的目的是让老师和学生了解他们教与学的情况。
17.I am very sorry that I don’t have adequate time for both work and studies.我非常遗憾没有充分的时间学习与工作。
18.The teacher wrote what she had said on the blackboard so that he could make their students more clearly understood.为了使学能听得更加明白，老师把它所讲的写在板上。
19.We should make good use of our time in class and concentrate on what the teacher says.我们应该充分利用上课时间，集中精力听课。
20.Be sure to set aside at least an hour a day for sports。It will make you healthy and energetic.务必每天至少留出一个小时参加体育活动，这会使你身体健康，精力充沛。
21.It has taken me three hours to finish writing the 2500-word composition.我花了三个小时写好一篇2500字的作文。
22.Children should not depend on their parents too much.They ought todo what they can do by themselves/on their owm.。
孩子们不应该过多依靠父母，他们要自己努力做力所能及的事。
23.I could not understand a single sentence without an English dictionary.我那时离开字典就看不懂一个英文句子。
24.I couldn''t help thinking of his parents at the sight of the orphan.一看到那个孤儿，我就情不自禁地想起了他的父母。
25.With days passing by, I get to know the importance of taking notes.随着时光的流逝，我逐渐认识到记笔记的重要性。
26.That is the rate at which the population in Asia has raised in recent years.这就是最近几年亚洲人口的增长率。
27.We will accomplish nothing all our life unless we work hard enough.我们如果不足够努力，必将终生一事无成。
28.People complain that there is too much violence and sex on TV screens.人们抱怨电视屏幕上暴力和色情太多。
29.In the modern age when human beings depend so much on machines , the disabled have given us new pride.在人类如此依赖机器的时代，残疾人给我们带来了新的自豪。
30.We are to study in this university for four years, during which we shall prepare ourselves well for the society.我们将在大学学习四年，在此期间，我们要为进入社会做好准备。
31.Francis Chichester said that it was always satisfying to do sth that no one else had done.Francis Chichester说，做前人从未做过的事总是会令人满足的。
32.What they had seen and heard in China made deep impression on them.在中国的所见所闻给他们留下了深刻的印象。
33.The whole voyage from England and back was more than twice the distance anyone had previously sailed alone.从英国出发，又返回到英国，整个航程比以往单人驾舟航海的最远航程还远一倍多。
34.In the modern age, people depend more and more on computers to solve problems of various kinds.当代人越来越依靠计算机解决各种问题了。
35.Chichester’s voyage began because he was terrified of Cape Horn.Chichester正是因为对合恩角的恐惧才开始他的那次航行的。
36.He set off once more in spite of his friends'' attempts to dissuade him.尽管他的朋友尽力劝阻，他还是再度起航了。
37.He isn''t a very good basketball player in spite of his height.尽管他很高但他不是位很好的篮球运动员。
38.The old man looks both ways before crossing the street.老人左右看了看才橫过街道。
39.One meaning of punctuality is that we must not put off what we can do today till tomorrow.守时性的意思是：今日事，今日毕。
40.Jack was late for the meeting.Moreover，he didn''t even apologize or give any explanation.杰克开会迟到了，而且，他既不道歉也不解释。
41.Enid made every effort to make her mother happy.伊妮德尽力让她母亲高兴。
42.The old lady seemed content to look after the children for her neighbors.老太太似乎很乐意为邻居照看小孩。
43.A contented person is happy with what he has.知足常乐.44.The monitor has arranged for over ten students to clean the conference hall for the English speech contest.班长安排了十多个同学去打扫会议厅，为英语演讲比赛做准备。
45.Dick was sent to the hospital because of a minor injury in the traffic accident.迪克在那场交通事故中受了点轻伤，被送进了医院。
46.If help did not come then,the soldiers must endure to the end.那时如果无人求援，士兵必须忍耐到底。
47.A feather falls slower than a stone only because the air holds the feather back more than it does the stone.羽毛比石头落得快，只是因为空气对羽毛的阻力要比对石头的大。
48.Is there anything interesting in today''s newspaper?
今天的报纸有什么趣闻吗？
49.The boy tore a page from the calendar and drew a bunch of grapes on it.那男孩撕下一页日历，在上面画了一串葡萄。
50.If you work hard at other times you won''t have to sit up all night before the exam.你要是平时努力学习，考前就不用整晚开夜车了。
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