第一篇：英语写作的七项基本原则教案
高中英语辅导网 http://www.xiexiebang.com/ 英语写作的七项基本原则教案
工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：
As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！
强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
二、主题句原则
国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！
特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.中国京翰教育 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
高中英语辅导网 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
三、一二三原则
领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点…如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。
1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）
2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）
3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）
4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）
5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）
6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）
7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）
8）most important of all, moreover, finally
9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）
10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）
建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！
四、短语优先原则
中国京翰教育 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
高中英语辅导网 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其
一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其
二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：
I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。
五、多实少虚原则
原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：
走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room
小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room
小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room
老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room
中国京翰教育 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
高中英语辅导网 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！
六、多变句式原则
1）加法（串联）
都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。
比如说： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
2）转折（拐弯抹角）
批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短语：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, not with standing
3）因果（so, so, so）
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高中英语辅导网 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！
The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that
4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）
有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。
举例：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：
When to go, Why he goes away…
5）附加（多此一举）
如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.中国京翰教育 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
高中英语辅导网 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。
6）排比（排山倒海句）
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！
Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（气势恢宏）
要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！
七、挑战极限原则
既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！
中国京翰教育 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
高中英语辅导网 http://www.xiexiebang.com/ 原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！
中国京翰教育 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
第二篇：马克思主义基本原课程总结
《马克思主义基本原理概论》课程小结
目前概论课普遍存在教学内容和教学方法陈旧的现象，枯燥、乏味、没有新鲜感的教学过程影响着教学效果。所以，在备课的过程中，针对艺术类学生的特点，我花了大量的时间研究案例教学。在案例教学的实践中，虽然经历过几次小小的挫折，但在学生们的鼓励下，我坚持了下来，受益匪浅。
总结经验如下：
1、教学中盲目堆积案例。为了活跃课堂气氛，吸引学生听课，在《社会基本矛盾及其运动规律》授课过程中穿插了很多案例，而每个案例都讲不透彻。最后下课后，学生只记得讲了什么有趣案例，而没有记住授课的内容，以致本末倒置。这样使用案例，表面上热热闹闹，实际上空空如也，达不到教学目的。
2、没有真正发挥学生的主体作用。在案例教学的授课过程中，我作为教师仍处于传授者的地位，从案例的介绍、问题的提出、分析的展开、结论的得出、所涉理论知识的深浅以及时间的把握等方面，均处于主导。真正让学生来思考、分析、讨论的情形并不多，反省一下，多为举例教学。在这种情形下的课堂，学生仍是看热闹的外人，而没有真正深入到案例中去。没有积极的思考，当然就不可能有深切的体会和收获。
基于个人对于案例教学的思考，形成了一篇名为《探析独立学院思想政治理论课教学中案例选择与解释——以<马克思主义基本原理概论课>为例》的论文，并获得“六届辽宁省高校青年德育工作者理论研讨会征文比赛”二等奖。
仅此论文，作为总结的一部分，向领导汇报。
（一）原理教学引入案例教学法的必要性
1.可听性：案例导入使抽象概念生动鲜活
马克思主义基本原理是通过对具体知识的概括、总结与再思考的方式，达到对世界本质和一般规律的把握。静态的基本原理是枯燥的，它们的具体作用体现在应用的过程中。为此，《原理》课必须以案例为铺垫，使其生动化。比如在“矛盾普遍性与特殊性”一节讲授中，教学案例是“南街村模式与华西村模式”的比较，不仅使学生看到中国新农村的美好前景，而且使学生能够领悟建设中国特色的社会主义不能照搬别国的模式，不能一刀切，要允许多种经济形式、多种管理方式、多种运行机制共同发展。又比如在“主要矛盾与次要矛盾”的问题上，选用关云长败走麦城的典故。关羽并没有真正接受诸葛亮的劝诫，他把孙权看成是同曹操一样可恶的“碧眼小儿”；同时打击曹、魏两家，主次不分，全线出击，最终酝成地失人亡的悲剧。这些案例的分析，学生听得津津有味，增强了学习兴趣。
2.通俗性：案例介绍加深学生对深奥理论的理解
学生不是专业的马克思主义理论研究者，有些基本原理教师觉得容易理解，学生就是想不明白，这主要与他们的生活阅历与思维方式有关。“案例教学法”能使抽象理论具体化、通俗化，减少学生的畏惧心理和死记硬背的习惯。比如“哲学”中所讲的“属人世界”，学生百思不得其解，尤其是理工科学生，他们所认
为的世界就是基本粒子与场，不自觉地停留在机械唯物主义的层次上。授课中可以通过对“费尔巴哈生平”的分析，讲清这位伟大的唯物主义哲学家为什么不能冲破历史唯心主义牢笼。经过讨论，使学生对机械唯物主义与历史唯物主义有个比较清晰的区分，从而带动一系列难点的解决。又比如，学生对“认识来源于实践”感受不深，觉得很多成功来源于灵感和偶然。教学中选用摩尔根纂写《古代社会》一书的案例，向同学说明，为什么生活在资本主义上升时期的摩尔根能写出研究原始社会的一部杰作？这离不开他的亲身实践，他除了对欧、美许多未开化的原始部落进行调查、考察、分析外，还在印第安易洛魁部落居住了40年之久，对原始部落的经济、社会组织、婚姻、家庭、习俗、宗教各方面都有了透彻的了解，掌握了丰富的第一手资料。而灵感和机遇的捕获，往往是多次实践的结果。这些都能引起学生思考与探究的兴趣，从而有效克服了机械的思维模式。3.实用性：案例教学培养学生分析解决实际问题的能力 理论必须要满足学生探索社会问题的需要、追求事业成功和日后人生幸福的需要，才能提高学生对它的认同感。如在讲“绝对真理和相对真理”问题时，列举人们对SARS、对甲型H1N1流感等的不断认识，通过讨论，使学生认识到人类始终处于追求真理的路上，学习是无止境的。在此过程中，学生独立思考的能力得到提高，解决实际问题的能力也随之增强。
有部分同学尽管对美国侵占伊拉克表示愤慨，但又认为美国在人权保护方面做得不错。针对这一情况，在“人的本质与价值”这一章节的教学中，可以着重介绍阿布格莱布监狱美军虐囚事件、美国政府在世界各地秘密设立的监狱以及美国国内的人权问题的大量案例，让学生了解人权是基于人的自然属性与社会属性享有的和应当享有的各种基本权利。通过案例分析，深刻地揭露了美国人权政治双重标准以及人权外交的实质。
对于学生希望成才的渴望，可以在“意识”相关章节的讲授中，列举通过主观努力取得成功的伟人，如居里夫人等；也可以在人民群众与杰出人物有关章节的讲授中，列举毛泽东、罗斯福等历史人物，回答“什么是人才？如何成才？为什么人人都可以成才”的基本道理，受到同学的欢迎。
（二）案例选择的基本原则 培养学生学习的兴趣，对提高思想政治理论课的时效性起着重大作用。因此，在教学中应当把思想政治理论课中案例的典型性与新颖性、知识性与趣味性、相关性与辐射性相结合。这不仅是思想政治理论课教学任务的艰巨性、严肃性和教学过程的复杂性所决定的，更是由独立学院学生生理、心理发展的特点决定的。
1.典型性与新颖性
典型性是案例选取最基本的原则，是指要以讲授的知识为中心来选择案例，使案例服务于讲授的知识，而且被选案例要有举一反
三、触类旁通的作用。比如在讲到“整个世界是一个相互联系的统一整体”时，可以运用“六度空间理论”加以阐释；在讲授“事物的发展道路是曲折的，前途是光明的”，选择詹姆士·琴纳推广种牛痘遇到的困难做作为案例。这类案例具有典型性，容易说明问题，案
例的分析和讨论能够有助于学生掌握基本的原理、处理事情的方法和原则等。但有些典型案例比较陈旧，过于“正统”，如，用塞翁失马诠释对立统一规律，用田忌赛马诠释质量互变规律，虽然典型，但这些故事学生们早就耳熟能详。这个时候，就必须举一些具有新颖性的例子。
什么是新颖性？一是新近的。对于那些新近发生在国内国际的新闻时事，那些最近发生在校园里和学生身边的事情，大家都会关注。二是别人没听过的。教师的知识面一般来说比学生要宽，掌握的教学资源也比较多，应当发挥自己的特长，多举一些学生不熟悉的新奇案例。
典型案例很能说明问题，但有时候不容易引起学生的兴趣。新颖的案例能够弥补典型案例的不足，为大家喜闻乐见，但未必具有广泛的影响力。所以，应将二者结合起来。在案例的总体分配中，典型性案例和新颖性案例都应当占有一定的比例，二者不可有所偏废。
2.知识性与趣味性
在案例的选择和运用上，要将知识性与趣味性结合起来。首先，要注重知识性。只有让学生在听课的过程中潜移默化地了解更多知识，他们才会对课程和教师有较强的认同感。例如，在讲“货币的本质”时就给学生举世界文学史上“四大吝啬鬼”（夏洛克、阿巴贡、泼留希金、葛朗台）的例子，往往这个时候，学生都在做笔记。
其次，趣味性非常重要。选择趣味性较强的案例，并以幽默诙谐的语言演绎出来，往往会收到事半功倍的效果。这种案例不一定要求很长，但一定要贴切。例如，在讲授“资本”一节内容时，需要讲清资本的本质属性(资本是一种特殊的价值)、表现形式(资本表现为不同的物质形式)和基本特点(资本的运动性、增值性和返还性)。如果就理论讲理论就显得比较抽象，学生不易理解，记忆也不深刻。可以列举孙悟空七十二变的故事，孙悟空虽然可以有不同的变化，但它本身是孙猴子，以此来比喻资本虽然可以在不同运动阶段采取不同的物质形式，但它本质上是一种特殊的价值。为了说明资本循环过程中的增值性，可以列举八十年代的流行歌曲《回娘家》里的一段歌词，指出资本在循环运动中带回的虽然不是“胖娃娃”，却也带回了“金娃娃”。通过讲述案例，增强了趣味性，使学生对“资本”这个知识点能有比较形象的理解。
在知识性和趣味性结合的过程中，如果二者发生冲突，知识性为先。学生自然希望案例越有趣越好，但教师有自己的责任，而且案例过多，会冲淡课本知识，出现“喧宾夺主”的后果。
3.相关性与辐射性
所谓相关性，要求案例选取要与学生专业相关、与学生就业相关、与学生生活相关，即以选择最贴近学生的事例为原则。如在讲人生价值时，引入“北大才子卖肉”、“广州硕士卖猪肉”和“大学生做村官”等事件，由于这一系列事件和大学生就业以及人生价值的实现有密切联系，在学生中间获得强烈反响，课堂讨论的气氛也十分活跃。
除了相关性之外，课堂教学所采用的案例一定要能够给学生留有较大的思维空间，要有较强的辐射性，要能够培养学生发散和创新的思维，从而提高他们的思维素质。如，在讲授经济和政治关系时，可以采用美国霸权主义的推行在世界范围内带来的后果，如科索沃战争、阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争等„„引导学生要正确认识霸权主义。同学们从不同的角度出发进行激烈的争论，提出许多很有见地的观点，使学生和教师均受益非浅。
（三）案例解释时应注意把握以下三对关系 1.教师讲授和学生讨论相结合以加强互动性
在传统教学中，教师占有绝对的主导地位，学生是教学的客体，处于被动和服从地位。在案例教学法中，学生是教学的中心，强调学生在教学活动中的主体地位，鼓励学生以主角的身份积极参与到教学活动中。在教学过程中，教师要创造良好的自由讨论的气氛和环境，简要介绍案例的相关背景，在讨论过程中对学生进行引导，使案例讨论紧紧围绕主题展开。
需要注意的是，学生们思想道德水平、认识问题分析问题的能力参差不齐，尤其是许多学生往往受现实阴暗面的影响较深，看问题往往具有较强的片面性和偏激性。他们过分关注社会腐败的一面，怀疑和否定社会积极的一面。因此，教师在引导学生进行课堂讨论和进行总结时，要能够运用马克思主义基本原理对学生提出的观点进行论证或批判，以平等的态度与学生共同探讨，坚持正面教育，以理服人，使学生能够真正受到启发，真正能够解决思想中存在的种种困惑，切实提高学生运用马克思主义基本原理观察世界，分析问题的能力。
2.案例教学与理论讲授相结合以凸显科学性 案例教学固然很重要，但案例教学并不能完全取代理论教学。教师对相关原理的重点和难点进行适当讲授，是教学中不能缺少的。案例中往往同时包含多个理论知识点，分析时比较复杂，难以理出头绪，这就要求教师既要把理论知识讲透，又要能指导学生运用理论去分析实际。所以，学生如果没有必要的理论基础作为铺垫，案例讨论就达不到理想的效果。在理论教学与案例教学的关系中，理论教学是案例教学的基础，案例教学是理论教学的运用。因此，教师可适当地调整教学内容，精讲知识；同时，根据理论教学的内容选择合适的案例，使二者相辅相承达到良好的教学效果。课堂理论讲授应当是诱导式和启发式的，应该与案例讨论结合起来。
3.授课方式与授课内容相结合以提高有效性
在教学中除了有好的案例之外，还必须恰当运用所选案例。运用案例进行教学，要根据不同的内容、不同的对象来决定运用方式，归纳起来大致有以下三种。
①引子悬念式：上课前用案例引出要讲授的某一具体原理，给学生留下悬念，然后教师既可以结合案例讲授理论，也可以让学生听完理论，自己去分析判断案例，教师再做总结。
②简单列举式：是教师在系统讲授了某一理论后，举
一、两个案例，用刚讲过的理论去分析解剖，也可请学生先分析、发表意见，教师再做总结。这种方式
虽然层次不高，但灵活简便，节约时间，适合于马克思主义哲学各部分教学内容和学生人数较多的班级。
③课堂讨论式：教师把选择好的案例事先发给学生，并提出思考题，指定参考书目，由同学各自阅读、分析、思考，并将分析的意见写成发言提纲，在课堂上开展对案例的分析、讨论和辩论。例如在讲哲学对立统一规律时，引入取消中医的观点，请同学们分析评价。这种方式让学生以主角的身份积极参与到教学活动中，使其在民主自由的气氛中交流彼此的看法，学生学习的兴趣大大提高。这种方式花费的时间和精力都比较多，适用于讲授教学重点内容，并且在人数较少的班级应用容易取得好的效果。
案例教学法强调“授之渔而非授之鱼”，对于思想政治理论课教师，不只是传授学生课本的知识，更重要的是教导学生思考的过程，学生需要的不只是成堆的理论知识，更需要的是能够活用理论知识的能力；教师应赋予学生思考及行动的自由，发展学生个人的分析能力，提高学生倾听和沟通的能力，增进学生独立思考的能力。总之，在独立学院思想政治理论课教学中，对案例选择与解释的研究具有深远的意义。
第三篇：英语写作的七项基本原则（推荐）
英语写作的七项基本原则
一、长短句原则
工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！英语长句能体现作者的写作能力，写作得高分；但是写一个短小精辟的句子，也能起到画龙点睛的作用。而且一般我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：
As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！
强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
二、主题句原则
国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！
特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一 二 三原则
领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点„ 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。
1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）
2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）
3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）
4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）
5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）
6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）
7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）
8）most important of all, moreover, finally
9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）
10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）
建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！
四、短语优先原则
写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其
一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其
二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：
I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。
五、多实少虚原则
原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：
走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room
小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room
小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room
老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room
所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！
六、多变句式原则
1）加法（串联）
都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：
I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：
Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用：
besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
2）转折（拐弯抹角）
批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短语：
despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding
3）因果（so, so, so）
昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友„可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！
The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语：
then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that
4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）
有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。
举例：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：
When to go, Why he goes away„
5）附加（多此一举）
如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。
6）排比（排山倒海句）
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！
Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（气势恢宏）
要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！
七、挑战极限原则
既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！
原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！
第四篇：英语写作教案 2
XXXXXX学院教案
2013—2014学第一学期
授课课程：英语写作 授课教师：XXXX 授课班级：交流生项目英语强化班 授课章节名称 Chapter 1 Using proper words 教学目的与要求 Grasp correct usage of words 教学重点 Diction
教学难点 The ways of distinguishing the levels of words 思考题与作业 Task 1-2 教学内容、设计与时间安排：
I.Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II.Teaching procedures
Step 1.Revision and lead-in 1.Tell the function of the words 2.Discuss the synonyms and antonyms Step 2.Presentation: Ⅰ.Types of words
The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and colloquial Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or bigwords.They mainly appear in formal writing, such as scholarly or theoretical works, political and legal documents, and formal lectures and addresses.Many such words contain three or more than three syllables;most of them are of Greek or Latin origin.They are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special purposes.Ⅱ.Choice of words
The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative.A word’s denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary;its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it.For instance, country, nation, state and land have more or less the same denotation and may all be translated into guojia in Chinese, but their connotations are quite different.Country refers to an area of land and its population and government, nation emphasizes the people of a country, state refers to the government or political organization of a country, and land is less precise but more literary and emotive than country.As compared here, these four words may be said to be synonyms.English is particularly rich in synonyms as a result of incorporating words from other languages over the centuries.But we should remember that it is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use.They may be different in stylistic level, in the degree of emphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone, and in collocation.Small and little are often interchangeable, but there is some difference in emotional coloring between them.Small is objective, while little may imply a feeling of fondness.Modest and humble both indicate a lack of pride, but modesty is a virtue and humbleness is not.Humble often connotes undue self-depreciation.So they are different in tone: one is laudatory and the other is derogatory.Some synonyms have different collocations: they are habitually used with certain words.Large, not big, for instance, is used to modify nouns like amount, number and quantity(a large amount of money, a large number of people, a large quantity of beer, etc.).Similarly, with nouns denoting personal qualities, such as courage, confidence, ability, and wisdom, not big or large, but great, is commonly used.Ⅲ.General and specific words and synonyms
Comparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meanin g than others.Professionals, for instance, is more general than scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists, etc.all of which are more specific.But scientists may be called a general word when compared with physicists or chemists, which, in turn, is more general than biochemists.It is easy to see that the specific words on the right are much more concrete and colorful than the general ones on the left;they seem to make the reader see, hear, or feel what the writer wishes to describe.Using specific words should go along with providing details, and then there will be effective and impressive writing.Study the following examples.Ⅳ.Idioms and some phrases
An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it.To read a book‖, for instance, is not an idiom, for the meaning of the phrase is the meanings of the three words put together, and ―a book‖ can be replaced by other words like ―a newspaper‖ or ―a novel‖.To ―read between the lines‖ is different.The four words that form the phrase give no hint as to what it means and none of the words can be changed to form another understandable phrase.Idioms are frequently used in speech and writing.They help to make one’s language sound natural and idiomatic.But in using them foreign learners of English should remember the following two points:(1)most idioms are informal or colloquial in style and can be used in conversation;but a few are slang and should be used with care, such as all balled up, meaning troubled or confused, and to cough up, meaning to produce something;(2)many idioms have become clichés and are no longer fresh or interesting, such as armed to the teeth and as good as gold, and should be used sparingly.Step 3.Practice: List some idioms, such as: Practice makes perfect.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.All roads lead to Rome.Step 4.Summary:
1.Make a brief summary of the word usage 2.Summarize the synonyms Step 5.Assignment: Chapter 1 Finish doing the task 1,2 ,3 on p2-14 Chapter 2 Making correct and effective sentences 教学目的与要求 Grasp the coordinative and subordinate sentences 教学重点 The ways of making complex sentences in writing 教学难点 The ways of making complex sentences in writing 思考题与作业 Task 1-13 教学内容、设计与时间安排：
I.Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II.Teaching procedures
Step 1.Revision and lead-in
1.Review the ways of complex sentence making
2.Discuss the functions of coordination and subordination Step 2.Presentation:
I.coordination and subordination
1.Some sentences follow climactic order, the last word being the most important, and because many words are piled up before the key word, the sense of climax is made very strong.Most of the sentences are compound and compound-complex, and all of them, except the second half of the last sentence, are loose in structure.There is no suspense or climax;the tone is easy, relaxed and informal.The writer uses these loose sentences because he is enumerating facts or ideas of equal importance, and also because he aims at a natural and orderly presentation.Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct;periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.When a sentence contains two or more chapters of the same form and grammatical function, it is one with parallel constructions: Such parallel sentences are emphatic and forceful.When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence.Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of the rhythm.They are mainly used in formal writing, like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches.2.Figures of speech
There are various ways of using words figuratively.They are called figures of speech.Among the most common of them are: 1.Simile it is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like: 2.Metaphor it is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word as or like.If Robert burns had written ―0 my loves a red, re rose‖ with the word like omitted, he would have used a metaphor instead of a simile.In the changed line, my love‖ is also compared to a red rose, but there is no word to indicate the comparison;hence rose is a metaphor.Step 3.Practice: Make some coordinative and subordinate sentences according to the knowledge mentioned above.Step 4.Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of making oordinative and subordinate sentences 2.Summarize the contents of this subject
Step 5.Class writing Exercise: Solar Energy Reference answer: The energy crisis the world is now experiencing has forced scientists to investigate new sources of energy.It is clear that the fossil fuel era is gradually coming to an end.Oil and nat ural gas will be depleted first, followed eventually by coal.The need for developing energy alternatives is thus evident.Solar power is receiving wide attention as one of the possible best sources of energy.It has mainly two factors in its favor.Firstly, unlike fossil fuels, it is an environmentally clean source of energy.Secondly, it is an abundant and inexhaustible source of energy.However, solar power has its disadvantages.One of them is that large collecting areas are required.The second disadvantage is that this system would not work in a cloudy area as well as at night.However, in sunny area, solar power could help solve the energy crisis.Step 6.Assignment: Chapter 2 Task1,2 P28-34
授课章节名称 chapter 3 Developing paragraphs 教学目的与要求 Grasp the skills of developing paraphs 教学重点 The ways of skillfully using emphatic sentences 教学难点 Grasp the skills of wring effective sentences 思考题与作业 Task 13-20 教案内容：
I.Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II.Teaching procedures
Step 1.Revision and lead-in
1.Review the functions of coordination and subordination 2.Discuss the skills of wring effective sentences Step 2.Presentation: Effective Sentences 1.Unity Unity is the first quality of an effective sentence.A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought.It does not contain ideas that are not closely related, nor does it express a thought that is not complete by itself.2.Coherence Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between chapters, a sentence is coherent when its words or chapters are properly connected and their relationships unmistakably clear.It is not coherent if it has faulty parallel constructions, pronouns with ambiguous reference, dangling or misplaced modifiers, confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense, and mood.Parallel ideas had better be expressed in parallel constructions, which give emphasis, clarity and coherence to a sentence.―what he says‖ and ―his deeds‖ are not parallel in form, so one of them has to be changed.The second sentence is faulty for the same reason and can be improved in the same way.In the third, ―faith‖ and ―hope‖ are parallel, but they should be followed by different prepositions.The three sentences are labeled ―faulty‖ because of the unclear or wrong connection between certain chapters.In the first sentence ―about sportsmen‖ seems to modify ―magazine,‖ but it should modify ―story.‖ In the second the which-clause is related to ―bag‖ but apparently it is meant to modify ―books.‖ In the third ―at first‖ may modify ―mentioned‖ and may also modify ―sounded‖ –an ambiguity that should be cleared up.All the faults are caused by misplaced modifiers.The faulty sentences are not coherent because of a confusing change in person, in number, in mood, and in voice respectively.A sentence should be consistent in these respects.Unnecessary shifts should be avoided.3.Conciseness
Chapter 7 writing for practical purpose letters 教学目的与要求 Grasp the skills of writing personal and business letters 教学重点 The ways of writing business letters 教学难点 The ways of writing business letters 思考题与作业 Task 19-26 教学内容、设计与时间安排： 教案内容：
I.Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II.Teaching procedures
Step 1.Revision and lead-in 1.Review the skills of notices and note writing 2.Discuss the skills of writing personal and business letters Step 2.Presentation: I.Letters
Letters are important means of communication.Generally speaking, there are two types of letters, business letters and personal letters.… 1.Form A letter has six chapters: the heading, the inside address, the salutation, the body, the complimentary close, and the signature.(1)The heading The heading gives the full address of the writer and the date of the letter.…(2)The inside address The inside address, which is often omitted in personal letters, gives the name and full address of the addressee.(3)The salutation The salutation is a greeting to the addressee.It is written flush with the left margin two spaces below the inside address.(4)The body In the body of the letter, all paragraphs should begin flush with the left margin(the block style)or begin with an equal indention(the indented style), and the letter is usually single-spaced within the paragraph and doubled-spaced between paragraphs.(5)The complimentary close The closing of a business letter consists of three chapters: complimentary close, signature, and the typed name.In the complimentary close, only the first word is capitalized.…
2.Language
The style and tone of letters can be greatly varied.General speaking, the style and tone of a personal letter differ from those of a business letter-the former is casual, whereas the latter is formal.…(1)Business letters 1)Invitation 2)Application for entry to a college 4)Applications for visas(2)Personal letters II..Curriculum Vitae A curriculum vitae(c.v.)or resume is a short written account of the main events of one’s life.It is often required when one applies for a job.… 1.Name;Unlike most Westerners.We Chinese put our family name at the beginning as surname, whereas they put it at the end as last name.… 2.Address: If you like, you may write both your business or temporary address and your home address for example: … 3.Telephone:(0)or(W)is put after your office telephone number and(H), your home telephone number.4.Marital status: Put single or married(, no/two children).5.Education: schools should be listed either in chronological order(usually starting from the year when you entered college or when you got your first degree)or from the most recent backwards with the dates of attendance.… 6.Professions/work Experience: Under this heading, in addition to the date, write also your position/title and the name of the institution.For example: … 7.Awards/Honors and scholarships: these include scholarships, fellowships, grants, etc: 8.Publications: Books and articles follow the format of the bibliography card in chapter Eight The Research Paper, with the name of the author omitted.… 9.Professional Affiliations/Memberships: Examples under this heading are: 10.Lang uages: You may write the following under this heading: 11.References/Referees: They are people who know you and can offer information or recommendation.The normal number of references is two or three, and it is imperative that you obtain their permission before using their names.In addition to names of your references, provide also their positions, full addresses and telephone numbers.Step 3.Practice:
Discuss the method of writing a business letter with the method mentioned above.Step 4.Summary:
1.Make a brief summary of the ways of letter writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Writing exercise: Write a personal letter to your friend(about 200 words)Step 5.Assignment: Chapter 7 Task11-20 p202-216
授课章节名称 Chapter 8 Preparing research papers Steps and formats 教学目的与要求 Grasp the methods of writing the research paper 教学重点 The format of research paper 教学难点 The format of research paper 思考题与作业 Task 1-7
教学内容、设计与时间安排、教案内容：
I.Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II.Teaching procedures
Step 1.Revision and lead-in
1.Review the skills of writing personal and business letters 2.Discuss the methods of writing the research paper Step 2.Presentation: I.Definition and Purpose
Having learned how to write essays, we are now working at the highest and the most difficult stage of writing—thesis writing or writing of a research paper.… In the process of preparing a research paper, we may at least achieve the following: 1)we may learn how to use libraries, how to read books critically and efficiently, and how to use them wisely and correctly.2)we may familiarize ourselves with the knowledge and mechanics necessary for writing a research paper.II.Steps
We go through five steps or stages in the process of preparing a research paper: 1)choosing a topic;2)collecting information;3)analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline;1.Choosing a Topic The selection of a topic is the first important step in preparing a research paper.An inappropriate decision about a research topic may lead to the failure of the whole project, or at least a waste of time and energy.… 1)Selecting a general topic 2)Reading and thinking 3)Narrowing down the scope of our topic to a facet or facets which can be developed into a research paper.The following points may be used as a set of criteria for our final topic:(1)It should be a topic that is meaningful and serious.(2)It should be a topic which we are able to handle.(3)It should be a topic for which sufficient materials are available.(4)It should be a topic that can be treated objectively, a topic that does not involve personal likes or dislikes.The following example shows how to restrict the scope and how to work out a suitable topic for a research paper: It should be a topic which we are able to handle.2.Collecting information It is impossible for us to write a paper of some significance without any information, … 1)Using the library A library is a center of information.… Sample 1 About the adventures of march in the title catalogue file, we can find one of more cards for the novel published by different companies and at different times:… 2)Reading Most of the information or raw material for a paper will come from books, … 3)Taking notes While reading, we should take notes because it is almost impossible for us to remember everything we have read and without good notes it is very difficult for us to produce a good research paper.3.Analyzing the information, organizing ideas and working out an outline 1)The thesis statement 2)Outlining
4.Writing The First Draft 1)Using our own words 2 Using the proper tenses 3)Uniting facts and views 4)Paying attention to logic and organization 5)Making our tone objective rather than personal 6)Choosing the right style
5.Revising the Draft and Finalizing the Paper III Format
1.components of a paper 1)thesis statement and outline 2)Introduction 3)Body 4)Conclusion 5)In-text notes and works cited
2.Use of Quotations 1)Rules regarding the use of quotations 2)When to use direct quotations 3)How to use direct quotations 3.Use of notes 1)Avoiding plagiarism 2)note forms 3)Notes for supplementary information 4.Works cited 1)The book catalogue 2)Making bibliography 3)Bibliography cards for books Step 3.Practice: Discuss the method of writing a research paper with the method mentioned above.Step 4.Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of research paper writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject
第五篇：英语写作教案
英语写作教案
Teaching Objectives: instruct students how to finish a writing task(写作任务为2013年安徽英语高考作文 on the way to school)Teaching important points: how to help students to finish a composition of good quality in a limited time Teaching methods: discussion and presenting Teaching Procedures: Step1.Pre-writing
1.审题。
作为老师，我们首先要做到的就是教学生审题，确定文章所属的题材，了解文章的主题，并按照先后的顺序将文章分段。高中英语写作题材以说明、记叙和议论为主。以2013年高考英语作文on the way to school 为例，文章要求以在我上学的路上为背景，从遵守交通规则和注意文明举止两方面说明如何讲求文明，从我做起。这种作文应为以记叙为主，并有少量议论，“讲求文明，从我做起”为主题，“遵守交通规则，注意文明举止”为要点。段落划分为三段：第一段点明主题并交代背景：在我上学的路上；第二段从“遵守交通规则，注意文明举止”两个要点阐明如何讲求文明；第三段总结全文。
2.学生们小组自由讨论：What bad behavior do you often run into on the way to school? 这种Brainstorming活动可以帮助激活学生们对话题的已知信息，为下一步的写作做好铺垫。3.议题。
在审题的基础上，我们应先列出与文章主题内容有关的词汇、短语和句式，并形成写作思路。如讲文明应为be civilized, 从我做起应为start from me，遵守交通规则 obey traffic rules，注意文明举止应为 behave yourself 或 well behaved。遵守交通规则的行为有不闯红灯 run red, 走人行横道 zebra crossing。cause harm to 造成危害；as for… 就…而言；keep… in mind 牢记在心；keep to the right 靠右；the pedestrian crossing 人行横道；regard/consider … as my duty… 把…看做职责；make a difference 有作用；有影响。讲文明的行为包括不随地吐痰spitting，不乱扔垃圾littering。Step 2.While-writing 第一步：学生们分小组认真读题、思考，并讨论对于这个话题他们可能会提出哪些问题（自由地，无序地，想到什么就提什么问题）。第二步：学生们把他们的问题从语篇结构上分类。如：
第一段：目前存在的问题（紧扣主题：遵守交通和举止文明方面）及其影响 ■ How is the present situation of people obeying traffic rules? ■ How do people behave in public? ■ What are the consequences of people breaking traffic rules? ■ What effects does people’s bad behavior have? ■ …
第二段：如何解决问题（紧扣主题：上学路上，自己遵守交通和举止文明的具体做法）
■ What should we do to help to make a change? ■ What means of transport should I choose when I go to school? ■ If I take a bus to school, what should I do? ■ If I take my dad’s or mum’s car to school, what should I do? ■ If I ride a bike to school, what should I do? ■ If I walk to school, what should I do? ■ What should I do when I see some litter on the way? ■ What should I do when I see an old lady or man who wants to cross the road? ■ …
第三段：总结（感受、期望或呼吁等）■ How do I feel about my behavior? ■ What do I anticipate? ■ …
第三步：学生们小组合作来回答这些问题。实际上这些问题的答案就基本组成了作文的核心内容。
第四步：学生们讨论需要哪些语篇结构表达。
首先，段落的主题句。
其次，语篇标志表达（Discourse Marker）。
1．过渡句。
2．“起、承、转、合”的连接表达，如： ⑴ 表并列关系的词语：
■ and, or, also，as well, too；
■ as well as…，not only…but also, both … and… ⑵ 表增补的词语：
■ in addition, furthermore, besides, moreover, again, also, what’s more, similarly…
⑶ 表转折对比的过渡词：
■ although, but, however, yet, instead, on the contrary … ⑷ 表原因的词语：
■ because, since, as, for, now that, because of, thanks to, due to, owing to, for this reason, considering that, seeing that； as a result of …
⑸ 表结果的词语：
■ so, so that, so…that, such…that，as a result；therefore； thus；consequently …
⑹ 表特定的顺序关系的词语：
■ First / Firstly, … Second / Secondly, … Third / Thirdly …
■ First of all / To begin with , then, next, finally/in the end/at last … ⑺ 表总结的词语：
■ in a word, to sum up, in conclusion, in short, in general, generally speaking, finally, to conclude …
……
最后，学生们讨论可能会用到哪些高级词汇、短语以及句型。第五步：学生们独立完成各自的作文。Step 3.Post-writing 1.教师需引导学生从以下四个方面对原稿进行再加工：①文章是否跑题。②开头和结尾是否点题，条理是否清晰，布局是否合理，内容是否连贯，格式是否正确。③要点是否写全，有无遗漏。④有无主谓、人称一致，有无时态、语态、冠词及名词单复数等方面的语法错误。
5、最后定稿
2.首先，同伴分享阅读，互助批改。然后，同伴推选写得较好的（也可以是随选择几篇）与全班同学分享。接下来，我对学生们写作的总体评价与反馈。
最后，同学们谈谈感受：今天的写作课我最大的收获是……
3.参考范文、佳例示范
提供佳作范文，让学生用心揣摩、赏析、学习。附：范文佳例
On the way to School These days, breaking traffic rules and littering are not uncommon, causing serious harm to life and the environment.Changing this situation requires considerable effort on the part of everyone.As for me, it should start on my way to school.I will keep traffic rules in mind all the way.If I ride a bike, I’ll always keep to the right and never cross a road until the traffic light turns green.If I walk, I’ll never forget to use the pedestrian crossing.Meanwhile, I will regard it as my duty to help keep our environment clean and healthy.Not only will I keep from littering and spitting anywhere, I will also help clean up the roadside litter whenever possible.I hope my behavior will make a difference.赏析：本文要点齐全，层次清晰, 表达地道，并使用相应的高级句型和高级词汇，不失为一篇佳作。
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