传统备课与现代教学设计的对比

第一篇：传统备课与现代教学设计的对比

传统备课与现代教学设计的对比

王彬 1220440114 教育是随着时代的发展而发展的，随着现代教育技术的蓬勃发展，现代教学设计逐渐取代了传统的备课，成为了教学的重要部分。为什么传统的备课会被现代教学设计所取代?下面，我们将二者进行对比。

首先，二者具有一定的相似之处。

1.二者都注重教学的过程化，重视过程中各个环节的组成，重视对各个环节的情景预设。可以说，二者的计划性是相同的。

2.二者的对于教学的一般程序相同。两者都是遵循:目的(目标)———内容———形式(策略)———小结(评价)的教学程序进行的。

3.二者同样关心教学的最后效果。但是，现代教学设计之所以能渐渐替代传统备课，还是因为二者之间的许多不同之处。

1.内涵与理论基础不同。

传统备课与教学设计有着同样的计划性，但是，传统备课是为了教师能够顺利的给出知识而进行的准备设计，属于一个刺激——反应的过程，教师给出的刺激越大，学生的反应越大。而教学设计的内涵主要突出了“教”要基于“学”，教要为学服务。另外，传统备课的理论基础是依据教师的以往教学经验而准备的，可以说一次的备课结果可以使用相当长的一段时间。而现代教学设计是以先进的教学理念为基础，对于不同情景环境下的教学目标，应该设计采取不同的教学方法，讲究“教无定法”，将教学看作是一门艺术或技术。

2.教学目标不同。

传统的备课所制定的教学目标注重的只是知识的传播，完全以知识的教授为重点，价值取向单一。而现代教学设计所制定的教学目标，不仅包括知识技能，还包括思维方法能力，以及树立正确的情感态度价值观，为的是解决学生更好的发展与学习。其价值取向是关注人的发展，体现的是以人为本的教育理念。

3.关注重点不同 同样属于课前的准备，传统备课是为怎样教而准备的，而现代教学设计是为怎样学而准备的。或者说是，传统备课的关注重点在于教师的教，以教师为主，然后才是教学对象；而现代教学设计的关注重点在于学生的学，以学生为主。

4.教学内容不同

传统备课强调的是研究教材，吃透教材，备课重点在于研究教学大纲。其重心放在了纯粹的知识教育，所适应的是应试教育的传统教育模式。而现代教学设计，因为是以学生为起点，以学生为主，所以，教学内容综合而多样，不局限于教材上的知识。

5.教学手段与实施方式不同

传统备课所涉及的教学手段单一，只是以简单的教师讲授为主。而现代教学设计所运用的教学手段多样，包括实物投影仪、学具的运用,各种媒体的优化和多媒体的组合等。多样的教学手段更加有助于学生学习兴趣的开发以及对于知识的系统理解。

虽然二者同样具有计划性，即对课堂的预设，但是，在实施方式上却存在根本性的差异。在传统备课所预设的课堂上，教师角色首先定位于课堂的控制者，以保障课堂教学的有序，其次教师是知识的传授者，教师的作用是对书本上的知识进行传递，解释，示范。书本上的知识是作为静止的，绝对的结果，学生学习的方式是记忆，模仿复制。而在教学设计的理论中，教师角色定位于组织者，引导者，合作者，教师的作用在于创设情境，组织活动，引导与启发学生通过尝试，合作，质疑等过程，建构自己对知识的理解，通过做习题来学习。除此之外，二者在实施中的灵活变通性也不一样。无论是传统意义的备课还是教学设计，它们都是课堂教学前的预设，最后都要形成一个教学方案，在实施中，备课所对应的教学过程是一个忠实执行教案的过程，没有顺利完成教学任务的一节课往往会被认为是不太成功的一节课。教学设计追求的教学过程是预设性与生成性的统一预设，保证了课堂教学不会陷入混乱状态，但预设不是束缚，成功的课堂不是预设的一成不变的僵化程序的完成，而是动态生成的过程。在实际教学中，教师还要根据课堂中产生的新信息，呈现出的新的课程资源，不断地调整预设，促进学生的生成与发展。

从以上对比可以看出，传统备课更加适应应试教育，而现代教学设计更加适应的是现代素质教育。可以说，二者是不同教育体制下的思路与形式，从其众多的不同点可以看出，现代教学设计是对传统备课的继承，发展与完善，更加适应当下的教育体制。

参考文献：

1.张建南：传统备课与教学设计的比较分析.广东教育学院学报.2000.第二期

2.赖华强：谈谈教学设计原理对传统备课理论的改进.韶关大学学报(社会科学版).第21卷第6期.2006.6 3.覃尊君：用现代教学设计取代传统备课.湖北省鹤峰县第一中学

第二篇：现代教学设计与传统备课的区别

现代教学设计与传统备课的区别

现代教学设计与传统备课既有区别又有联系，它们是继承与发展的关系。现代教学设计是在传统备课的原型上发展起来的。

教师所作的课前准备一般包括钻研和组织教材、了解学生、选择教学方法；此外，还要准备有关教具和设计板书等。其中的教案，是在上每节课之前预先对每节课的设计，是教师讲课的依据，直接关系到课的质量。

从传统的备课中我们不难看出，其有如下浅层次的特点：

1、以教师为中心，以教代学，强调教的设计；

2、备课基于对教材知识点的传授，教案就是教学实施的脚本；

3、以教学经验为备课依据；

4、备课是课前的准备，它的内容是预设的、静态的、课堂教学强调教案的忠实执行；

5、重心在分析教材、梳理知识等方面，教师是“教教材”，其重要职能往往是实现和强化教材、缺失自己的教学创意；

6、成果比较单一，主要是教案。

无疑，其形式——教案就在一定程度上反映了教师的课前准备情况，记录着教师的教学轨迹，反映着教师的教育理念和教学策略，这也正是我们学校领导检查老师教案的依据。其用心可谓良苦，但往往问题也就出在这儿。

现代教学设计并不是对传统备课的全盘否定，而是与传统备课无论在内容上，还是形式上都有着一定的历史继承性：都是课前的教学准备，有各自的具体环节，包含对教学内容的分析过程，考虑采用一定的教学手段和方法，必须形成一定的教学实施计划，有自己的教学评价，也都涉及到文字记载等。但现代教学设计又不同于传统备课，打破了其形式和要求，实现了教学设计的现代化、科学化和规范化，体现了新课程精神和要求，是教学上的一次深刻革命。它具有以下特点：

1、以学生为中心，以学论教，强调学的设计；

2、立足于学生的实际需要，着眼于学生的发展；

3、教学设计的主体工作需要在课前完成，但需要在教学过程中不断调整，教学设计贯穿于课的过程中；

4、现代教学设计突破了传统的单向式的教学程式真正体现教学相长原则，把教学过程看成一个多向的师生互动，实现教师自身的发展和提高。

5、现代教学设计适用的范围更宽，运用的资源更丰富，手段更先进。现代教学设计不仅以教案等文本形式存在，更以教学软件、教学媒体等作为载体，表现为课件，大大地增加了知识容量，显示了生动、形象的视听功能，整合了不同知识信息之间的内在联系，大大地强化了教学设计效果。

现代教学设计给我们耳目一新的感觉，远远超越了教案本身，是对教案在三维上的扩展和延伸。现代教学设计使新课程标准及其反映的先进理念在备课中得以充分体现，促进我国教育事业的更好更快发展。

第三篇：传统建筑材料与现代建筑材料特性对比分析

传统建筑材料与现代建筑材料特性对比分析

建筑材料是建筑的基本物质，它决定着建筑的特征、风格、效果等。传统建筑材料主要有石材、木材、粘土砖瓦、石灰和石膏，现代建筑材料有钢材、水泥、混凝土、玻璃、塑料。它们各具特色，在建筑中发挥着自己举足轻重的作用。

石材是人类历史上应用最早的传统建筑材料。石材已它坚不可摧的强度，作为建筑的基石承受着千百年来的风雨酷寒，至今仍屹立在现代建筑之林。石材具有蕴藏量丰富、分布广泛、结构细致、抗压强度较高、耐水性好、耐久性好、耐磨性好的特点，所以人们开始将石材应用在建筑上，将石材不断垒砌起来，慢慢地建成了大型的建筑物。西欧曾一度盛行用石材建筑，如伟大的建筑法国凡赛尔宫，英国国会大厦都是杰出的代表作。而且埃及金字塔也是由切割整齐的大块石材砌筑而成的。因此石材建筑有威严雄厚、庄重高贵的特点。由于石材密度大，自重大，墙体的厚度较大，因此建筑物的面积使用率降低，但将其应用成为高档建筑的象征，建造出独特的艺术效果。

木材作为传统建筑材料具有重量轻、强度高、美观、加工性好、可再生、可循环利用、绿色无公害等特点，所以木结构建筑具有良好的稳定性和抗震性能。但木材在建筑应用上也具有缺陷，木材容易变形和开裂，容易霉变和蛀蚀，容易燃烧，这些都将影响木材的使用质量和耐久性。木材是永恒的建筑材料，木材因其具有优良的力学性能，自古以来被广泛应用于建筑活动中。我国五台山南禅寺和佛光寺的部分建筑就是典型代表建筑，单体建筑的无定坡度平缓，出檐深远，斗拱比例较大，风格庄重朴实。现代土木建筑工程中梁、柱、支撑、门窗、混泥土模板都离不开木材。木材作为一种会呼吸的建筑材料，冬暖夏凉，能够创造出最适宜人类居住的生活环境。

粘土砖瓦是一种人类人工生产的建筑材料，长期以来，我国以普通粘土砖瓦作为房屋建筑的主要墙体材料。粘土砖瓦具有块体小、质量轻、易于施工、外形规则井染有序、承重、保温维护、立面装饰的特点，将其应用在建筑中，为人们营造居住空间的建筑活动中发挥了重要的作用。故宫就是应用粘土砖瓦的典型建筑代表，形状规则的粘土砖瓦作为外墙饰面使得故宫具有良好的艺术效果。但是粘土砖瓦的原材料是天然的粘土，它的烧制是以毁损良田为代价的，逐步被其它材料被取代了，但是它们在人类建筑史上的地位永远不会被磨灭。

石灰作为一种传统的建筑材料，具有可塑性强、硬化缓慢、硬化后强度低、硬化过程中体积收缩大等特性，其几千年的历史足以证明人类对这种材料的信任和依赖，至今石灰仍然作为重要的建筑材料广泛地应用于各类建筑工程和各类建筑材料工业生产中，如室内粉刷，拌制石灰砂浆和灰浆，配制三合土和灰土。石膏同样作为一种古老的传统建筑材料，石膏具有原料丰富、生产工艺简单、生产能耗低、吸湿性强、价格低廉、不污染环境等优良性能，特别适用于现代建筑的室内隔断、装饰、装修工程中，同时主要用于制作石膏抹面灰浆和制作石膏制品。

钢材作为现代建筑材料在现代建筑中有着举足轻重的作用。17世纪70年代人们开始使用生铁，19世纪初开始使用熟铁建造桥梁和房屋，从19世纪中叶开始，随着冶金业冶炼并轧制出抗拉和抗压强度都很高、延伸性好、质量均匀的建筑钢材，适应了社会生产发展的需要，钢材得到蓬勃发展。钢材具有重量轻而强度高、塑性和韧性好、安全可靠、工业化程度高、施工速度快、拆迁方便、密封性好、耐热性好等优质特性，使得其在现代建筑中发挥着至关重要的作用，主要应用在机场、体育馆等大跨度钢结构，旅馆、办公大楼等高层建筑钢结构，电视塔、通讯塔等高耸建筑钢结构，大型储油库、煤气库等板壳钢结构，工业厂房钢结构，小型仓库等轻型钢结构，桥梁钢结构，升降机、起重机等一动钢结构。

水泥作为现代建筑材料，广泛应用于工业、农业、水利、交通、城市建设、海港和国防建设中，在现代已经成为任何建筑工程中都不可或缺的建筑材料。水泥是一种无机粉末状材料，水泥和水拌合能形成具有流动性、可塑性的浆体，随着时间的延长，水泥浆经自身的物理化学作用，由可塑性的浆体变成坚硬的固体，具有一定的强度，并能将块体或颗粒状材料胶结成为整体。水泥不仅能在空气中凝结硬化，产生强度，而且能在水中硬化，并能很好的保持和发展强度。水泥在建筑工程中使用量大，应用范围广，能应用在土木建筑、油井建筑、大坝建筑、砌筑建筑、道路建筑等工程中。

混凝土作为现代建筑材料在当代建筑工程中有着非常重要的作用。混凝土是利用粘土、石灰、石膏、火山灰或天然沥青作胶结材料，与砂，煤渣，石子混合形成的一种建筑材料，具有凝结力强、坚固耐久、不透水等优良特性。但混凝土属于脆性材料，虽然抗压强度较高，但抗拉强度极低，很容易开裂。随着水泥和钢材的出现使用，人们在实际使用中发现将它们结合起来具有更好的粘结力，可以相互弥补缺点，发挥各自所长，在混凝土加入钢筋，即可以保护钢筋不暴露在大气中，不易生锈，同时增加了构件的抗拉性能，于是出现了钢筋混凝土，使得混凝土材料在建筑上具有更广泛的应用。同砖石结构、木结构和钢材结构相比，混凝土结构发展非常迅速，已成为土木工程结构中最主要的结构材料，而且高性能混凝土和新型混凝土还在不断地向前发展。

此外，玻璃和塑料作为现代新型建筑材料也不断地应用在现代建筑工程中。玻璃可以满足采光、装饰和立面设计要求，符合现代建筑节能的要求。玻璃几乎应用于一切建筑领域，因为其有很多品种，如钢化玻璃、半钢化玻璃、中空玻璃、夹层玻璃、着色玻璃、镀膜玻璃、压花玻璃、防火玻璃、真空玻璃等。玻璃从仅仅满足采光和封闭的单一功能，发展到今天的兼有节能、安全、装饰和其它新功能的阶段，是科学技术进步和社会发展的结果。塑料是一类新兴的建筑材料，由于它优异的性能和广阔的应用领域以及前景，已被认为是继现代材料的钢材、水泥、木材后的第四大类建筑材料。塑料应用范围广，上至屋顶下至地面，从室外的公共设施到室内装饰装修材料，都可以见到它的身影。目前塑料应用在建筑中最多的是给排水管、输气管等管材和塑钢门窗，其次是电线、电缆等。由于塑料具有显著的节约能源的优势，其制品的生产和使用能耗远低于其它建筑材料，所以塑料现在广泛应用在各种屋面、墙面、地面建筑工程中。建筑塑料也朝着高功能化、高性能化、多用途和低成本的方向不断发展。

纵观上述各种传统建筑材料和现代建筑材料，各种材料各有自己独特的的优良性能，但也有自己的缺陷而被慢慢取代。石材抗压强度高，一般应用于大型高贵建筑，可以使建筑有独特的艺术效果，但它不能广泛应用于普通房屋建筑中。木材具有良好的稳定性和优良的力学性能，所以它是永恒的建筑材料，从古至今建筑都离不开木材的支持。粘土砖瓦具有外形规则井然有序和立面装饰的特性曾广泛应用于传统建筑中，但由于资源的匮乏，粘土制品越来越少，最终粘土砖瓦被取代。而混凝土和钢材的出现，是建筑材料发展史上的一个伟大革命，打破了传统建筑材料的形状、尺寸的限制，是建筑物向高层、大跨度发展有了可能。石灰石膏和水泥都是胶凝材料，随着水泥的出现和广泛使用，取代了石灰石膏作为胶凝材料在建筑上的地位。此外，玻璃和塑料作为现代新型建筑材料，具有节能装饰的作用，在现代环保节能的环境背景下被广泛应用于现代建筑中。

相比传统建筑材料和现代建筑材料，由于社会技术的进步和人们不断发展的建筑需求，现代建筑材料比传统建筑材料具有更多的优势，从而在当代建筑中占据主导地位，而传统建筑材料则作为补充作用应用于建筑中。现代建筑材料钢材、水泥、混凝土、玻璃和塑料打破了传统建筑材料石材、木材、粘土砖瓦和石灰石膏的形状、尺寸的限制，将建筑物向高层、深层、大跨度发展，向城市建设需求发展，符合现代社会环保节能的趋势。现代建筑材料是在传统建筑材料上不断改革创新中产生的，未来建筑材料也会随着社会技术的改革进步和人们不断日益增长的建筑需求不断地向前发展。如今现代建筑也越来越需要满足人居环境的要求，人居环境的不断改善也指引着现代建筑不断向前发展。发泡陶瓷保温板是以周边钢围框、内置桁架与发泡水泥芯材及面层复合而成的轻质构件产品，具有承重保温一体化、节能环保、循环利用、一级防火、抗震等品质特征。

目前市面产品主要有：屋面板、网架板、楼层板、墙板、异型板等。

轻质

公司研制的无机改性水泥珍珠岩复合芯材，容重小于600kg/m3，使得整板自重只有传统混凝土材料的约30%。·高强

采用轻钢骨架与高强度无机无机轻质芯材的组合结构，虽然是轻质板，却保持了传统钢筋混凝土重型板承载力大、安全度高的特点。既可满足均布荷载要求，又具有较强的集中承载能力，是替代传统混凝土屋面板、楼板的理想材料。·耐久

选材和构造作法的精心设计组合，使得产品设计使用年限可达50年：

芯板为无机材质，稳定性好，抗老化，使用寿命等同于混凝土材料；

板底钢丝直径3mm以上，保护层厚度20mm以上而且吸潮率低于0.1%；

板材抵抗酸、碱等气体腐蚀能力强，经25次冻融循环后，体积和强度几乎没有变化。·保温隔热

板材具有优良的保温性能，材料导热系数低，整板传热系数最低可达0.3w/m2k，满足高寒地区的建筑保温节能要求； 板材具有优异的隔热性能，板外侧升温至900℃时，板内侧温度仅为50℃，是高温地区理想的建筑隔热材料。·耐火

芯板采用无机材质，不燃烧，且在火中不爆裂、无有毒气体释放，是优良的耐火材料；整板耐火极限大于2小时，满足构件的一级防火要求。·防水

发泡水泥复合板出厂时自带专用的无机复合抗渗涂层，配合屋面整体防水作法形成了可靠的复合防水体系，解决了一般轻质板材易渗漏的问题。·泄爆

能满足特殊建筑屋面、墙面泄爆易碎的要求。实验证明，爆炸中发泡水泥复合板钢骨架将保留在建筑主体结构上，而芯材瞬间粉碎，既达到泄爆目的又不会造成次生伤害。·隔声

板材平均隔声量43db以上，满足演播厅等高等级声学建筑的隔声要求。·抗震

发泡水泥复合板属于轻质板材有利于抗震，加上合理的抗震节点设计，能满足8度地震设防烈度要求。且地震发生时，板材造成的次生伤害小，是震区建筑理想的构件材料。·节能环保

发泡水泥复合板主要材料均为天然无机材质，不释放有毒有害物质，且板材透气性好，居住健康舒适；

发泡水泥复合板生产中可利用部分工业废料，属于资源综合利用产品。·使用方便

发泡水泥复合板安装速度快，施工环节少，大大缩短了建筑工期；

发泡水泥复合板外形、规格可按客户要求订制，可以满足开洞、吊挂物件等使用要求；

发泡水泥复合板为采光天窗、风机设备、避雷系统及二次装修等配套施工提供了方便合理的解决方案。·维护简单

发泡水泥复合板正常使用中无需特别维护，使用成本低；局部损坏可以现场直接修复，如有更换必要时，亦可单板更换，不影响整体结构。

疏松、多孔、导热系数小的材料。多孔陶瓷材料由于其特有的保温、隔热、隔声、防火性能,而被广泛应用于国防、宇航、化工和建筑等行业。以建筑抛光砖原料为基础料,添加少量的矿化剂和氧化镁,经干压成型后于1220℃-1300℃烧成下制备了具有防水、保温功能的闭孔高温发泡陶瓷。运用XRD、显微镜测试手段对发泡陶瓷的孔径分布、显微结构、物相组成进行了表征,探讨了原料配方、烧成制度对制品的主要性能,如:导热系数、吸水率、密度和强度的影响。结果表明,发泡陶瓷的气孔率高达66.72%(闭孔气孔率为66.39%,开孔气孔率为0.33%);体积密度为0.7987g/cm3;吸水率为0.41%;抗压强度为10.89MPa;导热系数为0.198W/(m·K);主晶相为石英和莫来石;且孔径和气孔率随着烧成温度升高而增大,气孔率越高,发泡陶瓷的抗压强度和导热系数越小。

（一）、住宅产业化优势分析

1、采用住宅产业化生产方式建设的住宅与传统生产方式相比，全面提升了住宅的综合质量和品质。某项工程由于采用预制装配整体式混凝土剪力墙结构技术，所有的结构构件在工厂预制，现场装配化施工，基本消除了墙体常见的渗漏、开裂、空鼓、房间尺寸偏差等质量通病，实现了主体结构精度偏差以毫米计算，偏差基本小于０．１％，室内空间舒适度也有了明显提高。

２、采用工业化生产方式，节能降耗效果显著。据相关统计显示，通过采用工业化生产方式，预制率达到了９０％以上，施工现场模板用量减少了８５％以上，现场脚手架用量减少了５０％以上，钢材节约２％，混凝土节约７％，抹灰工程量节约５０％，节水４０％以上，节电１０％以上，耗材节约４０％，管理费用节约５０％，项目综合造价大约节省１５％以上，经济效益十分明显。

３、采用工业化生产方式，大大缩短了生产周期，生产效率得到了大大提升。

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第四篇：传统备课与教学设计的区别

传统备课与教学设计的区别

教学设计与传统备课既有区别又有联系，它们是继承与发展的关系。现代教学设计是在传统备课的原型上发展起来的。

教师所作的课前准备一般包括钻研和组织教材、了解学生、选择教学方法；此外，还要准备有关教具和设计板书等。其中的教案，是在上每节课之前预先对每节课的设计，是教师讲课的依据，直接关系到课的质量。

从传统的备课中我们不难看出，其有如下浅层次的特点：

1、以教师为中心，以教代学，强调教的设计；

2、备课基于对教材知识点的传授，教案就是教学实施的脚本；

3、以教学经验为备课依据；

4、备课是课前的准备，它的内容是预设的、静态的、课堂教学强调教案的忠实执行；

5、重心在分析教材、梳理知识等方面，教师是“教教材”，其重要职能往往是实现和强化教材、缺失自己的教学创意；

6、成果比较单一，主要是教案。

无疑，其形式——教案就在一定程度上反映了教师的课前准备情况，记录着教师的教学轨迹，反映着教师的教育理念和教学策略，这也正是我们学校领导检查老师教案的依据。其用心可谓良苦，但往往问题也就出在这儿。

教学设计并不是对传统备课的全盘否定，而是与传统备课无论在内容上，还是形式上都有着一定的历史继承性：都是课前的教学准备，有各自的具体环节，包含对教学内容的分析过程，考虑采用一定的教学手段和方法，必须形成一定的教学实施计划，有自己的教学评价，也都涉及到文字记载等。但现代教学设计又不同于传统备课，打破了其形式和要求，实现了教学设计的现代化、科学化和规范化，体现了新课程精神和要求，是教学上的一次深刻革命。它具有以下特点：

1、以学生为中心，以学论教，强调学的设计；

2、立足于学生的实际需要，着眼于学生的发展；

3、教学设计的主体工作需要在课前完成，但需要在教学过程中不断调整，教学设计贯穿于课的过程中；

4、现代教学设计突破了传统的单向式的教学程式真正体现教学相长原则，把教学过程看成一个多向的师生互动，实现教师自身的发展和提高。

5、现代教学设计适用的范围更宽，运用的资源更丰富，手段更先进。

教学设计不仅以教案等文本形式存在，更以教学软件、教学媒体等作为载体，表现为课件，大大地增加了知识容量，显示了生动、形象的视听功能，整合了不同知识信息之间的内在联系，大大地强化了教学设计效果。

教学设计给我们耳目一新的感觉，远远超越了教案本身，是对教案在三维上的扩展和延伸。现代教学设计使新课程标准及其反映的先进理念在备课中得以充分体现，促进我国教育事业的更好更快发展。

第五篇：浅析西方传统美术与现代美术对比(英语版论文)

xxxxxxx院

xx系xxxx届x科

毕业论文

题目:浅析西方传统美术与现代美术对比

作 者：xxx 指导教师：xxx 研究方向：文化 年级班级：xxx

完成时间： xxxx年x月 On the contrast of Western traditional art and modern

art

xxx

（XX学校英文名）

.Tutor: XXX Specialty:XXX

Direction: Culture

X, XXXX

摘 要

随着科技发展，生活质量的提高，越来越多的人开始关注艺术，以陶冶情操。欣赏并收集美术作品便是其中一种方式，其中，不乏有部分人钟爱于西方美术作品。然而，美术作品层出不穷，却又少之又少的人对西方美术作品有深入了解；人们只能从色彩和线条进行区分，至于细节：时期、风格、流派等人们却所知甚少。

本文采用论述、对比等方法，分别对时间、特点、流派、代表作家及其代表作等几方面，对传统西方美术和西方现代美术进行了分析。表明西方美术并不是自始至终只有色彩运用和绘画线条的变化，更有形式以及所绘画目的的过度。

关键词：西方传统美术；西方现代美术；流派；代表作

Abstract With the develop of technological, and improve of life's quality.More and more people are beginning to focus on art, it is can cultivate their sentiments.One of the ways is appreciate and collect the works of art, in these people, there are lots of people fall in love with the works of Western art.However, more and more works of art are published, few people have a good understanding of Western art works;people only distinguish by color and line, the details including period, style, genre and so on, people just know little about these.This paper analyses Western traditional art and Western modern art from time, characteristics, schools, painters and their representative works.It shows us the Western art not only have changes of color or lines of painting, but also have the changes of form and purpose of painting.Key words: Western traditional art;Western modern art;schools;representative works

Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………......1 Chapter One

The historical event table…………...............................3 1.1 Primitive times…………………….……………………..3 1.2 Ancient Greece and Rome………...………………….......3 1.3 Middle Ages……………..……………………………..…3 1.4 Renaissance………………………….……………………4

1.5 17-18 century………………………….……………….....4 1.6 19th century…………………………………….……..….4 1.7 20th century……………………………………………....5

Chapter Two

Character…………………..…………………………..6 2.1 Traditional painting………………………….……………6 2.2 Modern painting…………………………….………….…6

Chapter Three Schools……………………………………………......7 3.1 Traditional painting………………………………….........7

3.2 Classicism ………………………………….……………..7 3.3 Anti-classicism...……………………………………….…7 3.4Modern painting…...............................................................7 3.5 The structure of emphasize form……………………….....8 3.6 Expressionism......................................................................8 3.7 The grotesque dreams..........................................................8 Chapter Four

representative...............................................................10 4.1Traditional painting..............................................................10 4.1.1 Jan Van Eyck...................................................................10 4.1.2 Works.................................................................................10 4.2 Modern painting..................................................................10 4.2.1Vincent Willem van Gogh...................,.............................10 4.2.2 Works.................................................................................10 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..12 Bibliography…………………………………………………….…….…..13

Introduction

Art has become an indispensable element of people's modern living.People enjoy the visual enjoyment which from art„s works, they are keen on collecting works of art, and research the value of the works of art.Most people just can distinguish the color and the line, few people have in-depth study in the works of art.Not to mention how to distinguish Western traditional painting and Western modern painting.To help people have more knowledge and deeper understanding of Western art, the paper have a comparison and analysis of Western traditional painting and Western modern painting from some angles.First, the paper have a description in Western art culture from the time of order, we can see clearly the Western art culture from since ancient times to now, the Western art culture‟s Western traditional painting, Western modern painting, the birth of the different arts, the different style of art are alternated and replaced and the heyday of every art style.Second, as the paper is mainly analysis the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting, so this part the paper will analysis their characteristics of the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting, it is from the purpose of painting and methods of expression to analysis their characteristics.There are difference performance and expression between the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting, but the most basic essence which they pursuit are same.Third, the biggest difference between the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting should be the schools.After thousands of years, especially after Renaissance, no matter the Western traditional painting or the Western modern painting, both of them have formed a lot of schools.Of course, the birth of a new school must be with a new approach of creative and expression, as well as the pursuit of goals, therefore, the paper will also introduce some style of painting which people can usually find in our daily life, but not understand well.Finally, To let people know more about the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting, in the part this paper will introduce some representative painters and their works.Hope that after reading the paper, those people who love Western art works and can have a deeper understanding of Western art, and more love art.2 Chapter One

The historical event table

From the historical event table, is not difficult to find that the Western modern painting is replacing slowly the Western traditional painting.1.1 Primitive times

No Greek, no art and science, no slavery, no Rome Empire, no Greek culture or Rome Empire, there would be not modern European.Because of the war and natural, there is not left any purely Greek painting, the only material from the “Greek vase painting”, Greek art have two pursuits, the one is exact reproduction, another one is elegant and harmonious.Understanding of Roman painting is mainly come from Pompeii.1.2 Ancient Greece and Rome The earliest human paintings produced in the late Paleolithic, the art of this period continued for about 10,000 years, for the last 5000 years of the Paleolithic, almost all of the pictures are concentrated in here, 1.7 million years to 1.2 million years ago, in the Gede Lin cultural period, these oldest pictures are drawn on the cliffs of the original caves, great momentum and lifelike, called masterpiece of naturalism.The murals on France Lascaux Cave and Spain Altamira cave, they are outstanding representatives

1.3 Middle Ages The long period of the Middle Ages(476-15 century), between in the end of classical civilization and the beginning of the revival.Many people think that medieval art is grotesquery, confused, even dismissed as ugly, some people think that the art of this time is rich, it is reflects the oriental culture, it is a fusion of Greek and Roman culture and the barbarian cultural.In the medieval, Christian is dominant, so, the painting is also service for it.The service consists of five parts, first, the painting of Early Christian(2-5 century), second，Byzantine painting(5-15 century), third, barbarian and the Carolingian Renaissance, fourth, the Romanesque(10-12 century), Fifth, Gothic(12-15 century).1.4 Renaissance Italy is the center of Renaissance, the painters of the early 14-15 century Giotto, Masaccio and so on, they combined with humanistic ideals and the realistic depiction of nature, Though there are still traces of dull,but showing realism which is a different style with medieval.The end of the 15th century to the mid-16th century, painters reach a consensus on the terms of true and elegant, literary three heroes, Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci, Michelangelo Simoni and Raphael Sanzio.The painters of venetian school focus on the performance of light and shade, pursuit the mood of hedonism, and had a profound impact.The 1520-1590,the painter of approach,they do not care about the expression of works' content, have great enthusiasm on form factors, Interested in manifestations twisted posture, peculiar perspective and brilliant colors, it is reflects a different taste with the classical aesthetic spirit of the Renaissance.In addition, the Netherlands, Germany and France also fusion of Italian style with local traditional style of painting, to become their own painting style.1.5 17-18 century

Western painting created a vibrant new situation in 17th century.To Italy, Teresa Fernandez, the Netherlands, Spain and France as a representative.Generally can be divided into three types, first, Baroque, the characteristics of strong momentum, dramatic, contrast of light and shadow and spatial illusion.Second, classicism and academism, classicism emphasized rationality, performance of forms and types, neglect spiritual of artist, expression of sensual and fun.Third, realism, refusal to follow the norms of classical art and the ”ideal beauty“, Reluctant to landscaping natural, is to faithfully depict natural.Western painting in the 18th century, rococo style flourished, at the same time, realism also been developed.Characteristics of Rococo is Gorgeous, tiny, pursuit delicate sensual pleasure of elegant, exotic, Yan light.1.6 19th century French painting plays a dominant role in Europe.The development of French painting is roughly divided into Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, New Impressionist and Post-impressionist and so on stage.1.7 20th century At this time, appears many modernist thought, parted ways in the theories and concepts of art and traditional painting.Modernist emphasis on express the subjective emotional, emphasis on purely art and language of painting„s own value, they exclude utilitarian, also took exception to the factors of description and reproducibility, they think the most important is organization screen structure, express inner emotions to create a mysterious dream.The main genres have Fauvism, Cubism, Paris School, Expressionism, the Vienna Secession, Style Marxism, Dadaism Metaphysical Painting, Surrealism, Supremacist, Abstract Expressionism, Spectroscopy art, Light effects, Newsurrealism, Super-realism.5

Chapter Two

Character

Western painting emphasizes on the use of color, Rafael's ” The School of Athens “ is one of the typical piece.This is also the most essential distinction between the western painting and Chinese painting.2.1 Traditional painting

These painters who are committed to the pursuit of pure art, think that traditional painting adulteration too many ”non-art impurities“.The western traditional painting is pay attention to artistry, in fact, it is not only pay attention to artistry, but also pay attention to many aspects of non-artistic.Traditional painting in this art, it have not purely, is mainly in the utilitarian and descriptive and so on.Western traditional painting, one of its characteristic is emphasizes description.Long-term since, painters have been put expression of story and legends effectively, depict the specific circumstances, to express some meaning or symbolism, as their task.This descriptive is fully reflects by the works “Arnaud Fanny couple portrait” of Jan Van Eyck.For traditional painting, basic goal is to reproduce the art„s fundamental.2.2 Modern painting Modern painting pursuits of pure art, on utilitarian and descriptive, it is not similar with traditional painting.This is probably the important sign of distinguish between traditional painting and modernist painting.However for traditional painting, main features of modern painting is also reproducibility, but this reproducibility is not immutable and frozen on the depiction of natural.Modern painting with a strong style in the realism including the times, nation, and the artist's own style.6

Chapter Three Schools

A different schools have different styles, from the style of painting is not difficult to see the background of the time.So, the painting not only a work, but a representative of time.3.1 Traditional painting Classicism and anti-classicism, they are the two mainstream of the art of painting in Western tradition.The former showed for Renaissance Classical reactionary, the latter reflects incompatible with neoclassicism

3.2 Classicism Classical painting characteristic is biased towards the rationality, especially the characteristics of form reflected in attach importance to sketching and scorn the color.Classicism pursuits solemn and serene, pure , harmonious.3.3 Anti-classicism Anti-classical is biased towards enthusiastic and emotion.It is emphasize the spirit of freedom and indulgence, the momentum of wealthy and spectacular, and the emotion of turmoil and vehement.It is fully manifested in the Baroque and Romantic art.3.4 Modern painting Modernist period, in the field of painting, produced diverse factions and trend of thought.Abstract art virtue of the volume and clumps of non-specific image to set up a three-dimensional space„s shape and structure, that it's away from the people's daily visual, almost no any connection with the natural objects.Expressionism its way of painting is exaggerated and deformed;it makes works become a symbol of the spiritual and emotional.Surrealistic fantasy use many visual image with full of fantasy and symbolic to take people to a spiritual world, the world is ethereal and transcendent.Looking at modernist painting, is not difficult to see the common characteristics is disregard for objective representation and emphasizes subjective performance.3.5 The structure of emphasize form The structure of emphasize form Is a schools of modern painting.In order to structure, the cubist painter not hesitate sacrifice reproducibility.Images in their pen, are decomposed completely, and reduced to the basic element and many block face.Analytic Cubism by decomposing images, collocated and connected to different block faces, and get the clear picture structure.Consolidated a variety of materials of Cubism used to collage block face with a variety of materials, show slightly the specific shape of objects, but its goal is display the unity and independence of the painting world.In order to pursue the constituted order of the painting, Piet Cornelies Mondria went to the symbolism and abstract, his developed his minimalist collection of abstract schemata including tree primary colors, three non-color, and he mesh structure of “the horizontal line-perpendicular ”, seek absolute balance between the various elements.3.6 Expressionism The Expressionistic is the second largest mainstream of modernist painting.The painters of Expressionist concerns the expression of inner feelings and spirit, they believe art is not the objectively reproduction，but the representation of the soul.In the painting of Vincent Willem van Gogh, landscape is mad, the mountain is commotion, the moon and nebula are rotating, cypress trees like a round and round huge black flames scrolls straight on the sky.And the Norwegian painter who are always in the eulogize to “life, love and death”, Edvard Munch, he used the way of extreme exaggeration, vividly demonstrated the extreme loneliness and anguish of the human.3.7 The grotesque dreams Expression the grotesque dreams, it is the third mainstream of modernist painting.This typical representative of the mainstream is the metaphysical faction and super-realist painting.According to the view of Sigmund Freud, Dream is the unconscious, the subconscious, it is one of the most direct way to manifestation, It is a vent, that the instinct not be accepted completely, It is use a distorted way to denudation the nature of the human„s depths of the soul.Artistic creation as same as dream, it is the expression of subconscious and symbolism.Painters believed that dreams can display the “eternal life” and “the other side of eternal life”, only corrective reality and change reality by dream, they would can tear down the wall and get to the “the other side of eternal life”, achieve the marvelous realm of surreal.The painter of Italian metaphysical faction，Giorgio de Chirico is regarded as a pioneer in super-realist painting.His created the most disturbing dream scene‟s works in the modern art.On the desolate Italy square, shrouded ominous clouds, dead light makes people afraid, seems to be a sort of threat is frozen in there, forever, the mutually exclusive things meet in the clear light, the accidental and absurd content makes us feel uneasy, however, the singular between images and clear breath, also has some magical and special charm.As the writer Comte de Lautréamont said,” It is as beauty as the encounter of a sewing machine and a parasol on the operation table”.The pursuit of super-realist painter is that dreamy effect.They put their own whimsy in the appearance of the world, This strange ideas come from these elusive factor，Sex, death, metamorphosis ……

Chapter Four representative In each period, there are representative painters and representative works, this Chapter, the paper will discourse these painters and their works.4.1Traditional painting

4.1.1 Jan Van Eyck Jan Van Eyck(1385-1441), painter of the Netherlands.In the painting of early Netherland, he is one of the greatest painters, he is also the founder of the Nordic Gothic painting in fifteenth century.The founder of Netherlands Renaissance art, the key figure of the painting formative period.Because he made a unique contribution to the development of oil painting techniques, he is known as the “father of oil painting”.4.1.2 Works

“Arnaud Fanny couple portrait” of Jan Van Eyck is called extraordinary in the history art.Painter realistically portrayed the image of a typical asset, it is not only reproduce the appearance and personality traits of the couple, but also use extremely realistic depiction of the indoor environment, the painting shows the special shape of the painter.It is said that this subtle depiction ,even the modern photographer is admired.To expand the space by the reflection of mirror, it is another characteristics of the masterpiece, the artistic feature has a great influence and inspiration for the later genre painting of Dutch.4.2 Modern painting

4.2.1Vincent Willem van Gogh Vincent Willem van Gogh(1853－1890),the painter of Dutch Post-Impressionist.He is a pioneer of the Expressionist, and have deeply influenced in the art of the twentieth century, especially Fauvism and expressionism of German.His works, such as “Starry Night” and “Sunflowers” have entered the the ranks of world's well-known and expensive works of art.July 29, 1890, Van Gogh because of mental illness suicide in France Oise River.4.2.2 Works “Starry Night” is a painting of distant and intimate.The universe of Van Gogh can last forever in “Starry Night”.Those outbreak stars have close relationship with the space exploration of era, it is better than the era of mystical beliefs.However, this phantom is spend a lot of effort to create.This painting shows Vincent Willem van Gogh is good at grasp of excellent means of modeling.11

Conclusion

The paper is from several aspects to analysis the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting.Not only discourse the characteristics of the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting, but also discourse the different schools between the Western traditional painting and the Western modern painting.After discuss the schools, the paper give some examples for the schools, to help people understand these schools easily.In a word, the emphasis of Western traditional painting is religion and ethics, the things in the painting didn't have any characteristics, the human in the painting„s expression is stiff.Renaissance, works of extol human nature appears, it is headed by Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci.From the late of 17th century, the painters of impressionist began to advocating the beauty of nature.Later, Picasso began a theme of modernism and abstract, the painting is more individuation.12 Bibliography

Jan Van Eyck

“Arnaud Fanny couple portrait” 1434 Vincent Willem van Gogh

“Starry Night” 1889 Edvard Munch

Representative of Expressionism Sigmund Freud

The founder of the psychoanalytic school Comte de Lautréamont

The writer of“Song of Maerduoluo” Masaccio

Italian painter of Renaissance Raffaello Sanzio

painter and architect of Italia, one of literary three heroes Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci

One of literary three heroes, the perfect representative

of Europe of Renaissance Picasso

the founder of three-dimensional painting school 13