【2016年G20峰会成果文件】杭州行动计划

第一篇：【2016年G20峰会成果文件】杭州行动计划

杭州行动计划

一、概述

自2008年金融危机以来，全球经济已经得到了长足的发展，但复苏依然脆弱且不尽如人意。此外，经济增长的成果需要被更加广泛的分享，以满足人民群众的预期。我们意识到，必须更努力地以可持续和包容的方式提高经济增速和创造就业，以及我们在应对全球经济下行风险时可发挥积极的推动作用。我们也意识到进一步促进经济增长的努力能否获得支持取决于经济增长带来的好处能否被广泛分享，以及能否惠及贫困和更脆弱的人群。

杭州行动计划列出了我们将要遵循的战略，以促进强劲和更加广泛的经济增长，实现所有人共享的发展成果。在过去承诺的基础上，行动计划中列出的新承诺旨在开辟一条通往强劲、可持续、平衡和包容性增长的清晰道路。行动计划包含许多将在未来几年采取的政策行动，其中一些是短期内促进经济增长和创造就业的宏观经济政策措施，其他一些是中长期预计可提高经济生产率和生活水平的结构性改革措施，还有一些政策旨在确保我们追求的短期和中期增长在面临突发情况时更具韧性，更可持续，能更大力度地支持自然环境，以及可更公平地分享。

二、过去承诺的实施情况

在2014年布里斯班峰会上，我们在增长战略中列出的重大行动承诺如能得到充分且及时的落实，将在2018年之前将二十国集团（G20）的整体国内生产总值（GDP）额外提高2%（共同增长雄心）。为达到目标，我们于2015年制定了一个强有力的框架，以密切监测我们承诺的落实情况。我们在安塔利亚峰会上调整了增长战略，包括我们正在采取的新行动，以便根据变化中的经济挑战提高战略的效果。2016年是实现布里斯班雄心的关键之年，因为其标志着如今时间已过半。因此，今年我们完善了增长战略，增加了新的关键承诺，并加强了同行评估，以便更全面、详细地评估成员国的增长战略以及过去承诺的落实进展。我们还将投资战略并入增长战略，以提高效率。

我们对落实情况的监测得到了国际货币基金组织（IMF）、经济合作与发展组织（OECD）以及世界银行集团（WBG）评估的支持。监测结果表明，G20成员国已经完成了一半以上的在布里斯班做出的多年承诺以及大约一半的在安塔利亚做出的承诺，其余承诺大都在落实中。国际组织的评估还表明，截至目前，我们大致完成了一半的共同增长雄心。我们意识到，我们必须更加努力，尤其是必须更加努力地加快有效落实所有剩余承诺。《2016年问责评估》报告了我们增长战略承诺的落实进展。

三、通向强劲、可持续、平衡和包容性增长的道路

尽管为履行我们过去的承诺而采取的行动值得称赞，但我们承认，如要继续沿着强劲、可持续、平衡和包容性增长之路前行，必须继续努力。我们决心各自以及共同使用包括货币政策、财政政策和结构性改革在内的所有政策工具来达到这一目标。由于各国国情不同，我们每个国家在许多领域采取适当的政策行动时需保持谨慎。同时，我们的共同努力也将在短期和中期给各国带来好处，并将为全球经济更强劲、可持续、平衡和包容性增长打下坚实基础。

（一）强化短期经济增长和稳定。

虽然自全球金融危机爆发以来，全球经济出现改观，但我们仍对全球经济复苏差强人意表示担忧。全球经济环境充满挑战，下行风险犹存，尤其是大宗商品价格波动以及许多发达经济体的通胀水平处于低位。金融市场的波动性依旧高企，经济重构、地缘政治冲突、恐怖主义和难民流动继续使全球经济环境复杂化。我们正在使用货币和财政政策增强信心，促进经济增长和稳定。我们认识到需求侧措施在支持经济活动中的重要作用及其对结构性改革的补充作用。因此在2016年，我们出台了如下一系列措施：

-澳大利亚、印度尼西亚和韩国的中央银行根据各自职责下调了利率。

-欧央行已在符合其职责的情况下继续扩大资产购买计划，将公司债纳入购买计划并将购买规模由每月600亿欧元扩大至每月800亿欧元，并把存款便利利率下调至-0.4%。

-日本央行于2016年早些时候引入了“负利率政策并同时实施质化和量化货币宽松政策”，并在晚些时候通过扩大购买交易型开放式指数基金（ETFs）的规模以加大宽松力度，并采取措施确保日本企业和金融机构能够顺利获得外币融资。

-英格兰银行已降息并宣布推出一个定期融资计划以加强降息的政策传导效应，减少逆周期资本缓冲以支持信贷发放，扩大资产购买计划，额外增加购买600亿英镑国债和最多100亿英镑公司债。

-土耳其央行已采取措施提高其货币政策工具的有效性，并通过下调边际贷款利率来收窄利率走廊。

-加拿大和美国的货币政策仍保持宽松。

-加拿大将在六年中进行约502亿加元（占其GDP的2.5%）的战略投资，为经济提供直接支持，并在长期范围内提高潜在产出。

-中国将在2016年投入5000亿元人民币的中央政府投资，以支持保障性安居工程、粮食水利、中西部铁路、科技创新、节能环保等重点领域工作。

-印度加大了对基础设施领域的投资。

-日本推出规模为28.1万亿日元（占其GDP5.6%）的经济刺激计划，其中财政刺激措施的规模为13.5万亿日元（占GDP2.7%）。

-美国将2016年和2017年联邦预算支出授权提高了1110亿美元，以支持短期需求。

-韩国将增加其2016年下半年的财政支出，增加规模将超过28万亿韩元（占GDP1.9%），其中包括11万亿韩元的补充预算。

（二）促进中期实际与潜在增长。

为促进中期实际和潜在增长，我们正在进一步推进结构性改革，包括通过为战略性基础设施投资奠定基础，以及共同建设一个公平而高效的国际税收体系的方式。

1.深化结构性改革议程。

我们相信，结构性改革是推动中长期经济增长的重要动力，在有力的宏观经济政策框架配合下，能够提振信心、刺激需求、创造就业并促进短期经济增长。我们制定了涵盖九大优先领域的深化结构性改革议程，其中包括各优先领域的指导原则和指标体系（详见《G20深化结构性改革议程》）。不同国家结构性改革的具体重点不尽相同，各国将集中关注与自身改革最密切相关的领域。成员国可以将优先领域与指导原则用于指导今后的政策改革，包括用于更新增长战略。指标体系包括政策指标和产出指标等，旨在帮助评估和监测结构性改革的进展，以及这些改革措施是否足以应对结构性挑战。我们承诺继续落实和完善《G20深化结构性改革议程》。

我们已就下列九大优先领域做出了结构性改革承诺。这些承诺与指导原则保持一致。

促进贸易和投资开放

我们正在采取措施以减少外商直接投资的障碍和限制，落实贸易便利措施以降低边境成本以及合理地减少贸易和投资的边境后限制，致力于构建更加和谐的跨境贸易关系。

成员国关于促进贸易和投资开放的承诺包括：

-中国继续保持开放，并推动服务贸易。

-印度进一步放松对外商直接投资的限制，提高境外机构在印度股市、保险和养老金领域的投资限额。

-印度尼西亚正在消除其市场堡垒，以吸引更多的外商投资，并用数字化技术简化贸易监管，具体包括改革政府服务，并将贸易处理从纸质化向网络化转变。

-韩国正在调整对外商在高科技领域投资的扶持政策，从而为新兴产业提供更多的税收优惠。

促进竞争并改善商业环境

我们正在采取措施减少创业和发展商业活动的行政和法律障碍，为市场竞争创造公平的环境，实施有效的破产程序。我们也在采取措施减少损害竞争的限制性规定，减轻过度的合规负担，对落实监管政策进行有效监督，完善法规，提高司法系统的效率并打击腐败。

成员促进竞争并改善商业环境的承诺包括：

-巴西正在提供技术援助，帮助中小企业至少提高20%的生产率。

-欧盟在“单一市场战略”和欧洲投资计划下支持初创企业，消除阻碍公司成长以及跨境贸易和投资的障碍，促进融资渠道，促进创新并加强“单一市场战略”的落实。

-法国正在采取措施简化特小型、小型和中型企业的商业环境。

-印度尼西亚正在去官僚化并放松管制，通过简化各种许可程序，将不相关的要求降至最低，消除不必要的检查。

-意大利正在采取一揽子新措施，侧重于满足意大利生产体系尤其是中小企业的注资需求，旨在通过进入资本市场来刺激企业成长并增强竞争力与管理能力。

-墨西哥正在改善法治，提升潜在增长率，通过加强法律框架发挥改革的全部潜力。

-西班牙正在消除产品市场和服务领域的负担和障碍，加强管理部门间的合作机制。

鼓励创新

我们正在采取措施以确保并维持研发支出，加强研究机构、高校与产业间的合作，改善国际研究合作和早期风险资本投资的获取。

成员鼓励创新的承诺包括：

-澳大利亚支持国家创新和科学研究计划，包括便利企业融资、与研究人员合作并吸引海外人才。

-日本将企业向大学与公共研究机构的投资额增至三倍。

-韩国正在增强新兴产业研发税收抵免系统，以支持创新。

-俄罗斯正在建立技术开发机构，通过提供信息、分析与咨询援助、交易支持与资金筹措，帮助企业找到创新技术解决方案。

-土耳其正在建立针对创新驱动型企业的早期投资基金，以及众筹和联合融资的机制。

改善基础设施

我们正在采取措施提升公共基础设施投资质量，同时确保充足的资金用于基础设施及其维护，并促进私人部门参与，包括通过启用政府和社会资本合作（PPP）模式。我们也在采取措施减少对于机构投资者长期投融资的机制性与监管障碍，推出新的金融工具，同时确保金融稳定。

成员改善基础设施的承诺包括：

-阿根廷正在投资公路、铁路、航运以及河道运输基础设施（贝尔格拉诺计划）以提升国内互联互通与地区间贸易。

-加拿大正在公共交通、水利、污水处理和绿色基础设施以及社会基础设施等方面进行定向投资。

-中国正在加速推动农村地区电网升级改造。

-德国正在实施数字化工程，包括投资电子通讯基础设施。此外，德国联邦政府还在公共交通基础设施领域开展额外投资。

-印度尼西亚正在增加2016年国家预算中对资本项目的早期采购，以减少后期资本大幅支出压力并降低在当前财年中无法实施项目的风险。

-南非正在发展替代融资机制，为基础设施投资筹措资金。“独立能源生产商（IPP）”计划给可再生能源领域带来了大量投资。

-土耳其通过启用符合其国家交通总体规划（2015-2018）的创新融资机制，加速推动PPP交通运输工程。

-美国已制定了一项长期地面交通运输法案，将在5年内提供3050亿美元资金。

改善并强化金融体系

我们正在采取措施确保金融稳定、支持增长、增强竞争与创新，同时维持审慎目标。我们正在采取措施确保制度框架有利于市场化融资，确保投资者受到保护，改善并拓展传统银行业与创新型的融资渠道，同时维持金融稳定。

成员改善并强化金融体系的承诺包括：

-阿根廷正在促进长期储蓄与本币信贷增长，增加抵押贷款。

-印度正在研发一套完整的公司债信息库，包含一级与二级市场信息，并建立公司债回购市场电子化平台。在建立综合处置机制方面有重大进展。

-意大利通过加快取消公司与中小企业不良贷款的抵押品赎回权，加强信贷回收，进一步增强其银行系统抗风险能力。

-俄罗斯已采取了关于其金融市场中期发展的行动计划。

推进劳动力市场改革及获取教育与技能

我们正在采取措施减少妇女、青年与高龄工人等低劳动力参与度群体的就业障碍，以扩大并完善积极的劳动力市场政策的效果。我们也在采取措施扩大各类工作的社会保护，降低劳动力市场的二元性与不正规雇佣，并改善职业教育与培训以及高等教育与技能培训的渠道与效率。我们正在采取措施提升就业质量，提高劳动生产率。

成员推进劳动力市场改革及获取教育和技能的承诺包括：

-阿根廷正在扩大家庭津贴计划，以覆盖父母被正规劳动力市场排除在外的儿童。

-法国正在实施全面的劳动力市场改革，包括增加企业灵活性与职工保护的措施，并为求职者提供额外的培训课程，尤其是针对那些缺乏技能或者所学技能已过时的求职者。

-韩国正在将今年公共部门实施的绩效工资体系向私人部门拓展，以推动四大领域结构性改革。

-沙特正在启动一项关于职业健康与安全的国家项目。

-英国继续努力实现政府关于“自2020年起将英国学徒的数量提高至300万，同时显著提升学徒质量”的承诺，通过取消25岁以下且月薪低于827英镑的学徒的国民保险的方式。

促进财政改革

我们正在采取措施改善公共管理与公共服务提供的效率，加强财政框架、规则和制度的作用，提高税收征管的透明性与有效性，打击逃税与避税。我们也在采取措施优先考虑有利于增长的支出，保持高效的公共投资并提升支出效率。

成员促进财政改革的承诺包括：

-澳大利亚正在降低公司税率，从中小企业入手，推广小型企业税收减免。

-中国正在促进税收改革，将营业税改为增值税。

-欧盟正对企图逃避支付公平份额税款的公司采取更强的协调一致的立场，并在税基侵蚀与利润转移方面实施国际标准。

-韩国正通过实施《财政整顿法案》增强中长期财政的稳健性和可持续性。

-墨西哥正在实施一项为期数年的公共支出调整计划，以确保财政可持续并在当前不利的环境中维持宏观经济稳定。

-沙特正建立国家项目管理机构，以确保公共投资项目效率。

-南非继续实施财政支出上限，以维护财政纪律和债务可持续性，同时调整支出优先顺序，向投资倾斜，并削减全国政府部门不必要性的商品与服务预算。

-西班牙正在加大打击逃税与税收欺诈方面的工作力度。

-英国正在降低公司税率以支持投资。

增强环境可持续性

我们正在采取措施扩大市场化机制的运用，以减少污染，提高资源利用效率，促进发展清洁与可再生能源以及能抵御气候变化的基础设施。我们也将采取措施，以促进出台和发展与环境相关的创新项目，并提升能源利用效率。

成员增强环境可持续性的承诺包括：

-加拿大正在为清洁技术提供战略资金，包括在林业、渔业、采矿、能源和农业领域，以支持经济实现清洁增长。

-中国正在利用电价调整所带来的收益，支持火力发电厂向超低排放模式转型，并发展可再生能源。

-德国将会在2016年至2020年间以公共支持项目的形式提供170亿欧元资金，以改善能效。

-印度正在建立一个国家级的气候变化适应基金，为国家层面和各州层面所出台的适应性措施提供资金，以帮助那些容易受到气候变化影响的社区和领域。

促进包容性增长

我们正在通过减少就业障碍、提高教育和培训的效果等措施，提高机遇的平等性。我们还将出台定向的、增长和就业友好型的社会转移和收入再分配项目。我们将会采取措施，以在追求经济增速的同时确保实现包容性。

成员促进包容性增长的承诺包括：

-加拿大正在为中等收入人群减税，通过出台一个新的加拿大儿童福利计划为家庭提供更多支持，并通过增加针对单身老年人的保障收入补贴改善退休收入体系。

-印度正在出台一个健康保险机制，该机制将会为三分之一的人口提供住院费用保障。

-日本正在进行工作方式改革，包括改善非正规工人的工作环境以及改变工作时间较长的习惯，以促进工作和生活的平衡，并促进年长人士的就业。日本还将在2016年把最低工资提高3%。

-墨西哥通过设立特别经济区，在发展较为落后的地区提高生产率、促进就业以及创造财富。

在未来的问责评估中，G20深化结构改革议程中的指标体系将会被用来评估我们结构性改革的进展以及这些改革措施是否足以应对结构性挑战。

2．提振和加强基础设施投资。

不论是公共部门还是私营部门的基础设施支出对于促进总需求、拉动额外的私营部门投资、推动供给侧结构性改革、实现更加强劲、平衡、可持续和包容性增长至关重要。我们鼓励11家多边开发银行履行其在“支持基础设施投资行动的联合愿景声明”中所做的承诺。我们支持开发银行在各自职能范围内制定高质量基础设施项目量化目标，最大限度地提高基础设施项目质量、加强项目储备、增进新老多边开发银行的合作并动员私人投资。我们强调，高质量基础设施投资对于确保经济效率非常重要，其综合了考虑生命周期成本、安全性、抗自然灾害的韧性、创造 就业机会、能力建设以及根据共同同意的条件转移知识和专业技能，同时处理好项目的社会和环境影响，并与经济和发展战略相一致。我们承诺致力于推动加强全球基础设施建设互联互通，并在2016年7月发起了“全球基础设施互联互通联盟倡议”。基于《G20/OECD基础设施和中小企业融资工具多元化政策指南文件》，我们将在自愿基础上进一步推动融资工具多元化。

3．税收政策促增长。

税收政策对于实现强劲、可持续和平衡经济增长发挥着关键作用。我们强调有效的税收政策工具对供给侧结构性改革、推动创新和包容性增长的重要作用。我们也强调有必要提高税收确定性，以支持跨境贸易与投资。我们支持国际税收合作，构建公平、高效的国际税收环境，以减少税收体系之间的冲突并推动实现强劲、可持续和平衡经济增长。我们要求OECD与IMF就促进创新驱动的包容性增长、提高税收确定性的税收政策起草报告。同时，我们注意到中国将通过建立一个致力于国际税收政策设计与研究的国际税收政策研究中心贡献自己的力量。

（三）使增长更具韧性、可持续和平衡。

除了那些在短期和中期促进更强劲增长的政策措施外，我们还采取行动以确保经济增长将提高金融部门的韧性以应对冲击，促使我们的人民群众享受到更广泛的、量身定制的金融服务，为环境友好型项目提供更多融资，以及减少持续的、过度的内部和外部失衡。

1.建立一个稳定、有韧性的国际金融架构。

我们承诺将采取更多措施加强国际金融架构，这是实现强劲、可持续和平衡增长以及金融稳定的关键因素。我们期待IMF和OECD在资本流动方面开展的工作。我们将按公报中所详细阐述的、就IMF资源问题采取必要的措施。我们欢迎即将举行的清迈倡议多边化与IMF的联合演练，并呼吁那些与IMF的合作能力尚未被检验的区域金融安排考虑与IMF进行演练。我们期待IMF与演练参与国从这些演练中吸取经验和教训，并在更广泛的合作背景下分享与区域金融安排合作的经验，同时考虑到不同区域金融安排的不同特性和职责。我们期待世界银行按照达成一致的原则和路线图实施股份审议，包括在2016年年会前就动态公式达成共识。我们强调促进有效和可持续融资实践的重要性。我们支持对针对低收入国家的债务可持续性框架进行审议，并呼吁各国采取更多的、协调一致的努力，为债务国和其面临的挑战提供有针对性的技术援助。我们支持研究将加强的合同条款纳入存量主权债的成本和可行性，并支持研究和讨论促进主权债重组程序的其他措施。我们呼吁进一步分析状态依存型债务工具的技术方法、机遇和挑战，包括GDP挂钩债券。

2.促进普惠金融。

我们认识到普惠金融对于改变所有人，尤其是穷人的生活，具有重要意义。在《G20数字普惠金融高级原则》的基础上，我们将会采取普惠金融全球合作伙伴（GPFI）所推荐的、适合各国具体国情的具体行动，以促进数字普惠金融发展，并帮助低收入国家打通“最后一公里”，为那些尚未享受到金融服务或享受的金融服务不足的人群提供服务。我们要求GPFI定期更新G20普惠金融指标体系，以反映普惠金融领域的最新趋势和进展，并支持国际组织收集高质量的国别数据。我们认识到改善金融教育和能力建设项目效果的重要性。我们期待《G20/OECD关于G20成员金融素养的报告》。我们支持在《G20中小企业融资行动计划落实框架》下将进行的第一次国别自评。我们支持GPFI的进一步工作，以落实《G20普惠金融行动计划》，并要求GPFI在2017年对此进行审议。

3.促进绿色金融。

实现环境可持续的增长需要大量绿色投资。我们欢迎G20绿色金融研究小组制定的关于如何增强金融体系的能力以动员私人部门资金进行绿色投资的自愿可选措施。尤其是，我们相信可以通过努力提供清晰的战略性政策信号与框架，推动绿色金融的自愿原则，扩大能力建设的学习网络，支持本地绿色债券市场的发展，开展国际合作以推动跨境绿色债券投资，鼓励并推动在环境与金融风险领域的知识共享，改善对绿色金融活动及其影响的评估方法。

4.更有效、透明地提供和动员气候资金。

认识到气候资金对于促进可持续和气候韧性发展的重要性，我们重申应及时实施气候变化《巴黎协定》，落实发达国家和国际组织就气候资金所作的承诺和其他国家就气候资金所作的声明。

5.应对全球失衡。

我们注意到自2009年以来在减少全球过度失衡方面取得的进展。然而，我们担心该调整进程可能正在失去动力，尤其是2015年全球外部失衡略有增加。如果2009年以来在这方面所取得的进展消失殆尽，我们承担不起。我们将共同努力，使用所有政策工具，以一种增长友好的方式减少过度失衡。确保全球调整进程的合理和对称性运行至关重要。我们将会研究应进一步采取何种措施，从而以一种对称的方式重振调整进程。我们将继续定期对各成员进行评估，以识别大规模、持续的外部和内部失衡，并分析其根本原因。IMF的定期分析对该评估也十分有益。我们将继续研究全球失衡问题，包括从经常账户以外的其他角度。

四、构建更加繁荣的未来。

我们的行动计划列出了我们促进增长的共同战略要素。正如这份行动计划所示，我们重申我们的决心，将各自以及共同使用所有政策工具，包括货币政策、财政政策和结构性改革政策，以实现我们的强劲、可持续、平衡和包容性增长的目标。

全球增长创造了巨大的收益。G20的增长也将为发展中国家和低收入国家带来正面的溢出效应。我们也认识到需要减少国内政策措施对于其他国家的负面溢出效应。我们需要加倍努力，保证未来全球增长的收益被更多的人群所分享，以提高国家内和国家间的包容性。我们需要证明我们推动经济增长的政策实际上将使得更多人群受益，增长应该更具包容性，这样政策措施才能获得更加广泛的支持。特别是，我们应努力确保自由贸易、全球化、更广泛的全球联通性为包容性的、被更加广泛分享的经济增长做出贡献，并有效地宣传其好处。

我们也应清楚，全球经济会继续受到不可预见事件的影响，有可能产生令人失望的负面经济和社会效应。我们有责任保护已经取得的成果，预防对于增长前景的损害。因此，我们应更加努力，通过增加经济增长目标和政策工具的韧性，来管理不确定性。

我们的信誉取决于我们如何落实承诺。我们将继续共同为我们做出的承诺负责，展示落实进展。我们将提高落实的有效性和专注度。我们将继续欢迎国际组织提供的强有力的分析支持，协助我们实现更加强劲、可持续、平衡和包容性的增长。

第二篇：全球贸易稳定亟需落实G20杭州峰会成果

全球贸易稳定亟需落实G20杭州峰会成果

无论是从经济、政治还是社会层面来看，G20相比于其他国际组织

在全球治理方面存在巨大优势

自金融危机以来，全球经济前景一直处于复杂化与不确定性凸显、机遇与挑战并存的境况之中，世界范围内贸易保护主义重新抬头成为当前世界经济复苏的重大阻碍。客观来讲，无论是从经济、政治还是社会层面来看，G20相比于其他国际组织在全球治理方面存在巨大优势。杭州峰会以来，各国通过G20平台谋求经济交流、政治互信与社会治理成为国际贸易发展主流，中国需要抓住塑造全球经济治理议程、提升本国在全球经济治理领导力的重要机遇，倡导合作、谋求共识、减少分歧，推动全球贸易合作走向新台阶。

全球贸易发展面临新的严峻形势

自2008年金融危机以来，国际贸易增速持续下滑，至2016年国际贸易愈发低迷。从国际贸易绝对增速来看，根据WTO统计数据，2009-2015年国际贸易增速已经降低至5%，而对2016年国际货物贸易增速预测从早期的2.8%变为1.7%。从国际贸易与世界经济相对增速来看，金融危机前国际贸易增速一直为世界经济增速的两倍，金融危机后这一比例一直在下降，至2016年国际贸易增速仅为同期世界经济增速的1/2。

国际贸易低迷与全球经济复苏乏力是当前贸易保护主义抬头的根源。历史上历次经济萧条与经济危机的出现，都会导致贸易保护主义在各国盛行，“本国利益至上原则”与“以邻为壑”的潘多拉盒子一旦被打开，各国贸易合作基础便不再存在而贸易保护博弈的“囚徒困境”结局就被注定。贸易保护不但不能改善各国经济萧条，反而会让世界经济陷入更严重的经济危机之中。曾经的美国斯姆特-霍利关税法案就是鲜明例证。2016年以来，G20杭州峰会与汉堡峰会对全球贸易持续关注反映了当前贸易治理形势的严峻，反对贸易保护主义成为是参会各国共识。

然而，金融危机以来各国面对的贸易保护主义也发生了很大变化。从贸易保护措施与形式角度来看，各国贸易保护措施开始趋向隐蔽化与多样化。关税一直都是实现贸易保护主要工具，但WTO等国际组织框架下引导的多边或双边谈判对各国关税变化形成制约，削减关税成为不可逆转的进程。而非关税措施成为各国尤其是G20国家贸易保护主要工具，相比于关税措施，非关税壁垒更加隐蔽、针对性更强。从贸易保护的政治层面来看，民粹主义（或者说是特朗普主义）兴起成为当前G20应对贸易保护主义的巨大障碍，单个国家内部经济变革与社会阶层矛盾的问题外部化为国际贸易合作发展带来了阻碍与不确定性。

全球贸易亟需新的合作机制

维护国际贸易自由化，抵制国际贸易保护主义一直是G20对国际社会的承诺。但往届G20峰会共同声明笔墨未干，美国等国家便纷纷开启对本国市场的贸易保护之门，引起其他国家效仿，引发多骨诺牌效应。在应对贸易保护主义问题上，如何发挥G20应有的作用，如何将G20共识落到实处进而形成全球贸易新合作机制是杭州峰会与汉堡峰会一直努力解决的问题。

首先，新合作机制绕不开G20合作框架。G20国家在经济总量上占据世界的85%，在贸易总量上占据世界的80%，G20在G8基础上吸纳了世界上主要的发展中国家、新型工业化国家，其共识与声明比区域协定、多边或双边协定更能代表世界各国利益诉求；相比于WTO等全球性国际组织，G20峰会谈判成本更低也更有效率。如图

1、图2所示，G20国家既是各国贸易政策工具的主要实施对象，同时也是实施国际贸易政策工具的主体。要抵制贸易保护主义，推进国际贸易自由化进程就必须依靠G20国家凝聚共识、消除分歧、互相合作。

其次，从杭州峰会到汉堡峰会，中国在G20峰会中凝聚共识以形成新合作机制，这种新机制的最大特点就是让G20共识与G20共同声明逐步落到实处，而不再是镜中花水中月。

让共识成为所有G20成员国真正的共识是第一步。杭州峰会以“构建创新、活力、联动、包容的世界经济”为主题，汉堡峰会以“塑造联动世界”为主题，都鲜明反映了与会各国对贸易自由化的认同，推动世界经济增长形成放眼长远、综合施策、扩大开放、包容发展的共识符合与会各国共同利益。但分歧是注定存在的，尤其是以特朗普为代表的民粹主义势力坚持贸易保护主义与孤立主义，对G20汉堡峰会顺利进行造成了不小的阻碍。实现贸易自由化、建设开放型世界经济大方向仍然是??今世界潮流，中国要做的是在不确定性与分歧并存之中谋求最大共识，让争议双方不再是国家阵营，也不是19国对1国，而是世界各国对孤立主义。

杭州峰会以来各项具体行动计划与方案开始出现，汉堡峰会实现了政策连续与会议成果无缝对接，确保了G20各国共识与共同声明能够逐步落实。从杭州峰会开始，共识转化为行动、成果落到实处的问题受到了特别重视。为此，杭州峰会制订了一系列务实的行动计划，例如发展领域的《二十国集团落实2030年可持续发展议程行动计划》，贸易投资领域的《二十国集团全球贸易增长战略》与《二十国集团全球投资指导原则》，以及金融、能源等领域的多个行动计划，真正做到了习近平主席所讲的“二十国集团不是清谈馆，而是真正的行动队”。除此之外，二十国集团的行动力与引导力还需要G20峰会议程的连续性，以此确保与会各国持之以恒地落实成果。汉堡峰会的重要意义恰在于其对杭州峰会“承前启后”的历史性作用，而并非寻求个别领域突破。杭州峰会后，世界经贸仍然存在复苏动力不足、贸易保护主义抬头、地缘政治风险上升和政策不确定性增加等问题，尤其是美国在退出《巴黎协定》后一直试图采取以邻为壑的贸易保护主义，对G20杭州峰会取得的成果构成威胁。但汉堡峰会起到了很好的承前作用，与会各国通过努力达成支持贸易自由化的共识，防止了孤立主义、保护主义思潮蔓延，实现了与杭州峰会的“无缝对接”。在这一背景下，汉堡峰会同样要发挥启后作用：与时俱进达成新共识、取得新成果，实现二十国集团从危机应对向长效治理机制的转换，引领世界经贸前进方向尤为重要，这也符合与会各方利益。

最后，新合作机制仍然需要关注贸易保护主义新内容，科学认知G20自身缺陷。

应对贸易保护主义，G20需要根据实际问题的新变化，依据共识落实贸易自由化的相关义务。与传统贸易自由化方式不同，G20国家贸易保护措施主要来自于非关税壁垒，而并非关税壁垒。WTO出版的《2016年G20贸易措施报告》表明：一方面，G20国家非关税措施数量多，从2008年开始，G20国家一共发起了1671项贸易限制措施，一直到2016年末，仅有408项贸易限制措施被取消。另一方面，G20国家贸易限制措施总量始终处于增长状态，尤其2016年杭州峰会取得巨大成果后，G20国家贸易限制措施数量仍以5%的速度增长。与此相反的是G20贸易便利化措施数量并没有显著提高，2016年之后甚至呈现小幅下降趋势。所以，G20面临贸易保护主义形势依然十分严峻。在新形势下，世界贸易的发展需各国同舟共济、守望相助，用开放、创新、包容、联动的发展理念和行动，引领世界经贸前行。

G20作为国际经济合作论坛，宗旨是为推动已工业化的发达国家和新兴市场国家之间就实质性问题进行开放及有建设性的讨论和研究，以寻求合作并促进国际金融稳定和经济的持续增长，但G20峰会达成贸易自由化的共识与共同声明仍然缺乏执行力与约束力。因此，G20峰会的定位和作用需要合理看待：G20峰会不能独立于其他多边或双边协定，相反，G20达成的共识需要依靠多边、双边谈判去落实，需要通过WTO、IMF等国际组织会议形成约束力的国际协定。对于中国而言，G20提供了中国与世界大国共同探讨全球贸易治理的平台。但中国不能仅仅依赖于此，相反，中国需要利用G20峰会推进“一带一路”倡议实施，谋求在WTO、IMF等国际组织以及双边、多边谈判中取得并落实贸易自由化共识。

第三篇：G20杭州峰会开幕词,

Keynote Speech by H.E.Xi Jinping, President of the People’s Republic of China, at the Opening Ceremony of the B20 Summit(People's Daily)02:04, September 04, 2016 AddThis Sharing Buttons Share to EmailShare to PrintShare to FacebookShare to TwitterShare to Sina WeiboShare to LinkedIn2Share to Google+Share to RedditShare to Pinterest A New Starting Point for China’s Development A New Blueprint for Global Growth Hangzhou, 3 September 2016

Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends, Good afternoon!I am so glad to have all of you with us here in Hangzhou.The G20 Summit will begin tomorrow, an event much anticipated by the international community as well as the business community, think tanks, and the labor, women and youth organizations.And all of us share one and the same goal, that is, to make the Hangzhou Summit deliver fruitful outcomes.Hangzhou is a renowned historical and cultural city and a center of business and trade in China.Famous for Bai Juyi, a leading Chinese poet in the Tang Dynasty and Su Dongpo, a popular poet in the Song Dynasty who spent time in Hangzhou, as well as the West Lake and the Grand Canal, Hangzhou has a fascinating history and rich and enchanting cultural heritage.Hangzhou is also an innovative and vibrant city with booming e-commerce.Just click the mouse in Hangzhou, and you connect the whole world.Hangzhou is also a leader in ecological conservation.Its green hills and clear lakes and rivers delight the eye on sunny days and present a special view on rainy days.Hangzhou is imbued with a charm unique to the south of the Yangtze River that has been fostered over many generations.I spent six years working in Zhejiang Province and was personally involved in its development endeavor.So I am familiar with everything here, its land and its people.In China, there are many cities like Hangzhou which have gone through great changes and achieved tremendous development over the decades.Millions of ordinary Chinese families have changed their lives through hard work.When added up, these small changes have become a powerful force driving China’s development and progress.What we see here in Hangzhou showcases what has been achieved in the great course of reform and opening-up China has embarked upon.― This is a course of blazing a new trail.Modernizing a big country with a population of more than 1.3 billion is an endeavor never undertaken in the history of mankind, and this means China must pursue its own path of development.What we have done is, as a Chinese saying puts it, “crossing the river by feeling for stones”.We have deepened reform and opening-up, broken new ground and forged ahead, and established and developed socialism with distinctive Chinese features.― This is a course of delivering tangible outcomes.We have pursued economic development as the top priority and never slackened our efforts.We have moved with the times and taken bold initiatives.Thanks to our perseverance, resolve and dedication, and the spirit of driving the nail, we have succeeded in turning China into the world’s second biggest economy, the biggest trader of goods and the third largest direct overseas investor, and lifted China’s per capita GDP to close to 8,000 US dollars.― This is a course of achieving common prosperity.Development is for the people;it should be pursued by the people and its outcomes should be shared by the people.This is what China’s reform, opening-up and socialist modernization drive are all about.Thanks to this reform and opening-up endeavor, China has lifted over 700 million people out of poverty and significantly made life better for its 1.3 billion-plus people.In pursuing development, we have accomplished just in a few decades what has taken other countries several hundred years to achieve.― This is a course of China and the world embracing each other.We have pursued an independent foreign policy of peace and a fundamental policy of opening-up.We have endeavored to develop in an open environment, starting by introducing large scale overseas investment and then going global with big strides.We have been actively involved in building a fairer and more equitable international order.China’s interaction with the outside world has deepened.And indeed, we have friends all over the world.Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends, Thirty-eight years of reform and opening-up have unfolded rapidly.Today, as China’s economy grows in size and its cooperation with the world deepens, the prospect of China’s economy has drawn keen international attention.Many people wonder whether China can maintain sustainable and steady growth, whether China can continue its reform and opening-up, and whether China can avoid falling into the “middle income trap”.Actions speak louder than words.China has answered these questions with actions.Early this year, China drew up the outlines of the 13th five-year plan for economic and social development.These outlines call for implementing the vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development, addressing acute challenges of uneven, uncoordinated and unsustainable development, and ultimately achieving a moderately prosperous society in all respects.China has reached a new historical starting point.It is a new starting point for China to deepen reform across the board and foster new drivers of economic and social development.It is a new starting point for China to adapt its economy to a new normal and transform its growth model.It is a new starting point for China to further integrate itself into the world and open itself wider to the world.We have the confidence and ability to maintain medium-high rate of growth and deliver more development opportunities to the world while ensuring our own development.― Proceeding from this new starting point, we will steadfastly deepen reform in an all-round way and open up brighter prospects of development.China’s economic development has entered a new normal, a stage it cannot bypass if China is to upgrade its economy and make it better structured.Reform is crucial to maintaining medium-high rate of growth under the new normal.Sticking to convention will get us nowhere.Fear to advance will only result in losing the opportunity.China’s goal of reform has been set and we will not deviate from it.China will take sure and firm steps in advancing reform and will not slow down its pace.China’s reform has entered the deep water zone where tough challenges must be met.We have the resolve to make painful self-adjustments and tackle problems that have built up over many years, particularly underlying issues and entrenched interests and carry reform through to the end.We will continue to carry out supply-side structural reform, resolve major problems in economic development and improve the performance of the supply system by optimizing factors allocation and adjusting industrial structure.With these efforts, we can energize the market and achieve coordinated development.We will continue to explore new institutional mechanism, break through the resistance of vested interests, exercise law-based governance and better leverage both the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and the role of the government.― Proceeding from the new starting point, we will pursue an innovation-driven development strategy to create stronger growth drivers.Scientific and technological innovation holds the key to development.We are keenly aware that many sectors of China’s economy are not strong or competitive enough despite their big sizes.Over the years, they have depended on input of resources, capital and labor force to achieve growth and expand scale.But this model is no longer sustainable.China now faces the challenging task of changing its growth drivers and growth model and adjusting its economic structure.To make China an innovative country and a leader in science and technology is what China must do now in pursuing development.We are implementing the innovation-driven development strategy so as to leverage the role of innovation as the primary growth driver and make growth quality based rather than quantity based.We will promote all-dimensional, multi-tiered and wide-ranging changes in principles guiding development, institutional structures and business models so as to bring about a fundamental transformation of the forces driving development and create new impetus for it.We will strive to make breakthroughs in major projects and priority areas and take the lead in undertaking major international scientific programs and projects.We will conduct research on and resolve pressing scientific and technological issues holding back economic and industrial development.We will speed up the commercialization of R&D achievements to meet the need of shifting the growth model, adjusting economic structure, building a modern industrial system, fostering strategic emerging industries and developing a modern service industry.In short, we aim to move our industries and products up to the medium-high end of the value chain and create more innovation-driven growth areas with first-mover advantages that will lead development.― Proceeding from the new starting point, we will promote green development to achieve better economic performance.I have said for many times that green mountains and clear water are as good as mountains of gold and silver.To protect the environment is to protect productivity, and to improve the environment is to boost productivity.This simple fact is increasingly recognized by people.We will unwaveringly pursue a strategy of sustainable development and stay committed to green, low-carbon and circular development and China’s fundamental policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment.In promoting green development, we also aim to address climate change and overcapacity.In the next five years, China’s water and energy consumption as well as CO2 emission per unit of GDP will be cut down by 23%, 15% and 18% respectively.We will make China a beautiful country with blue sky, green vegetation and clear rivers, so that the people will enjoy life in a livable environment and the ecological benefits created by economic development.Starting from 2016, we have been vigorously advancing supply-side structural reform and taking the initiative to adjust the relationship between supply and demand.We will cut down production capacity of crude steel by another 100 million to 150 million tons in the next five years, close more coal mines with production capacity of around 500 million tons and cut production capacity of around 500 million tons through coal mine restructuring in three to five years.This is an initiative that we are taking to cut excess capacity, adjust the economic structure and pursue steady growth so as to sustain long-term development.China has taken the most robust and solid measures in cutting excess capacity and we will honor our commitment with actions.― Proceeding from the new starting point, we will promote equity and sharing of development outcomes to deliver more benefits to the people.The people are the foundation of a country and only when the people lead a good life can the country thrive.We need to be people-oriented, a principle that we should follow in everything we do in advancing economic and social development.We will meet the people’s aspirations for a better life, raise their living standards and the quality of their lives, improve the public services system and enlarge the middle-income group.In particular, we will provide stronger and more targeted support to those living in difficulty, so that the over 57 million poor rural population below the current poverty line will all be lifted out of poverty and poverty will be alleviated in all poor counties by 2020.Since the beginning of reform and opening-up, China has lifted more than 700 million people out of poverty which accounted for over 70% of the global population living in poverty, thus making significant contribution to poverty reduction worldwide.And we will continue to contribute to the global fight against poverty.With more attention paid to equity and fairness, we will make the pie bigger and ensure that people get a fair share of it.We will resolve the most pressing problems affecting the immediate interests of the people to their satisfaction.― Proceeding from the new starting point, we will open up wider to achieve greater mutual benefit and win-win outcomes.To pursue a win-win strategy of opening-up and open up China in a more comprehensive, profound and diversified way is a strategic choice of ours.China’s opening-up will not stall, still less will it reverse course.We will continue to be fully involved in economic globalization and support the multilateral trading regime.We will expand access for foreign investment, facilitate such investment to promote fair and open competition and create a sound business environment.We will also accelerate negotiation on FTAs and investment treaties with relevant countries and the development of high-standard pilot free trade zones in China.While carrying out market-based reform of the RMB exchange rate in an orderly manner and phasing in the opening of domestic capital market, we will continue efforts to make the RMB an international currency and further internationalize China’s financial sector.China’s development has benefited from the international community, and we are ready to provide more public goods to the international community.I have proposed the initiative of building the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road to share China’s development opportunities with countries along the Belt and Road and achieve common prosperity.Major progress has been made in launching key projects and building the economic corridors of the Silk Road Economic Belt, and the building of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is well underway.The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank initiated by China has already started its positive role in regional infrastructure development.Here, I wish to stress that the new mechanisms and initiatives launched by China are not intended to reinvent the wheels or target any other country.Rather, they aim to complement and improve the current international mechanisms to achieve win-win cooperation and common development.China’s opening drive is not a one-man show.Rather, it is an invitation open to all.It is a pursuit not to establish China’s own sphere of influence, but to support common development of all countries.It is meant to build not China’s own backyard garden, but a garden shared by all countries.We are firm in our resolve to implement the above-mentioned reform and development measures;and they have indeed worked.In the first half of this year, China’s GDP grew by 6.7%, its industrial upgrading and structural adjustment picked up pace, the final consumption expenditure contributed 73.4% to GDP, and the added value of the tertiary industry took up 54.1% of GDP.Household income grew steadily, and 7.17 million urban jobs were created.We have reasons to believe that China will embrace even better prospects and make still greater contribution to the world.Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends, The world economy is now in profound adjustments and moving along a twisted path to recovery.It stands at a crucial juncture where new growth drivers are taking the place of old ones.The dynamism provided by the last round of scientific and industrial revolution is waning while new impetus for growth is still in the making.Currently, protectionism is rising;global trade and investment are sluggish;the multilateral trading regime faces bottlenecks in development, and the emergence of various regional trade arrangements have led to fragmentation of rules.Complex geopolitical factors and regional hot-spot issues as well as global challenges such as political and security conflicts and turmoil, refugee crisis, climate change and terrorism have all affected the world economy with consequences that cannot be overlooked.Against such complex situation as well as risks and challenges facing the world economy, the international community has high expectations on the G20 and the Hangzhou Summit.At the G20 Antalya Summit last year, I proposed that we make an accurate assessment of the health of the world economy and give right prescriptions.China will work with other parties to ensure that the Hangzhou Summit comes up with an integrated prescription to address both the symptoms and root causes so that the world economy could move along a path of strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth.First, we need to build an innovative world economy to generate new drivers of growth.Innovation holds the key to fundamentally unleashing the growth potential.The new round of scientific and industrial revolution with Internet at its core is gathering momentum, and new technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality are developing by leaps and bounds.The combination of the virtual economy and the real economy will bring revolutionary changes to our way of work and way of life.Such changes will not take place overnight or be problem-free.They require all countries to work together to maximize and quicken their positive effects while minimizing the potential negative impacts.China has made “breaking a new path for growth” one of the major agenda items of the Hangzhou Summit and has worked for the formulation of a G20 Blueprint on Innovative Growth.What we want to achieve is to seek impetus through innovation and vitality through reform.We need to seize the historic opportunity presented by innovation, new scientific and technological revolution, industrial transformation and digital economy to increase medium-and long-term growth potential of the world economy.This will be the first time that the G20 takes action on innovation.It is important for us to pool together the strength of innovation-oriented policies of individual countries and make sure that our action is guided with conceptual consensus, and implemented according to concrete action plans with sufficient institutional guarantee.In light of the pronounced issue of lackluster global economic growth, we need to innovate our macroeconomic policies and effectively combine fiscal and monetary policies with structural reform policies.Second, we need to build an open world economy to expand the scope of development.The path of world economic development shows that openness brings progress and isolation leads to backwardness.To repeat the beggar-thy-neighbor approach will not help any country get out of the crisis or recession.It only narrows the space for common development in the world economy and will lead to a “lose-lose” scenario.According to the teaching of Chinese classics, “The governance of a country should be based on simple customs procedures, improved infrastructure, convenience for business transactions and preferential agricultural policies.” What it implies is the importance of building an open world economy.China has put trade and investment high on the G20 agenda.We support the G20’s efforts as it endeavors to strengthen institution-building in trade and investment, formulate the strategy for global trade growth as well as the guiding principles for global investment policy-making, consolidate the multilateral trading regime and reaffirm its commitment against protectionism.We hope that these measures will open up greater market and scope for the development of individual countries and help revitalize trade and investment, the two major engines of growth.Third, we need to build an interconnected world economy to forge interactive synergy.In the age of economic globalization, countries are closely linked in their development and they all rise and fall together.No country could seek development on its own;and the one sure path is through coordination and cooperation.We need to realize interconnected development by promoting common development of the world economy.We need to increase the interconnection of our rules and policies.We need to maximize the positive spillovers and minimize the negative external impacts through coordination of our macroeconomic policies.At the same time, we also need to encourage mutual learning to address asymmetries in systems, policies and standards.We need to enhance the interconnection of our infrastructure.China has put forward the global infrastructure connectivity alliance initiative to encourage multilateral development banks to adopt joint declaration of aspirations and give greater funds and intellectual support to infrastructure projects to speed up the process of global infrastructure connectivity.We need to promote win-win interconnection, foster and improve the global value chain and increase the participation of parties concerned so as to create a chain of win-win global growth.Fourth, we need to build an inclusive world economy to strengthen the foundation for win-win outcomes.We need to eradicate poverty and hunger and advance inclusive and sustainable development.This is not just a moral responsibility of the international community.It also helps unleash immeasurable effective demand.According to relevant statistics, the world’s Gini coefficient has reached around 0.7, higher than the recognized alarm level which stands at 0.6.This is something we must pay great attention to.At the same time, global industrial restructuring has had its impact on different industries and communities.We need to face this issue squarely and properly handle it in order to make economic globalization more inclusive.To realize the above goal, this year’s G20 has, for the first time, put the issue of development front and center of the global macro policy framework.The first action plan has been formulated for implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and for the first time, cooperation is being carried out to support African countries and LDCs in their industrialization.All these are moves of pioneering significance.The parties have all committed themselves to working for an early entry into force of the Paris Agreement on climate change.We have also formulated joint action plans on energy accessibility, energy efficiency, renewable energy and entrepreneurship, and have strengthened cooperation on food security and agriculture.We care for the needs of different social strata and communities, especially the needy, and encourage discussions among countries concerned on public administration and adjustment of redistribution policies.We hope to convey a message to the international community that the G20 works for the interest of not just its 20 members, but the whole world.We will work to ensure that growth and development benefit all countries and peoples and that the livelihood of all people, especially those in developing countries, will get better day by day.Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends, One action counts more than a dozen programs.I believe G20 members should join other members of international community and act immediately and in good faith in the following aspects: First, we can work together to build a peaceful and stable international environment.History has proven time and again that without peace, there will be no development and without stability, there will be no prosperity.Countries are all closely linked in their security.No country can develop solely on its own or resolve all problems without working with others.It is important to reject the outdated Cold War mentality and build a new concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security.We call on all countries to cherish the hard-won peace and tranquility and play a constructive role in maintaining global and regional stability.All countries should uphold the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, adhere to multilateralism, settle disagreements and disputes through dialogue and consultation, seek consensus and dissolve tensions rather than doing the opposite and make the international order more just and equitable.To seek harmony and coexistence is in the genes of the Chinese nation throughout history.It represents the very essence of Eastern civilization.China is committed to the path of peaceful development.The logic that a strong country is bound to seek hegemony no longer applies and the willful use of force will lead to nowhere.China is the biggest contributor of peacekeepers among the permanent members of the UN Security Council.The proud sons of the Chinese people are among the UN peacekeepers that gave their lives to the mission of peace in Mali and South Sudan not long ago.China will continue to fulfill its international obligations and serve as the builder and defender of world peace.Second, we can work together to build a global partnership for win-win cooperation.In the era of economic globalization, there is no island completely cut off from the rest of the world.As members of the global village, we need to cultivate the awareness of a community of shared future for mankind.Partnership is the most valuable asset of the G20 and the choice of all countries as they rise up together to global challenges.We need to seek common ground while shelving and narrowing differences in an effort to build a new type of international relations featuring win-win cooperation.All countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, must treat each other as equals.We need to help each other achieve sound development as we work to ensure our own development.The world will be a better place only when everyone is better off.We need to step up communication and coordination on major global issues and provide more public goods for the fostering of a peaceful, stable and prosperous world.We need to institute and steadily improve macroeconomic policy coordination mechanisms, be mindful of the related and chain effects of our domestic policies and ensure their positive rather than negative spillovers.We need to rely on partnerships, uphold the vision of win-win results, step up practical cooperation across the board, continue to enrich and expand cooperation and ensure that such cooperation delivers outcomes to meet people’s expectations.We need to enable people of different countries, cultures and historical backgrounds to deepen exchanges, enhance mutual understanding and jointly build a community of shared future for mankind.Third, we can work together to improve global economic governance.As a Chinese saying goes, people with petty shrewdness attend to trivial matters while those with greater wisdom attend to governance of institutions.As the world economic situation changes, it is necessary that global economic governance remains relevant and adaptive to the changing times.Global economic governance should be based on equality, better reflect the new realities of the world economic landscape, increase the representation and voice of emerging markets and developing countries and ensure that all countries have equal rights, equal opportunities and equal rules to follow in international economic cooperation.Global economic governance should embrace openness.It should be based on open concepts, open policies and open mechanisms so as to adapt to the changing situation.It should be open to constructive suggestions and the recommendations and aspirations of different quarters of society.It should encourage active participation and integration of various parties, reject exclusive arrangements and avoid closed governance mechanisms and fragmentation of rules.Global economic governance should be driven by cooperation, as global challenges require global responses, and cooperation is the necessary choice.Countries need to step up communication and coordination, accommodate each other’s interests and concerns, and work together to discuss the rules, build mechanisms and meet challenges.Global economic governance should be a mechanism of sharing.It should be about participation by all and benefits for all.Instead of seeking dominance or winner-takes-all results, it should encourage the sharing of interests and win-win prospects.At this stage, global economic governance should focus on the following: jointly ensure equitable and efficient global financial governance and uphold the overall stability of the world economy;jointly foster open and transparent global trade and investment governance to cement the multilateral trading regime and unleash the potential of global cooperation in economy, trade and investment;jointly establish green and low-carbon global energy governance to promote global green development cooperation;and jointly facilitate an inclusive and interconnected global development governance to implement the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and jointly advance the well-being of mankind.Since the G20 has convened ten summits, it has come to a crucial juncture of development.One of the goals of China’s G20 Presidency is to enable the G20 to transform from a crisis response mechanism focusing on short-term policies to one of long-term governance that shapes medium-to long-term policies, and solidify its role as the premier forum for international economic governance.Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends, The business community is the main driver of growth.By convening the B20 Summit on the eve of the G20 Summit, China wishes to fully pool the ideas and wisdom of the business community.I am pleased to see that the business people from G20 countries have taken an active part in the G20 process throughout the year.Together with people of other communities, you have presented your views and suggestions on financing growth, trade and investment, infrastructure, SME development, employment, anti-corruption and other subjects of G20 priorities.You have provided important recommendations for G20 policy making and contributed positively to the Hangzhou Summit.Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends, The tidal bore is sweeping up the Qiantang River these few days.As an ancient Chinese poem reads, “The tide riders surf the currents;the flags they hold up never get wet”.I, like all of you, look forward to a G20 that will ride the tides in the world economy.I believe that, with various parties working together, the Hangzhou Summit will certainly achieve success.In conclusion, I wish the B20 Summit a full success.Thank you.

第四篇：G20杭州峰会闭幕词-英文版

Remarks by H.E.Xi JinpingPresident of the People’s Republic of China At the Closing Ceremony of the G20 Hangzhou Summit(People's Daily)21:38, September 05, 2016 Hangzhou, 5 September 2016

Dear Colleagues，Over the past one and a half days, we have had intensive and productive discussions on the key agenda items under the theme of the Summit.We had an in-depth exchange of views on strengthening policy coordination, breaking a new path for growth, more effective and efficient global economic and financial governance, robust international trade and investment, inclusive and interconnected development and other issues affecting the world economy, and reached important consensus in many areas.First, we are determined to point the way and set the course for the world economy.We share the view that the world economic recovery remains weak, weighed down by insufficient drivers of growth and negative impact of regional and international hot-spots and global challenges.It is crucial to maintain peace and stability and foster an enabling environment for world economic development.We will further strengthen macro-policy dialogue and coordination, work in the spirit of partnership to promote mutual help and win-win cooperation, and concentrate our minds and energy to pursue strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth.We have adopted the G20 Leaders’ Communiqué of the Hangzhou Summit.It sets out the direction, goals and steps for G20 cooperation, embodies the Hangzhou Consensus for growth, and provides the blueprint for building an innovative, invigorated, interconnected and inclusive world economy.We believe that addressing the risks and challenges to today’s world economy requires multi-pronged solution to tackle both the symptoms and the root causes.A host of effective policy tools, fiscal, monetary and structural, must be leveraged to sharpen vigilance and buffer against short-term risks, unleash medium-to long-term potential, ensure sufficient aggregate demand, and improve the quality of supply.This will send a strong signal of G20’s commitment to global growth, and will go a long way to shoring up market confidence and ensuring stability of global financial markets.Second, we are determined to break a new path for growth and instill new dynamism into the world economy.We have unanimously adopted the G20 Blueprint on Innovative Growth.It reflects our desire to find the right pathway toward sustained and healthy growth of the world economy, capitalize on the new opportunities brought about by innovation, the new industrial revolution, digital economy and other new factors and business types, and flesh out a series of specific action plans.We agree to encourage multi-leveled innovation in a wide range of domains, including development concepts, institutional architecture and business models, with science and technology innovation at the core.We also believe that fruits of innovation should be shared.We decide to forge ahead with structural reform and have identified the priority areas, guiding principles and a set of indicators.The Blueprint provides us with the consensus, action plan and the overall framework to open up a new path for global growth and increase medium-to long-term potential of the world economy.Third, we are determined to improve global economic and financial governance to enhance the resilience of the world economy.We agree to advance the quota and governance reform of international financial institutions, broaden the use of SDR, strengthen the Global Financial Safety Net and make the international monetary system more stable and resilient.We resolve to implement various financial reforms, closely monitor and address the underlying risks and vulnerability of the financial system, deepen cooperation on financial inclusion, green financing and climate fund, and jointly maintain stability in international financial markets.We will enhance international tax cooperation as a means to promote global investment and growth.To transform the global energy governance, we have formulated an action plan on energy access, renewable energy and energy efficiency.On corruption, we have reached further consensus on deepening cooperation and are determined to deprive all corrupt elements of any safe haven in G20 countries and beyond.We hope the above progress and measures will lead to more balanced global economic and financial governance, well-functioning institutions and effective actions that will secure world economic growth.Fourth, we are determined to revitalize international trade and investment as key engines of growth, and build an open world economy.We agree to fully leverage the role of the Trade Ministers’ Meeting and the Trade and Investment Working Group.We have worked out the G20 Strategy for Global Trade Growth to promote the inclusive and coordinated development of global value chains, provide continued support for the multilateral trading system, and reiterate the commitment to reject protectionism, in a joint endeavor to unlock the potential of global trade cooperation and reverse the decline of global trade growth.We have formulated the G20 Guiding Principles for Global Investment Policymaking, which lays out the first global framework of multilateral rules governing international investment.With these common efforts, we have reasons to look forward to renewed vitality of the world economy and continued robust advancement of economic globalization driven by strong international trade and investment.Fifth, we are determined to promote inclusive and interconnected development, so that G20 cooperation will deliver benefits to the whole world.For the first time, we have given priority to development in the global macro-policy framework.For the first time, we have devised a groundbreaking Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.We agree to take the lead in implementing the Paris Agreement on Climate Change to encourage its early entry into effect.We have proposed the G20 Initiative on Supporting Industrialization in Africa and LDCs, made an Entrepreneurship Action Plan, adopted the Global Infrastructure Connectivity Alliance Initiative, and decided to deepen cooperation in such areas as food security and inclusive business.These action plans and practical outcomes will help reduce inequality and imbalance in global development, deliver tangible benefits to people of the developing world, make important progress toward realizing the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, and contribute to the common development of mankind.We have come to a deeper understanding of the importance of making full use of the role of the G20 as the premier forum for international economic cooperation and deem it necessary to transform the G20 from a crisis response mechanism to a long-term governance mechanism and expand its focus from short-term policy response to a combination of short-, medium-and long-term policymaking.We all believe that the development of the G20 bears on the immediate interests of all members and the future of the world economy.Only when the G20 stays responsive to time and change can it retain its vigor and vitality.We resolve to support the continued focus by the G20 on the most prominent, pivotal and pressing challenges facing the world economy, enhance policy coordination, improve institutional building, and fully implement the outcomes, thus leading strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth of the world economy.Dear Colleagues，Before I formally announce the conclusion of the summit, let me extend my sincere thanks to all of you for your trust in me and the Chinese government, for the support, understanding and cooperation you have rendered China during the summit, and for the hard work and important contribution you have made to facilitate world economic growth and the development of the G20.Thanks to our joint efforts, the G20 Hangzhou Summit has produced fruitful results and is successfully concluded.I am convinced that Hangzhou will be a fresh starting point for the G20 to embark on a new journey.Ours has been a short but memorable gathering.It is about time to say goodbye.In a moment, I will meet the press and brief them on the outcomes of the summit and our deliberations in light of the consensus we have reached.Some colleagues will stay in China for a few more days.Others are departing soon.I hope you will take back fond memories from your trip to China, including the beautiful scenery of the West Lake.I wish all of you a pleasant and safe journey home.I now declare the G20 Hangzhou Summit closed.Thank you.

第五篇：关于G20杭州峰会期间保障方案

关于G20杭州峰会期间保障方案

为落实安全生产责任，强化安全监管，全力做好峰会期间施工安全工作，确保峰会在杭顺利举行，特制定本方案。

一、目标

坚守安全生产红线，增强做好当前安全生产工作的政治意识、责任意识和忧患意识，围绕“G20峰会筹备和举办期间不出事”的总体工作目标，主动作为、勇挑重担，确保G20峰会期间不发生安全生产事故。

二、领导机构

为切实做好2016年G20峰会安全生产保障工作，成立G20峰会安全生产保障工作领导小组：

组长： 副组长：

组员：

G20峰会安全生产保障工作领导小组负责G20峰会期间各类安全生产检查，进一步全面排查安全问题和隐患，落实整改责任和措施，提高安全生产保障水平。

工程进展情况及特点

五跑道工程位于四跑道东侧，目前工程已完成地基处理施工，下阶段将进入水稳基层大面积施工和消防管线施工。

三、安全管理措施

（一）人员管理

1、对项目部在岗人员做好信息登记，协助公安部门做好暂住证办理。

2、对项目部在岗人员背景情况进行调查了解，思想情绪是否存在稳定因素等进行分析评估。

3、对出入项目部、施工现场等管理区域的人员做好出入登记。

4、严禁外来人员在项目部管理区域内留宿，确保项目部生活生产安全。

（二）机械设备管理

对进场机械设备必须牌证齐全、有效，必须经过项目部、监理单位验收合格后方可入场使用；

对进场使用的机械设备，严格根据项目部机械管理制度做好检查维修保养工作，并做记录。

对在场机械设备，由机械管理人员统一造册登记备案，机械管理人员对机械进出场使用管理情况负全责；

（三）隐患排查

项目部由保障领导小组对峰会前、中、后进行全面的安全检查，检查各项安全生产制度和措施落实情况；安全生产组织领导落实情况；安全力量落实情况；安全生产报告制度落实情况；安全责任、安全投入、安全培训、安全管理、应急救援到位情况。重点排查生活区和钢筋加工查用电、消防安全，施工现场机械伤害和交通安全。

（四）分包管理

项目部加强对分包单位农民工工资发放工资的监督，严禁分包单位拖欠农民工工资，绝不允许因拖欠工资发生农民工滞留和上访事件。

四、值班安排

G20峰会期间值班安排详见值班表。