G20峰会宣言是如何出炉的？（推荐五篇）

第一篇：G20峰会宣言是如何出炉的？

G20峰会宣言是如何出炉的？

2013年09月06日 09:02:32来源： 北京青年报

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G20领导人峰会今天将在圣彼得堡落下帷幕。按惯例，各国元首在为世界经济“把脉”后，会发表一份共同声明或宣言。怎么能让利益诉求不尽相同的大国达成一致？为何达成的共识越来越难以实现？

宣言怎么写

轮值主席国牵头各国元首“拍板”

俄罗斯从去年年底到今年7月底，已经召集各国事务协调人举行了四次会议。在这些协调会上收集到的意见和建议，在峰会前夕的事务协调人会议上做进一步研究，并作为主要内容纳入宣言。

和联合国等国际组织相比，G20更像是一个松散的“俱乐部”。它没有秘书处之类的机构，所以从峰会要谈什么到宣言怎么写，都需要由当年的轮值主席国牵头。

G20中有发达国家也有发展中国家，各国面临的经济难题不同，需要的药方也不同，因此会出现“各说各话”的局面，产生严重分歧也是常有的事。轮值主席国要做的，就是协调各方，从矛盾中找到共识，草拟出宣言草案。

草案出炉后通常会提前交到与会各国代表手中。他们会反复斟酌，然后才会把修订好的内容交给元首们，在峰会上“拍板”通过。在2010年的首尔峰会前夕，各国副财长们为修订宣言草案所进行的“谈判”一直持续到峰会闭幕当天。

宣言的诞生要经历漫长的过程。俄罗斯是今年的轮值主席国，为了这次峰会，俄罗斯从去年年底到今年7月底，已经召集各国事务协调人举行了四次会议。在这些协调会上收集到的意见和建议，将会在峰会前夕的事务协调人会议上做进一步研究，并作为主要内容纳人宣言。

尤达耶娃是俄罗斯G20事务协调人，她向媒体透露此次宣言内容将涉及宏观经济、金融、财政、就业、国际金融体系改革等问题。

峰会谈什么

东道主有优先权留下主办国特色

俄罗斯接任轮值主席国后不久，就把首要任务定为制订刺激经济增长的措施和创建就业岗位。此外，还提出用投资促进经济增长和就业、国家债务和主权债务管理体系现代化这两项特设新议题。

对于峰会要谈些什么，目前的做法是由每年的轮值主席国来确定。具体议题由峰会前召开的二十国财长和央行行长会议拟定。在财长会议前，还有各国财长助理的两次准备会议和三次专家研讨会。

峰会上要讨论的自然是各成员国都关心的话题，但东道国有一个便利，就是可以确定优先议题，把自己认为重要的问题纳人峰会中。这也使得每次峰会在保持延续性的同时，也会留下主办国的特色。

俄罗斯在去年12月1日接任轮值主席国后不久，就公布了自己的承办构想，把首要任务确定为制订刺激经济增长的措施和创建就业岗位。此外，俄罗斯还提出了两项特设的新议题，分别是用投资促进经济增长和就业与国家债务和主权债务管理体系现代化。

根据国际政治形势的发展，峰会还会调整或加人新的议题。比如在7月底结束的G20财长及央行行长会上，就结合美联储宣布退出量化宽松货币政策的焦点问题，敦促发达国家要向圣彼得堡峰会提交可信的国别中期财政战略，确保财政可持续性。发布啥内容

宣言宏观意见多具体政策措施少

G20目前没有投票表决的环节，主要是通过协商达成共识。这种机制的难点在于协调难度较大，决策效率相对较低。

从这几年峰会看，讨论的议题越来越多，达成的领导人声明或者宣言往往是一些宏观战略性的意见，很少有具体措施。

G20领导人峰会是金融危机爆发时诞生的，危难当头各方容易达成共识。但随着时间推移，各自有不同的利益诉求，矛盾将会逐渐显现。例如发达国家和新兴市场国家在话语权方面有分歧，欧美发达国家间对于如何保证经济持续复苏也有不同看法。这种情况下，宣言中很难有各方都认同的具体政策。

在2010年6月的多伦多峰会前夕，美欧一直为先复苏经济还是先减少赤字激烈争论，美国希望增长经济，欧盟希望减少赤字。针对这两种截然不同的态度，峰会宣言实际上是达成了一种妥协，提出财政紧缩可能会影响经济复苏，但如果不进行财政整顿又会影响经济增长。

国务院对外经济研究部副研究员方晋撰文称，G20目前没有投票表决的环节，主要是通过协商达成共识。这种机制的难点在于协调难度较大，决策效率相对较低。

落实得如何

凭成员自觉执行违背决议不受罚

G20峰会是一个论坛，它不是谈判场所，更像一个“议事堂”，大家在这里把想说的话说出来，因此会出现宣言中谈到的问题无法落实的情况。

G20没有组织章程和法律制度，峰会的成果也没有法律效力。这也就是说，宣言通过后全凭成员自觉执行，即使违背决议也不会受到任何惩罚。

中国现代国际关系研究院世界经济研究所所长陈凤英在接受北京青年报记者采访时说，G20峰会是一个论坛，它不是谈判场所，不像国际货币基金组织是一个决策机构，它更像一个“议事堂”，大家在这里把想说的话说出来，因此会出现宣言中谈到的问题无法落实的情况。

例如，2009年匹兹堡峰会决定增加新兴经济体在IMF中至少5%的投票权，在世界银行中至少3%的投票权。但是如何落实这一决定，比如说增加哪些国家多少份额、哪些国家需要减少份额都没有具体说明。

观察人士认为，危机期间发达国家需要借助新兴经济体的力量走出困境，因此在一些重大问题上有所让步。但随着世界经济形势的好转，发达国家的立场可能发生变化。因此应该建立执行和落实决策的手段。（刘一 沙楠）

第二篇：G20峰会宣言全文(中英文)

G20峰会宣言全文（中英文）2009-04-12 15:351、在世界经济和金融市场遭遇严重挑战时，我们即二十国集团领导人于2008年11月15日在美国华盛顿举行了一次初步会议。我们决定增强相互合作，努力恢复全球经济增长，实现全球金融体系的必要改革。

2、在过去几个月，我们各国采取了紧急和特别措施以支撑全球经济和稳定金融市场。这些努力必须要继续下去。同时，我们必须推进改革以确保全球性的危机比如这次危机不再发生。我们的工作将遵循一个共同信念，即市场原则、开放的贸易和投资体制、受到有效监管的金融市场，将培养活力、创新和创业精神，这些是经济增长、就业和减少贫困所不可缺少的基本因素。

目前危机根源

3、在经济高速增长时期，资本流动性日益增长并且此前十年保持着长期稳定性，市场参与者过度追逐高收益，缺乏风险评估和未能履行相应责任。同时，脆弱的保险业标准、不健全的风险管理行为、日益复杂和不透明的金融产品以及由此引发的过度影响，最终产生了体系的脆弱性。在一些发达国家，决策者、监管机构和管理者没有充分地意识到并且采取措施应对金融市场正在扩大的风险，未能及时实施金融革新或者未能考虑本国监管不力所产生的后果。

4、除了其它原因以外，导致当前形势主要因素是不一致和不够协调的宏观经济政策、不充分的结构改革，这阻碍了全球宏观经济可持续发展，导致风险过度，最终引发严重的市场混乱。

采取和需要采取的措施

5、截止目前为止，我们已经采取了强有力的重要措施，以刺激经济，提供流动性，增强金融机构的资本，保护储蓄存款，弥补监管不力，解冻信贷市场。我们正在努力确保国际金融机构能够向全球经济提供重要的支持。

6、为了稳定金融市场和支持经济增长，还有更多的工作需要做。经济发展势头在主要经济体正在大幅度地减弱，全球经济发展预期下滑。过去十年对全球经济发展作出贡献的许多新兴市场经济体，当前尽管享受着良好的增长，但是正在日益受到全球经济下滑所带来的不利影响。

7、面对全球经济恶化形势，我们同意在紧密的宏观经济合作基础上采取广泛而必要的应对政策，以恢复经济增长，避免消极后果，支持新兴市场经济体和发展中国际。作为实现这些目标和应对长期挑战而立即采取的措施，我们将继续加强努力并且实施任何必要的更进一步的行动，以稳定金融体系。

认可货币政策支持的重要性，就同在本国所认可的一样。

在保持有助于金融可持续性发展政策架构同时，利用财政措施刺激国内需求。帮助新兴市场和发展中国家经济体在当前金融困难时期获得资金支持，其中包括流动性能力和项目支持。我们强调国际货币基金组织（IMF）在应对危机方面的重要作用，欢迎它的短期流动性支持，推进正在进行的对其设施和支持的评审，以确保灵活性。

鼓励世界银行（World Bank）和其他多边开发银行（MDB）全力支持开发计划，我们对世界银行最近在基础设施和贸易融资领域所推出的新措施。

确保国际货币基金组织、世界银行和其它多边开发银行，具有充分的资源在克服危机中继续扮演重要角色。

金融市场改革的共同原则

8、除采取上述措施以外，我们将实施改革。这些改革将加强金融市场和监管体系，以避免危机再次发生。管理是各国监管机构防御市场动荡的首要职责，我们的金融市场已经全球一体化，因此增强监管机构的国际合作，强化必须的国际标准并且予以切实执行显得非常必要，这样才能防止不利的跨边境、跨地区和全球性的影响全球发展的国际性金融混乱的出现。监管者必须确保他们的行动支持市场原则，避免对其它国家产生可能的不利影响，其中包括监管套利行为和支持市场竞争、活力和创新。金融机构对当前市场混乱也必须承担责任，应当尽自己职责克服现状，包括承担亏损，改善透明性，加强自己管理和风险管理。

9、我们承诺执行与以下改革共同原则相关的政策。

·增强透明性和责任性。我们将增强金融市场透明度，其中包括提高复杂的金融产品必须的透明性，确保公司财务状况完全和准确无误的公开。其目的是防范官员过度冒险。

·增强有效管理。我们承诺加强我们的监管体系，谨慎监督和强化风险管理，确保所有金融市场、产品和参与者受到管理或者接受监督。我们将强化对信用评级机构的监管，加强对国际行为准则的执行。在确保监管有效的同时，我们还将使监管体系在经济发展周期中更加有效率，确保创新并且刺激金融产品及服务中交易的扩展。我们承诺我们国家监管体系评估透明。

·促进金融市场诚信。我们承诺，通过对投资者和消费者保护给予支持、避免损害公众利益行为发生、预防非法的操纵市场行为和欺骗以及权力滥用行为，保护合法的金融风险。我们还将促进信息共享，其中包括尚未承诺实施关于银行保密性和透明度国际标准的地区。

·加强国际合作。我们呼吁，我们的国家和区域性监管机构在遵循一致性原则基础上制定规章以及其他措施。监管机构将加强他们同金融市场所有层面的协调和合作，其中包括跨国境的资本流动。作为首先要做的事情，监管者和其它相关当局应当在防范危机、加强管理和应对措施上加强合作。

·改革国际金融机构。我们承诺，推进布雷顿森林机构(Bretton Woods Institutions)改革，以便他们在全球经济中能够更加充分地反映不断变化的经济权数，提高其正确性和有效性。在这方面，新兴市场和发展中国家经济体，其中包括最贫穷国家，将有更多的话语权和代表权。金融稳定论坛(Financial Stability Forum，FSF)成员急需向新兴经济体扩展，其它主要标准制定机构必须迅速重新审定他们的会员组成。国际货币基金组织要同FSF及其它机构合作，更好地认识脆弱，预测潜在压力，迅速采取行动在应对危机中发挥重要作用。

部长和专家的任务

10、我们承诺，迅速行动贯彻这些原则。我们将要求我们的财政部长启动程序并且排出行动时间表。一份具体措施的最初目录将以附件“行动计划”形式推出，其中包括要在2009年3月31日之前先要完成的行动。

经与其它经济体和现有机构磋商并且吸取知名独立专家的建议，我们将要求我们的财政部长拿出更多的意见，其中包括以下具体方面：

·有利于缓解周期性波动的调控政策；

·评估和修订全球会计标准；

·增强信用衍生产品市场弹性和透明度，减少系统性风险，其中包括通过改善场外交易市场基础设施；

·评估奖励措施，这涉及风险产生激励和创新；

·评估国际金融机构授权、管理和资源要求；

·界定系统性的重要性机构范围，决定他们适当的管理和监督。

11、为了解我们在金融系统改革中发挥的作用，我们将于2009年5月之前再次召开会议，检查今天同意的这些原则和决定的执行情况。

承诺全球经济开放

12、如果致力于推动自由市场原则，这些原则包括法制、尊重私有财产、开放的贸易和投资、竞争市场和受到有效监管并且有效率的金融系统，我们觉得这些改革只能成功。这些原则对经济增长和繁荣是必须的，并且已经消除了数以百万计的贫穷，而且也提高了全球生活标准。鉴于改善全球金融业管理的必要性，我们必须过度管理，否则将损害经济经济增长并且加深资本流动性紧缩，这其中包括对发展中国家。

13、我们强调，在金融不稳定时期反对保护主义至关重要。未来12个月，我们将反对抬高投资或货物及服务贸易新壁垒，反对设置出口新限定或实施有违世界贸易组织规定的措施来刺激出口。另外，我们将努力在今年达成协议，使得世界贸易组织多哈发展议程(Doha Development Agenda)有一个圆满结果。我们将指示我们的贸易部长实现这一目标，推进最终协议的达成。

14、我们关注着当前危机对发展中国家产生的影响，特别是关注最易受损害的国家。我们重申千年发展目标的重要性，这是我们已经实施的发展援助承诺。我们将力促发达国家和新兴经济体都来承担与自己能力和在全球经济发展中扮演角色相适应的义务。在这点上，我们重申2002年在墨西哥蒙特雷举行的联合国发展筹资问题会议上达成的发展原则，这一原则强调了国家所有权并且动员了发展筹资的所有资源。

15、我们将继续致力于解决其它重要的挑战，如能源安全和气候变化、粮食安全、法治、反恐、贫困和疾病。

16、随着向前发展，我们相信通过持续的伙伴关系、合作和多边主义，我们将战胜挑战，恢复世界经济稳定与繁荣。

英文全文（来源：21世纪网）

DECLARATION ：SUMMIT ON FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THE WORLD ECONOMY

1.We, the Leaders of the Group of Twenty, held an initial meeting in Washington on November 15, 2008, amid serious challenges to the world economy and financial markets.We are determined to enhance our cooperation and work together to restore global growth and achieve needed reforms in the world’s financial systems.2.Over the past months our countries have taken urgent and exceptional measures to support the global economy and stabilize financial markets.These efforts must continue.At the same time, we must lay the foundation for reform to help to ensure that a global crisis, such as this one, does not happen again.Our work will be guided by a shared belief that market principles, open trade and investment regimes, and effectively regulated financial markets foster the dynamism, innovation, and entrepreneurship that are essential for economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction.Root Causes of the Current Crisis

3.During a period of strong global growth, growing capital flows, and prolonged stability earlier this decade, market participants sought higher yields without an adequate appreciation of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence.At the same time, weak underwriting standards, unsound risk management practices, increasingly complex and opaque financial products, and consequent excessive leverage combined to create vulnerabilities in the system.Policy-makers, regulators and supervisors, in some advanced countries, did not adequately appreciate and address the risks building up in financial markets, keep pace with financial innovation, or take into account the systemic ramifications of domestic regulatory actions.4.Major underlying factors to the current situation were, among others, inconsistent and insufficiently coordinated macroeconomic policies, inadequate structural reforms, which led to unsustainable global macroeconomic outcomes.These developments, together, contributed to excesses and ultimately resulted in severe market disruption.Actions Taken and to Be Taken 5.We have taken strong and significant actions to date to stimulate our economies, provide liquidity, strengthen the capital of financial institutions, protect savings and deposits, address regulatory deficiencies, unfreeze credit markets, and are working to ensure that international financial institutions(IFIs)can provide critical support for the global economy.6.But more needs to be done to stabilize financial markets and support economic growth.Economic momentum is slowing substantially in major economies and the global outlook has weakened.Many emerging market economies, which helped sustain the world economy this decade, are still experiencing good growth but increasingly are being adversely impacted by the worldwide slowdown.7.Against this background of deteriorating economic conditions worldwide, we agreed that a broader policy response is needed, based on closer macroeconomic cooperation, to restore growth, avoid negative spillovers and support emerging market economies and developing countries.As immediate steps to achieve these objectives, as well as to address longer-term challenges, we will:

Continue our vigorous efforts and take whatever further actions are necessary to stabilize the financial system.Recognize the importance of monetary policy support, as deemed appropriate to domestic conditions.Use fiscal measures to stimulate domestic demand to rapid effect, as appropriate, while maintaining a policy framework conducive to fiscal sustainability.Help emerging and developing economies gain access to finance in current difficult financial conditions, including through liquidity facilities and program support.We stress the International Monetary Fund’s(IMF)important role in crisis response , welcome its new short-term liquidity facility, and urge the ongoing review of its instruments and facilities to ensure flexibility.Encourage the World Bank and other multilateral development banks(MDBs)to use their full capacity in support of their development agenda, and we welcome the recent introduction of new facilities by the World Bank in the areas of infrastructure and trade finance.Ensure that the IMF, World Bank and other MDBs have sufficient resources to continue playing their role in overcoming the crisis.Common Principles for Reform of Financial Markets

8.In addition to the actions taken above, we will implement reforms that will strengthen financial markets and regulatory regimes so as to avoid future crises.Regulation is first and foremost the responsibility of national regulators who constitute the first line of defense against market instability.However, our financial markets are global in scope, therefore, intensified international cooperation among regulators and strengthening of international standards, where necessary, and their consistent implementation is necessary to protect against adverse cross-border, regional and global developments affecting international financial stability.Regulators must ensure that their actions support market discipline, avoid potentially adverse impacts on other countries, including regulatory arbitrage, and support competition, dynamism and innovation in the marketplace.Financial institutions must also bear their responsibility for the turmoil and should do their part to overcome it including by recognizing losses, improving disclosure and strengthening their governance and risk management practices.9.We commit to implementing policies consistent with the following common principles for reform.Strengthening Transparency and Accountability: We will strengthen financial market transparency, including by enhancing required disclosure on complex financial products and ensuring complete and accurate disclosure by firms of their financial conditions.Incentives should be aligned to avoid excessive risk-taking.Enhancing Sound Regulation: We pledge to strengthen our regulatory regimes, prudential oversight, and risk management, and ensure that all financial markets, products and participants are regulated or subject to oversight, as appropriate to their circumstances.We will exercise strong oversight over credit rating agencies, consistent with the agreed and strengthened international code of conduct.We will also make regulatory regimes more effective over the economic cycle, while ensuring that regulation is efficient, does not stifle innovation, and encourages expanded trade in financial products and services.We commit to transparent assessments of our national regulatory systems.Promoting Integrity in Financial Markets: We commit to protect the integrity of the world’s financial markets by bolstering investor and consumer protection, avoiding conflicts of interest, preventing illegal market manipulation, fraudulent activities and abuse, and protecting against illicit finance risks arising from non-cooperative jurisdictions.We will also promote information sharing, including with respect to jurisdictions that have yet to commit to international standards with respect to bank secrecy and transparency.Reinforcing International Cooperation: We call upon our national and regional regulators to formulate their regulations and other measures in a consistent manner.Regulators should enhance their coordination and cooperation across all segments of financial markets, including with respect to cross-border capital flows.Regulators and other relevant authorities as a matter of priority should strengthen cooperation on crisis prevention, management, and resolution.Reforming International Financial Institutions: We are committed to advancing the reform of the Bretton Woods Institutions so that they can more adequately reflect changing economic weights in the world economy in order to increase their legitimacy and effectiveness.In this respect, emerging and developing economies, including the poorest countries, should have greater voice and representation.The Financial Stability Forum(FSF)must expand urgently to a broader membership of emerging economies, and other major standard setting bodies should promptly review their membership.The IMF, in collaboration with the expanded FSF and other bodies, should work to better identify vulnerabilities, anticipate potential stresses, and act swiftly to play a key role in crisis response.Tasking of Ministers and Experts

10.We are committed to taking rapid action to implement these principles.We instruct our Finance Ministers, as coordinated by their 2009 G-20 leadership(Brazil, UK, Republic of Korea), to initiate processes and a timeline to do so.An initial list of specific measures is set forth in the attached Action Plan, including high priority actions to be completed prior to March 31, 2009.In consultation with other economies and existing bodies, drawing upon the recommendations of such eminent independent experts as they may appoint, we request our Finance Ministers to formulate additional recommendations, including in the following specific areas:

Mitigating against pro-cyclicality in regulatory policy;

Reviewing and aligning global accounting standards, particularly for complex securities in times of stress;

Strengthening the resilience and transparency of credit derivatives markets and reducing their systemic risks, including by improving the infrastructure of over-the-counter markets;

Reviewing compensation practices as they relate to incentives for risk taking and innovation;

Reviewing the mandates, governance, and resource requirements of the IFIs;and

Defining the scope of systemically important institutions and determining their appropriate regulation or oversight.11.In view of the role of the G-20 in financial systems reform, we will meet again by April 30, 2009, to review the implementation of the principles and decisions agreed today.Commitment to an Open Global Economy

12.We recognize that these reforms will only be successful if grounded in a commitment to free market principles, including the rule of law, respect for private property, open trade and investment, competitive markets, and efficient, effectively regulated financial systems.These principles are essential to economic growth and prosperity and have lifted millions out of poverty, and have significantly raised the global standard of living.Recognizing the necessity to improve financial sector regulation, we must avoid over-regulation that would hamper economic growth and exacerbate the contraction of capital flows, including to developing countries.13.We underscore the critical importance of rejecting protectionism and not turning inward in times of financial uncertainty.In this regard, within the next 12 months, we will refrain from raising new barriers to investment or to trade in goods and services, imposing new export restrictions, or implementing World Trade Organization(WTO)inconsistent measures to stimulate exports.Further, we shall strive to reach agreement this year on modalities that leads to a successful conclusion to the WTO’s Doha Development Agenda with an ambitious and balanced outcome.We instruct our Trade Ministers to achieve this objective and stand ready to assist directly, as necessary.We also agree that our countries have the largest stake in the global trading system and therefore each must make the positive contributions necessary to achieve such an outcome.14.We are mindful of the impact of the current crisis on developing countries, particularly the most vulnerable.We reaffirm the importance of the Millennium Development Goals, the development assistance commitments we have made, and urge both developed and emerging economies to undertake commitments consistent with their capacities and roles in the global economy.In this regard, we reaffirm the development principles agreed at the 2002 United Nations Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey, Mexico, which emphasized country ownership and mobilizing all sources of financing for development.15.We remain committed to addressing other critical challenges such as energy security and climate change, food security, the rule of law, and the fight against terrorism, poverty and disease.16.As we move forward, we are confident that through continued partnership, cooperation, and multilateralism, we will overcome the challenges before us and restore stability and prosperity to the world economy.Action Plan to Implement Principles for Reform

This Action Plan sets forth a comprehensive work plan to implement the five agreed principles for reform.Our finance ministers will work to ensure that the taskings set forth in this Action Plan are fully and vigorously implemented.They are responsible for the development and implementation of these recommendations drawing on the ongoing work of relevant bodies, including the International Monetary Fund(IMF), an expanded Financial Stability Forum(FSF), and standard setting bodies.Strengthening Transparency and Accountability

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

The key global accounting standards bodies should work to enhance guidance for valuation of securities, also taking into account the valuation of complex, illiquid products, especially during times of stress.Accounting standard setters should significantly advance their work to address weaknesses in accounting and disclosure standards for off-balance sheet vehicles.Regulators and accounting standard setters should enhance the required disclosure of complex financial instruments by firms to market participants.With a view toward promoting financial stability, the governance of the international accounting standard setting body should be further enhanced, including by undertaking a review of its membership, in particular in order to ensure transparency, accountability, and an appropriate relationship between this independent body and the relevant authorities.Private sector bodies that have already developed best practices for private pools of capital and/or hedge funds should bring forward proposals for a set of unified best practices.Finance Ministers should assess the adequacy of these proposals, drawing upon the analysis of regulators, the expanded FSF, and other relevant bodies.Medium-term actions

The key global accounting standards bodies should work intensively toward the objective of creating a single high-quality global standard.Regulators, supervisors, and accounting standard setters, as appropriate, should work with each other and the private sector on an ongoing basis to ensure consistent application and enforcement of high-quality accounting standards.Financial institutions should provide enhanced risk disclosures in their reporting and disclose all losses on an ongoing basis, consistent with international best practice, as appropriate.Regulators should work to ensure that a financial institution’ financial statements include a complete, accurate, and timely picture of the firm’s activities(including off-balance sheet activities)and are reported on a consistent and regular basis.Enhancing Sound Regulation Regulatory Regimes

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

The IMF, expanded FSF, and other regulators and bodies should develop recommendations to mitigate pro-cyclicality, including the review of how valuation and leverage, bank capital, executive compensation, and provisioning practices may exacerbate cyclical trends.Medium-term actions

To the extent countries or regions have not already done so, each country or region pledges to review and report on the structure and principles of its regulatory system to ensure it is compatible with a modern and increasingly globalized financial system.To this end, all G-20 members commit to undertake a Financial Sector Assessment Program(FSAP)report and support the transparent assessments of countries’ national regulatory systems.The appropriate bodies should review the differentiated nature of regulation in the banking, securities, and insurance sectors and provide a report outlining the issue and making recommendations on needed improvements.A review of the scope of financial regulation, with a special emphasis on institutions, instruments, and markets that are currently unregulated, along with ensuring that all systemically-important institutions are appropriately regulated, should also be undertaken.National and regional authorities should review resolution regimes and bankruptcy laws in light of recent experience to ensure that they permit an orderly wind-down of large complex cross-border financial institutions.Definitions of capital should be harmonized in order to achieve consistent measures of capital and capital adequacy.Prudential Oversight

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Regulators should take steps to ensure that credit rating agencies meet the highest standards of the international organization of securities regulators and that they avoid conflicts of interest, provide greater disclosure to investors and to issuers, and differentiate ratings for complex products.This will help ensure that credit rating agencies have the right incentives and appropriate oversight to enable them to perform their important role in providing unbiased information and assessments to markets.The international organization of securities regulators should review credit rating agencies’ adoption of the standards and mechanisms for monitoring compliance.Authorities should ensure that financial institutions maintain adequate capital in amounts necessary to sustain confidence.International standard setters should set out strengthened capital requirements for banks’ structured credit and securitization activities.Supervisors and regulators, building on the imminent launch of central counterparty services for credit default swaps(CDS)in some countries, should: speed efforts to reduce the systemic risks of CDS and over-the-counter(OTC)derivatives transactions;insist that market participants support exchange traded or electronic trading platforms for CDS contracts;expand OTC derivatives market transparency;and ensure that the infrastructure for OTC derivatives can support growing volumes.Medium-term actions

Credit Ratings Agencies that provide public ratings should be registered.Supervisors and central banks should develop robust and internationally consistent approaches for liquidity supervision of, and central bank liquidity operations for, cross-border banks.Risk Management

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Regulators should develop enhanced guidance to strengthen banks’ risk management practices, in line with international best practices, and should encourage financial firms to reexamine their internal controls and implement strengthened policies for sound risk management.Regulators should develop and implement procedures to ensure that financial firms implement policies to better manage liquidity risk, including by creating strong liquidity cushions.Supervisors should ensure that financial firms develop processes that provide for timely and comprehensive measurement of risk concentrations and large counterparty risk positions across products and geographies.Firms should reassess their risk management models to guard against stress and report to supervisors on their efforts.The Basel Committee should study the need for and help develop firms’ new stress testing models, as appropriate.Financial institutions should have clear internal incentives to promote stability, and action needs to be taken, through voluntary effort or regulatory action, to avoid compensation schemes which reward excessive short-term returns or risk taking.Banks should exercise effective risk management and due diligence over structured products and securitization.Medium-term actions

International standard setting bodies, working with a broad range of economies and other appropriate bodies, should ensure that regulatory policy makers are aware and able to respond rapidly to evolution and innovation in financial markets and products.Authorities should monitor substantial changes in asset prices and their implications for the macroeconomy and the financial system.Promoting Integrity in Financial Markets

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Our national and regional authorities should work together to enhance regulatory cooperation between jurisdictions on a regional and international level.National and regional authorities should work to promote information sharing about domestic and cross-border threats to market stability and ensure that national(or regional, where applicable)legal provisions are adequate to address these threats.National and regional authorities should also review business conduct rules to protect markets and investors, especially against market manipulation and fraud and strengthen their cross-border cooperation to protect the international financial system from illicit actors.In case of misconduct, there should be an appropriate sanctions regime.Medium-term actions

National and regional authorities should implement national and international measures that protect the global financial system from uncooperative and non-transparent jurisdictions that pose risks of illicit financial activity.The Financial Action Task Force should continue its important work against money laundering and terrorist financing, and we support the efforts of the World Bank-UN Stolen Asset Recovery(StAR)Initiative.Tax authorities, drawing upon the work of relevant bodies such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD), should continue efforts to promote tax information exchange.Lack of transparency and a failure to exchange tax information should be vigorously addressed.Reinforcing International Cooperation

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

Supervisors should collaborate to establish supervisory colleges for all major cross-border financial institutions, as part of efforts to strengthen the surveillance of cross-border firms.Major global banks should meet regularly with their supervisory college for comprehensive discussions of the firm’s activities and assessment of the risks it faces.Regulators should take all steps necessary to strengthen cross-border crisis management arrangements, including on cooperation and communication with each other and with appropriate authorities, and develop comprehensive contact lists and conduct simulation exercises, as appropriate.Medium-term actions

Authorities, drawing especially on the work of regulators, should collect information on areas where convergence in regulatory practices such as accounting standards, auditing, and deposit insurance is making progress, is in need of accelerated progress, or where there may be potential for progress.Authorities should ensure that temporary measures to restore stability and confidence have minimal distortions and are unwound in a timely, well-sequenced and coordinated manner.Reforming International Financial Institutions

Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009

The FSF should expand to a broader membership of emerging economies.The IMF, with its focus on surveillance, and the expanded FSF, with its focus on standard setting, should strengthen their collaboration, enhancing efforts to better integrate regulatory and supervisory responses into the macro-prudential policy framework and conduct early warning exercises.The IMF, given its universal membership and core macro-financial expertise, should, in close coordination with the FSF and others, take a leading role in drawing lessons from the current crisis, consistent with its mandate.We should review the adequacy of the resources of the IMF, the World Bank Group and other multilateral development banks and stand ready to increase them where necessary.The IFIs should also continue to review and adapt their lending instruments to adequately meet their members’ needs and revise their lending role in the light of the ongoing financial crisis.We should explore ways to restore emerging and developing countries’ access to credit and resume private capital flows which are critical for sustainable growth and development, including ongoing infrastructure investment.In cases where severe market disruptions have limited access to the necessary financing for counter-cyclical fiscal policies, multilateral development banks must ensure arrangements are in place to support, as needed, those countries with a good track record and sound policies.Medium-term actions

We underscored that the Bretton Woods Institutions must be comprehensively reformed so that they can more adequately reflect changing economic weights in the world economy and be more responsive to future challenges.Emerging and developing economies should have greater voice and representation in these institutions.The IMF should conduct vigorous and even-handed surveillance reviews of all countries, as well as giving greater attention to their financial sectors and better integrating the reviews with the joint IMF/World Bank financial sector assessment programs.On this basis, the role of the IMF in providing macro-financial policy advice would be strengthened.Advanced economies, the IMF, and other international organizations should provide capacity-building programs for emerging market economies and developing countries on the formulation and the implementation of new major regulations, consistent with international standards.

第三篇：G20首尔峰会领导人宣言英文版全文

G20首尔峰会领导人宣言英文版全文

THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION NOVEMBER 11 – 12, 2010

1.We, the Leaders of the G20, are united in our conviction that by working together we can secure a more prosperous future for the citizens of all countries.2.When we first gathered in November 2008 to address the most severe world recession our generation has ever confronted, we pledged to support and stabilize the global economy, and at the same time, to lay the foundation for reform, to ensure the world would never face such upheaval again.3.Over the past four Summits, we have worked with unprecedented cooperation to break the dramatic fall in the global economy to establish the basis for recovery and renewed growth.4.The concrete steps we have taken will help ensure we are better prepared to prevent and, if necessary, to withstand future crises.We pledge to continue our coordinated efforts and act together to generate strong, sustainable and balanced growth.5.We recognize the importance of addressing the concerns of the most vulnerable.To this end, we are determined to put jobs at the heart of the recovery, to provide social protection, decent work and also to ensure accelerated growth in low income countries(LICs).6.Our relentless and cooperative efforts over the last two years have delivered strong results.However, we must stay vigilant.7.Risks remain.Some of us are experiencing strong growth, while others face high levels of unemployment and sluggish recovery.Uneven growth and widening imbalances are fueling the temptation to diverge from global solutions into uncoordinated actions.However, uncoordinated policy actions will only lead to worse outcomes for all.8.Since 2008, a common view of the challenges of the world economy, the necessary responses and our determination to resist protectionism has enabled us to both address the root causes of the crisis and safeguard the recovery.We are agreed today to develop our common view to meet these new challenges and a path to strong, sustainable and balanced growth beyond the crisis.9.Today, the Seoul Summit delivers: · the Seoul Action Plan composed of comprehensive, cooperative and country-specific policy actions to move closer to our shared objective.The Plan includes our commitment to:implement a range of structural reforms that boost and sustain global demand, foster job creation, and increase the potential for growth;and-enhance the Mutual Assessment Process(MAP)to promote external sustainability.We will strengthen multilateral cooperation to promote external sustainability and pursue the full range of policies conducive to reducing excessive imbalances and maintaining current account imbalances at sustainable levels.Persistently large imbalances, assessed against indicative guidelines to be agreed by our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, warrant an assessment of their nature and the root causes of impediments to adjustment as part of the MAP, recognizing the need to take into account national or regional circumstances, including large commodity producers.These indicative guidelines composed of a range of indicators would serve as a mechanism to facilitate timely identification of large imbalances that require preventive and corrective actions to be taken.To support our efforts toward meeting these commitments, we call on our Framework Working Group, with technical support from the IMF and other international organizations, to develop these indicative guidelines, with progress to be discussed by our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in the first half of 2011;and, in Gyeongju, our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors called on the IMF to provide an assessment as part of the MAP on the progress toward external sustainability and the consistency of fiscal, monetary, financial sector, structural, exchange rate and other policies.In light of this, the first such assessment, to be based on the above mentioned indicative guidelines, will be initiated and undertaken in due course under the French Presidency.· a modernized IMF that better reflects the changes in the world economy through greater representation of dynamic emerging markets and developing countries.These comprehensive quota and governance reforms, as outlined in the Seoul Summit Document, will enhance the IMF’s legitimacy, credibility and effectiveness, making it an even stronger institution for promoting global financial stability and growth.· instruments to strengthen global financial safety nets, which help countries cope with financial volatility by providing them with practical tools to overcome sudden reversals of international capital flows.· core elements of a new financial regulatory framework, including bank capital and liquidity standards, as well as measures to better regulate and effectively resolve systemically important financial institutions, complemented by more effective oversight and supervision.This new framework, complemented by other achievements as outlined in the Seoul Summit Document, will ensure a more resilient financial system by reining in the past excesses of the financial sector and better serving the needs of our economies.· the Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth that sets out our commitment to work in partnership with other developing countries, and LICs in particular, to help them build the capacity to achieve and maximize their growth potential, thereby contributing to global rebalancing.The Seoul Consensus complements our commitment to achieve the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)and focuses on concrete measures as summarized in our Multi-Year Action Plan on Development to make a tangible and significant difference in people’s lives, including in particular through the development of infrastructure in developing countries.· the Financial Inclusion Action Plan, the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion and a flexible SME Finance Framework, all of which will significantly contribute to improving access to financial services and expanding opportunities for poor households and small and medium enterprises.· our strong commitment to direct our negotiators to engage in across-the-board negotiations to promptly bring the Doha Development Round to a successful, ambitious, comprehensive, and balanced conclusion consistent with the mandate of the Doha Development Round and built on the progress already achieved.We recognize that 2011 is a critical window of opportunity, albeit narrow, and that engagement among our representatives must intensify and expand.We now need to complete the end game.Once such an outcome is reached, we commit to seek ratification, where necessary, in our respective systems.We are also committed to resisting all forms of protectionist measures.10.We will continue to monitor and assess ongoing implementation of the commitments made today and in the past in a transparent and objective way.We hold ourselves accountable.What we promise, we will deliver.11.Building on our achievements to date, we have agreed to work further on macro-prudential policy frameworks;better reflect the perspective of emerging market economies in financial regulatory reforms;strengthen regulation and oversight of shadow banking;further work on regulation and supervision of commodity derivatives markets;improve market integrity and efficiency;enhance consumer protection;pursue all outstanding governance reform issues at the IMF and World Bank;and build a more stable and resilient international monetary system, including by further strengthening global financial safety nets.We will also expand our MAP based on the indicative guidelines to be agreed.12.To promote resilience, job creation and mitigate risks for development, we will prioritize action under the Seoul Consensus on addressing critical bottlenecks, including infrastructure deficits, food market volatility, and exclusion from financial services.13.To provide broader, forward-looking leadership in the post-crisis economy, we will also continue our work to prevent and tackle corruption through our Anti-Corruption Action Plan;rationalize and phase-out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies;mitigate excessive fossil fuel price volatility;safeguard the global marine environment;and combat the challenges of global climate change.14.We reaffirm our resolute commitment to fight climate change, as reflected in the Leaders' Seoul Summit Document.We appreciate President Felipe Calderón’s briefing on the status of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations, as well as Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s briefing on the report of the High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing submitted to the UN Secretary-General.We will spare no effort to reach a balanced and successful outcome in Cancun.15.We welcome the Fourth UN LDC Summit in Turkey and the Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Korea, both to be held in 2011.16.Recognizing the importance of private sector-led growth and job creation, we welcome the Seoul G20 Business Summit and look forward to continuing the G20 Business Summit in upcoming Summits.17.The actions agreed today will help to further strengthen the global economy, accelerate job creation, ensure more stable financial markets, narrow the development gap and promote broadly shared growth beyond crisis.18.We look forward to our next meeting in 2011 in France, and subsequent meeting in 2012 in Mexico.19.We thank Korea for its G20 Presidency and for hosting the successful Seoul Summit.20.The Seoul Summit Document, which we have agreed, follows

第四篇：《政府工作报告》是怎样出炉的

《政府工作报告》是怎样出炉的从起草至通过，历时3个多月，经多次修改中央经济工作会议后，成立以国务院研究室为主，邀请有关部门、地方同志和专家参加的起草组。总理对报告指导思想、框架结构、重点内容和表述方法等提出明确要求。3 起草组深入学习中央精神、领导讲话，明确起草思路。经过认真分析形势、反复研究讨论，报告逐渐成形。初稿形成后，总理将对完善报告提出指导意见，直接修改报告。召开国务院常务会议，审议《政府工作报告》讨论稿。起草组根据这次会议讨论意见修改，并报请国务院领导同志审改，形成报中央政治局常委会审议的送审稿。中央政治局常委会审议《政府工作报告》。此后，根据常委领导同志意见，起草组进一步修改，形成征求意见稿。国务院召开全体会议，讨论《政府工作报告》，决定将《政府工作报告》征求意见稿发往各省（区、市）和中央有关部门、单位征求意见。总理召开座谈会听取各民主党派、全国工商联负责人和无党派人士，专家学者和企业界人士，教科文卫体和基层群众代表意见。经过充分征求意见，起草组再修改报告，形成提交中央政治局审议的送审稿。11 中共中央政治局召开会议，审议《政府工作报告》稿。全国两会召开，总理作《政府工作报告》，代表、委员对修改《政府工作报告》提出具体意见和建议。起草组工作人员到每一个代表团认真听取意见。起草组逐条研究代表、委员的意见，在此基础上，国务院进一步修改《政府工作报告》。人大会议闭幕会上，代表对关于《政府工作报告》的决议进行表决通过。

第五篇：《宣言：什么是中国共产党，中国共产党干什么》读后感

《宣言：什么是中国共产党，中国共产党干什么》读后感

《宣言：什么是中国共产党，中国共产党干什么》中提到，有外国学者感慨，中国共产党延续了中华民族三千年的传统，就是现代的“士大夫群体”。

“士大夫群体”是什么？一种官职？抑或是一个阶级？钱穆在《中国文化传统中之士》中指出，中国文化有与并世其他民族其他社会绝对相异之一点，即为中国社会有士之一流品，而其他社会无之。可见，士大夫并不是特定的群体，而是分散在社会各个层面的，无论是官、是民，只要具备了它的条件，就是士大夫。从脱贫攻坚的乡村田野到风雨无阻的核酸检测一线，再到“十年磨一剑”的科研岗位，哪里需要中国共产党，哪里就有中国共产党。“党员无处不在，党员就在身边”的鲜明体现无疑是士之“流品”属性的当今写照。

“士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。”作为“士大夫”，首要的条件就是立大志、担大任。一个多世纪以来，中国人民始终有一个梦想——彻底摆脱“仰视世界”的历史，实现中华民族的伟大复兴。这也是我们党的雄心壮志、是我们党的责任所在。“立志而圣则圣矣，立志则贤而贤矣。”因为有这样的伟大梦想、高远志向，自中国共产党诞生以来，无数先辈怀揣“死而后已，不亦远乎”的坚定信念，带领中国人民推翻了“三座大山”，摆脱了“一穷二白”，一步步跑出了“国家富强，人民幸福”的光明大道。面向未来，仍然要心怀“国之大者”，牢记中国共产党是什么、要干什么这个根本问题，将个人理想融入党和国家事业之中，勇担民族复兴的伟大使命。

“士者，事也，任事之称也。”一个人只有能干事，而后才能被称之为“士”。中国共产党没有自己的特殊利益，党要“做的事”就是群众“盼的事”。战争年代，反侵略、争民主，为的是人民盼的“解放”；和平年代，搞改革、抓发展，为的是人民盼的“美好”。“大国之大，也有大国之重。千头万绪的事，说到底是千家万户的事。”要始终坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，从最关心的问题入手、从最困难的事情着手、从最现实的利益抓起，一件一件接着办，一年一年接着干，以“为民造福是最大政绩”的观念，全心全意解决好人民群众的揪心事烦心事操心事，真正做到“利民之事，丝发必兴”。

百年风华，接续奋斗。站在历史发展的关键点上，中国共产党承继着“为天地立心，为生民立道，为万世开太平”的士大夫精神，攻坚拔寨，砥砺前行，必将带领人民在“一起向未来”的伟大实践中留下更加华丽的篇章！