第一篇：写作技巧(十八)：对照式
十八、对照式
为了增强对比度，使工作经验或先进人物的事迹材料表达得更鲜明和富有代表性，作者在构思材料层次观点时，将两种互相联琴可以参照对比的人物、事物或两种做法加以对照，并将对照伪双方用文字明确体现在层次标题之中。我们称这种方式为对照式。
（一）基本样式和特点
例一：有一篇写１１次立功受奖、６年被评为优秀党员的某部志愿兵王教福的先进事迹的材料，题目是《拳拳赤子心》：层次观点是：
1．母亲与祖国；
２．爱情与事业，３．职业与义务。
例二：空军某研究所参谋通过两年奋斗，完成８门课程的自学高考，他写的体会文章的层次观点是：
１．“要我学儿与“我要学”；
２．“学知识”与“领文凭”；
３．“挤时间”与“给时间”，４．苦与乐，５．专与博。
例三：有一篇写经营之道的体会文章，题为《发扬优势，搞活经济》，层次观点是：
１．人无我有，２．人有我全，３．人全我优。
例四：一篇题为《老兵的风度》的材料，记述的是某集团军“优秀班长标兵”唐山的先进事迹。层次观点的表达采用了对照式： 用完善的形象取信于战士；
2、当干部战士产生误解时，干部对战士不公道时候，他——
为双方搭起互相理解的桥梁；
３．当战友在成长的道路上遇到波折或为家务事困扰束手无策时，他——
主动靠上去，伸出友谊之手；
这种样式的特点有，一是层次标题中的观点对比度强。从对照中折射出开展工作曾经遇到的矛盾和取得的经验；从两种不同“态度的对照中，体现出被写人物的高贵品质。二是对照的写法有直接的乎行对照（如例
一、例二），有层次递进的对照（如例三）；有同等条件下的对照（如例四）。
（二）构思这种样式的要领和应注意的问题
要领之中最重要的一条是，要从所写的材料内容中，把需要对照的方面精心选择出来，形成鲜明、较强的对比度。其次，我们在采用对照式时，要注意展开对照的目的是为了深化
第 1 页
1、当个人利益和革命利益发生矛盾，一些人注重追求实惠的时候，他——
主题和鲜明地反映经验，防止出现歹（了很多对照的方面，给人提示的经验 却不深刻的倾向。
这种对照的样式，适合于写工作学习体会的材料和反映先进
人物的事迹材料。
第 2 页
第二篇：段落式写作技巧专题
二、如何写主题句
１．建议放在第一句
２．多用肯定句
３．语意明确，是段落轴心（段落中的每一句都与其相关）
One day, I was flying from Shanghai to Yunnan.When the plane took off, the wind was blowing, and it was raining hard.I was a little nervous....直接写出
My worst experience happened on an airplane in August 1995.三、如何发展段落
１．引用例子或个人经验／感受
２．定义某一个原则或概念
３．详细说明主题句
范例一（详细说明two cities, taste）
A visitor to my country should visit two cities to get a taste of the country.From north to south, the traveler should stop at _______ which is mainly an industrial city with many tall buildings and stores.After he has seen _______, the
traveler should drive south toward _________.He will see(the sea)as he drives along the coast.When he arrives in _______, he will find a friendly city, with many fruit trees and plants.范例二（定义kind）
My mother was one of the kindest people on earth.When I was young, she would overlook almost all my mistakes and gently correct me.My mother would often be nice to other children in the neighborhood by sharing my food, toys, and even clothes with them.范例三（详细说明主题句serious problem）
For most people nowadays, the need of energy is a serious problem.In industrialized countries, people need a lot of gas and electricity.Economists and political leaders continually warn us about the problem.They encourage us to save energy by driving less, turning down heaters, and turning off lights.范例四（详细说明several important qualities＋举例）
My ideal husband would have to have several important qualities.First he would be kind and loving.For example, he would never stay angry for long and he would always find little ways to make life more fun for his family.Second he would be willing to share with me the responsibilities of the household.He would, for instance, do some of the cooking, laundry, and cleaning.He would also share in the raising of our children.Finally, he would be tall and thin with dark eyes.常用于引言的字句-「起」
1.As an old English saying goes, “………” 有句英文谚语是这么说的，…
2.There is no denying(doubt)that S+ V… 不可否认的是…
3.Generally speaking, S + V…..一般说来…
4.According to my personal experience, S + V…In my opinion, Personally, I like/think, 根据我个人的经验…
5.Nothing in the world can delight me so much as +Ving…..世界上没有什麼比做…让我更高兴了。
6.As far as I know… 就我所知…
7.As far as I can recall, S + V… 就我印象所及…
常用于延展的字句-「承」
1.Indeed;It is true that + S + V…;Quite true;Rightly so, 的确…
2.To be honest, Frankly speaking;事实上
3.It is widely believed that + S + V…;Belief has it that + S + V… 诚如所信
4.For example;For instance;To take + N+ for an example, S + V… 以…为例子…
5.We have reasons to believe that + S + V…..我们有理由相信…
6.In fact;As a matter of fact, S + V…..事实上…
7.Likewise, In a similar fashion, Similarly 同样地
8.In other words;To be specific;换句话说;详细地说
9.As mentioned from above, 如前所述
常用于语气转换的字句-「转」
1.However, Nevertheless, Granted that 然而…
2.Despite +N;Despite the fact that + S + V, … 尽管….3.On the other hand, S + V..… 另一方面…
4.On the contrary, On the opposite, In contrast 相反的是…
5.When compared to A, B + V, 与A相比, B….常用于结论的字句--「合」
1.From this point of view, S + V….从这观点来看…
2.In a word, S + V….总而言之…
3.To sum up, S + V;To conclude;In conclusion 总之…
4.If we can really put + N + into action, S + V…… 如果我们能付诸实行…
5.Last but not least, S + V….最后…
常用转折词
（1）因此；结果︰as a result, consequently, as a consequence, in consequence, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, on this ground, because of this
（2）顺序: first/firstly, in the first place, second/secondly, next, finally
（3）此外︰in addition, additionally, besides, furthermore, moreover, also, what's more
（4）然而︰however, nevertheless
（5）换言之︰that is, that is to say, namely, in other words, to put it differently
（6）同样地︰likewise, similarly, in the similar way
（7）相反地︰instead, on the contrary, by contrast, conversely
四、头尾呼应
１．首句及末句不能相互矛盾
２．末句不要重复首句
范例一
首句：You can learn many things from traveling that you cannot learn any other way.末句：I learned a lot more about Australia from that experience than a book or TV show could have taught me.首句：For the class reunion, I have decided that we should have a beach party.末句：This reunion will be a way of fulfilling our promise to each other, as well as reminding ourselves of the value of our friendship.
第三篇：对照式议论文
《辩证思维---学习正反对照展开议论》
第一课时 【学习目标】
1.知识：掌握对照式结构特点。2.能力：培养学生运用辩证思维从正反两个方面进行提取分论点的能力，并能熟练运用对照结构写规范的议论文。
3.情感：进一步培养对议论文写作中思维品质的认识，提高认真组织文章的学习品质，养成作文前编写议论文提纲的习惯。
【学习重难点】
1.能对中心论点从正反两方面形成分论点的能力。2.写作中做到思路明晰，选例精当，分析到位。
【学习时数】一课时
【知识链接】
事物都是对立统一的，正确的观点和做法都有与之对立的观点和做法存在。写作议论文时，如果能把两种截然相反的观点和做法放在一起加以对比，建立对照式的分论点，必定能更好地彰显正确观点的可信，暴露错误观点的荒谬。所谓对照式，是从正反两个方面进行论证的一种结构模式。对照式结构大多是将正反两方面材料组合在一起，使二者互相对照、比较，或用另一种或几种事物（或意思）来烘托某一是种事物（或一种意思），从而获得泾渭分明、是非立判的论证效果。
【学法指导】
1.对照式结构写法：
对照式结构的文章一般是开头提出中心论点，然后从正反两方面提出分论点或摆出正反
【师生互探】
【师生互探】
[佳作简析1] 遭遇挫折，笑对痛苦
人之一世，殊为不易，在看似平坦安逸的人生旅途中布满了种种坎坷和荆棘，往往使人困难重重，甚至痛不欲生。痛苦之于人，犹狂风之于陋屋，巨浪之于孤舟，水血之于心脏。百世沧桑，不知有多少心胸狭隘之人因受挫折放大痛苦而一厥不振；人世千年，更不知有多少意志薄弱之人因受挫折放大痛苦而志气消沉；万古旷世，又不知有多少内心懦弱之人因受挫折放大痛苦而葬身于万劫不复的深渊„„
因此，面对挫折，我们不应放大痛苦，而应直面人生，缩小痛苦，直至成功的那一天。（提出论点，扣题快，有文采）
遭遇挫折，笑对痛苦，才是明智的选择。（正面论证，正面提出论点）“老当亦壮，宁移白首之心？穷且益坚，不坠青云之志。”初唐四杰之一的王勃，可谓“时运不济，命途多舛”，然而直面挫折，他却能达人知命，笑看人生。试想，如果王勃没有开朗豁达的胸襟，他哪能吟出“海内存知己，天涯若比邻”的千古绝唱？（正面论据论证一）“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜”的浪漫诗仙李白，在遭遇仕途不顾挫折重重后，他沉寂了吗？消沉了吗？没有。“长安市上酒家眠”，笑对痛苦，而对挫折他拂袖而去，遍访名山，终于成就了他千古飘逸的浪漫情杯。（正面论据论证二）
由此看来，面对挫折，我们不应过分地深陷于痛苦失意的阴影中不能自拨；面对挫折，我们不应终日浸泡在悲伤痛苦的泥沼中越陷越深；面对挫折，我们不应长期颓废不振而迷失
了方向。遭遇挫折，缩小痛苦，才是明智的选择。（分析透辟，三个“面对挫折”展开语段层次；正面小结）
遭遇挫折，放大痛苦，结果将不堪设想。（反面论证 反面提出论点）刘备面对失去二弟的挫折，因结义之情无法释怀，放大痛苦，结果在痛苦中作出错误决定，贸然出兵伐吴，落得“白帝托孤”的千古悲剧，可悲可悲！（反面论据论证一）
前事不忘，后事之师。古人已经为我们作出太多的榜样，也留下了太多的遗恨。在现在竞争日益加剧的社会里，挫折无处不在，若因一时受挫而放大痛苦，将会终身遗憾。遭遇挫折，就当它为一阵清风，让它从你耳边轻轻吹过；遭遇挫折，就当它为一阵微不足道的小浪，不要让它在你心中激起惊涛巨波；遭遇挫折，就当痛苦是你眼中的一颗尘粒，眨一滴泪，就足以将它淹没。（反面论据论证二）
遭遇挫折，放大痛苦，将会终生遗恨。（反面小结。）
遭遇挫折，不应放大痛苦，擦一擦额上的汗，拭一拭眼中欲滴的泪，继续前进吧！相信总有一天会看见蓝蓝的天，白白的云，青青的草，还有你嘴角边甜甜的笑„„（总结全文，语言形象）
正反对照式结构模式
正面论据1＋分析论证
（分论点）
正面论据2＋分析论证
（分论点）
反面论据＋分析论证
（分论点）
2.读下文，分析文章结构。[佳作简析] 规划自己
你或许不是一朵绽放在冰峰上的雪莲，无法让攀登的行者看到生命的坚强。但，你可以是路边默默无闻的一株小草，为大好河山添上一色。当你恰当地规划自己时，生命的价值就得以体现。
你也许不是照耀冬日的一片阳光，无法让饥寒交迫的人尝到人间的温暖。但，你可以成为一盏小小的灯，为迷失路途的人找到人生的方向。
当你及时规划自己时，生命的美丽就得以绽放。
那些恰当规划自己的人，往往会克服重重困难走向未来；而那些不懂规划自己之辈，只能沉沦在过去失败的阴影中。
被剥蚀了古殿檐头浮夸的琉璃，淡褪了门壁炫耀的朱红，史铁生面对这荒芜的地坛，一次又一次地叩问自己的内心：“这样活着还有意思吗？”他颓废，自暴自弃，好好规划自己及如何走好今后的路，却从未在他脑海闪现过。直到那一天，他无意中发现杂草间除了车轮印外，还有人的脚印，是他母亲在远处静静守着他的印迹！不重新规划自己，找准方向，对得起这深沉的母爱吗？“柏树虽老却愈见苍幽，野草芜杂也都茂盛得自在坦荡。为什么我不能重新站起来，以笔代步，书写我今后的路，用行动规划自己呢？”这寥寥几句，正是史铁生规划自己的第一步，恰当地规划自己，成就了他后来得辉煌。
同样面对残疾，有的人却选择结束自己年轻的生命；抑或整天唉声叹气以泪洗面。其实无论发生什么，只要恰当地规划自己，勇敢地走下去，就已成功了一半。
那些及时规划自己的人，总会发现柳暗花明又一村；那些止步不前之徒，得到的永远是伸手不见五指的漆黑。
面对胯下之辱，韩信忍辱负重，用毅力规划自己；面对亡国之痛，勾践卧薪尝胆，用坚忍规划自己；然而，面对滔滔乌江之水，曾威风一时的西楚霸王选择拔剑自刎，放弃规划自己。渡江、潜伏、东山再起，这简单的规划自己却没有及时出现，导致上演了一幕悲剧。因此，及时规划自己的重要性就不言而喻了。
唯有及时规划自己，才造就了马云的成功；唯有正确规划自己，曹雪芹才会“披阅十载，增删五次”。相反，没有规划好自己的拿破仑，只能成为战争的疯子并最终沦为阶下囚；不及时规划自己的严复，从提出变革到吸毒过多而死。数不胜数的人，林林总总的事，都给我们阐明了一个真理：及时规划自己的人，总比那些不规划自己的人，要活得出色，活得精彩。
人只要不失去方向，就不会失去自己。
所以，正确并且及时地规划自己吧，当梦想的蓝图勾勒完毕，当志向的大厦构筑完成之时，就是我们迈步向前，完美人生之际！
中心论点：当你恰当地及时地规划自己时，生命的价值就得以体现，生命的 美丽就得以绽放。
分论点1：那些恰当规划自己的人，往往会克服重重困难走向未来；（正）而那些不懂规划自己之辈，只能沉沦在过去失败的阴影中。（反）
分论点2：那些及时规划自己的人，总会发现柳暗花明又一村；（正）
那些止步不前之徒，得到的永远是伸手不见五指的漆黑。（反）
总结：正确并且及时地规划自己吧，当梦想的蓝图勾勒完毕，当志向的大厦 构筑完成之时，就是我们迈步向前，完美人生之际！
2.破立结合：先论证_______的观点，再批驳______的观点。其实破立结合结构模式的议论文也是对照式结构。
幸福之花，开在感恩枝头
落红不是无情物，化作春泥更护花。这是花儿的感恩。
乌鸟私情，愿乞终养。这是鸟儿的感恩。
士为知己者死，女为悦己者容。这是人类的感恩。
因为懂得感恩，他们拥有了一颗金子般的心，因为懂得感恩，他们创下了人世间温馨的传奇。
因为懂得感恩，这世界才会如此美丽。幸福如花，在感恩的枝头美丽绽放。
“忠则《出师表》孝则《陈情表》”，这两表道尽了人间感恩的真谛，演绎了人世间感恩的传奇。为报刘备三顾茅庐之恩，诸葛亮七出祁山，巧计破敌军，为刘备打天下立下了汗马功劳。“出师末捷身先死。长使英雄泪满襟。是后人为他写下的诗篇，为报当年的知遇之恩，他用毕身的精力向后人诠释了感恩的真谛。自幼失去父母是李密的不幸，但祖母却用自己的温暖让这个可怜的孩子长大成人，且名扬四方，为官作宰是多少读市人毕生的梦想，十年寒窗不正为一朝为官？然而当这个机会真正来临，李密却不曾忘记自己的祖母。他放弃了这个机会。因为他知道“祖母无臣无以终余年”。在为官和报恩之间他选择了后者，向世人彰显了一首伟大的诗篇——感恩。
他们的感恩温暖了自已，感动了后人。那一刻，幸福之花，在他们的感恩的枝头灼灼其华。
感恩之心，是我们维系这个世界的根本，拥有感恩的心，才能称之为有灵性的人，然而一旦失去后果不堪设想。
云南大学曾震惊一时的血案是多少人挥之不去的阴影。马加爵一时的性起让四个年轻的生命就此终结，我不想说他的残忍。我只想说，他真的不懂感恩。云南大学用知识培养他，而他却便之蒙羞；他的父母用心血把他养大，他却让他们体会白发人送黑发人的苦楚；他与同学的同学情他不懂得珍惜。如果他有一颗感恩的心，也许这一切就不会发生。当感恩的心不在，那一刻，他的幸福之花开在哪里? 数十年为战友守墓，矢志不渝，是陈健对战友的感恩；荆轲赌命，是为报太子知遇之恩的感恩；袁隆平数十年专注研究杂交水稻，是为祖国的感恩。
怀抱一颗感恩的心，让我们将爱传递。将别人无私的帮助，深深铭记，并将之传递，这世界因感恩而美丽。人世间没有不绝的风暴，感恩却有其不老的风情。幸福之花，开在感恩枝头，灼灼其华。简析：
这篇文章中心突出，层次清晰，结构严谨，语言流畅。“题好一半文。”本文以“幸福花，开在感恩枝头”作为题目和写作角度，明确了自己的看法。开篇引用诗句,构成排比,富有文采,又旗帜鲜明地提出观点,照应题目.全文以阐明感恩和幸福之间的关系作为主要的内容，运用正反对比的手法，跨越时空，让孔子、李密和马加爵形成鲜明的对比，无可争辩
地说明了“因为懂得感恩，世界才会如此美丽”的道理。文章十分注意过渡和照应的安排，标题和内容照应，开头和结尾照应，议论抒情的句子和叙述的内容结合也十分紧密。文章还用“幸福之花，在感恩的枝头灼灼其华”这样的句子来纽织全文，显得完整、缜密而从容。感情真挚、健康而饱满，也是文章获得成功的重要因素。
学然后知不足
河水来到浩瀚的大海，就会望洋兴叹，感到自己是多么的渺小；井底之蛙跳出井底，看到无垠的天宇，就会自惭孤陋寡闻；我们通过学习，就能认识到自己的不足，从而更加谦虚、更加努力地去学习。
学习能丰富我们的知识，开阔我们的视野，使我们认识到自身的不足，从而更加谦虚地去学习。不断的学习过程就是对知识领域不断开拓的过程，每开拓出一片知识的荒地，就可以种下一片智慧的种子，以努力作阳光，把汗水作基肥，智慧的种子就会生出智慧之芽，开出智慧之花，结出智慧之果。随着知识的逐渐积累、增多，就会发生从量到质的变化，从狭小的知识境界到更广阔的知识境界的升华。人们常说，“登高”便可以“远望”，远望才能够开阔视野。在知识的海洋里，知识境界愈高，视野就愈开阔；视野愈开阔，就愈觉得自己掌握的知识不过“大海之一滴”而已，于是便愈知己之不足；愈知己之不足，便愈是谦逊虚心，学习起来便愈是勤苦，所以他达到的知识境界就愈高。
由此看来，我们只有通过学习，在学习中不断认识到自己的不足，自谦自励，才能在探求知识的道路上永不知足，永远进取。
引 论： 类比引论类比体： ；
本 体：
正面提出论点：
正面理论论证比喻论证——
本 层进论证——
反面提出论点：
反面理论论证：比喻论证——
反面事实论证：
结 论：。
【实战演练】
以“要正确地估价自己”为题，运用对照式结构写一篇议论文，不少于800字。篇二：高三作文训练(三)议论文布局之对照式(教师版)高三语文作文训练
（二）二水分流清浊明
——议论文写作常见布局方法之“对照式”
【训练目的】
学习议论文写作对照式的布局方法。
【写作指导】
一、什么是对照式布局？ 写作议论文时，不少同学往往观点不甚鲜明，思路难以拓展，因而使得文章难以具有说服和感召的力量。怎么办？我们不妨采用对照式的结构。
对照式：用来证明论点的层次是两相对照的关系，就是在论证思路中，把两种事物或意见加以对比，或是用另一种事物或意见来烘托另一种事物或意见并加以对比；或者用另一种事物或意见来烘托某种事物或意见。
运用正反对照式结构模式能使文章在布局上对比鲜明，主次明确，从而泾渭分明，论点突出，给人留下深刻的印象。
二、方法指津——“对照式”布局模式
（一）正反对照式结构模式（范文示例一）
引论（提出中心论点）
正面论据1＋分析论证（分论点）正面论据2＋分析论证（分论点）
反面论据3＋分析论证（分论点）
结论（通过正反对照进行总结，表明正确观点，照应全文）
（二）正反对照式结构模式之变式（范文示例二）
引论（提出中心论点）
反面论据＋分析论证（分论点）
正面论据＋分析论证（分论点）
结论（通过正反对照进行总结，表明正确观点，照应全文）
采用对照式结构的目的是通过正反两个方面的对照，突出说明其中一个方面的正确性。因此作为论述重点的一方用墨要多，另一方则起烘托陪衬作用。这种结构的一般模式是，引出对比——分析对比——总结对比。其对比的内容可以是事实的对比、形象的对比，还可以是分析的对比、感情的对比等。在运用对比时要注意三点：一是对比要一致，对比点一一对应；二是对比具体，其内容不能笼统；三是对比要深入，对对比内容要加以引申和发挥，揭示出事物的本质。
三、运用对照式结构模式要防止两种弊病：
1.生硬对比。有些同学在对比时只将两件事物照章写上，让人看不出其可比之处，不知为何而设，有时更是生搬硬套，令人不知所云。
2.不加分析。不注意在比较上下功夫，未能指出其相异之处以证明观点的正确性。也不能只凭感觉，只看表面。
3.不可把一件事情的主要方面同另一件事情的次要方面做对照，发现了相同之处，就认为这两件事情的性质是一样的。
四、范文示例
【示例一】
遭遇挫折，笑对痛苦
人之一世，殊为不易，在看似平坦安逸的人生旅途中布满了种种坎坷和荆棘，往往使人困难重重，甚至痛不欲生。痛苦之于人，犹狂风之于陋屋，巨浪之于孤舟，水血之于心脏。百世沧桑，不知有多少心胸狭隘之人因受挫折放大痛苦而一厥不振；人世千年，更不知有多少意志薄弱之人因受挫折放大痛苦而志气消沉；万古旷世，又不知有多少内心懦弱之人因受挫折放大痛苦而葬身于万劫不复的深渊??因此，面对挫折，我们不应放大痛苦，而应直面人生，缩小痛苦，直至成功的那一天。（第一段，扣题快，且有文采）
“老当亦壮，宁移白首之心？穷且益坚，不坠青云之志。”初唐四杰之一的王勃，可谓“时运不济，命途多舛”，然而直面挫折，他却能达人知命，笑看人生。试想，如果王勃没有开朗豁达的胸襟，他哪能吟出“海内存知己，天涯若比邻”的千古绝唱？（用例一）
“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜”的浪漫诗仙李白，在遭遇仕途不顾挫折重重后，他沉寂了吗？消沉了吗？没有。“长安市上酒家眠”，笑对痛苦，而对挫折他拂袖而去，遍访名山，终于成就了他千古飘逸的浪漫情杯。（用例二）
由此看来，面对挫折，我们不应过分地深陷于痛苦失意的阴影中不能自拨；面对挫折，我们不应终日浸泡在悲伤痛苦的泥沼中越陷越深；面对挫折，我们不应长期颓废不振而迷失了方向。遭遇挫折，缩小痛苦，才是明智的选择。相反，若一味沉迷于挫折的痛苦中；结果将不堪设想。（分析透辟，三个“面对挫折”展开语段层次）
刘备面对失去二弟的挫折，因结义之情无法释怀，放大痛苦，结果在痛苦中作出错误决定，贸然出兵伐吴，落得“白帝托孤”的千古悲剧，可悲可悲！（从反面用例）
前事不忘，后事之师。古人已经为我们作出太多的榜样，也留下了太多的遗恨。在现在竞争日益加剧的社会里，挫折无处不在，若因一时受挫而放大痛苦，将会终身遗憾。遭遇挫折，就当它为一阵清风，让它从你耳边轻轻吹过；遭遇挫折，就当它为一阵微不足道的小浪，不要让它在你心中激起惊涛巨波；遭遇挫折，就当痛苦是你眼中的一颗尘粒，眨一滴泪，就足以将它淹没。（从反面分析、论证）
遭遇挫折，不应放大痛苦，擦一擦额上的汗，拭一拭眼中欲滴的泪，继续前进吧！相信总有一天会看见蓝蓝的天，白白的云，青青的草，还有你嘴角边甜甜的笑??（结尾，语言形象）
请根据探究：根据正反对照式的结构模式，列出范文示例的写作提纲：
中心论点： 正面论据： 分 论 点： 反面论据： 分 论 点： 结 论：
【老师点评】文章开篇就十分漂亮，如一江春水奔来，动人心弦。在紧扣话题，渲染一些人经受挫折放大痛苦的遭遇后，振臂一呼，亮出自己的观点：“面对挫折，我们不应放大痛苦，而应直面人生，缩小痛苦，直至成功的那一天。”行文中，作者用例证，用引证，正反对比，使论证严密，无懈可击。作者评论古人又不忘观照现实，说明严肃又不乏诗意叙述，用比喻、引用、排比、反问，使文章文采斐然。
【示例二】
学然后知不足
雄鹰只有当它搏击蓝天时，才知道天空是多么辽阔，而自己又是多么的渺小；小溪只有在奔入大海时，才知道海洋是多么宽广，而自己又是多么微不足道；同样，一个人只有当他学得愈多时，才知道学海无涯，而自己学到的知识只不过是沧海之一粟罢了，他才懂得要永无止境地进取，用句俗话说，就是“学然后知不足”。
有些人往往不愿意学习，不愿学习当然就与未知领域接触得少，也就不知道未知领域是多么深远奥妙，自然不会感到自己的不足，反而以为自己还很有知识。这正如井底之蛙，不愿跳出井口，不知天高地厚而自鸣得意。我国南朝梁文学家江淹，早年以文章著名，被誉为“江南才子”，后来他不思进取，不愿继续学习，最后留下了“江郎才尽”的笑话。我国古代还有这样一则寓言，讲的是一个楚国人学习驾船的故事。起初他的师傅在平静的水面教他，不几日，他便能操舟自如。于是他以为自己“尽操舟之术”，不愿继续学习，就辞退了师傅。后来他驾舟到江里去，江里浪涛翻滚，他只落得“四顾胆落，坠桨失舵”。这则寓言告诉我们，不深入学习就不能找到自己的不足，也就不能真正掌握一门知识。
相反，学习就能使人感到自己知识的不足，学得愈多，就愈感到不足。著名科学家芝诺曾经用一个生动的比喻来说明这个道理。他用一个圆的内部来表示自己已掌握的知识，而用圆的外部表示未知的知识，他说一个人知识越多，这个圆就越大，这个圆的周长也就越大，与未知域的接触也越大。因此，他对他的学生说：“从这个意义上讲，我不知道的东西比你们多些。”这位科学家正是因为始终不满足，不断地进取，才在科学上取得了辉煌的成就。
学然后知不足，首先必须学，而且要不断地学，只有这样，才能获得较多的知识，才能更感到自己的不足，也只有永不满足，才能促使自己不断地学习，不断地进取。鲁迅先生说：“不满足是向上的车轮。”列宁说：“最有害的，就是自以为我们总还懂得一点什么。”巴甫 洛夫说：“你们在任何时候也不要以为自己什么都知道。不管别人怎样器重你们，你们
总要有勇气对自己说‘我没有知识’”。这些教诲，从不同的侧面告诉我们，要不断进取，永不满足。
朱熹有诗云：“问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来。”如果把知识比作那渠中的清水，那么学习就是知识源泉的源头。只有永不满足地学习，才能使知识的源泉永不干涸，永远流出清澈的泉水，浇灌出智慧的花朵，结出丰收的硕果。
请根据探究：根据正反对照式的结构模式，列出范文示例的写作提纲：
中心论点： 正面论据： 分 论 点： 反面论据： 分 论 点： 结 论：
五、牛刀小试
一位登山运动员在登珠峰时，登到8000米时体力不支放弃了继续攀登，他说：“8000米就是我的生命极限。” 一个人在掘井，掘了很久，这时距离水层只有一墙之隔，然而他却半途而废了。请以“坚持还是放弃”为话题列一篇正反对照式议论文的提纲。
六、实战演练
阅读下面的材料，按要求作文
打牌是人们在旅途中喜爱的一种消遣方式，无论是在列车上还是在候车室里，几个人凑在一块，摊开一副扑克牌，时间很快就会被打发过去。从概率统计的角度来讲，一把牌分摊下来，每个玩家手中的牌数均等，不管谁先谁后，出牌的机会都一样。打牌的高手认为，能摸到好牌固然难得，如何合理使用更为重要。有时候，摸到的是“烂牌”，但通过玩家的运筹帷幄，常常能左右局势，笑到最后。其实，人生也与此有些类似。
请针对这个材料中所反映的现象，选准角度，自主立意，自选文体，自拟标题；不要脱离材料内容及含义的范围写一篇800字以上的议论文。要求：不要套作，不得抄袭。采用对照式的结构。
编制：韩燕飞 校对：王世贵
四、范文示例探究参考答案
【示例一】请根据探究：根据正反对照式的结构模式，列出范文示例的写作提纲 中心论点：面对挫折，我们不应放大痛苦，而应直面人生，缩小痛苦。
正面论据：（直面挫折与痛苦）（1）直面挫折的王勃；（2）笑对痛苦的李白。分 论 点： 遭遇挫折，缩小痛苦，才是明智的选择。反面论据：（放大痛苦）刘备做出错误决定，造成“白帝托孤”的悲剧。
分 论 点：因一时受挫而放大痛苦，将会终身遗憾。
结 论：遭遇挫折，不应放大痛苦
【示例二】请根据探究：根据正反对照式的结构模式，列出范文示例的写作提纲
中心论点：一个人只有当他学得愈多时，才知道学海无涯，而自己学到的知识只不过是沧海之一粟罢了，他才懂得要永无止境地进取，用句俗话说，就是“学然后知不足”。反面论据：（不学就不知不足）（1）江淹江郎才尽；（2）一个楚人浅尝辄止，落得“四顾胆落，坠桨失舵。
分 论 点：不深入学习就不能找到自己的不足，也就不能真正掌握一门知识。正面论据：（学然后知不足）科学家芝诺的比喻
分 论 点：学习就能使人感到自己知识的不足，学得愈多，就愈感到不足。
结 论：只有永不满足地学习，才能使知识的源泉永不干涸，永远流出清澈的泉水，浇灌出智慧的花朵，结出丰收的硕果。
五、牛刀小试参考答案 【答案示例一】
中心论点：遇上任何困难都不应该轻易放弃，而应该坚持到底。
论证过程：正面论据（坚持到底才能取得成功）——（1）映雪夜读的孙康，坚持勤学苦读，他终于成为一个有名的学者，并当上了御史大夫。（2）华罗庚终身残疾，但是凭借坚强的毅力，坚持钻研数学，终于在逆境中成才。
分论点：“锲而不舍，金石可镂。”在我们面临困难的时候，坚持就是最大的胜利。反面论据：项羽兵败，放弃了霸业，自刎乌江。
分论点：“锲而舍之，朽木不折”屈服于困难，半途而弃，最终也将被成功所弃。总结：困难面前如果有一百个失败者，那我们就做第一百零一个挑战者：坚持到底，永不放弃！
【答案示例二】
中心论点：不要一味地坚持，有时放弃是为了更好地坚持下去。
论证过程：正面论据（适时放弃）——（1）鲁迅弃医从文，以自己的笔为武器，从内心深处唤醒沉睡的中国人。（2）比尔·盖茨放弃学业，创办微软，改变了世界
分论点： 有时放弃，并不是放弃追求，相反，我们在放弃的同时酝酿着精华，让我们更加有精力去追求更高的目标。
反面论据：（固执地坚持）——马谡固执己见，不听别人的劝谏，坚持只在山顶上屯兵，最终街亭失守。
分论点：错误的坚持不如放弃，有时放弃固执己见才能取得成功。
总结：有时，放弃不代表懦弱，不要一味地坚持，放弃也是一种美丽。
六、实战演练篇三：议论文 对照式
议论文写作常见布局方法（对照式）
对照式，是从正反两个方面进行论证的一种结构模式。
例如：《苦难是一种财富》
中心论点：苦难是一种财富。
正面：人需要苦难，需要苦难的磨练。（勾践卧薪尝胆）
反面：温室的幼苗是经不起风吹雨打的。（可以联系现实生活材料）
总结：苦难能磨练出坚强的毅力的超人的勇气。2007年高考全国卷二
阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。（60分）
著名歌手丛飞节衣缩食，捐赠300多万，资助了178名贫困学生。当他自己病危住进医院经济困难时，几位受助完成学业就在本地工作的年轻人，竟然没有一个来看望他。这件是被媒体披露后，有一个受助者居然还埋怨说，这让他很没面子。丛飞说，不要责怪他们，我已经不再需要医疗了。
华农大的学生小李和同学们将买废品的钱捐给了一所希望小学。不久，小李被查出得了白血病，这所希望小学的师生给小李捐款，一个四年级的女生捐了10元，问她为什么把春节压岁钱全部捐出来，她说：“只要做到小李姐姐说的那句话就满足了。”问她那是一句什么话，她说：“记住别人对自己的帮助，学会帮助别人。”
要求：选择一个角度构思作文，自主确定立意，确定文体，确定标题；不脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。
幸福之花，开在感恩枝头
落红不是无情物，化作春泥更护花。这是花儿的感恩。
乌鸟私情，愿乞终养。这是鸟儿的感恩。
士为知己者死，女为悦己者容。这是人类的感恩。
因为懂得感恩，他们拥有了一颗金子般的心，因为懂得感恩，他们创下了人世间温馨的传奇。因为懂得感恩，这世界才会如此美丽。幸福如花，在感恩的枝头美丽绽放。“忠则《出师表》孝则《陈情表》”，这两表道尽了人间感恩的真谛，演绎了人世间感恩的传奇。为报刘备三顾茅庐之恩，诸葛亮七出祁山，巧计破敌军，为刘备打天下立下了汗马功劳。“出师末捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟。”是后人为他写下的诗篇，为报当年的知遇之恩，他用毕生的精力向后人诠释了感恩的真谛。自幼失去父母是李密的不幸，但祖母却用自己的温暖让这个可怜的孩子长大成人，且名扬四方，为官作宰是多少读书人毕生的梦想，十年寒窗不正为一朝为官？然而当这个机会真正来临，李密却不曾忘记自己的祖母。他放弃了这个机会。因为他知道“祖母无臣无以终余年”。在为官和报恩之间他选择了后者，向世人彰显了一首伟大的诗篇——感恩。
他们的感恩温暖了自已，感动了后人。那一刻，幸福之花，在他们的感恩的枝头灼灼其华。
感恩之心，是我们维系这个世界的根本，拥有感恩的心，才能称之为有灵性的人，然而一旦失去后果不堪设想。
云南大学曾震惊一时的血案是多少人挥之不去的阴影。马加爵一时的性起让四个年轻的生命就此终结，我不想说他的残忍。我只想说，他真的不懂感恩。云南大学用知识培养他，而他却使之蒙羞；他的父母用心血把他养大，他却让他们体会白发人送黑发人的苦楚；他与同学的同学情他不懂得珍惜。如果他有一颗感恩的心，也许这一切就不会发生。当感恩的心不在，那一刻，他的幸福之花开在哪里? 数十年为战友守墓，矢志不渝，是陈健对战友的感恩；荆轲赌命，是为报太子知遇之恩的感恩；袁隆平数十年专注研究杂交水稻，是为祖国的感恩。
怀抱一颗感恩的心，让我们将爱传递。将别人无私的帮助，深深铭记，并将之传递，这世界因感恩而美丽。
人世间没有不绝的风暴，感恩却有其不老的风情。幸福之花，开在感恩枝头，灼灼其华。
【点评】这篇文章中心突出，层次清晰，结构严谨，语言流畅。
“题好一半文。”本文以“幸福花，开在感恩枝头” 作为题目和写作角度，明确了自己的看法。开篇引用诗句，构成排比，富有文采，又旗帜鲜明地提出观点，照应题目。全文以阐明感恩和幸福之间的关系作为主要的内容，运用正反对比的手法，跨越时空，让孔子、李密和马加爵形成鲜明的对比，无可争辩地说明了“因为懂得感恩，世界才会如此美丽”的道理。
文章十分注意过渡和照应的安排，标题和内容照应，开头和结尾照应，议论抒情的句子和叙述的内容结合也十分紧密。文章还用“幸福之花，在感恩的枝头灼灼其华”这样的句子来组织全文，显得完整、缜密而从容。
感情真挚、健康而饱满，也是文章获得成功的重要因素。
论知足常乐
古语有云：“知足常乐。”有了足矣，何需更多。虽然千年古训时常萦绕耳际，但一颗不知足的心还是让我对此颇为怀疑。这只不过是懦弱者的挡箭牌和懒惰者的借口。“知足”是裹足不前，是安于现状，是甘于平庸；而“不知足”才能够以一种持久不灭的热情勇往直前，才能时时鞭策警示自己，不断进取，不断收获。
“人生得意须尽欢，莫使金樽空对月”，借酒消愁，以醉为乐。那酒醒之后呢？又将陷入无边无际的忧愁中??知足者，乐一时矣。“与天奋斗，其乐无穷；与地奋斗，其乐无穷”，不知足者，常乐也。“登东山而小鲁，登泰山而小天下。”如果你是满足于登上东山，看到的将是有限的鲁地，怎能像登上泰山之巅那样把天下尽收眼底，心胸无比宽阔呢？不知足，是一股挑战生活的执著追求，是始终如一的人生信念。
“满招损，谦得益。”秦始皇的一统中国，就是因为无数次的不满足，所以无数次地改革，无数次地完善。倘若总是知足，今天或许还是刀耕火种。追求的过程是快乐的，尽管有坎坷有风雨，但我们总是在往前不断走着，败而无憾。世间，没有哪项伟绩会从天而降，没有哪段人生能一帆风顺。荀子曰：“不登高山，不知天之高也；不临深溪，不知地之厚也。” 只有怀揣一颗不知足的心，不懈追求，才得以常乐。
贾岛吟诗，反复推敲。欧阳修行文“为求一字稳，耐得半宵寒”。正因为不知足，才百倦不殆地长期磨练，才有了千古绝唱，传咏至今。爱迪生一生有一千多种发明。正因为不知足，才不断地钻研，成功。一位奥运会田径老将花十年苦苦训练，仅仅加快了1秒多。对于知足者，这微不足道的1秒钟根本不值一提。但却成就了一位冠军。跑道上一秒的刹那正是用十年的不满足精神底蕴磨砺出来的。不要停止追寻的脚步，不要熄灭前进的灯火。沧海桑田，世事变迁，山外更有山，楼外还有楼，只有永不满足，历史的车轮才能滚滚向前。知足者,目光短浅；知足者,固步自封。知足，使人愚昧，斗志消磨，给人带来“常忧”而不是“常乐”。“夜郎自大”、“井底之蛙”和鲁迅笔下的阿q不都是 “知足者”吗？正是这种“知足”铸成了大错。人生，只有不知足，才能超越；灵魂，只有不知足，才能达到一个高度，进入一种境界。
前面是一片未知的空间，不知足者，常乐，常乐者，不知足。
《论知足常乐》思路：
参考：文章由古语“知足常乐”引出自己的观点——“不知足”才能够以一种持久不灭的热情勇往直前，才能时时鞭策警示自己，不断进取，不断收获。第二段从正反两面进行分析论证，再次正明知足乐一时，不知足常乐。第三四段从正面例举了秦始皇、贾岛的例子论证观点。第五段从反面列举人们熟知的故事论证知足常忧。最后简洁的再次强调观点。
坚守底线尽显人性本色
（并列、对照式）
底线，是足球、篮球、羽毛球等运动场地两端的界线。在比赛中，运动员只有坚守底线
才能展现其高超的球技；同样，人的一生只有坚守人性的底线，方可尽显其英雄的本色。坚守底线，坚守善良。“人之初，性本善。”拥有一颗善良、纯真的心，是我们做人的底线。
“摘下我的翅膀，送给你飞翔”，在千钧一发之际，29岁的张米亚老师用生命诠释了这句歌词，用血肉之躯为学生们守住了生命之门，唱响了善良的乐章，感动了你我，感动了中国，感动了世界！而我们的“范跑跑”老师呢？却抛弃了身后的学生，抛弃了善良，抛弃了做人的底线，选择了“独善其身”！我们可以说，“范跑跑”老师是幸运的，因为他苟且活了下来；但他又是不幸的，因为没有善良的躯壳，失去底线的人生，与行尸走肉又有何区别呢？ 坚守底线，坚守诚信。“人而无信，不知其可。”以诚信为本，诚信待人，诚信做事，应该是我们人性的底线。
“尾生与女子有约，女子三日不至，遇大水，尾生抱柱而死。”尾生为的是什么？还不是一个诚信。诚信是做人的底线，既然许下了诺言，既然做好了约定，即使失去了生命也要去践约。翻开中华文明史，为了要守住诚信这条底线而用生命去践约的例子又何止尾生一个。正因为有了“一诺千金”的豪情，才有了易水悲壮之歌，诚信，中国侠客永恒的旋律；正因为有了“海誓山盟”的执著，才有了化蝶共舞之美，诚信，中国情人缠绵的绝唱；正因为有了“为天地立命，为百姓谋福”的诺言，才弹奏了一曲清官之歌，诚信，中国文人不朽的篇章。而假设一个人失去了诚信呢？那么，最后终将会和放羊的小孩一样，羊成了恶狼的腹中物，徒留自己一个人哭泣，无人问津！
坚守底线，坚守忠贞。“效忠贞之节，继之以死乎？” 诸葛亮的话告诉我们，忠诚坚贞应该是我们做人处世的底线。
“长太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰。”屈夫子一声长叹，纵身汩罗江，以死明志，以身殉国；“国家有难，匹夫有责。”岳飞从小背上刻下“精忠报国”的理想，调兵遣将，势如破竹，不受利诱，屡遭诬陷，屈死于**亭上；“宁可饿死，也不领美国的救济粮。”朱自清一身傲骨，虽忍受饥饿的煎熬，却维护了整个中华民族的尊严。屈原、岳飞、朱自清等人因为忠贞祖国，早已流芳百世，载入史册。而像秦桧这样折节叛国的无耻小人和像刘阿斗那样胸无大志，屈膝投降的懦弱之辈呢？他们也早已遭世人唾骂，遗臭万年！善良，感动你我；诚信，奏响壮歌；忠贞，书写尊严。
坚守底线，尽显人性本色。
三、总结议论文构思注意点：
1、中心论点句拟好后，就要用分解法拟好主体部分各段的分论点句。这几个分论点之间既互相联系，成为中心论点的一个组成部分，又互不统属，互不交叉的。
2、各分论点句最好能使用同一句式，甚至构成排比句式，以话题词作为排比句式的纲领词语，这样可使文章条理清晰，观点明了，还可增强文章的语势。同时，写作时也不会轻易走题。
3、要想文章论点鲜明，重点突出，在结构上，最好能在段头段尾采用观点句。段头观点句放在段首，起一种提纲挈领的作用，而段尾观点句放在段尾，是对段头句的升华，它不仅要和段头观点句在观点上具有一致性，不仅对全段要有总括性，而且不能是段头句的简单重复，至少要变换一下语言形式，或是换一个新的角度去总结前文的论说。
第四篇：议论文 对照式
议论文写作常见布局方法（对照式）
对照式，是从正反两个方面进行论证的一种结构模式。例如：《苦难是一种财富》 中心论点：苦难是一种财富。
正面：人需要苦难，需要苦难的磨练。（勾践卧薪尝胆）
反面：温室的幼苗是经不起风吹雨打的。（可以联系现实生活材料）总结：苦难能磨练出坚强的毅力的超人的勇气。
2007年高考全国卷二
阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。（60分）
著名歌手丛飞节衣缩食，捐赠300多万，资助了178名贫困学生。当他自己病危住进医院经济困难时，几位受助完成学业就在本地工作的年轻人，竟然没有一个来看望他。这件是被媒体披露后，有一个受助者居然还埋怨说，这让他很没面子。丛飞说，不要责怪他们，我已经不再需要医疗了。
华农大的学生小李和同学们将买废品的钱捐给了一所希望小学。不久，小李被查出得了白血病，这所希望小学的师生给小李捐款，一个四年级的女生捐了10元，问她为什么把春节压岁钱全部捐出来，她说：“只要做到小李姐姐说的那句话就满足了。”问她那是一句什么话，她说：“记住别人对自己的帮助，学会帮助别人。”
要求：选择一个角度构思作文，自主确定立意，确定文体，确定标题；不脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。
幸福之花，开在感恩枝头
落红不是无情物，化作春泥更护花。这是花儿的感恩。乌鸟私情，愿乞终养。这是鸟儿的感恩。
士为知己者死，女为悦己者容。这是人类的感恩。
因为懂得感恩，他们拥有了一颗金子般的心，因为懂得感恩，他们创下了人世间温馨的传奇。因为懂得感恩，这世界才会如此美丽。幸福如花，在感恩的枝头美丽绽放。“忠则《出师表》孝则《陈情表》”，这两表道尽了人间感恩的真谛，演绎了人世间感恩的传奇。为报刘备三顾茅庐之恩，诸葛亮七出祁山，巧计破敌军，为刘备打天下立下了汗马功劳。“出师末捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟。”是后人为他写下的诗篇，为报当年的知遇之恩，他用毕生的精力向后人诠释了感恩的真谛。自幼失去父母是李密的不幸，但祖母却用自己的温暖让这个可怜的孩子长大成人，且名扬四方，为官作宰是多少读书人毕生的梦想，十年寒窗不正为一朝为官？然而当这个机会真正来临，李密却不曾忘记自己的祖母。他放弃了这个机会。因为他知道“祖母无臣无以终余年”。在为官和报恩之间他选择了后者，向世人彰显了一首伟大的诗篇——感恩。
他们的感恩温暖了自已，感动了后人。那一刻，幸福之花，在他们的感恩的枝头灼灼其华。感恩之心，是我们维系这个世界的根本，拥有感恩的心，才能称之为有灵性的人，然而一旦失去后果不堪设想。
云南大学曾震惊一时的血案是多少人挥之不去的阴影。马加爵一时的性起让四个年轻的生命就此终结，我不想说他的残忍。我只想说，他真的不懂感恩。云南大学用知识培养他，而他却使之蒙羞；他的父母用心血把他养大，他却让他们体会白发人送黑发人的苦楚；他与同学的同学情他不懂得珍惜。如果他有一颗感恩的心，也许这一切就不会发生。当感恩的心不在，那一刻，他的幸福之花开在哪里? 数十年为战友守墓，矢志不渝，是陈健对战友的感恩；荆轲赌命，是为报太子知遇之恩的感恩；袁隆平数十年专注研究杂交水稻，是为祖国的感恩。
怀抱一颗感恩的心，让我们将爱传递。将别人无私的帮助，深深铭记，并将之传递，这世界因感恩而美丽。
人世间没有不绝的风暴，感恩却有其不老的风情。幸福之花，开在感恩枝头，灼灼其华。【点评】这篇文章中心突出，层次清晰，结构严谨，语言流畅。
“题好一半文。”本文以“幸福花，开在感恩枝头” 作为题目和写作角度，明确了自己的看法。开篇引用诗句，构成排比，富有文采，又旗帜鲜明地提出观点，照应题目。全文以阐明感恩和幸福之间的关系作为主要的内容，运用正反对比的手法，跨越时空，让孔子、李密和马加爵形成鲜明的对比，无可争辩地说明了“因为懂得感恩，世界才会如此美丽”的道理。
文章十分注意过渡和照应的安排，标题和内容照应，开头和结尾照应，议论抒情的句子和叙述的内容结合也十分紧密。文章还用“幸福之花，在感恩的枝头灼灼其华”这样的句子来组织全文，显得完整、缜密而从容。
感情真挚、健康而饱满，也是文章获得成功的重要因素。
论知足常乐
古语有云：“知足常乐。”有了足矣，何需更多。虽然千年古训时常萦绕耳际，但一颗不知足的心还是让我对此颇为怀疑。这只不过是懦弱者的挡箭牌和懒惰者的借口。“知足”是裹足不前，是安于现状，是甘于平庸；而“不知足”才能够以一种持久不灭的热情勇往直前，才能时时鞭策警示自己，不断进取，不断收获。
“人生得意须尽欢，莫使金樽空对月”，借酒消愁，以醉为乐。那酒醒之后呢？又将陷入无边无际的忧愁中„„知足者，乐一时矣。“与天奋斗，其乐无穷；与地奋斗，其乐无穷”，不知足者，常乐也。“登东山而小鲁，登泰山而小天下。”如果你是满足于登上东山，看到的将是有限的鲁地，怎能像登上泰山之巅那样把天下尽收眼底，心胸无比宽阔呢？不知足，是一股挑战生活的执著追求，是始终如一的人生信念。
“满招损，谦得益。”秦始皇的一统中国，就是因为无数次的不满足，所以无数次地改革，无数次地完善。倘若总是知足，今天或许还是刀耕火种。追求的过程是快乐的，尽管有坎坷有风雨，但我们总是在往前不断走着，败而无憾。世间，没有哪项伟绩会从天而降，没有哪段人生能一帆风顺。荀子曰：“不登高山，不知天之高也；不临深溪，不知地之厚也。” 只有怀揣一颗不知足的心，不懈追求，才得以常乐。
贾岛吟诗，反复推敲。欧阳修行文“为求一字稳，耐得半宵寒”。正因为不知足，才百倦不殆地长期磨练，才有了千古绝唱，传咏至今。爱迪生一生有一千多种发明。正因为不知足，才不断地钻研，成功。一位奥运会田径老将花十年苦苦训练，仅仅加快了1秒多。对于知足者，这微不足道的1秒钟根本不值一提。但却成就了一位冠军。跑道上一秒的刹那正是用十年的不满足精神底蕴磨砺出来的。不要停止追寻的脚步，不要熄灭前进的灯火。沧海桑田，世事变迁，山外更有山，楼外还有楼，只有永不满足，历史的车轮才能滚滚向前。
知足者,目光短浅；知足者,固步自封。知足，使人愚昧，斗志消磨，给人带来“常忧”而不是“常乐”。“夜郎自大”、“井底之蛙”和鲁迅笔下的阿Q不都是 “知足者”吗？正是这种“知足”铸成了大错。人生，只有不知足，才能超越；灵魂，只有不知足，才能达到一个高度，进入一种境界。
前面是一片未知的空间，不知足者，常乐，常乐者，不知足。《论知足常乐》思路：
参考：文章由古语“知足常乐”引出自己的观点——“不知足”才能够以一种持久不灭的热情勇往直前，才能时时鞭策警示自己，不断进取，不断收获。第二段从正反两面进行分析论证，再次正明知足乐一时，不知足常乐。第三四段从正面例举了秦始皇、贾岛的例子论证观点。第五段从反面列举人们熟知的故事论证知足常忧。最后简洁的再次强调观点。
坚守底线尽显人性本色（并列、对照式）
底线，是足球、篮球、羽毛球等运动场地两端的界线。在比赛中，运动员只有坚守底线
才能展现其高超的球技；同样，人的一生只有坚守人性的底线，方可尽显其英雄的本色。
坚守底线，坚守善良。“人之初，性本善。”拥有一颗善良、纯真的心，是我们做人的底线。
“摘下我的翅膀，送给你飞翔”，在千钧一发之际，29岁的张米亚老师用生命诠释了这句歌词，用血肉之躯为学生们守住了生命之门，唱响了善良的乐章，感动了你我，感动了中国，感动了世界！而我们的“范跑跑”老师呢？却抛弃了身后的学生，抛弃了善良，抛弃了做人的底线，选择了“独善其身”！我们可以说，“范跑跑”老师是幸运的，因为他苟且活了下来；但他又是不幸的，因为没有善良的躯壳，失去底线的人生，与行尸走肉又有何区别呢？
坚守底线，坚守诚信。“人而无信，不知其可。”以诚信为本，诚信待人，诚信做事，应该是我们人性的底线。
“尾生与女子有约，女子三日不至，遇大水，尾生抱柱而死。”尾生为的是什么？还不是一个诚信。诚信是做人的底线，既然许下了诺言，既然做好了约定，即使失去了生命也要去践约。翻开中华文明史，为了要守住诚信这条底线而用生命去践约的例子又何止尾生一个。正因为有了“一诺千金”的豪情，才有了易水悲壮之歌，诚信，中国侠客永恒的旋律；正因为有了“海誓山盟”的执著，才有了化蝶共舞之美，诚信，中国情人缠绵的绝唱；正因为有了“为天地立命，为百姓谋福”的诺言，才弹奏了一曲清官之歌，诚信，中国文人不朽的篇章。而假设一个人失去了诚信呢？那么，最后终将会和放羊的小孩一样，羊成了恶狼的腹中物，徒留自己一个人哭泣，无人问津！
坚守底线，坚守忠贞。“效忠贞之节，继之以死乎？” 诸葛亮的话告诉我们，忠诚坚贞应该是我们做人处世的底线。
“长太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰。”屈夫子一声长叹，纵身汩罗江，以死明志，以身殉国；“国家有难，匹夫有责。”岳飞从小背上刻下“精忠报国”的理想，调兵遣将，势如破竹，不受利诱，屡遭诬陷，屈死于**亭上；“宁可饿死，也不领美国的救济粮。”朱自清一身傲骨，虽忍受饥饿的煎熬，却维护了整个中华民族的尊严。屈原、岳飞、朱自清等人因为忠贞祖国，早已流芳百世，载入史册。而像秦桧这样折节叛国的无耻小人和像刘阿斗那样胸无大志，屈膝投降的懦弱之辈呢？他们也早已遭世人唾骂，遗臭万年！善良，感动你我；诚信，奏响壮歌；忠贞，书写尊严。坚守底线，尽显人性本色。
【简评】这篇是一篇亮点纷呈的议论文。文章章法严谨，集“凤头猪肚豹尾”于一体。文章从运动场上的底线入题，引出人性的底线，提出中心论点，自然、简洁而优美。酷似“凤头”。接着从三个方面阐释: 坚守底线，坚守善良；坚守底线，坚守诚信；坚守底线，坚守忠贞。并将每个分论点置于段首，构成整齐的排比句，论证时或正反对比，或排比举例，或旁征博引，文章说理深入透彻。文章取例角度多样，厚古但不薄今，重名人但不轻视凡人，文人、侠客、武将纷纷登场，材料翔实，内容充实。俨然“猪肚”。文章结尾正向归纳，呼应开篇，收束全文，干净利落，语言简洁有力。活像“豹尾”。文章结构通体明亮，文章语言文采飞扬，加上文章立意集中深刻，使得本文亮点纷呈，引人眼球。
三、总结议论文构思注意点：
1、中心论点句拟好后，就要用分解法拟好主体部分各段的分论点句。这几个分论点之间既互相联系，成为中心论点的一个组成部分，又互不统属，互不交叉的。
2、各分论点句最好能使用同一句式，甚至构成排比句式，以话题词作为排比句式的纲领词语，这样可使文章条理清晰，观点明了，还可增强文章的语势。同时，写作时也不会轻易走题。
3、要想文章论点鲜明，重点突出，在结构上，最好能在段头段尾采用观点句。段头观点句放在段首，起一种提纲挈领的作用，而段尾观点句放在段尾，是对段头句的升华，它不仅要和段头观点句在观点上具有一致性，不仅对全段要有总括性，而且不能是段头句的简单重复，至少要变换一下语言形式，或是换一个新的角度去总结前文的论说。
第五篇：十八大中英文对照
中共十八大报告全文英汉对照
2012年11月20日17:02中国日报网站
Full text of Hu's report at 18th Party Congress
Hu Jintao, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC)and Chinese president, delivers a keynote report during the opening ceremony of the 18th CPC National Congress at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, Nov 8, 2012.[Photo/Xinhua]
坚定不移沿着中国特色社会主义道路前进为全面建成小康社会而奋斗 ——在中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会上的报告(2012年11月8日）胡锦涛
FIRMLY MARCH ON THE PATH OF SOCIALISM WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS AND STRIVE TO COMPLETE THE BUILDING OF A MODERATELY PROSPEROUS SOCIETY IN ALL RESPECTS
Report to the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on Nov 8, 2012
Hu Jintao 同志们：
现在，我代表第十七届中央委员会向大会作报告。Comrades，I now wish to deliver the following report to the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on behalf of the Seventeenth Party Central Committee.中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会，是在我国进入全面建成小康社会决定性阶段召开的一次十分重要的大会。大会的主题是：高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观为指导，解放思想，改革开放，凝聚力量，攻坚克难，坚定不移沿着中国特色社会主义道路前进，为全面建成小康社会而奋斗。
The Eighteenth National Congress is one of great importance being held when China has entered the decisive stage of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.The underlying theme of the congress is to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development, free up the mind, implement the policy of reform and opening up, pool our strength, overcome all difficulties, firmly march on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and strive to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.此时此刻，我们有一个共同的感觉：经过九十多年艰苦奋斗，我们党团结带领全国各族人民，把贫穷落后的旧中国变成日益走向繁荣富强的新中国，中华民族伟大复兴展现出光明前景。我们对党和人民创造的历史伟业倍加自豪，对党和人民确立的理想信念倍加坚定，对党肩负的历史责任倍加清醒。
At this moment when I address you, we are convinced that thanks to over 90 years of hard struggle, our Party has rallied and led the people of all ethnic groups of the country in turning the poor and backward old China into an increasingly prosperous and powerful new China and opening up bright prospects for the great renewal of the Chinese nation.We are all the more proud of the historic achievements of the Party and the people, we are all the more firm in the ideal and conviction of the Party and the people, and we are all the more aware of the historic responsibility of the Party.当前，世情、国情、党情继续发生深刻变化，我们面临的发展机遇和风险挑战前所未有。全党一定要牢记人民信任和重托，更加奋发有为、兢兢业业地工作，继续推动科学发展、促进社会和谐，继续改善人民生活、增进人民福祉，完成时代赋予的光荣而艰巨的任务。
At present, as the global, national and our Party's conditions continue to undergo profound changes, we are faced with unprecedented opportunities for development as well as risks and challenges unknown before.The whole Party must keep in mind the trust the people have placed in us and the great expectation they have of us.We must aim higher and work harder and continue to pursue development in a scientific way, promote social harmony, and improve the people's lives so as to complete the glorious and arduous tasks bestowed on us by the times.一、过去五年的工作和十年的基本总结
I.Our Work in the Past Five Years and the Basic Experience We Have Gained in the Past Ten Years
十七大以来的五年，是我们在中国特色社会主义道路上奋勇前进的五年，是我们经受住各种困难和风险考验、夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利的五年。Over the past five years since the Seventeenth Party Congress, we have marched boldly on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.During these five years, we have overcome numerous difficulties and risks and achieved new successes in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.十七大对推进改革开放和社会主义现代化建设、实现全面建设小康社会宏伟目标作出全面部署。为贯彻十七大精神，中央先后召开七次全会，分别就深化行政管理体制改革、推进农村改革发展、加强和改进新形势下党的建设、制定“十二五”规划、推进文化改革发展等关系全局的重大问题作出决定和部署。五年来，我们胜利完成“十一五”规划，顺利实施“十二五”规划，各方面工作都取得新的重大成就。
The Seventeenth Party Congress adopted a comprehensive plan for promoting reform and opening up and socialist modernization and attaining the grand goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.To implement this decision of the Seventeenth Party Congress, the Central Committee has held seven plenary sessions, at which decisions were made and implementing steps adopted on the following issues of underlying importance: deepening reform of the administrative system, promoting rural reform and development, improving and strengthening Party building in a new environment, formulating the Twelfth Five-Year Plan and promoting reform and development of the cultural sector.During the past five years, we have fulfilled the goals of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and made good progress in implementing the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, and we have made new and major achievements in all fields of our work.经济平稳较快发展。综合国力大幅提升，二0一一年国内生产总值达到四十七点三万亿元。财政收入大幅增加。农业综合生产能力提高，粮食连年增产。产业结构调整取得新进展，基础设施全面加强。城镇化水平明显提高，城乡区域发展协调性增强。创新型国家建设成效显著，载人航天、探月工程、载人深潜、超级计算机、高速铁路等实现重大突破。生态文明建设扎实展开，资源节约和环境保护全面推进。
The economy has developed steadily and rapidly.China's overall national strength has grown considerably.The gross domestic product(GDP)reached 47.3 trillion yuan in 2011, and government revenue increased by a wide margin.The overall agricultural production capacity has increased and grain output has gone up year after year.Fresh progress has been made in adjusting the industrial structure, and the infrastructure has been extensively upgraded.Urbanization has been steadily advanced, and development between urban and rural areas and between regions has become better balanced.Notable progress has been made in making China an innovative country, and major breakthroughs have been made in manned spaceflights, the lunar exploration program, and in the development of a manned deep-sea submersible, supercomputers and high-speed railways.Solid steps have been taken to promote ecological progress, and comprehensive progress has been made in resource conservation and environmental protection.改革开放取得重大进展。农村综合改革、集体林权制度改革、国有企业改革不断深化，非公有制经济健康发展。现代市场体系和宏观调控体系不断健全，财税、金融、价格、科技、教育、社会保障、医药卫生、事业单位等改革稳步推进。开放型经济达到新水平，进出口总额跃居世界第二位。
Major progress has been registered in reform and opening up.China's overall rural reform, the reform in tenure of collective forests and the reform of state-owned enterprises have been deepened, and the non-public sector of the economy has registered sound growth.The country's modern market system and macro-regulatory system have been steadily improved, and its reform of finance and taxation, banking, prices, science and technology, education, social security, medicine and public health, and public institutions has progressed steadily.China's open economy has reached a new level, and its import and export volume now ranks second in the world.人民生活水平显著提高。改善民生力度不断加大，城乡就业持续扩大，居民收入较快增长，家庭财产稳定增加，衣食住行用条件明显改善，城乡最低生活保障标准和农村扶贫标准大幅提升，企业退休人员基本养老金持续提高。Living standards have been significantly improved.Efforts to improve the people's wellbeing have been intensified;urban and rural employment has continued to increase;individual income has increased rapidly;household assets have grown steadily;people's need for daily necessities such as clothing, food, housing and transportation is better met;subsistence allowances for both urban and rural residents and the rural poverty line have been raised by a big margin;and basic pensions for enterprise retirees have increased continually.民主法制建设迈出新步伐。政治体制改革继续推进。实行城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表。基层民主不断发展。中国特色社会主义法律体系形成，社会主义法治国家建设成绩显著。爱国统一战线巩固壮大。行政体制改革深化，司法体制和工作机制改革取得新进展。
New strides have been made in developing democracy and the legal system.Further progress has been made in reforming the political structure.Urban and rural deputies to people's congresses are now elected on the basis of the same population ratio.Community-level democracy has steadily developed.The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics has been established, and notable achievements have been made in building a socialist country based on the rule of law.The patriotic united front has been consolidated and expanded.The reform of the administrative system has deepened, and further progress has been made in the reform of the judicial system and the work mechanisms of the judiciary.文化建设迈上新台阶。社会主义核心价值体系建设深入开展，文化体制改革全面推进，公共文化服务体系建设取得重大进展，文化产业快速发展，文化创作生产更加繁荣，人民精神文化生活更加丰富多彩。全民健身和竞技体育取得新成绩。
Development of the cultural sector has reached a new stage.Intensive efforts have been made to promote core socialist values;comprehensive progress has been made in the reform of the cultural system;important headway has been made in providing public cultural services;the cultural industry has grown rapidly;cultural creation and production is flourishing;and people enjoy richer intellectual pursuits and cultural entertainment.New progress has been made in public fitness programs and competitive sports.社会建设取得新进步。基本公共服务水平和均等化程度明显提高。教育事业迅速发展，城乡免费义务教育全面实现。社会保障体系建设成效显著，城乡基本养老保险制度全面建立，新型社会救助体系基本形成。全民医保基本实现，城乡基本医疗卫生制度初步建立。保障性住房建设加快推进。加强和创新社会管理，社会保持和谐稳定。
Fresh progress has been made in social development.Basic public services have improved markedly, and access to them has become much more equitable.Education has developed rapidly, and free compulsory education is now available in all urban and rural areas.Marked progress has been made in developing the social security system;the basic old-age insurance system covering both the urban and rural population has been fully established, and a new type of social assistance system is taking shape.The whole population is now basically covered by medical insurance;the basic urban and rural healthcare systems are taking shape.Construction of low-income housing has been accelerated.We have strengthened and made innovations in social management and maintained social harmony and stability.国防和军队建设开创新局面。中国特色军事变革取得重大成就，军队革命化现代化正规化建设协调推进、全面加强，军事斗争准备不断深化，履行新世纪新阶段历史使命能力显著增强，出色完成一系列急难险重任务。
A new stage has been reached in efforts to strengthen national defense and the armed forces.Significant achievements have been made in the revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics.Coordinated and all-around progress has been made in efforts to ensure the revolutionary nature of the armed forces and that they are modern and follow standard procedures in all operations.Military preparedness has been enhanced.The armed forces have greatly enhanced their capability of carrying out their historic mission in this new stage in the new century, and they have accomplished a host of urgent, difficult, dangerous and arduous tasks.港澳台工作进一步加强。香港、澳门保持繁荣稳定，同内地交流合作提高到新水平。推动两岸关系实现重大转折，实现两岸全面直接双向“三通”，签署实施两岸经济合作框架协议，形成两岸全方位交往格局，开创两岸关系和平发展新局面。
Work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan affairs has been further strengthened.Hong Kong and Macao have remained prosperous and stable, and their exchanges and cooperation with the mainland have reached a new stage.We have achieved a major transition in the relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits, with direct and two-way links of mail service, transport and trade fully established, and the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement between them has been signed for implementation.All this has promoted extensive mutual contacts and ushered in a new stage of peaceful growth of cross-Straits relations.外交工作取得新成就。坚定维护国家利益和我国公民、法人在海外合法权益，加强同世界各国交流合作，推动全球治理机制变革，积极促进世界和平与发展，在国际事务中的代表性和话语权进一步增强，为改革发展争取了有利国际环境。New progress has been made in China's diplomacy.We have staunchly protected China's interests and the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals and legal persons overseas.We have increased exchanges and cooperation with other countries.We have promoted reform in global governance, enhanced world peace and development, secured more representation and a greater say for China in international affairs, and created favorable international conditions for China's reform and development.党的建设全面加强。党的执政能力建设和先进性建设继续推进，思想理论建设成效明显，学习实践科学发展观活动取得重要成果，党的建设改革创新迈出重要步伐。党内民主进一步扩大。干部队伍建设取得重要进展，人才工作开创新局面。创先争优活动和学习型党组织建设深入进行，基层党组织不断加强。党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争取得新成效。
All-around progress has been made in Party building.Further progress has been registered in strengthening the Party's governance capacity and its advanced nature.Notable results have been achieved in strengthening the Party theoretically.Significant achievements have been made in studying and applying the Scientific Outlook on Development.Major progress has been made in conducting reform and innovation in Party building.Intra-Party democracy has been further expanded.Major progress has also been made in strengthening the ranks of Party officials;and new progress has been registered in managing qualified professionals.We have intensified activities to encourage Party members and organizations to excel in their work and to build learning Party organizations.Community-level Party organizations have been strengthened.New progress has been made in improving Party conduct, promoting integrity and combating corruption.同时，必须清醒看到，我们工作中还存在许多不足，前进道路上还有不少困难和问题。主要是：发展中不平衡、不协调、不可持续问题依然突出，科技创新能力不强，产业结构不合理，农业基础依然薄弱，资源环境约束加剧，制约科学发展的体制机制障碍较多，深化改革开放和转变经济发展方式任务艰巨；城乡区域发展差距和居民收入分配差距依然较大；社会矛盾明显增多，教育、就业、社会保障、医疗、住房、生态环境、食品药品安全、安全生产、社会治安、执法司法等关系群众切身利益的问题较多，部分群众生活比较困难；一些领域存在道德失范、诚信缺失现象；一些干部领导科学发展能力不强，一些基层党组织软弱涣散，少数党员干部理想信念动摇、宗旨意识淡薄，形式主义、官僚主义问题突出，奢侈浪费现象严重；一些领域消极腐败现象易发多发，反腐败斗争形势依然严峻。对这些困难和问题，我们必须高度重视，进一步认真加以解决。
On the other hand, we must be keenly aware that there is still much room for improvement in our work and there are a lot of difficulties and problems on our road ahead.They include the following: Unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable development remains a big problem.The capacity for scientific and technological innovation is weak.The industrial structure is unbalanced.Agricultural infrastructure remains weak.Resource and environmental constraints have become more serious.Many systemic barriers stand in the way of promoting development in a scientific way.The tasks of deepening reform and opening up and changing the growth model remain arduous.The development gap between urban and rural areas and between regions is still large, and so are income disparities.Social problems have increased markedly.There are many problems affecting people's immediate interests in education, employment, social security, healthcare, housing, the ecological environment, food and drug safety, workplace safety, public security, law enforcement, administration of justice, etc.Some people still lead hard lives.There is a lack of ethics and integrity in some fields of endeavor.Some officials are not competent to pursue development in a scientific way.Some community-level Party organizations are weak and lax.A small number of Party members and officials waver in the Party's ideal and conviction and are not fully aware of its purpose.Going through formalities and bureaucratism as well as extravagance and waste are serious problems.Some sectors are prone to corruption and other misconduct, and the fight against corruption remains a serious challenge for us.We must take these difficulties and problems very seriously and work harder to resolve them.过去五年的工作，是十六大以来全面建设小康社会十年实践的重要组成部分。
Our work in the past five years is an important part of our endeavor to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects in the past ten years since the Sixteenth National Congress of the Party.这十年，我们紧紧抓住和用好我国发展的重要战略机遇期，战胜一系列重大挑战，奋力把中国特色社会主义推进到新的发展阶段。进入新世纪新阶段，国际局势风云变幻，综合国力竞争空前激烈，我们深化改革开放，加快发展步伐，以加入世界贸易组织为契机，变压力为动力，化挑战为机遇，坚定不移推进全面建设小康社会进程。前进过程中，我们战胜突如其来的非典疫情，认真总结我国发展实践，准确把握我国发展的阶段性特征，及时提出和全面贯彻科学发展观等重大战略思想，开拓了经济社会发展的广阔空间。二00八年以后，国际金融危机使我国发展遭遇严重困难，我们科学判断、果断决策，采取一系列重大举措，在全球率先实现经济企稳回升，积累了有效应对外部经济风险冲击、保持经济平稳较快发展的重要经验。我们成功举办北京奥运会、残奥会和上海世博会，夺取抗击汶川特大地震等严重自然灾害和灾后恢复重建重大胜利，妥善处置一系列重大突发事件。在十分复杂的国内外形势下，党和人民经受住严峻考验，巩固和发展了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设大局，提高了我国国际地位，彰显了中国特色社会主义的巨大优越性和强大生命力，增强了中国人民和中华民族的自豪感和凝聚力。
During these ten years, we have seized and made the most of the important period of strategic opportunities for China's development, successfully met major challenges and brought socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new stage of development.Facing a volatile global environment and fierce competition in overall national strength unseen before in this new stage in the new century, we have deepened reform and opening up and accelerated development.We took China's accession to the World Trade Organization as an opportunity to turn pressure into motivation and turn challenges into opportunities, and we have forged ahead in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.While we were on the way, we overcame the unexpected outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS).On the basis of reviewing China's development practices, we gained a good understanding of the essential features of its development in the current stage, set forth in a timely way major strategic thinking including the Scientific Outlook on Development, and have fully applied it, and thus greatly expanded the space for economic and social development.After 2008, the global financial crisis caused acute difficulties to China's development.By making resolute decisions and taking major countermeasures on the basis of sizing up the overall development in a scientific way, we made China's economy the first in the world to make a turnaround, and we have gained important experience in effectively defusing external economic risks and maintaining steady and robust growth.We successfully hosted the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and the XIII Paralympic Games in Beijing and the World Expo in Shanghai.We won great victories in responding to the massive Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province and other natural disasters and in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction and settled major emergencies.Bracing ourselves against complex domestic and international developments, our Party and people have stood severe tests, consolidated and developed the cause of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, and raised China's international standing.All this shows the superiority and vitality of socialism with Chinese characteristics and has enhanced the pride and cohesiveness of the Chinese people and nation.十年来，我们取得一系列新的历史性成就，为全面建成小康社会打下了坚实基础。我国经济总量从世界第六位跃升到第二位，社会生产力、经济实力、科技实力迈上一个大台阶，人民生活水平、居民收入水平、社会保障水平迈上一个大台阶，综合国力、国际竞争力、国际影响力迈上一个大台阶，国家面貌发生新的历史性变化。人们公认，这是我国经济持续发展、民主不断健全、文化日益繁荣、社会保持稳定的时期，是着力保障和改善民生、人民得到实惠更多的时期。我们能取得这样的历史性成就，靠的是党的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领、基本经验的正确指引，靠的是新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来奠定的深厚基础，靠的是全党全国各族人民的团结奋斗。
Over the past ten years, we have achieved new historic successes and laid a solid foundation for completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.China's economy has risen from the sixth to the second place in the world.The country has undergone new historic changes: Its productive forces and economic, scientific and technological strength have increased considerably, the people's living standards, individual income and social security have improved significantly, and its overall national strength and international competitiveness and influence have been enhanced substantially.During this period, China has seen continuous economic development, steady improvement in democracy, and increasing cultural prosperity and social stability, and we have worked hard to ensure and improve the people's wellbeing and brought them more benefits than ever before.And all this is widely recognized.These historic successes are attributable to the correct guidance of the Party's basic theory, line, program and experience;they have been achieved on the firm foundation laid since the founding of New China in 1949 and particularly since the adoption of the policy of reform and opening up in 1978;and they are the fruits of the united efforts of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in China.在这里，我代表中共中央，向全国各族人民，向各民主党派、各人民团体和各界爱国人士，向香港特别行政区同胞、澳门特别行政区同胞和台湾同胞以及广大侨胞，向一切关心和支持中国现代化建设的各国朋友，表示衷心的感谢！
Here, on behalf of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, I wish to express our heartfelt thanks to the people of all ethnic groups in China, to the democratic parties, people's organizations and patriots from all walks of life, to our compatriots in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese, and to our foreign friends who view favorably and support China's modernization drive.总结十年奋斗历程，最重要的就是我们坚持以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想为指导，勇于推进实践基础上的理论创新，围绕坚持和发展中国特色社会主义提出一系列紧密相连、相互贯通的新思想、新观点、新论断，形成和贯彻了科学发展观。科学发展观是马克思主义同当代中国实际和时代特征相结合的产物，是马克思主义关于发展的世界观和方法论的集中体现，对新形势下实现什么样的发展、怎样发展等重大问题作出了新的科学回答，把我们对中国特色社会主义规律的认识提高到新的水平，开辟了当代中国马克思主义发展新境界。科学发展观是中国特色社会主义理论体系最新成果，是中国共产党集体智慧的结晶，是指导党和国家全部工作的强大思想武器。科学发展观同马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想一道，是党必须长期坚持的指导思想。
The most important achievement in our endeavors in the past ten years is that we have formed the Scientific Outlook on Development and put it into practice by following the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and by making courageous theoretical innovations on the basis of practices and developing closely interconnected new ideas and viewpoints on upholding and building socialism with Chinese characteristics.The Scientific Outlook on Development was created by integrating Marxism with the reality of contemporary China and with the underlying features of our times, and it fully embodies the Marxist worldview on and methodology for development.This theory provides new scientific answers to the major questions of what kind of development China should achieve in a new environment and how the country should achieve it.It represents a new level of our understanding of the laws of socialism with Chinese characteristics and reaches a new realm in the development of Marxism in contemporary China.The Scientific Outlook on Development is the latest achievement in developing the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and it is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China and a powerful theoretical weapon for guiding all the work of the Party and country.Together with Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development is the theoretical guidance the Party must adhere to for a long time.面向未来，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，对坚持和发展中国特色社会主义具有重大现实意义和深远历史意义，必须把科学发展观贯彻到我国现代化建设全过 程、体现到党的建设各方面。全党必须更加自觉地把推动经济社会发展作为深入贯彻落实科学发展观的第一要义，牢牢扭住经济建设这个中心，坚持聚精会神搞建设、一心一意谋发展，着力把握发展规律、创新发展理念、破解发展难题，深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、可持续发展战略，加快形成符合科学发展要求的发展方式和体制机制，不断解放和发展社会生产力，不断实现科学发展、和谐发展、和平发展，为坚持和发展中国特色社会主义打下牢固基础。必须更加自觉地把以人为本作为深入贯彻落实科学发展观的核心立场，始终把实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民根本利益作为党和国家一切工作的出发点和落脚点，尊重人民首创精神，保障人民各项权益，不断在实现发展成果由人民共享、促进人的全面发展上取得新成效。必须更加自觉地把全面协调可持续作为深入贯彻落实科学发展观的基本要求，全面落实经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设五位一体总体布局，促进现代化建设各方面相协调，促进生产关系与生产力、上层建筑与经济基础相协调，不断开拓生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。必须更加自觉地把统筹兼顾作为深入贯彻落实科学发展观的根本方法，坚持一切从实际出发，正确认识和妥善处理中国特色社会主义事业中的重大关系，统筹改革发展稳定、内政外交国防、治党治国治军各方面工作，统筹城乡发展、区域发展、经济社会发展、人与自然和谐发展、国内发展和对外开放，统筹各方面利益关系，充分调动各方面积极性，努力形成全体人民各尽其能、各得其所而又和谐相处的局面。
As we advance toward the future, thoroughly applying the Scientific Outlook on Development is of major immediate significance and far-reaching historical significance for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.We must apply it throughout the course of modernization and to every aspect of Party building.The whole Party must more purposefully make promoting economic and social development the top priority in applying the Scientific Outlook on Development.We must pursue economic development as the central task and concentrate on it with every determination.We should master the laws of development, develop new thinking on development and solve problems hindering development.We must implement the strategies for making China strong by developing science and education and training competent personnel and the strategy for pursuing sustainable development.We must step up efforts to create development models as well as institutions and mechanisms that facilitate development in a scientific way.We must continue to release and develop the productive forces and promote scientific, harmonious and peaceful development so as to lay a solid foundation for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.The whole Party must more purposefully take putting people first as the core requirement for thoroughly applying the Scientific Outlook on Development.We must always make realizing, safeguarding and developing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people the starting point and goal of all the work of the Party and country.We must respect the people's creativity, protect their rights and interests, and make continued progress in enabling the people to share in the fruits of development and in promoting well-rounded development of the person.The whole Party must more purposefully make pursuing comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development the basic requirement for applying the Scientific Outlook on Development.We must fully implement the overall plan for promoting economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress, ensure coordinated progress in all areas of endeavors in the modernization drive, balance the relations of production with the productive forces as well as the superstructure with the economic base, and continue to expand the path of development that leads to increased production, prosperity and a good ecosystem.The whole Party must more purposefully take the holistic approach as the fundamental way of thoroughly applying the Scientific Outlook on Development.We must base ourselves on reality in everything we do, gain a full understanding of the major issues in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and handle them properly.We must take a holistic approach to our work relating to reform, development and stability, to domestic and foreign affairs as well as national defense, and to running the Party, the country and the military.We must coordinate urban and rural development, development between regions, economic and social development, relations between man and nature, and domestic development and opening to the outside world.We must balance the interests of all parties and keep them fully motivated so that all people do their best, find their proper places in society and live in harmony.解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进、求真务实，是科学发展观最鲜明的精神实质。实践发展永无止境，认识真理永无止境，理论创新永无止境。全党一定要勇于实践、勇于变革、勇于创新，把握时代发展要求，顺应人民共同愿望，不懈探索和把握中国特色社会主义规律，永葆党的生机活力，永葆国家发展动力，在党和人民创造性实践中奋力开拓中国特色社会主义更为广阔的发展前景。Freeing up the mind, seeking truth from facts, keeping up with the times and being realistic and pragmaticthe system of people's congresses;the basic political systemsWe must maintain the people's principal position in the country.Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a cause for the people in their hundreds of millions.We should ensure that the people are the masters of the country and we should uphold the rule of law as a fundamental principle by which the Party leads the people in running the country.We should mobilize and organize as many people as possible to manage state and social affairs as well as the economy and cultural programs in accordance with the law and to devote themselves to socialist modernization, and we should better protect the people's rights and interests and ensure that the people determine their own destiny.——必须坚持解放和发展社会生产力。解放和发展社会生产力是中国特色社会主义的根本任务。要坚持以经济建设为中心，以科学发展为主题，全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设，实现以人为本、全面协调可持续的科学发展。
-We must continue to release and develop the productive forces.This is the fundamental task of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should take economic development as the central task and pursuing development in a scientific way as the underlying guideline, advance in an all-around way economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress and achieve in a scientific way development that puts people first and is comprehensive, balanced and sustainable.——必须坚持推进改革开放。改革开放是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的必由之路。要始终把改革创新精神贯彻到治国理政各个环节，坚持社会主义市场经济的改革方向，坚持对外开放的基本国策，不断推进理论创新、制度创新、科技创新、文化创新以及其他各方面创新，不断推进我国社会主义制度自我完善和发展。
-We must persevere in reform and opening up.Reform and opening up are crucial to adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should always apply the spirit of reform and innovation to all aspects of governance, keep improving the socialist market economy, adhere to the basic state policy of opening to the outside world, continue to make innovations in theory, in institutions, in science and technology, in culture 18 and in other fields, and continuously promote the self-improvement and self-development of China's socialist system.——必须坚持维护社会公平正义。公平正义是中国特色社会主义的内在要求。要在全体人民共同奋斗、经济社会发展的基础上，加紧建设对保障社会公平正义具有重大作用的制度，逐步建立以权利公平、机会公平、规则公平为主要内容的社会公平保障体系，努力营造公平的社会环境，保证人民平等参与、平等发展权利。
-We must safeguard social fairness and justice.Fairness and justice are inherent requirements of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We must, relying on the concerted efforts of all the Chinese people and based on economic and social development, step up efforts to develop institutions that are vital to ensuring social fairness and justice;establish in due course a system for guaranteeing fairness in society featuring, among other things, equal rights, equal opportunities and fair rules for all;and foster a fair social environment and ensure people's equal right to participation in governance and to development.——必须坚持走共同富裕道路。共同富裕是中国特色社会主义的根本原则。要坚持社会主义基本经济制度和分配制度，调整国民收入分配格局，加大再分配调节力度，着力解决收入分配差距较大问题，使发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，朝着共同富裕方向稳步前进。
-We must strive for common prosperity.This is the fundamental principle of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should adhere to the basic socialist economic system and the socialist income distribution system.We should adjust the pattern of national income distribution, tighten its regulation by secondary distribution and work hard to narrow income gaps so that all the people can share in more fruits of development in a fair way and move steadily toward common prosperity.——必须坚持促进社会和谐。社会和谐是中国特色社会主义的本质属性。要把保障和改善民生放在更加突出的位置，加强和创新社会管理，正确处理改革发展稳定关系，团结一切可以团结的力量，最大限度增加和谐因素，增强社会创造活力，确保人民安居乐业、社会安定有序、国家长治久安。
-We must promote social harmony.Social harmony is an inherent attribute of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should give higher priority to ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing, strengthen and conduct social management in an innovative way, strike a balance between reform, development and stability, rally all the forces that can be rallied, maximize factors conducive to harmony and increase the creative vitality of society.We should ensure that the people live and work in contentment, 19 society is stable and orderly, and the country enjoys enduring peace and stability.——必须坚持和平发展。和平发展是中国特色社会主义的必然选择。要坚持开放的发展、合作的发展、共赢的发展，通过争取和平国际环境发展自己，又以自身发展维护和促进世界和平，扩大同各方利益汇合点，推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。
-We must pursue peaceful development.Peaceful development is the sure choice of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should pursue development through opening up and cooperation to benefit all.We should develop ourselves by securing a peaceful international environment and uphold and promote world peace through our own development.We should expand common interests with all others and work to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.——必须坚持党的领导。中国共产党是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心。要坚持立党为公、执政为民，加强和改善党的领导，坚持党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，保持党的先进性和纯洁性，增强党的创造力、凝聚力、战斗力，提高党科学执政、民主执政、依法执政水平。
-We must uphold the leadership of the Party.The Communist Party of China is the leadership core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should uphold the principle that the Party was founded for the public good and that it exercises state power for the people, enhance and improve the Party's leadership and ensure that the Party plays its role as the leadership core in exercising overall leadership and coordinating the efforts of all.We should maintain the Party's advanced nature and purity, strengthen its creativity, cohesiveness and capability and enhance its capacity to govern in a scientific and democratic way and in accordance with the law.我们必须清醒认识到，我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情没有变，人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾这一社会主要矛盾没有变，我国是世界最大发展中国家的国际地位没有变。在任何情况下都要牢牢把握社会主义初级阶段这个最大国情，推进任何方面的改革发展都要牢牢立足社会主义初级阶段这个最大实际。党的基本路线是党和国家的生命线，必须坚持把以经济建设为中心同四项基本原则、改革开放这两个基本点统一于中国特色社会主义伟大实践，既不妄自菲薄，也不妄自尊大，扎扎实实夺取中国特色社会主义新胜利。
We must be soberly aware that China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will long remain so.This basic condition of China has not changed;nor has the principal problem in our society, that is, how we can meet the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people with backward social production;nor has China's international position as the largest developing country in the world.We must bear in mind under any circumstances the paramount reality that China remains in the primary stage of socialism and will long remain so and base ourselves on this reality in pursuing all of our endeavors of reform and development.The Party's basic line is the lifeblood of the Party and country.We must adhere to the central taskand the two basic pointsin our great endeavor to develop socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should neither look down upon ourselves nor be arrogant.We must take solid steps to achieve new victory for socialism with Chinese characteristics.只要我们胸怀理想、坚定信念，不动摇、不懈怠、不折腾，顽强奋斗、艰苦奋斗、不懈奋斗，就一定能在中国共产党成立一百年时全面建成小康社会，就一定能在新中国成立一百年时建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。全党要坚定这样的道路自信、理论自信、制度自信！
As long as we remain true to our ideal, are firm in our conviction, never vacillate in or relax our efforts or act recklessly, and forge ahead with tenacity and resolve, we will surely complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects when the Communist Party of China celebrates its centenary and turn China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious when the People's Republic of China marks its centennial.The whole Party should have every confidence in our path, in our theories and in our system.三、全面建成小康社会和全面深化改革开放的目标
III.The Goal of Completing the Building of a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Deepening Reform and Opening Up in an All-Around Way
综观国际国内大势，我国发展仍处于可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期。我们要准确判断重要战略机遇期内涵和条件的变化，全面把握机遇，沉着应对挑战，赢得主动，赢得优势，赢得未来，确保到二0二0年实现全面建成小康社会宏伟目标。
An examination of both the current international and domestic environments shows that China remains in an important period of strategic opportunities for its development, a period in which much can be achieved.We need to have a correct understanding of the changing nature and conditions of this period, seize all opportunities, respond with cool-headedness to challenges, and gain initiative and advantages to win the future and attain the goal of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020.21 根据我国经济社会发展实际，要在十六大、十七大确立的全面建设小康社会目标的基础上努力实现新的要求。
Basing ourselves on China's actual economic and social development, we must work hard to meet the following new requirements while working to fulfill the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects set forth at the Sixteenth and Seventeenth National Congresses of the Party.——经济持续健康发展。转变经济发展方式取得重大进展，在发展平衡性、协调性、可持续性明显增强的基础上，实现国内生产总值和城乡居民人均收入比二0一0年翻一番。科技进步对经济增长的贡献率大幅上升，进入创新型国家行列。工业化基本实现，信息化水平大幅提升，城镇化质量明显提高，农业现代化和社会主义新农村建设成效显著，区域协调发展机制基本形成。对外开放水平进一步提高，国际竞争力明显增强。
-The economy should maintain sustained and sound development.Major progress should be made in changing the growth model.On the basis of making China's development much more balanced, coordinated and sustainable, we should double its 2010 GDP and per capita income for both urban and rural residents.The contribution of scientific and technological progress to economic growth should increase considerably and China should become an innovative country.Industrialization should be basically accomplished.IT application should be significantly expanded.The quality of urbanization should improve markedly.Notable progress should be made in modernizing agriculture and building new socialist rural areas.The basic mechanism for promoting balanced development between regions should be in place.Opening up should be further improved and China's international competitiveness should increase significantly.——人民民主不断扩大。民主制度更加完善，民主形式更加丰富，人民积极性、主动性、创造性进一步发挥。依法治国基本方略全面落实，法治政府基本建成，司法公信力不断提高，人权得到切实尊重和保障。
-People's democracy should be expanded.The institutions of democracy should be improved and its forms enriched.People's enthusiasm, initiative and creativity should be fully leveraged.The rule of law should be fully implemented as a basic strategy, a law-based government should be basically in function, judicial credibility should be steadily enhanced, and human rights should be fully respected and protected.——文化软实力显著增强。社会主义核心价值体系深入人心，公民文明素质和社会文明程度明显提高。文化产品更加丰富，公共文化服务体系基本建成，文化产业成为国民经济支柱性产业，中华文化走出去迈出更大步伐，社会主义文化强国建设基础更加坚实。
22-The country's cultural soft power should be improved significantly.Core socialist values should take root among the people, and both the level of civility of citizens and the moral and ethical standards of the whole society should be significantly raised.More cultural works should be created;a system of public cultural services should be basically in place, and the cultural sector should become a pillar of the economy.Even greater progress should be made in taking Chinese culture to the global stage.By taking these steps, we will lay a more solid foundation for developing a strong socialist culture in China.——人民生活水平全面提高。基本公共服务均等化总体实现。全民受教育程度和创新人才培养水平明显提高，进入人才强国和人力资源强国行列，教育现代化基本实现。就业更加充分。收入分配差距缩小，中等收入群体持续扩大，扶贫对象大幅减少。社会保障全民覆盖，人人享有基本医疗卫生服务，住房保障体系基本形成，社会和谐稳定。
-Living standards should be fully raised.Equal access to basic public services should be generally achieved.The educational level of the entire population should be significantly raised and training of innovative professionals markedly improved.China should have a large pool of competent professionals and be rich in human resources, and it should basically modernize its education.There should be more employment opportunities.Income gaps should be narrowed, middle-income groups should keep growing, and the number of people living below the poverty line should drop by a large margin.Social security should cover all the people.Everyone should have access to basic medical and public health services.The system of housing for low-income groups should take shape, and there should be social harmony and stability.——资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设取得重大进展。主体功能区布局基本形成，资源循环利用体系初步建立。单位国内生产总值能源消耗和二氧化碳排放大幅下降，主要污染物排放总量显著减少。森林覆盖率提高，生态系统稳定性增强，人居环境明显改善。
-Major progress should be made in building a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society.The establishment of functional zones should be basically completed, and a system for recycling resources should begin to take shape.Energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP as well as the discharge of major pollutants should decrease sharply.Forest coverage should increase, the ecosystem should become more stable, and the living environment should improve markedly.全面建成小康社会，必须以更大的政治勇气和智慧，不失时机深化重要领域改革，坚决破除一切妨碍科学发展的思想观念和体制机制弊端，构建系统完备、科学规范、运行有效的制度体系，使各方面制度更加成熟更加定型。要加快完善社会主义市场经济体制，完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经 济制度，完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度，更大程度更广范围发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用，完善宏观调控体系，完善开放型经济体系，推动经济更有效率、更加公平、更可持续发展。加快推进社会主义民主政治制度化、规范化、程序化，从各层次各领域扩大公民有序政治参与，实现国家各项工作法治化。加快完善文化管理体制和文化生产经营机制，基本建立现代文化市场体系，健全国有文化资产管理体制，形成有利于创新创造的文化发展环境。加快形成科学有效的社会管理体制，完善社会保障体系，健全基层公共服务和社会管理网络，建立确保社会既充满活力又和谐有序的体制机制。加快建立生态文明制度，健全国土空间开发、资源节约、生态环境保护的体制机制，推动形成人与自然和谐发展现代化建设新格局。
To complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, we must, with greater political courage and vision, lose no time in deepening reform in key sectors and resolutely discard all notions and systems that hinder efforts to pursue development in a scientific way.We should set up a well-developed, scientific, procedure-based and effective framework of systems and ensure that operating institutions in all sectors are fully functioning.We should speed up improvements to the socialist market economy.We should improve the basic economic system in which public ownership is the mainstay of the economy and economic entities of diverse ownership develop together, and we should improve the system of income distribution in which distribution according to work is the main form that coexists with other forms of distribution.We should leverage to a greater extent and in a wider scope the basic role of the market in allocating resources, improve the system of macro-regulation, and perfect the open economy to ensure more efficient, equitable and sustainable economic development.We should work harder to enhance socialist democracy in a systemic way by adopting due standards and procedures, expand people's orderly participation in governance at all levels and in all fields, and ensure that all governance functions are performed in accordance with the law.We should accelerate improvement of the system for managing the cultural sector and the mechanism for cultural production and operation, establish the basic framework of a modern cultural market system, improve the system for managing state-owned cultural assets, and foster a cultural environment that encourages creativity.We should step up efforts to form a scientific and effective social management system, improve the social security system, and strengthen networks of community-level public services and social management.We should establish institutions and mechanisms to ensure that society is full of vigor, harmonious and orderly.We should move faster to set up a system for ecological progress, improve institutions and mechanisms for developing geographical space, conserving resources and protecting the ecological environment and promote modernization featuring harmonious development between man and nature.24 如期全面建成小康社会任务十分艰巨，全党同志一定要埋头苦干、顽强拼搏。国家要加大对农村和中西部地区扶持力度，支持这些地区加快改革开放、增强发展能力、改善人民生活。鼓励有条件的地方在现代化建设中继续走在前列，为全国改革发展作出更大贡献。
Completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020 is an arduous task, and all the comrades in the Party must work single-mindedly and with fortitude to reach this goal.The state should give more support to rural areas and the central and western regions to accelerate their reform and opening up, strengthen their capacity for development and raise their living standards.We should encourage areas with good conditions to keep taking the lead in pursuing modernization and to make greater contribution to nationwide reform and development.四、加快完善社会主义市场经济体制和加快转变经济发展方式 IV.Accelerating the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economy and the Change of the Growth Model
以经济建设为中心是兴国之要，发展仍是解决我国所有问题的关键。只有推动经济持续健康发展，才能筑牢国家繁荣富强、人民幸福安康、社会和谐稳定的物质基础。必须坚持发展是硬道理的战略思想，决不能有丝毫动摇。
Taking economic development as the central task is vital to national renewal, and development still holds the key to addressing all the problems we have in China.Only by promoting sustained and sound economic development can we lay a solid material foundation for enhancing the country's prosperity and strength, improving the people's wellbeing and ensuring social harmony and stability.We must unwaveringly adhere to the strategic thinking that only development counts.在当代中国，坚持发展是硬道理的本质要求就是坚持科学发展。以科学发展为主题，以加快转变经济发展方式为主线，是关系我国发展全局的战略抉择。要适应国内外经济形势新变化，加快形成新的经济发展方式，把推动发展的立足点转到提高质量和效益上来，着力激发各类市场主体发展新活力，着力增强创新驱动发展新动力，着力构建现代产业发展新体系，着力培育开放型经济发展新优势，使经济发展更多依靠内需特别是消费需求拉动，更多依靠现代服务业和战略性新兴产业带动，更多依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高、管理创新驱动，更多依靠节约资源和循环经济推动，更多依靠城乡区域发展协调互动，不断增强长期发展后劲。
In contemporary China, pursuing development in a scientific way best embodies the thinking that only development counts.Taking the pursuit of development in a scientific way as the underlying guideline and accelerating the change of the growth model as a major task is a strategic choice we have made for promoting China's overall development.In response to changes in both domestic and international economic developments, we should speed up the creation of a new growth model and ensure that development is based on improved quality and performance.We should fire all types of market participants with new vigor for development, increase motivation for pursuing innovation-driven development, establish a new system for developing modern industries, and create new favorable conditions for developing the open economy.This will make economic development driven more by domestic demand, especially consumer demand, by a modern service industry and strategic emerging industries, by scientific and technological progress, by a workforce of higher quality and innovation in management, by resource conservation and a circular economy, and by coordinated and mutually reinforcing urban-rural development and development between regions.Taking these steps will enable us to sustain long-term development.坚持走中国特色新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化道路，推动信息化和工业化深度融合、工业化和城镇化良性互动、城镇化和农业现代化相互协调，促进工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化同步发展。
We should keep to the Chinese-style path of carrying out industrialization in a new way and advancing IT application, urbanization and agricultural modernization.We should promote integration of IT application and industrialization, interaction between industrialization and urbanization, and coordination between urbanization and agricultural modernization, thus promoting harmonized development of industrialization, IT application, urbanization and agricultural modernization.（一）全面深化经济体制改革。深化改革是加快转变经济发展方式的关键。经济体制改革的核心问题是处理好政府和市场的关系，必须更加尊重市场规律，更好发挥政府作用。要毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，推行公有制多种实现形式，深化国有企业改革，完善各类国有资产管理体制，推动国有资本更多投向关系国家安全和国民经济命脉的重要行业和关键领域，不断增强国有经济活力、控制力、影响力。毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护。健全现代市场体系，加强宏观调控目标和政策手段机制化建设。加快改革财税体制，健全中央和地方财力与事权相匹配的体制，完善促进基本公共服务均等化和主体功能区建设的公共财政体系，构建地方税体系，形成有利于结构优化、社会公平的税收制度。建立公共资源出让收益合理共享机制。深化金融体制改革，健全促进宏观经济稳定、支持实体经济发展的现代金融体系，加快发展多层次资本市场，稳步推进利率和汇率市场化改革，逐步实现人民币资本项目可兑换。加快发展民营金融机构。完善金融监管，推进金融创新，提高银行、证券、保险等行业竞争力，维护金融稳定。
1.Deepen economic structural reform across the board
Deepening reform is crucial for accelerating the change of the growth model.The underlying issue we face in economic structural reform is how to strike a balance between the role of the government and that of the market, and we should follow more closely the rules of the market and better play the role of the government.We should unwaveringly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy;allow public ownership to take diverse forms;deepen reform of state-owned enterprises;improve the mechanisms for managing all types of state assets;and invest more of state capital in major industries and key fields that comprise the lifeline of the economy and are vital to national security.We should thus steadily enhance the vitality of the state-owned sector of the economy and its capacity to leverage and influence the economy.At the same time, we must unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector, and ensure that economic entities under all forms of ownership have equal access to factors of production in accordance with the law, compete on a level playing field and are protected by the law as equals.We should improve the modern market system and strengthen institutional procedures for setting macro-regulation targets and employing policy tools.We should accelerate the reform of the fiscal and taxation systems and ensure that the central and local governments have sufficient financial resources to exercise their respective powers and fulfill their respective responsibilities.We should improve the public finance system to ensure equal access to basic public services and promote the building of functional zones.We should also institute local tax systems and improve the structure of the taxation system to promote social fairness.We should establish a mechanism for equitable sharing of proceeds from public resource transfers.We should deepen reform of the financial system and improve the modern financial system so that it will better contribute to macroeconomic stability and support development of the real economy.We should accelerate development of a multilevel capital market, take steady steps to make interest rates and the RMB exchange rate more market-based, and promote the RMB's convertibility under capital accounts in due course.We should speed up the development of private financial institutions.We should improve financial supervision and oversight, promote financial innovations, improve the competitiveness of banking, securities, insurance and other sectors, and ensure financial stability.（二）实施创新驱动发展战略。科技创新是提高社会生产力和综合国力的战略支撑，必须摆在国家发展全局的核心位置。要坚持走中国特色自主创新道路，以全球视野谋划和推动创新，提高原始创新、集成创新和引进消化吸收再创新能力，更加注重协同创新。深化科技体制改革，推动科技和经济紧密结合，加快建设国家创新体系，着力构建以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系。完善知识创新体系，强化基础研究、前沿技术研究、社会公益技术研究，提高科学研究水平和成果转化能力，抢占科技发展战略制高点。实施国家科技重大专项，突破重大技术瓶颈。加快新技术新产品新工艺研发应用，加强技术集成 和商业模式创新。完善科技创新评价标准、激励机制、转化机制。实施知识产权战略，加强知识产权保护。促进创新资源高效配置和综合集成，把全社会智慧和力量凝聚到创新发展上来。
2.Implement the strategy of innovation-driven development
Scientific and technological innovation provides strategic support for raising the productive forces and boosting the overall national strength, and we must give it top priority in overall national development.We should follow a path of making innovation with Chinese features and take steps to promote innovation to catch up with global advances.We should increase our capacity for making original innovation and integrated innovation and for making further innovation on the basis of absorbing advances in overseas science and technology, and place greater emphasis on making innovation through collaboration.We should deepen reform of the system for managing science and technology, promote close integration of science and technology with economic development, and speed up the development of the national innovation system.We should establish a system of technological innovation in which enterprises play the leading role, the market points the way, and enterprises, universities and research institutes work together.We should improve the knowledge-based innovation system, and strengthen basic research, research in frontier technologies, and public benefit-oriented research and development;and we should improve research and our capacity for applying research results to production to ensure that we can obtain the leading strategic position in research and development.We should launch important national science and technology projects to remove major technological bottlenecks.We should speed up the research, development and application of new technologies, products and production processes, strengthen innovation in integration of technologies and develop new business models.We should improve standards for evaluating scientific and technological innovations and mechanisms for rewarding such innovations and applying them to production.We should implement the strategy concerning intellectual property rights and strengthen their protection.We should efficiently allocate and fully integrate innovation resources, and ensure that the wisdom and strength of the whole society are directed toward promoting innovation-driven development.（三）推进经济结构战略性调整。这是加快转变经济发展方式的主攻方向。必须以改善需求结构、优化产业结构、促进区域协调发展、推进城镇化为重点，着力解决制约经济持续健康发展的重大结构性问题。要牢牢把握扩大内需这一战略基点，加快建立扩大消费需求长效机制，释放居民消费潜力，保持投资合理增长，扩大国内市场规模。牢牢把握发展实体经济这一坚实基础，实行更加有利于实体经济发展的政策措施，强化需求导向，推动战略性新兴产业、先进制造业健康发展，加快传统产业转型升级，推动服务业特别是现代服务业发展壮大，合理布局建设基础设施和基础产业。建设下一代信息基础设施，发展现代信息技术产 业体系，健全信息安全保障体系，推进信息网络技术广泛运用。提高大中型企业核心竞争力，支持小微企业特别是科技型小微企业发展。继续实施区域发展总体战略，充分发挥各地区比较优势，优先推进西部大开发，全面振兴东北地区等老工业基地，大力促进中部地区崛起，积极支持东部地区率先发展。采取对口支援等多种形式，加大对革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区扶持力度。科学规划城市群规模和布局，增强中小城市和小城镇产业发展、公共服务、吸纳就业、人口集聚功能。加快改革户籍制度，有序推进农业转移人口市民化，努力实现城镇基本公共服务常住人口全覆盖。
3.Carry out strategic adjustment of the economic structure
This is the major goal of accelerating the change of the growth model.We must strive to remove major structural barriers to sustained and sound economic development, with a focus on improving the demand mix and the industrial structure, promoting balanced development between regions and advancing urbanization.We should firmly maintain the strategic focus of boosting domestic demand, speed up the establishment of a long-term mechanism for increasing consumer demand, unleash the potential of individual consumption, increase investment at a proper pace, and expand the domestic market.We should focus on developing the real economy as a firm foundation of the economy.We should adopt policies and measures to better facilitate the development of the real economy.We should make the economy more demand-driven, promote the sound growth of strategic emerging industries and advanced manufacturing industries, speed up the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, develop and expand the service sector, especially modern service industries, and make the geographical and structural layout of the development of infrastructure and basic industries more balanced.We should develop next-generation information infrastructure and modern IT industry, better ensure information security, and promote the application of information network technologies.We should enhance the core competitiveness of large and medium-sized enterprises and support development of small and micro businesses, especially small and micro science and technology companies.We should continue to implement the master strategy for regional development and fully leverage the comparative advantages of different regions.We should give high priority to large-scale development of the western region, fully revitalize old industrial bases in northeast China, work vigorously to promote the rise of the central region, and support the eastern region in taking the lead in development.We should increase support for old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas through pairing assistance and other means.We should make scientific plans for the scale and layout of urban agglomerations;and we should make small and medium-sized cities and small towns better able to develop industries, provide public services, create jobs, and attract population.We should accelerate reform of the household registration system, conduct registration of rural migrant workers as permanent urban residents in an orderly way, and endeavor to ensure that all permanent urban residents have access to basic urban public services.（四）推动城乡发展一体化。解决好农业农村农民问题是全党工作重中之重，城乡发展一体化是解决“三农”问题的根本途径。要加大统筹城乡发展力度，增强农村发展活力，逐步缩小城乡差距，促进城乡共同繁荣。坚持工业反哺农业、城市支持农村和多予少取放活方针，加大强农惠农富农政策力度，让广大农民平等参与现代化进程、共同分享现代化成果。加快发展现代农业，增强农业综合生产能力，确保国家粮食安全和重要农产品有效供给。坚持把国家基础设施建设和社会事业发展重点放在农村，深入推进新农村建设和扶贫开发，全面改善农村生产生活条件。着力促进农民增收，保持农民收入持续较快增长。坚持和完善农村基本经营制度，依法维护农民土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权、集体收益分配权，壮大集体经济实力，发展农民专业合作和股份合作，培育新型经营主体，发展多种形式规模经营，构建集约化、专业化、组织化、社会化相结合的新型农业经营体系。改革征地制度，提高农民在土地增值收益中的分配比例。加快完善城乡发展一体化体制机制，着力在城乡规划、基础设施、公共服务等方面推进一体化，促进城乡要素平等交换和公共资源均衡配置，形成以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体的新型工农、城乡关系。
4.Integrate urban and rural development
Resolving issues relating to agriculture, rural areas and farmers is the number one priority in the Party's work, and integrating urban and rural development provides the fundamental solution to these issues.We should better balance urban and rural development, boost rural development, work to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and promote their common prosperity.We should continue to encourage industry to support agriculture in return for agriculture's earlier contribution to its development and encourage cities to support rural areas.We should give more to farmers, take less from them and lift restrictions over their economic activities.We should increase policy support to boost agriculture, benefit farmers and increase rural prosperity, and encourage the rural population to participate in modernization on an equal footing and share in its fruits.We should speed up the development of modern agriculture, raise the overall production capacity of agriculture, and ensure food security and effective supply of major agricultural products in China.We should give high priority to rural areas in developing infrastructure and social programs in the country.We should work harder to build new rural areas, carry out programs of poverty alleviation through development and fully improve rural working and living conditions.We should ensure sustained and fast growth of rural income.We should uphold and improve the basic system for rural operations and protect in accordance with the law farmers' rights to farm the land they have contracted, to use the land on which their houses sit, and to share in the proceeds from rural collective operations.We should strengthen the collective economy, develop specialized cooperatives and joint stock partnerships for farmers, foster new types of agricultural business entities, and develop large-scale agricultural operations in diverse forms.We should establish a new type of system for intensive agricultural operations that are specialized, well organized and commercialized.We should reform the land expropriation system and increase the share of gain in land value to farmers.We should speed up improvements to institutions and mechanisms for promoting integrated urban and rural development, with a focus on integrating urban and rural planning, infrastructure and public services.We should ensure equal exchange of factors of production between urban and rural areas and balance allocation of public resources between them.What we aim to achieve is a new type of relations between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas in which industry promotes agriculture, urban areas support rural development, agriculture and industry benefit each other, and there is integrated urban and rural development.（五）全面提高开放型经济水平。适应经济全球化新形势，必须实行更加积极主动的开放战略，完善互利共赢、多元平衡、安全高效的开放型经济体系。要加快转变对外经济发展方式，推动开放朝着优化结构、拓展深度、提高效益方向转变。创新开放模式，促进沿海内陆沿边开放优势互补，形成引领国际经济合作和竞争的开放区域，培育带动区域发展的开放高地。坚持出口和进口并重，强化贸易政策和产业政策协调，形成以技术、品牌、质量、服务为核心的出口竞争新优势，促进加工贸易转型升级，发展服务贸易，推动对外贸易平衡发展。提高利用外资综合优势和总体效益，推动引资、引技、引智有机结合。加快走出去步伐，增强企业国际化经营能力，培育一批世界水平的跨国公司。统筹双边、多边、区域次区域开放合作，加快实施自由贸易区战略，推动同周边国家互联互通。提高抵御国际经济风险能力。
5.Promote all-around improvements to China's open economy
In response to new developments in economic globalization, we must implement a more proactive opening up strategy and improve the open economy so that it promotes mutual benefit and is diversified, balanced, secure and efficient.We should move faster to change the way the external-oriented economy grows, and make China's open economy become better structured, expand in scope and yield greater returns.We should make innovations in the mode of opening up;encourage coastal, inland and border areas to draw on each other's strengths in opening up;develop open areas that take the lead in global economic cooperation and competition;and form leading areas of opening up that drive regional development.We should continue to attach equal importance to export and import, better coordinate trade and industrial policies, and make China's exports more competitive in terms of technology, brand, quality and service.We should transform and upgrade processing trade, develop service trade, and promote balanced development of foreign trade.We should make full use of our overall advantageous position in utilizing foreign capital and make better use of such
investment.We should step up efforts to attract investment, technology and high-caliber professionals from overseas.Chinese companies should expand overseas presence at a faster pace, enhance their operation in an international environment, and develop a number of world-class multinational corporations.We should make overall planning for bilateral, multilateral, regional and sub-regional opening up and cooperation, accelerate implementation of the strategy of building free trade areas, and promote infrastructure connectivity with our neighboring countries.We should become better able to defuse international economic risks.我们一定要坚定信心，打胜全面深化经济体制改革和加快转变经济发展方式这场硬仗，把我国经济发展活力和竞争力提高到新的水平。
We must have firm confidence in winning the tough battle of deepening reform of the economic structure across the board and of accelerating the change of the growth model so as to increase the vitality and competitiveness of China's economy.五、坚持走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路和推进政治体制改革
V.Keeping to the Socialist Path of Making Political Advance with Chinese Characteristics and Promoting Reform of the Political Structure
人民民主是我们党始终高扬的光辉旗帜。改革开放以来，我们总结发展社会主义民主正反两方面经验，强调人民民主是社会主义的生命，坚持国家一切权力属于人民，不断推进政治体制改革，社会主义民主政治建设取得重大进展，成功开辟和坚持了中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，为实现最广泛的人民民主确立了正确方向。
People's democracy is a brilliant banner that has always been held high by our Party.Since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced, we have reviewed our experience, both positive and negative, in developing socialist democracy and reaffirmed that people's democracy is the life of socialism.We have ensured that all power of the state belongs to the people and worked to steadily promote reform of the political structure.As a result, we have made major progress in developing socialist democracy and opened up and kept to the socialist path of making political advance with Chinese characteristics, thus charting the correct course for achieving the most extensive possible people's democracy in China.政治体制改革是我国全面改革的重要组成部分。必须继续积极稳妥推进政治体制改革，发展更加广泛、更加充分、更加健全的人民民主。必须坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，以保证人民当家作主为根本，以增强党和国家活力、调动人民积极性为目标，扩大社会主义民主，加快建设社会主义法治国家，发展社会主义政治文明。要更加注重改进党的领导方式和执政方式，保证党
领导人民有效治理国家；更加注重健全民主制度、丰富民主形式，保证人民依法实行民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督；更加注重发挥法治在国家治理和社会管理中的重要作用，维护国家法制统一、尊严、权威，保证人民依法享有广泛权利和自由。要把制度建设摆在突出位置，充分发挥我国社会主义政治制度优越性，积极借鉴人类政治文明有益成果，绝不照搬西方政治制度模式。The reform of the political structure is an important part of China's overall reform.We must continue to make both active and prudent efforts to carry out the reform of the political structure, and make people's democracy more extensive, fuller in scope and sounder in practice.We must ensure the unity of the leadership of the Party, the position of the people as masters of the country and law-based governance.To guarantee the fundamental position of the people as masters of the country and to reach the goal of enhancing the vitality of the Party and country and keeping the people fully motivated, we should expand socialist democracy, accelerate the building of a socialist country based on the rule of law, and promote socialist political progress.We should place greater emphasis on improving the way the Party exercises leadership and governance to ensure that it leads the people in effectively governing the country.We should attach greater importance to improving the system of democracy and diversifying the forms of democracy to ensure that the people conduct democratic elections, decision-making, administration and oversight in accordance with the law.We should give greater scope to the important role the rule of law plays in the country's governance and in social management, uphold the unity, sanctity and authority of the country's legal system and ensure that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedoms as prescribed by law.We should place high importance on systemic building, give full play to the strength of the socialist political system and draw on the political achievements of other societies.However, we will never copy a Western political system.（一）支持和保证人民通过人民代表大会行使国家权力。人民代表大会制度是保证人民当家作主的根本政治制度。要善于使党的主张通过法定程序成为国家意志，支持人大及其常委会充分发挥国家权力机关作用，依法行使立法、监督、决定、任免等职权，加强立法工作组织协调，加强对“一府两院”的监督，加强对政府全口径预算决算的审查和监督。提高基层人大代表特别是一线工人、农民、知识分子代表比例，降低党政领导干部代表比例。在人大设立代表联络机构，完善代表联系群众制度。健全国家权力机关组织制度，优化常委会、专委会组成人员知识和年龄结构，提高专职委员比例，增强依法履职能力。
1.Support and ensure the exercise of state power by the people through people's congresses
The system of people's congresses is China's fundamental political system for guaranteeing that the people decide their own destiny.We should make good use of legal procedures to turn the Party's propositions into the will of the state.We should support people's congresses and their standing
committees in fully playing their role as organs of state power, in exercising legislative, oversight, policymaking, and personnel appointment and dismissal powers in accordance with the law, in strengthening organization and coordination of legislative work, in stepping up their oversight of people's governments, courts and procuratorates, and in tightening examination and oversight of all government budgets and final accounts.The proportion of community-level deputies to people's congresses, particularly those elected from among workers, farmers and intellectuals on the frontlines of various fields of endeavor should be raised, while that of deputies from among leading Party and government officials should be reduced.Deputy liaison offices should be established in people's congresses to improve the mechanism for deputies to maintain contact with the people.The organizational system for organs of state power should be improved.The age mix of the members of the standing committees and special committees of people's congresses should be improved and the areas of their expertise should be widened.The proportion of the full-time members of these committees should be raised.Deputies to people's congresses and members of these committees should enhance their capability to perform their duties pursuant to law.（二）健全社会主义协商民主制度。社会主义协商民主是我国人民民主的重要形式。要完善协商民主制度和工作机制，推进协商民主广泛、多层、制度化发展。通过国家政权机关、政协组织、党派团体等渠道，就经济社会发展重大问题和涉及群众切身利益的实际问题广泛协商，广纳群言、广集民智，增进共识、增强合力。坚持和完善中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，充分发挥人民政协作为协商民主重要渠道作用，围绕团结和民主两大主题，推进政治协商、民主监督、参政议政制度建设，更好协调关系、汇聚力量、建言献策、服务大局。加强同民主党派的政治协商。把政治协商纳入决策程序，坚持协商于决策之前和决策之中，增强民主协商实效性。深入进行专题协商、对口协商、界别协商、提案办理协商。积极开展基层民主协商。
2.Improve the system of socialist consultative democracy
Socialist consultative democracy is an important form of people's democracy in our country.We should improve its institutions and work mechanisms and promote its extensive, multilevel, and institutionalized development.Extensive consultations should be carried out on major issues relating to economic and social development as well as specific problems involving the people's immediate interests through organs of state power, committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, political parties, people's organizations and other channels to solicit a wide range of opinions, pool wisdom of the people, increase consensus, and build up synergy.We should adhere to and improve the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and make the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference serve as a major channel for conducting consultative democracy.34 The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference should, focusing on the themes of unity and democracy, improve systems of political consultation, democratic oversight, and participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs, and deliver a better job in coordinating relations, pooling strength and making proposals in the overall interests of the country.We should strengthen political consultation with the democratic parties, make political consultation a part of the policymaking process, conduct consultations before and when policy decisions are made, and make democratic consultation more effective.We should conduct intensive consultations on special issues with those who work on these issues, with representatives from all sectors of society, and with relevant government authorities on the handling of proposals.We should actively carry out democratic consultation at the community level.（三）完善基层民主制度。在城乡社区治理、基层公共事务和公益事业中实行群众自我管理、自我服务、自我教育、自我监督，是人民依法直接行使民主权利的重要方式。要健全基层党组织领导的充满活力的基层群众自治机制，以扩大有序参与、推进信息公开、加强议事协商、强化权力监督为重点，拓宽范围和途径，丰富内容和形式，保障人民享有更多更切实的民主权利。全心全意依靠工人阶级，健全以职工代表大会为基本形式的企事业单位民主管理制度，保障职工参与管理和监督的民主权利。发挥基层各类组织协同作用，实现政府管理和基层民主有机结合。
3.Improve community-level democracy
An important way for the people to directly exercise their democratic rights in accordance with the law is for them to conduct self-management, self-service, self-education, and self-oversight in exercising urban and rural community governance, in managing community-level public affairs and in running public service programs.We should improve the mechanism for community-level self-governance under the leadership of community-level Party organizations to make it full of vitality.We should broaden the scope and channels of such self-governance and enrich its content and forms, with the focus on expanding orderly participation, promoting transparency in information, improving deliberation and consultation on public affairs, and strengthening oversight of the exercise of power, to ensure that the people have greater and more tangible democratic rights.We should rely wholeheartedly on the working class, improve the democratic management system in enterprises and public institutions with workers and employees' congress as its basic form, and protect workers and employees' democratic rights to participate in management and oversight.Community-level organizations of various types should also get involved to integrate government administration and community-level democracy.（四）全面推进依法治国。法治是治国理政的基本方式。要推进科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法，坚持法律面前人人平等，保证有法必依、执法
必严、违法必究。完善中国特色社会主义法律体系，加强重点领域立法，拓展人民有序参与立法途径。推进依法行政，切实做到严格规范公正文明执法。进一步深化司法体制改革，坚持和完善中国特色社会主义司法制度，确保审判机关、检察机关依法独立公正行使审判权、检察权。深入开展法制宣传教育，弘扬社会主义法治精神，树立社会主义法治理念，增强全社会学法尊法守法用法意识。提高领导干部运用法治思维和法治方式深化改革、推动发展、化解矛盾、维护稳定能力。党领导人民制定宪法和法律，党必须在宪法和法律范围内活动。任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权，绝不允许以言代法、以权压法、徇私枉法。
4.Promote law-based governance of the country in an all-around way The rule of law is the basic way for running the country.We should make laws in a scientific way, enforce them strictly, administer justice impartially, and ensure that everyone abides by the law.We must make sure that all are equal before the law and that laws are observed and strictly enforced and lawbreakers are prosecuted.We should improve the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics, strengthen legislation in key areas, and expand channels for people's orderly participation in the legislative process.We should exercise government administration in accordance with the law and ensure that law enforcement is conducted in a strict, fair, and civilized way according to due procedures.We should continue to deepen reform of the judicial structure, uphold and improve the socialist judicial system with Chinese characteristics, and ensure that judicial and procuratorial bodies independently and impartially exercise their respective powers pursuant to law.We should carry out intensive publicity and education about the law, foster socialist spirit of the rule of law, and adopt the socialist concept of law-based governance.We should enhance the whole society's awareness of the need to study, respect, observe, and apply the law.We should ensure that leading officials are guided by law in both thinking and action in their effort to deepen reform, promote development, solve problems, and maintain stability.As the Constitution and laws are adopted by the Party and the people under its leadership, the Party must act within the scope prescribed by the Constitution and laws.No organization or individual has the privilege of overstepping the Constitution and laws, and no one in a position of power is allowed in any way to take one's own words as the law, place one's own authority above the law or abuse the law.（五）深化行政体制改革。行政体制改革是推动上层建筑适应经济基础的必然要求。要按照建立中国特色社会主义行政体制目标，深入推进政企分开、政资分开、政事分开、政社分开，建设职能科学、结构优化、廉洁高效、人民满意的服务型政府。深化行政审批制度改革，继续简政放权，推动政府职能向创造良好发展环境、提供优质公共服务、维护社会公平正义转变。稳步推进大部门制改革，健全部门职责体系。优化行政层级和行政区划设置，有条件的地方可探索省直接管理县（市）改革，深化乡镇行政体制改革。创新行政管理方式，提高政府公信
力和执行力，推进政府绩效管理。严格控制机构编制，减少领导职数，降低行政成本。推进事业单位分类改革。完善体制改革协调机制，统筹规划和协调重大改革。
5.Deepen reform of the administrative system
Reform of the administrative system is a necessary requirement for making the superstructure compatible with the economic base.To reach the goal of establishing a socialist administrative system with Chinese characteristics, we should separate government administration from the management of enterprises, state assets, public institutions, and social organizations, and build a well-structured, clean and efficient service-oriented government that has scientifically defined functions and satisfies the people.We should deepen the reform of the system concerning matters subject to government examination and approval, continue to streamline administration and delegate more power to lower levels, and make the government better perform its functions of creating a favorable environment for development, providing quality public services, and maintaining social fairness and justice.We should steadily advance the reform to establish larger government departments and improve division of functions among them.We should improve the structure of administrative setup and geographical administrative divisions, experiment with the reform to place counties and county-level cities directly under the jurisdiction of provincial governments where conditions permit, and deepen reform of the administrative system at the town and township level.We should exercise government administration in an innovative way, increase public trust in the government, and improve its competence so as to make the government performance-oriented.We should strictly control the size of government bodies, cut the numbers of their leading officials, and reduce their administrative costs.We should continue the reform of public institutions based on the classification of their functions.We should improve the mechanism for coordinating structural reforms and conduct major reforms in a holistic way according to the overall plan.（六）健全权力运行制约和监督体系。坚持用制度管权管事管人，保障人民知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权，是权力正确运行的重要保证。要确保决策权、执行权、监督权既相互制约又相互协调，确保国家机关按照法定权限和程序行使权力。坚持科学决策、民主决策、依法决策，健全决策机制和程序，发挥思想库作用，建立健全决策问责和纠错制度。凡是涉及群众切身利益的决策都要充分听取群众意见，凡是损害群众利益的做法都要坚决防止和纠正。推进权力运行公开化、规范化，完善党务公开、政务公开、司法公开和各领域办事公开制度，健全质询、问责、经济责任审计、引咎辞职、罢免等制度，加强党内监督、民主监督、法律监督、舆论监督，让人民监督权力，让权力在阳光下运行。
6.Improve the mechanism for conducting checks and oversight over the exercise of power
To ensure proper exercise of power, it is important to put power, Party and government operations and personnel management under institutional checks and uphold people's right to stay informed about, participate in, express views on, and oversee Party and government operations.We should make sure that decision-making, executive and oversight powers check each other and function in concert and that government bodies exercise their powers in accordance with statutory mandate and procedures.We should continue to conduct scientific, democratic, and law-based policymaking, improve decision-making mechanisms and procedures, seek advice of think tanks, and establish sound mechanisms for decision-making accountability and remedy.Whenever we make a decision involving the immediate interests of the people, we must solicit their views on it.We must not do anything that may harm the interests of the people and must correct any action that causes damage to their interests.We should make the exercise of power more open and standardized, and increase transparency of Party, government and judicial operations and official operations in other fields.We should improve the systems of inquiry, accountability, economic responsibility auditing, resignation and dismissal.We should tighten intra-Party, democratic and legal oversight as well as oversight through public opinion to ensure that the people oversee the exercise of power and that power is exercised in a transparent manner.（七）巩固和发展最广泛的爱国统一战线。统一战线是凝聚各方面力量，促进政党关系、民族关系、宗教关系、阶层关系、海内外同胞关系的和谐，夺取中国特色社会主义新胜利的重要法宝。要高举爱国主义、社会主义旗帜，巩固统一战线的思想政治基础，正确处理一致性和多样性的关系。坚持长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共的方针，加强同民主党派和无党派人士团结合作，促进思想上同心同德、目标上同心同向、行动上同心同行，加强党外代表人士队伍建设，选拔和推荐更多优秀党外人士担任各级国家机关领导职务。全面正确贯彻落实党的民族政策，坚持和完善民族区域自治制度，牢牢把握各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展的主题，深入开展民族团结进步教育，加快民族地区发展，保障少数民族合法权益，巩固和发展平等团结互助和谐的社会主义民族关系，促进各民族和睦相处、和衷共济、和谐发展。全面贯彻党的宗教工作基本方针，发挥宗教界人士和信教群众在促进经济社会发展中的积极作用。鼓励和引导新的社会阶层人士为中国特色社会主义事业作出更大贡献。落实党的侨务政策，支持海外侨胞、归侨侨眷关心和参与祖国现代化建设与和平统一大业。
7.Consolidate and develop the broadest possible patriotic united front The united front is a powerful instrument for winning new victory for socialism with Chinese characteristics by pooling the strength of all quarters and harmonizing relations between political parties, ethnic groups, religions, social groups and compatriots at home and overseas.We should hold high the banner of patriotism and socialism, consolidate the theoretical and political foundation of the united front, and strike a balance between commonality and diversity.Guided by the principle of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight，38 treating each other with sincerity and sharing of both good and bad times, we should strengthen unity and cooperation with the democratic parties and public figures without party affiliation, pursue the common goal with unity in thought and action, strengthen the ranks of non-Party representative figures and select and recommend more outstanding individuals with no Party affiliation for taking up leading positions in government bodies at all levels.We should fully and faithfully implement the Party's policies concerning ethnic groups and uphold and improve the system of regional ethnic autonomy.We should, keeping to the goal of all ethnic groups working together for common prosperity and development, conduct intensive education about ethnic unity and progress, speed up development of ethnic minority areas, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities.We should consolidate and develop socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony so that all ethnic groups in China will live and develop together in harmony.We should comprehensively implement the Party's basic policy on religion and fully leverage the positive role of religious figures and believers in promoting economic and social development.We should encourage and guide members of new social groups to contribute more to the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should continue to implement the Party's policy on overseas Chinese affairs and support overseas Chinese, returned overseas Chinese and their families in endorsing and participating in China's modernization endeavors and its great cause of peaceful reunification.中国特色社会主义政治发展道路是团结亿万人民共同奋斗的正确道路。我们一定要坚定不移沿着这条道路前进，使我国社会主义民主政治展现出更加旺盛的生命力。
The socialist path of making political advance with Chinese characteristics is a correct path that rallies people in their hundreds of millions in pursuing a common cause.We must advance unwaveringly along this path to ensure that China's socialist democracy has ever greater vitality.六、扎实推进社会主义文化强国建设
VI.Developing a Strong Socialist Culture in China
文化是民族的血脉，是人民的精神家园。全面建成小康社会，实现中华民族伟大复兴，必须推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣，兴起社会主义文化建设新高潮，提高国家文化软实力，发挥文化引领风尚、教育人民、服务社会、推动发展的作用。
Culture is the lifeblood of a nation, and it gives the people a sense of belonging.To complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieve the great renewal of the Chinese nation, we must create a new surge in promoting socialist culture and bring about its great
development and enrichment, increase China's cultural soft power, and enable culture to guide social trends, educate the people, serve society, and boost development.建设社会主义文化强国，必须走中国特色社会主义文化发展道路，坚持为人民服务、为社会主义服务的方向，坚持百花齐放、百家争鸣的方针，坚持贴近实际、贴近生活、贴近群众的原则，推动社会主义精神文明和物质文明全面发展，建设面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的，民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化。To develop a strong socialist culture in China, we must take the socialist path of promoting cultural advance with Chinese characteristics.We should adhere to the goal of serving the people and socialism, the policy of having a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend, and the principle of maintaining close contact with reality, life and the people.We should fully promote socialist cultural and ethical progress and material progress, and develop a national, scientific, and people-oriented socialist culture that embraces modernization, the world, and the future.建设社会主义文化强国，关键是增强全民族文化创造活力。要深化文化体制改革，解放和发展文化生产力，发扬学术民主、艺术民主，为人民提供广阔文化舞台，让一切文化创造源泉充分涌流，开创全民族文化创造活力持续迸发、社会文化生活更加丰富多彩、人民基本文化权益得到更好保障、人民思想道德素质和科学文化素质全面提高、中华文化国际影响力不断增强的新局面。To develop a strong socialist culture in China, it is critical to inspire the cultural creativity of the whole nation.We should deepen reform of the cultural sector, release and develop cultural productive forces, foster a democratic atmosphere in both academic research and artistic pursuit, create a vast cultural arena for the people and encourage the free flow of cultural inspiration from all sources.By doing so, we will open up a new horizon in promoting China's cultural advance: The Chinese nation's cultural creativity will continuously burst forth;China's cultural life will flourish as never before;people's basic cultural rights and interests will be better protected;the ethical and moral standards as well as the scientific and cultural standards of the people will be fully raised, and the international influence of Chinese culture will steadily increase.（一）加强社会主义核心价值体系建设。社会主义核心价值体系是兴国之魂，决定着中国特色社会主义发展方向。要深入开展社会主义核心价值体系学习教育，用社会主义核心价值体系引领社会思潮、凝聚社会共识。推进马克思主义中国化时代化大众化，坚持不懈用中国特色社会主义理论体系武装全党、教育人民，深入实施马克思主义理论研究和建设工程，建设哲学社会科学创新体系，推动中国特色社会主义理论体系进教材进课堂进头脑。广泛开展理想信念教育，把广大人民团结凝聚在中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜之下。大力弘扬民族精神和时代精神，深入开展爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义教育，丰富人民精神世界，增强人民精神力量。倡导富强、民主、文明、和谐，倡导自由、平等、公正、法治，倡 40 导爱国、敬业、诚信、友善，积极培育和践行社会主义核心价值观。牢牢掌握意识形态工作领导权和主导权，坚持正确导向，提高引导能力，壮大主流思想舆论。
1.Strengthen core socialist values
Core socialist values are the soul of the Chinese nation and serve as the guide for building socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should carry out thorough study of and education in these values and use them to guide social trends of thought and forge public consensus.We should continue to adapt Marxism to China's conditions in keeping up with the times and increase its appeal to the people, work hard to equip the whole Party with the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics and educate the people in these theories.We should further implement the national project to study and develop Marxist theory, build an innovation system in philosophy and the social sciences, incorporate the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the curriculum and make it a way of thinking.We should carry out extensive education about our ideal and conviction, and rally the people under the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should vigorously foster China's national character and promote the underlying trend of the times, intensify education in patriotism, collectivism and socialism, and enrich people's cultural life and enhance their moral strength.We should promote prosperity, democracy, civility, and harmony, uphold freedom, equality, justice and the rule of law and advocate patriotism, dedication, integrity, and friendship, so as to cultivate and observe core socialist values.We should maintain leadership and initiative in theoretical work, provide correct guidance, enhance our ability to guide public opinion, and strengthen the influence of the underlying trend of thought in our country.（二）全面提高公民道德素质。这是社会主义道德建设的基本任务。要坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合，加强社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德、个人品德教育，弘扬中华传统美德，弘扬时代新风。推进公民道德建设工程，弘扬真善美、贬斥假恶丑，引导人们自觉履行法定义务、社会责任、家庭责任，营造劳动光荣、创造伟大的社会氛围，培育知荣辱、讲正气、作奉献、促和谐的良好风尚。深入开展道德领域突出问题专项教育和治理，加强政务诚信、商务诚信、社会诚信和司法公信建设。加强和改进思想政治工作，注重人文关怀和心理疏导，培育自尊自信、理性平和、积极向上的社会心态。深化群众性精神文明创建活动，广泛开展志愿服务，推动学雷锋活动、学习宣传道德模范常态化。
2.Improve civic morality in an all-around way
This is the basic task for strengthening socialist morals.We should integrate the rule of law with the rule of virtue, intensify education in public morality, professional ethics, family virtues, and individual integrity, and advocate traditional Chinese virtues and new trends of the times.We should press ahead with the program for improving civic morality, exalt the true, the
good, and the beautiful and reject the false, the evil, and the ugly.We should encourage people to willingly meet their statutory duties and obligations to society and family.We should create a social atmosphere in which work is honored and creation is lauded, and cultivate social trends of recognizing honor and disgrace, practicing integrity, encouraging dedication, and promoting harmony.We should carry out thorough education to address serious ethical problems, and step up efforts to enhance government integrity, business and social ethics and judicial integrity.We should strengthen and improve education in values, provide compassionate care and psychological counseling, and cultivate self-respect, self-confidence, a sense of being rational, composure, and a desire to excel oneself among the people.We should conduct more public activities to promote cultural and ethical progress, encourage volunteer service, and carry out regular activities to learn from paragons of virtue such as Lei Feng and publicize their exemplary deeds.（三）丰富人民精神文化生活。让人民享有健康丰富的精神文化生活，是全面建成小康社会的重要内容。要坚持以人民为中心的创作导向，提高文化产品质量，为人民提供更好更多精神食粮。坚持面向基层、服务群众，加快推进重点文化惠民工程，加大对农村和欠发达地区文化建设的帮扶力度，继续推动公共文化服务设施向社会免费开放。建设优秀传统文化传承体系，弘扬中华优秀传统文化。推广和规范使用国家通用语言文字。繁荣发展少数民族文化事业。开展群众性文化活动，引导群众在文化建设中自我表现、自我教育、自我服务。开展全民阅读活动。加强和改进网络内容建设，唱响网上主旋律。加强网络社会管理，推进网络依法规范有序运行。开展“扫黄打非”，抵制低俗现象。普及科学知识，弘扬科学精神，提高全民科学素养。广泛开展全民健身运动，促进群众体育和竞技体育全面发展。
3.Enrich people's intellectual and cultural lives
Enabling the people to lead healthy and rich intellectual and cultural lives is an important part of our efforts to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.We should pursue people-centered cultural creation, and create better cultural products to provide the people with more and better nourishments for the mind.We should be community-and people-focused in our cultural work, carry out at a faster pace key cultural projects that benefit the people, increase support for promoting cultural progress in rural areas and underdeveloped areas and open more public cultural service facilities to the public free of charge.We should develop a system for carrying forward fine traditional culture and promote outstanding traditional Chinese culture.We should extend and standardize the use of the standard Chinese language.We should promote the development and flourishing of cultural activities of ethnic minorities.We should carry out public cultural activities and guide the people to express, educate, and serve themselves in the course of developing culture.We should launch reading programs for the general public.We should improve the contents of online
services and advocate healthy themes on the Internet.We should strengthen social management of the Internet and promote orderly network operation in accordance with laws and regulations.We should crack down on pornography and illegal publications and resist vulgar trends.We should extend scientific knowledge, foster respect for science, and make the whole nation better educated in science.We should carry out fitness activities across the country and fully promote both recreational and competitive sports.（四）增强文化整体实力和竞争力。文化实力和竞争力是国家富强、民族振兴的重要标志。要坚持把社会效益放在首位、社会效益和经济效益相统一，推动文化事业全面繁荣、文化产业快速发展。发展哲学社会科学、新闻出版、广播影视、文学艺术事业。加强重大公共文化工程和文化项目建设，完善公共文化服务体系，提高服务效能。促进文化和科技融合，发展新型文化业态，提高文化产业规模化、集约化、专业化水平。构建和发展现代传播体系，提高传播能力。增强国有公益性文化单位活力，完善经营性文化单位法人治理结构，繁荣文化市场。扩大文化领域对外开放，积极吸收借鉴国外优秀文化成果。营造有利于高素质文化人才大量涌现、健康成长的良好环境，造就一批名家大师和民族文化代表人物，表彰有杰出贡献的文化工作者。
4.Enhance the overall strength and international competitiveness of Chinese culture
The strength and international competitiveness of Chinese culture are an important indicator of China's power and prosperity and the renewal of the Chinese nation.We should promote rapid development and all-around flourishing of the cultural industry and cultural services and ensure both social effect and economic benefits, with priority on the former.We should develop philosophy and the social sciences, the press and publishing, radio, television and films, and literature and art.We should launch more major public cultural projects and programs, improve the public cultural service system, and make such services more efficient.We should promote integration of culture with science and technology, develop new forms of cultural operations, and make cultural operations larger in size and more specialized.We should develop a modern communications network to improve our capacity for communications.We should invigorate state-owned non-profit cultural institutions, improve corporate governance of profit-oriented cultural entities, and create a thriving cultural market.We should open the cultural sector wider to the outside world and draw on cultural achievements of other countries.We should foster a fine environment that enables a large number of talented cultural figures, particularly eminent cultural figures and representatives of Chinese culture, to distinguish themselves in artistic pursuit.We should honor cultural personalities with outstanding contribution.我们一定要坚持社会主义先进文化前进方向，树立高度的文化自觉和文化自信，向着建设社会主义文化强国宏伟目标阔步前进。
We must adhere to the goal of advancing socialist culture, deepen our awareness of and confidence in Chinese culture, and strive to meet the grand goal of developing a strong socialist culture in China.七、在改善民生和创新管理中加强社会建设
VII.Strengthening Social Development by Improving the People's Wellbeing and Making Innovations in Management
加强社会建设，是社会和谐稳定的重要保证。必须从维护最广大人民根本利益的高度，加快健全基本公共服务体系，加强和创新社会管理，推动社会主义和谐社会建设。
Strengthening social development is an important guarantee for maintaining social harmony and stability.We must intensify our efforts to improve the basic public service system, strengthen and make innovations in social management, and boost the building of a harmonious socialist society in order to uphold the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.加强社会建设，必须以保障和改善民生为重点。提高人民物质文化生活水平，是改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的根本目的。要多谋民生之利，多解民生之忧，解决好人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，在学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居上持续取得新进展，努力让人民过上更好生活。
In strengthening social development, we must give high priority to ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing.To improve people's material and cultural lives is the fundamental purpose of reform and opening up and socialist modernization.We should bring as much benefit as possible to the people, resolve as many difficulties as possible for them, and solve the most pressing and real problems of the greatest concern to them.We should keep making progress in ensuring that all the people enjoy their rights to education, employment, medical and old-age care, and housing so that they will lead a better life.加强社会建设，必须加快推进社会体制改革。要围绕构建中国特色社会主义社会管理体系，加快形成党委领导、政府负责、社会协同、公众参与、法治保障的社会管理体制，加快形成政府主导、覆盖城乡、可持续的基本公共服务体系，加快形成政社分开、权责明确、依法自治的现代社会组织体制，加快形成源头治理、动态管理、应急处置相结合的社会管理机制。
To strengthen social development, we must accelerate social structural reform.With the aim of establishing a socialist system of social management with Chinese characteristics, we should quicken the pace of building the following mechanisms and systems: a law-based social management system
featuring Party committee leadership, government execution, nongovernmental support and public participation;a basic public service system that is government-led and sustainable and covers both urban and rural areas;a system of modern social organizations in which functions of the government are separated from those of social organizations, rights and responsibilities are clearly established, and social organizations exercise autonomy in accordance with the law;and a social management mechanism that resolves public complaints at the source, exercises dynamic administration, and responds to emergencies.（一）努力办好人民满意的教育。教育是民族振兴和社会进步的基石。要坚持教育优先发展，全面贯彻党的教育方针，坚持教育为社会主义现代化建设服务、为人民服务，把立德树人作为教育的根本任务，培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。全面实施素质教育，深化教育领域综合改革，着力提高教育质量，培养学生社会责任感、创新精神、实践能力。办好学前教育，均衡发展九年义务教育，基本普及高中阶段教育，加快发展现代职业教育，推动高等教育内涵式发展，积极发展继续教育，完善终身教育体系，建设学习型社会。大力促进教育公平，合理配置教育资源，重点向农村、边远、贫困、民族地区倾斜，支持特殊教育，提高家庭经济困难学生资助水平，积极推动农民工子女平等接受教育，让每个孩子都能成为有用之才。鼓励引导社会力量兴办教育。加强教师队伍建设，提高师德水平和业务能力，增强教师教书育人的荣誉感和责任感。
1.Work hard to run education to the satisfaction of the people
Education is the cornerstone of national renewal and social progress.We must give high priority to developing education, implement the Party's education policy to the letter, ensure that education serves socialist modernization and the people, take fostering integrity and promoting rounded development of people as the fundamental task of education, and train participants of and successors to the socialist cause who develop morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically.We should provide well-rounded education for all students, deepen overall education reform, focus on improving the quality of education, and cultivate in students a sense of social responsibility, a spirit of innovation and the ability to acquire practical skills.We should develop preschool education, promote balanced development of nine-year compulsory education, make senior secondary education basically universal, accelerate development of modern vocational education, and bring out the full potential for development of higher education.We should actively develop continuing education, improve the system of lifelong education, and build a learning society.We should vigorously promote fairness in education, and ensure balanced allocation of educational resources with a focus on rural, remote, poor and ethnic minority areas.We should support special education, increase subsidies to students from poor families, and ensure that children of rural migrant workers in cities have equal access to education.All this is designed to help all children gain required knowledge and skills.We should
encourage and guide nongovernmental entities to run educational programs.We should strengthen the ranks of teachers, and enhance their work ethics and professional competence as well as their sense of honor and responsibility as teachers.（二）推动实现更高质量的就业。就业是民生之本。要贯彻劳动者自主就业、市场调节就业、政府促进就业和鼓励创业的方针，实施就业优先战略和更加积极的就业政策。引导劳动者转变就业观念，鼓励多渠道多形式就业，促进创业带动就业，做好以高校毕业生为重点的青年就业工作和农村转移劳动力、城镇困难人员、退役军人就业工作。加强职业技能培训，提升劳动者就业创业能力，增强就业稳定性。健全人力资源市场，完善就业服务体系，增强失业保险对促进就业的作用。健全劳动标准体系和劳动关系协调机制，加强劳动保障监察和争议调解仲裁，构建和谐劳动关系。
2.Deliver a better job in creating employment
Employment is crucial to the people's wellbeing.We must implement the principle of promoting self-reliant employment, market-regulated employment and government-backed employment and entrepreneurship, the strategy of giving top priority to employment and a proactive employment policy.We should ensure that people have realistic expectations about employment, encourage creating employment through multiple channels and forms, and expand job opportunities by creating new businesses.We should increase job opportunities for young people, especially university graduates, the rural migrant labor force, urban residents who have difficulty finding jobs, and ex-servicepersons.We should strengthen vocational skill training;improve people's ability to find jobs and start up their own businesses;and enhance employment stability.We should improve the human resources market and employment services, and make unemployment insurance play a bigger role in promoting employment.We should improve the system of labor standards and the mechanism for harmonizing labor relations, strengthen supervision of labor protection and labor dispute mediation and arbitration, and build harmonious labor relations.（三）千方百计增加居民收入。实现发展成果由人民共享，必须深化收入分配制度改革，努力实现居民收入增长和经济发展同步、劳动报酬增长和劳动生产率提高同步，提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重。初次分配和再分配都要兼顾效率和公平，再分配更加注重公平。完善劳动、资本、技术、管理等要素按贡献参与分配的初次分配机制，加快健全以税收、社会保障、转移支付为主要手段的再分配调节机制。深化企业和机关事业单位工资制度改革，推行企业工资集体协商制度，保护劳动所得。多渠道增加居民财产性收入。规范收入分配秩序，保护合法收入，增加低收入者收入，调节过高收入，取缔非法收入。
3.Make every effort to increase individual income
To ensure that the people share in the fruits of development, we must deepen reform of the income distribution system, and increase individual income in step with economic development and work remuneration in step with improvement in labor productivity, and we should raise the share of individual income in the distribution of national income and increase the share of work remuneration in primary distribution.A proper balance should be struck between efficiency and fairness in both primary and secondary distribution, with particular emphasis on fairness in secondary distribution.We should improve the primary distribution system to allow factors of production such as labor, capital, technology and managerial expertise to have their due share of income according to their respective contribution;and we should take speedy steps to improve the mechanism of secondary distribution regulating income distribution mainly through taxation, social security, and transfer payments.We should deepen reform of the wage and salary system in enterprises, government bodies and public institutions, promote collective bargaining on wages in enterprises, and protect income earned through work.We should increase proprietary individual income through multiple channels.We should improve the way in which income is distributed, protect lawful income, increase the income of low-income groups, adjust excessively high income, and prohibit illicit income.（四）统筹推进城乡社会保障体系建设。社会保障是保障人民生活、调节社会分配的一项基本制度。要坚持全覆盖、保基本、多层次、可持续方针，以增强公平性、适应流动性、保证可持续性为重点，全面建成覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系。改革和完善企业和机关事业单位社会保险制度，整合城乡居民基本养老保险和基本医疗保险制度，逐步做实养老保险个人账户，实现基础养老金全国统筹，建立兼顾各类人员的社会保障待遇确定机制和正常调整机制。扩大社会保障基金筹资渠道，建立社会保险基金投资运营制度，确保基金安全和保值增值。完善社会救助体系，健全社会福利制度，支持发展慈善事业，做好优抚安置工作。建立市场配置和政府保障相结合的住房制度，加强保障性住房建设和管理，满足困难家庭基本需求。坚持男女平等基本国策，保障妇女儿童合法权益。积极应对人口老龄化，大力发展老龄服务事业和产业。健全残疾人社会保障和服务体系，切实保障残疾人权益。健全社会保障经办管理体制，建立更加便民快捷的服务体系。4.Promote coordinated development of the social security system in urban and rural areas
Social security is a basic system for ensuring people's livelihood and adjusting social distribution.We should institute a complete, multi-tiered and sustainable system for providing basic social security for both the urban and rural population, with emphasis on making the system more equitable and sustainable and ensuring the smooth transfer of social security accounts between localities.We should reform and improve the social insurance system for enterprises as well as government bodies and public institutions, integrate the basic old-age insurance and basic medical insurance systems for
non-working urban residents and the rural population, provide sufficient funding for personal accounts for old-age insurance in a phased way, place basic pensions under unified national planning, and establish mechanisms for setting standards on social security benefits and regularly adjusting them that give due consideration to the interests of people from all walks of life.We should widen channels for raising money for social security funds, introduce a system to manage investment operations of social insurance funds, and ensure that these funds are safe and appreciate over time.We should improve the social assistance system and the social welfare system, support the development of charities, and ensure preferential treatment to entitled groups.We should put in place a housing system that combines market supply and government support, strengthen construction and management of low-income housing, and better meet poor families' basic housing needs.We should adhere to the basic state policy of gender equality and protect the legitimate rights and interests of women and children.We should actively address population aging and vigorously develop old-age services.We should improve the social security and service systems for the disabled and effectively protect their rights and interests.We should improve the mechanism for supervising the work of social security agencies and make social security services more convenient and efficient.（五）提高人民健康水平。健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求。要坚持为人民健康服务的方向，坚持预防为主、以农村为重点、中西医并重，按照保基本、强基层、建机制要求，重点推进医疗保障、医疗服务、公共卫生、药品供应、监管体制综合改革，完善国民健康政策，为群众提供安全有效方便价廉的公共卫生和基本医疗服务。健全全民医保体系，建立重特大疾病保障和救助机制，完善突发公共卫生事件应急和重大疾病防控机制。巩固基本药物制度。健全农村三级医疗卫生服务网络和城市社区卫生服务体系，深化公立医院改革，鼓励社会办医。扶持中医药和民族医药事业发展。提高医疗卫生队伍服务能力，加强医德医风建设。改革和完善食品药品安全监管体制机制。开展爱国卫生运动，促进人民身心健康。坚持计划生育的基本国策，提高出生人口素质，逐步完善政策，促进人口长期均衡发展。
5.Improve people's health
Good health is a prerequisite for promoting well-rounded development of the person.Keeping to the goal of improving people's health, we should put disease prevention first, make rural areas the focus of our work, support both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, establish a sound mechanism for basic medical and health care and strengthen such endeavor at the community level.We should give high priority to carrying out overall reform in medical insurance, medical treatment, public health, drug supply, and the mechanism of monitoring and supervision, and we should improve the policy for enhancing people's health and provide them with safe, effective, convenient and affordable public health services and basic medical care.We
should improve the medical insurance system that covers the whole population, establish a mechanism to provide insurance and aid in treating major and very serious diseases, and improve mechanisms for handling public health emergencies and for preventing and controlling major diseases.We should consolidate the system for using basic drugs.We should improve the rural medical and health service network at county, township and village levels and the system of urban community health services, deepen reform of public hospitals, and encourage the development of private hospitals.We should support the development of traditional Chinese medicine and the traditional medicine of ethnic minorities.We should ensure that medical personnel provide better services and improve their work ethics.We should reform and improve institutions and mechanisms for managing and supervising food and drug safety.We should launch patriotic sanitation campaigns and ensure that people have good health and a sense of contentment.We must adhere to the basic state policy of family planning, improve the health of newborns, steadily improve the population policy and promote long-term and balanced population growth.（六）加强和创新社会管理。提高社会管理科学化水平，必须加强社会管理法律、体制机制、能力、人才队伍和信息化建设。改进政府提供公共服务方式，加强基层社会管理和服务体系建设，增强城乡社区服务功能，强化企事业单位、人民团体在社会管理和服务中的职责，引导社会组织健康有序发展，充分发挥群众参与社会管理的基础作用。完善和创新流动人口和特殊人群管理服务。正确处理人民内部矛盾，建立健全党和政府主导的维护群众权益机制，完善信访制度，完善人民调解、行政调解、司法调解联动的工作体系，畅通和规范群众诉求表达、利益协调、权益保障渠道。建立健全重大决策社会稳定风险评估机制。强化公共安全体系和企业安全生产基础建设，遏制重特大安全事故。加强和改进党对政法工作的领导，加强政法队伍建设，切实肩负起中国特色社会主义事业建设者、捍卫者的职责使命。深化平安建设，完善立体化社会治安防控体系，强化司法基本保障，依法防范和惩治违法犯罪活动，保障人民生命财产安全。完善国家安全战略和工作机制，高度警惕和坚决防范敌对势力的分裂、渗透、颠覆活动，确保国家安全。
6.Strengthen and make innovations in social management
To conduct social management in a more scientific way, we must improve the laws, institutions and mechanisms concerning and capacity for social management, and train more personnel and promote IT application in this field.We should improve the way in which the government provides public services, strengthen the system of social management and services at the community level, and ensure that urban and rural communities provide better services.Enterprises, public institutions and people's organizations should play a better role in conducting social management and providing related services.We should guide social organizations to develop in a healthy and orderly way and fully leverage the fundamental role of the people in social management.We
should improve and make innovations in the management relating to and services for the floating population and special groups.We should correctly handle problems among the people, and put in place a sound mechanism in which the Party and the government play the leading role in upholding the rights and interests of the people.We should improve the system for handling people's complaints expressed in letters or visits, and improve the integrated system of mediation by the people, administrative mediation and judicial mediation.We should maintain regular and open channels for the people to voice their demands, for coordinating their interests and for protecting their rights and interests.We should establish a sound mechanism for assessing potential risks major policy decisions may pose to social stability.We should improve the public safety system and the workplace safety environment in enterprises to curb major and very serious accidents.We should strengthen and improve the Party's leadership over the work of judicial, procuratorial, and public security organs, and strengthen their ranks, so that they can fulfill their duties in carrying forward and protecting the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should intensify efforts to ensure law and order, improve the multi-dimensional system for crime prevention and control, strengthen the infrastructure of judicial bodies, and prevent and punish criminal and illegal activities in accordance with the law to protect the people's lives and property.We should improve the national security strategy and its work mechanism, and keep high vigilance against and resolutely forestall separatist activities and activities of infiltration and subversion carried out by hostile forces, so as to ensure national security.全党全国人民行动起来，就一定能开创社会和谐人人有责、和谐社会人人共享的生动局面。
As long as the whole Party and all the people make concerted efforts, we can foster a dynamic environment in which everyone contributes to social harmony and benefits from a harmonious society.八、大力推进生态文明建设
VIII.Making Great Efforts to Promote Ecological Progress
建设生态文明，是关系人民福祉、关乎民族未来的长远大计。面对资源约束趋紧、环境污染严重、生态系统退化的严峻形势，必须树立尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的生态文明理念，把生态文明建设放在突出地位，融入经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设各方面和全过程，努力建设美丽中国，实现中华民族永续发展。
Promoting ecological progress is a long-term task of vital importance to the people's wellbeing and China's future.Faced with increasing resource constraints, severe environmental pollution and a deteriorating ecosystem, we
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