鲁迅《祝福》英文全文 The new years sacrifice

第一篇：鲁迅《祝福》英文全文 The new years sacrifice

http://luxun.diy.myrice.com/english/n12.htm（这是网址）

THE NEW YEAR'S SACRIFICE

New Year's Eve of the old calendar seems after all more like the real New Year's Eve;for, to say nothing of the villages and towns, even in the air there is a feeling that New Year is coming.From the pale, lowering evening clouds issue frequent flashes of lightning, followed by a rumbling sound of firecrackers celebrating the departure of the Hearth God;while, nearer by, the firecrackers explode even more violently, and before the deafening report dies away the air is filled with a faint smell of powder.It was on such a night that I returned to Luchen, my native place.Although I call it my native place, I had had no home there for some time, so I had to put up temporarily with a certain Mr.Lu, the fourth son of his family.He is a member of our clan, and belongs to the generation before mine, so I ought to call him “Fourth Uncle.” An old student of the imperial college who went in for Neo-Confucianism, I found him very little changed in any way, simply slightly older, but without any moustache as yet.When we met, after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter, and after saying that immediately started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.I knew this was not meant personally, because the object of the attack was still Kang Yu-wei.Nevertheless, conversation proved difficult, so that in a short time I found myself alone in the study.The next day I got up very late, and after lunch went out to see some relatives and friends.The day after I did the same.None of them was greatly changed, simply slightly older;but every family was busy preparing for “the sacrifice.” This is the great end-of-year ceremony in Luchen, when people reverently welcome the God of Fortune and solicit good fortune for the coming year.They kill chickens and geese and buy pork, scouring and scrubbing until all the women's arms turn red in the water.Some of them still wear twisted silver bracelets.After the meat is cooked some chopsticks are thrust into it at random, and this is called the “offering.” It is set out at dawn when incense and candles are lit, and they reverently invite the God of Fortune to come and partake of the offering.Only men can be worshippers, and after the sacrifice they naturally continue to let off firecrackers as before.This happens every year, in every family, provided they can afford to buy the offering and firecrackers;and this year they naturally followed the old custom.The day grew overcast.In the afternoon it actually started to snow, the biggest snow-flakes as large as plum blossom petals fluttered about the sky;and this, combined with the smoke and air of activity, made Luchen appear in a ferment.When I returned to my uncle's study the roof of the house was already white with snow.The room also appeared brighter, the great red rubbing hanging on the wall showing up very clearly the character for Longevity written by the Taoist saint Chen Tuan.One of a pair of scrolls had fallen down and was lying loosely rolled up on the long table, but the other was still hanging there, bearing the words: “By understanding reason we achieve tranquillity of mind.” Idly, I went to turn over the books on the table beneath the window, but all I could find was a pile of what looked like an incomplete set of Kang Hsi's Dictionary, a volume of Chiang Yung's Notes to Chu Hsi's Philosophical Writings and a volume of Commentaries on the Four Books.At all events, I made up my mind to leave the next day.Besides, the very thought of my meeting with Hsiang Lin's Wife the day before made me uncomfortable.It happened in the afternoon.I had been visiting a friend in the eastern part of the town.As I came out I met her by the river, and seeing the way she fastened her eyes on me I knew very well she meant to speak to me.Of all the people I had seen this time at Luchen none had changed as much as she: her hair, which had been streaked with white five years before, was now completely white, quite unlike someone in her forties.Her face was fearfully thin and dark in its sallowness, and had moreover lost its former expression of sadness, looking as if carved out of wood.Only an occasional flicker of her eyes showed she was still a living creature.In one hand she carried a wicker basket, in which was a broken bowl, empty;in the other she held a bamboo pole longer than herself, split at the bottom: it was clear she had become a beggar.I stood still, waiting for her to come and ask for money.“You have come back?” she asked me first.“Yes.” “That is very good.You are a scholar, and have travelled too and seen a lot.I just want to ask you something.” Her lustreless eyes suddenly gleamed.I never guessed she would talk to me like this.I stood there taken by surprise.“It is this.” She drew two paces nearer, and whispered very confidentially: “After a person dies, does he turn into a ghost or not?” As she fixed her eyes on me I was seized with foreboding.A shiver ran down my spine and I felt more nervous than during an unexpected examination at school, when unfortunately the teacher stands by one's side.Personally, I had never given the least thought to the question of the existence of spirits.In this emergency how should I answer her? Hesitating for a moment, I reflected: “It is the tradition here to believe in spirits, yet she seems to be sceptical--perhaps it would be better to say she hopes: hopes that there is immortality and yet hopes that there is not.Why increase the sufferings of the wretched? To give her something to look forward to, it would be better to say there is.” “There may be, I think,” I told her hesitantly.“Then, there must also be a Hell?” “What, Hell?” Greatly startled, I could only try to evade the question.“Hell? According to reason there should be one too--but not necessarily.Who cares about it anyway?...” “Then will all the people of one family who have died see each other again?” “Well, as to whether they will see each other again or not....” I realized now that I was a complete fool;for all my hesitation and reflection I had been unable to answer her three questions.Immediately I lost confidence and wanted to say the exact opposite of what I had previously said.“In this case...as a matter of fact, I am not sure....Actually, regarding the question of ghosts, I am not sure either.” In order to avoid further importunate questions, I walked off, and beat a hasty retreat to my uncle's house, feeling exceedingly uncomfortable.I thought to myself: “I am afraid my answer will prove dangerous to her.Probably it is just that when other people are celebrating she feels lonely by herself, but could there be another reason? Could she have had some premonition? If there is another reason, and as a result something happens, then, through my answer, I shall be held responsible to a certain extent.” Finally, however, I ended by laughing at myself, thinking that such a chance meeting could have no great significance, and yet I was taking it so to heart;no wonder certain educationalists called me a neurotic.Moreover I had distinctly said, “I am not sure,” contradicting my previous answer;so that even if anything did happen, it would have nothing at all to do with me.“I am not sure” is a most useful phrase.Inexperienced and rash young men often take it upon themselves to solve people's problems for them or choose doctors for them, and if by any chance things turn out badly, they are probably held to blame;but by simply concluding with this phrase “I am not sure,” one can free oneself of all responsibility.At this time I felt even more strongly the necessity for such a phrase, since even in speaking with a beggar woman there was no dispensing with it.However, I continued to feel uncomfortable, and even after a night's rest my mind kept running on this, as if I had a premonition of some untoward development.In that oppressive snowy weather, in the gloomy study, this discomfort increased.It would be better to leave: I should go back to town the next day.The boiled shark's fins in the Fu Hsing Restaurant used to cost a dollar for a large portion, and I wondered if this cheap and delicious dish had increased in price or not.Although the friends who had accompanied me in the old days had scattered, even if I was alone the shark's fins still had to be tasted.At all events, I made up my mind to leave the next day.After experiencing many times that things which I hoped would not happen and felt should not happen invariably did happen, I was desperately afraid this would prove another such case.And, indeed, strange things did begin to happen.Towards evening I heard talking--it sounded like a discussion--in the inner room;but soon the conversation ended, and all I heard was my uncle saying loudly as he walked out: “Not earlier nor later, but just at this time--sure sign of a bad character!” At first I felt astonished, then very uncomfortable, thinking these words must refer to me.I looked outside the door, but no one was there.I contained myself with difficulty till their servant came in before dinner to brew a pot of tea, when at last I had a chance to make some enquiries.“With whom was Mr.Lu angry just now?” I asked.“Why, still with Hsiang Lin's Wife,” he replied briefly.“Hsiang Lin's Wife? How was that?” I asked again.“She's dead.” “Dead?” My heart suddenly missed a beat.I started, and probably changed colour too.But since he did not raise his head, he was probably quite unaware of how I felt.Then I controlled myself, and asked: “When did she die?” “When? Last night, or else today, I'm not sure.” “How did she die?” “How did she die? Why, of poverty of course.” He answered placidly and, still without having raised his head to look at me, went out.However, my agitation was only short-lived, for now that something I had felt imminent had already taken place, I no longer had to take refuge in my “I'm not sure,” or the servant's expression “dying of poverty” for comfort.My heart already felt lighter.Only from time to time something still seemed to weigh on it.Dinner was served, and my uncle solemnly accompanied me.I wanted to ask about Hsiang Lin's Wife, but knew that although he had read, “Ghosts and spirits are properties of Nature,” he had retained many superstitions, and on the eve of this sacrifice it was out of the question to mention anything like death or illness.In case of necessity one could use veiled allusions, but unfortunately I did not know how to, so although questions kept rising to the tip of my tongue, I had to bite them back.From his solemn expression I suddenly suspected that he looked on me as choosing not earlier nor later but just this time to come and trouble him, and that I was also a bad character;therefore to set his mind at rest I told him at once that I intended to leave Luchen the next day and go back to the city.He did not press me greatly to stay.So we quietly finished the meal.In winter the days are short and, now that it was snowing, darkness already enveloped the whole town.Everybody was busy beneath the lamplight, but outside the windows it was very quiet.Snow-flakes fell on the thickly piled snow, as if they were whispering, making me feel even more lonely.I sat by myself under the yellow gleam of the vegetable oil lamp and thought, “This poor woman, abandoned by people in the dust as a tiresome and worn-out toy, once left her own imprint in the dust, and those who enjoy life must have wondered at her for wishing to prolong her existence;but now at least she has been swept clear by eternity.Whether spirits exist or not I do not know;but in the present world when a meaningless existence ends, so that someone whom others are tired of seeing is no longer seen, it is just as well, both for the individual concerned and for others.” I listened quietly to see if I could hear the snow falling outside the window, still pursuing this train of thought, until gradually I felt less ill at ease.Fragments of her life, seen or heard before, now combined to form one whole.She did not belong to Luchen.One year at the beginning of winter, when my uncle's family wanted to change their maidservant, Old Mrs.Wei brought her in and introduced her.Her hair was tied with white bands, she wore a black skirt, blue jacket and pale green bodice, and was about twenty-six, with a pale skin but rosy cheeks.Old Mrs.Wei called her Hsiang Lin's Wife, and said that she was a neighbour of her mother's family, and because her husband was dead she wanted to go out to work.My uncle knitted his brows and my aunt immediately understood that he disapproved of her because she was a widow.She looked very suitable, though, with big strong feet and hands, and a meek expression;and she had said nothing but showed every sign of being tractable and hard-working.So my aunt paid no attention to my uncle's frown, but kept her.During the period of probation she worked from morning till night, as if she found resting dull, and she was so strong that she could do a man's work;accordingly on the third day it was settled, and each month she was to be paid five hundred cash.Everybody called her Hsiang Lin's Wife.They did not ask her her own name;but since she was introduced by someone from Wei Village who said she was a neighbour, presumably her name was also Wei.She was not very talkative, only answering when other people spoke to her, and her answers were brief.It was not until a dozen days or so had passed that they learned little by little that she still had a severe mother-in-law at home and a younger brother-in-law more than ten years old, who could cut wood.Her husband, who had been a woodcutter too, had died in the spring.He had been ten years younger than she.This little was all that people learned from her.The days passed quickly.She worked as hard as ever;she would eat anything, and did not spare herself.Everybody agreed that the Lu family had found a very good maidservant, who really got through more work than a hard-working man.At the end of the year she swept, mopped, killed chickens and geese and sat up to boil the sacrificial meat, single-handed, so the family did not have to hire extra help.Nevertheless she, on her side, was satisfied;gradually the trace of a smile appeared at the corner of her mouth.She became plumper and her skin whiter.New Year was scarcely over when she came back from washing rice by the river looking pale, and said that in the distance she had just seen a man wandering on the opposite bank who looked very like her husband's cousin, and probably he had come to look for her.My aunt, much alarmed, made detailed enquiries, but failed to get any further information.As soon as my uncle learned of it he frowned and said, “This is bad.She must have run away from her husband's family.” Before long this inference that she had run away was confirmed.About a fortnight later, just as everybody was beginning to forget what had happened, Old Mrs.Wei suddenly called, bringing with her a woman in her thirties who, she said, was the maidservant's mother-in-law.Although the woman looked like a villager, she behaved with great self-possession and had a ready tongue in her head.After the usual polite remarks she apologized for coming to take her daughter-in-law home, saying there was a great deal to be done at the beginning of spring, and since there were only old people and children at home they were short-handed.“Since it is her mother-in-law who wants her to go back, what is there to be said?” was my uncle's comment.Thereupon her wages were reckoned up.They amounted to one thousand seven hundred and fifty cash, all of which she had left with her mistress without using a single coin.My aunt gave the entire amount to her mother-in-law.The latter also took her clothes, thanked Mr.and Mrs.Lu and went out.By this time it was already noon.“Oh, the rice!Didn't Hsiang Lin's Wife go to wash the rice?” my aunt exclaimed some time later.Probably she was rather hungry, so that she remembered lunch.Thereupon everybody set about looking for the rice basket.My aunt went first to the kitchen, then to the hall, then to the bedroom;but not a trace of it was to be seen anywhere.My uncle went outside, but could not find it either;only when he went right down to the riverside did he see it, set down fair and square on the bank, with a bundle of vegetables beside it.Some people there told him that a boat with a white awning had moored there in the morning, but since the awning covered the boat completely they did not know who was inside, and before this incident no one had paid any attention to it.But when Hsiang Lin's Wife came to wash rice, two men looking like country people jumped off the boat just as she was kneeling down and seizing hold of her carried her on board.After several shouts and cries, Hsiang Lin's Wife became silent: they had probably stopped her mouth.Then two women walked up, one of them a stranger and the other Old Mrs.Wei.When the people who told this story tried to peep into the boat they could not see very clearly, but Hsiang Lin's Wife seemed to be lying bound on the floor of the boat.“Disgraceful!Still...” said my uncle.That day my aunt cooked the midday meal herself, and my cousin Ah Niu lit the fire.After lunch Old Mrs.Wei came again.“Disgraceful!” said my uncle.“What is the meaning of this? How dare you come here again!” My aunt, who was washing dishes, started scolding as soon as she saw her.“You recommended her yourself, and then plotted to have her carried off, causing all this stir.What will people think? Are you trying to make a laughing-stock of our family?” “Aiya, I was really taken in!Now I have come specially to clear up this business.When she asked me to find her work, how was I to know that she had left home without her mother-in-law's consent? I am very sorry, Mr.Lu, Mrs.Lu.Because I am so old and foolish and careless, I have offended my patrons.However, it is lucky for me that your family is always so generous and kind, and unwilling to be hard on your inferiors.This time I promise to find you someone good to make up for my mistake.” “Still...” said my uncle.Thereupon the business of Hsiang Lin's Wife was concluded, and before long it was also forgotten.Only my aunt, because the maidservants taken on afterwards were all lazy or fond of stealing food, or else both lazy and fond of stealing food, with not a good one in the lot, still often spoke of Hsiang Lin's Wife.On such occasions she would always say to herself, “I wonder what has become of her now?” meaning that she would like to have her back.But by the following New Year she too gave up hope.The New Year's holiday was nearly over when Old Mrs.Wei, already half tipsy, came to pay her respects, and said it was because she had been back to Wei Village to visit her mother's family and stayed a few days that she had come late.During the course of conversation they naturally came to speak of Hsiang Lin's Wife.“She?” said Mrs.Wei cheerfully.“She is in luck now.When her mother-in-law dragged her home, she had already promised her to the sixth son of the Ho family in Ho Village.Not long after she reached home they put her in the bridal chair and sent her off.” “Aiya!What a mother-in-law!” exclaimed my aunt in amazement.“Ah, madam, you really talk like a great lady!We country folk, poor women, think nothing of that.She still had a younger brother-in-law who had to be married.And if they hadn't found her a husband, where would they have found the money for his wedding? But her mother-in-law is a clever and capable woman, who knows how to drive a good bargain, so she married her off into the mountains.If she had married her to someone in the same village, she wouldn't have got so much money;but since very few women are willing to marry someone living deep in the mountains, she got eighty thousand cash.Now the second son is married, the presents only cost her fifty thousand, and after paying the wedding expenses she still has over ten thousand left.Just think, doesn't this show she knows how to drive a good bargain?...” “But was Hsiang Lin's Wife willing?” “It wasn't a question of being willing or not.Of course anyone would have protested.They just tied her up with a rope, stuffed her into the bridal chair, carried her to the man's house, put on the bridal headdress, performed the ceremony in the hall and locked them in their room;and that was that.But Hsiang Lin's Wife is quite a character.I heard she really put up a great struggle, and everybody said she was different from other people because she had worked in a scholar's family.We go-betweens, madam, see a great deal.When widows remarry, some cry and shout, some threaten to commit suicide, some when they have been carried to the man's house won't go through the ceremony, and some even smash the wedding candlesticks.But Hsiang Lin's Wife was different from the rest.They said she shouted and cursed all the way, so that by the time they had carried her to Ho Village she was completely hoarse.When they dragged her out of the chair, although the two chairbearers and her young brother-in-law used all their strength, they couldn't force her to go through the ceremony.The moment they were careless enough to loosen their grip--gracious Buddha!--she threw herself against a corner of the table and knocked a big hole in her head.The blood poured out;and although they used two handfuls of incense ashes and bandaged her with two pieces of red cloth, they still couldn't stop the bleeding.Finally it took all of them together to get her shut up with her husband in the bridal chamber, where she went on cursing.Oh, it was really dreadful!” She shook her head, cast down her eyes and said no more.“And after that what happened?” asked my aunt.“They said the next day she still didn't get up,” said Old Mrs.Wei, raising her eyes.“And after?” “After? She got up.At the end of the year she had a baby, a boy, who was two this New Year.These few days when I was at home some people went to Ho Village, and when they came back they said they had seen her and her son, and that both mother and baby are fat.There is no mother-in-law over her, the man is a strong fellow who can earn a living, and the house is their own.Well, well, she is really in luck.” After this even my aunt gave up talking of Hsiang Lin's Wife.But one autumn, two New Years after they heard how lucky Hsiang Lin's Wife had been, she actually reappeared on the threshold of my uncle's house.On the table she placed a round bulb-shaped basket, and under the eaves a small roll of bedding.Her hair was still wrapped in white bands, and she wore a black skirt, blue jacket and pale green bodice.But her skin was sallow and her cheeks had lost their colour;she kept her eyes downcast, and her eyes, with their tear-stained rims, were no longer bright.Just as before, it was Old Mrs.Wei, looking very benevolent, who brought her in, and who explained at length to my aunt: “It was really a bolt from the blue.Her husband was so strong, nobody could have guessed that a young fellow like that would die of typhoid fever.First he seemed better, but then he ate a bowl of cold rice and the sickness came back.Luckily she had the boy, and she can work, whether it is chopping wood, picking tea-leaves or raising silkworms;so at first she was able to carry on.Then who could believe that the child, too, would be carried off by a wolf? Although it was nearly the end of spring, still wolves came to the village--how could anyone have guessed that? Now she is all on her own.Her brother-in-law came to take the house, and turned her out;so she has really no way open to her but to come and ask help from her former mistress.Luckily this time there is nobody to stop her, and you happen to be wanting a new servant, so I have brought her here.I think someone who is used to your ways is much better than a new hand....” “I was really stupid, really...” Hsiang Lin's Wife raised her listless eyes to say.“I only knew that when it snows the wild beasts in the glen have nothing to eat and may come to the villages;I didn't know that in spring they came too.I got up at dawn and opened the door, filled a small basket with beans and called our Ah Mao to go and sit on the threshold and shell the beans.He was very obedient and always did as I told him: he went out.Then I chopped wood at the back of the house and washed the rice, and when the rice was in the pan and I wanted to boil the beans I called Ah Mao, but there was no answer;and when I went our to look, all I could see was beans scattered on the ground, but no Ah Mao.He never went to other families to play;and in fact at each place where I went to ask, there was no sign of him.I became desperate, and begged people to go to look for him.Only in the afternoon, after looking everywhere else, did they go to look in the glen and see one of his little shoes caught on a bramble.'That's bad,' they said, 'he must have met a wolf.' And sure enough when they went further in there he was, lying in the wolf's lair, with all his entrails eaten away, his hand still tightly clutching that little basket....” At this point she started crying, and was unable to complete the sentence.My aunt had been undecided at first, but by the end of this story the rims of her eyes were rather red.After thinking for a moment she told her to take the round basket and bedding into the servants' quarters.Old Mrs.Wei heaved a long sigh as if relieved of a great burden.Hsiang Lin's Wife looked a little more at ease than when she first came and, without having to be told the way, quietly took away her bedding.From this time on she worked again as a maidservant in Luchen.Everybody still called her Hsiang Lin's Wife.However, she had changed a great deal.She had not been there more than three days before her master and mistress realized that she was not as quick as before.Since her memory was much worse, and her impassive face never showed the least trace of a smile, my aunt already expressed herself very far from satisfied.When the woman first arrived, although my uncle frowned as before, because they invariably had such difficulty in finding servants he did not object very strongly, only secretly warned my aunt that while such people may seem very pitiful they exert a bad moral influence.Thus although it would be all right for her to do ordinary work she must not join in the preparations for sacrifice;they would have to prepare all the dishes themselves, for otherwise they would be unclean and the ancestors would not accept them.The most important event in my uncle's household was the ancestral sacrifice, and formerly this had been the busiest time for Hsiang Lin's Wife;but now she had very little to do.When the table was placed in the centre of the hall and the curtain fastened, she still remembered how to set out the winecups and chopsticks in the old way.“Hsiang Lin's Wife, put those down!” said my aunt hastily.She sheepishly withdrew her hand and went to get the candlesticks.“Hsiang Lin's Wife, put those down!” cried my aunt hastily again.“I'll fetch them.” After walking round several times without finding anything to do, Hsiang Lin's Wife could only go hesitantly away.All she did that day was to sit by the stove and feed the fire.The people in the town still called her Hsiang Lin's Wife, but in a different tone from before;and although they talked to her still, their manner was colder.She did not mind this in the least, only, looking straight in front of her, she would tell everybody her story, which night or day was never out of her mind.“I was really stupid, really,” she would say.“I only knew that when it snows the wild beasts in the glen have nothing to eat and may come to the villages;I didn't know that in spring they came too.I got up at dawn and opened the door, filled a small basket with beans and called our Ah Mao to go and sit on the threshold and shell them.He was very obedient and always did as I told him: he went out.Then I chopped wood at the back of the house and washed the rice, and when the rice was in the pan and I wanted to boil the beans I called Ah Mao, but there was no answer;and when I went out to look, all I could see was beans scattered on the ground, but no Ah Mao.He never went to other families to play;and in fact at each place where I went to ask, there was no sign of him.I became desperate, and begged people to go to look for him.Only in the afternoon, after looking everywhere else, did they go to look in the glen and see one of his little shoes caught on a bramble.'That's bad,' they said, 'he must have met a wolf.' And sure enough when they went further in there he was, lying in the wolf's lair, with all his entrails eaten away, his hand still tightly clutching that small basket....” At this point she would start crying and her voice would trail away.This story was rather effective, and when men heard it they often stopped smiling and walked away disconcerted, while the women not only seemed to forgive her but their faces immediately lost their contemptuous look and they added their tears to hers.There were some old women who had not heard her speaking in the street, who went specially to look for her, to hear her sad tale.When her voice trailed away and she started to cry, they joined in, shedding the tears which had gathered in their eyes.Then they sighed, and went away satisfied, exchanging comments.She asked nothing better than to tell her sad story over and over again, often gathering three or four hearers.But before long everybody knew it by heart, until even in the eyes of the most kindly, Buddha fearing old ladies not a trace of tears could be seen.In the end, almost everyone in the town could recite her tale, and it bored and exasperated them to hear it.“I was really stupid, really...” she would begin.“Yes, you only knew that in snowy weather the wild beasts in the mountains had nothing to eat and might come down to the villages.” Promptly cutting short her recital, they walked away.She would stand there open-mouthed, looking at them with a dazed expression, and then go away too, as if she also felt disconcerted.But she still brooded over it, hoping from other topics such as small baskets, beans and other people's children, to lead up to the story of her Ah Mao.If she saw a child of two or three, she would say, “Oh dear, if my Ah Mao were still alive, he would be just as big....” Children seeing the look in her eyes would take fright and, clutching the hems of their mothers' clothes, try to tug them away.Thereupon she would be left by herself again, and finally walk away disconcerted.Later everybody knew what she was like, and it only needed a child present for them to ask her with an artificial smile, “Hsiang Lin's Wife, if your Ah Mao were alive, wouldn't he be just as big as that?” She probably did not realize that her story, after having been turned over and tasted by people for so many days, had long since become stale, only exciting disgust and contempt;but from the way people smiled she seemed to know that they were cold and sarcastic, and that there was no need for her to say any more.She would simply look at them, not answering a word.In Luchen people celebrate New Year in a big way: preparations start from the twentieth day of the twelfth month onwards.That year my uncle's household found it necessary to hire a temporary manservant, but since there was still a great deal to do they also called in another maidservant, Liu Ma, to help.Chickens and geese had to be killed;but Liu Ma was a devout woman who abstained from meat, did not kill living things, and would only wash the sacrificial dishes.Hsiang Lin's Wife had nothing to do but feed the fire.She sat there, resting, watching Liu Ma as she washed the sacrificial dishes.A light snow began to fall.“Dear me, I was really stupid,” began Hsiang Lin's Wife, as if to herself, looking at the sky and sighing.“Hsiang Lin's Wife, there you go again,” said Liu Ma, looking at her impatiently.“I ask you: that wound on your forehead, wasn't it then you got it?” “Uh, huh,” she answered vaguely.“Let me ask you: what made you willing after all?” “Me?” “Yes.What I think is, you must have been willing;otherwise....” “Oh dear, you don't know how strong he was.”I don't believe it.I don't believe he was so strong that you really couldn't keep him off.You must have been willing, only you put the blame on his being so strong.“ ”Oh dear, you...you try for yourself and see.“ She smiled.Liu Ma's lined face broke into a smile too, making it wrinkled like a walnut;her small beady eyes swept Hsiang Lin's Wife's forehead and fastened on her eyes.As if rather embarrassed, Hsiang Lin's Wife immediately stopped smiling, averted her eyes and looked at the snow-flakes.”Hsiang Lin's Wife, that was really a bad bargain,“ continued Liu Ma mysteriously.”If you had held out longer or knocked yourself to death, it would have been better.As it is, after living with your second husband for less than two years, you are guilty of a great crime.Just think: when you go down to the lower world in future, these two men's ghosts will fight over you.To which will you go? The King of Hell will have no choice but to cut you in two and divide you between them.I think, really.....“ Then terror showed in her face.This was something she had never heard in the mountains.”I think you had better take precautions beforehand.Go to the Tutelary God's Temple and buy a threshold to be your substitute, so that thousands of people can walk over it and trample on it, in order to atone for your sins in this life and avoid torment after death.“ At the time Hsiang Lin's Wife said nothing, but she must have taken this to heart, for the next morning when she got up there were dark circles beneath her eyes.After breakfast she went to the Tutelary God's Temple at the west end of the village, and asked to buy a threshold.The temple priests would not agree at first, and only when she shed tears did they give a grudging consent.The price was twelve thousand cash.She had long since given up talking to people, because Ah Mao's story was received with such contempt;but news of her conversation with Liu Ma that day spread, and many people took a fresh interest in her and came again to tease her into talking.As for the subject, that had naturally changed to deal with the wound on her forehead.”Hsiang Lin's Wife, I ask you: what made you willing after all that time?“ one would cry.”Oh, what a pity, to have had this knock for nothing,“ another looking at her scar would agree.Probably she knew from their smiles and tone of voice that they were making fun of her, for she always looked steadily at them without saying a word, and finally did not even turn her head.All day long she kept her lips tightly closed, bearing.on her head the scar which everyone considered a mark of shame, silently shopping, sweeping the floor, washing vegetables, preparing rice.Only after nearly a year did she take from my aunt her wages which had accumulated.She changed them for twelve silver dollars, and asking for leave went to the west end of the town.In less time than it takes for a meal she was back again, looking much comforted, and with an unaccustomed light in her eyes.She told my aunt happily that she had bought a threshold in the Tutelary God's Temple.When the time came for the ancestral sacrifice at the winter equinox, she worked harder than ever, and seeing my aunt take out the sacrificial utensils and with Ah Niu carry the table into the middle of the hall, she went confidently to fetch the winecups and chopsticks.”Put those down, Hsiang Lin's Wife!“ my aunt called out hastily.She withdrew her hand as if scorched, her face turned ashen-grey, and instead of fetching the candlesticks she just stood there dazed.Only when my uncle came to burn incense and told her to go, did she walk away.This time the change in her was very great, for the next day not only were her eyes sunken, but even her spirit seemed broken.Moreover she became very timid, not only afraid of the dark and shadows, but also of the sight of anyone.Even her own master or mistress made her look as frightened as a little mouse that has come out of its hole in the daytime.For the rest, she would sit stupidly, like a wooden statue.In less than half a year her hair began to turn grey, and her memory became much worse, reaching a point when she was constantly forgetting to go and prepare the rice.”What has come over Hsiang Lin's Wife? It would really have been better not to have kept her that time." My aunt would sometimes speak like this in front of her, as if to warn her.However, she remained this way, so that it was impossible to see any hope of her improving.They finally decided to get rid of her and tell her to go back to Old Mrs.Wei.While I was at Luchen they were still only talking of this;but judging by what happened later, it is evident that this was what they must have done.Whether after leaving my uncle's household she became a beggar, or whether she went first to Old Mrs.Wei's house and later became a beggar, I do not know.I was woken up by firecrackers exploding noisily close at hand, saw the glow of the yellow oil lamp as large as a bean, and heard the splutter of fireworks as my uncle's household celebrated the sacrifice.I knew that it was nearly dawn.I felt bewildered, hearing as in a dream the confused continuous sound of distant crackers which seemed to form one dense cloud of noise in the sky, joining the whirling snow-flakes to envelop the whole town.Wrapped in this medley of sound, relaxed and at ease, the doubt which had preyed on me from dawn to early night was swept clean away by the atmosphere of celebration, and I felt only that the saints of heaven and earth had accepted the sacrifice and incense and were all reeling with intoxication in the sky, preparing to give the people of Luchen boundless good fortune.______ [Note: old calendar] The Chinese lunar calendar.[Note: imperial college] The highest institute of learning in the Ching dynasty.[Note: Kang Yu-wei] A famous reformist who lived from 1858 to 1927 and advocated constitutional monarchy.[Note: Chen Tuan] A hermit at the beginning of the tenth century.[Note: Kang Hsi's dictionary] A Chinese dictionary compiled under the auspices of Emperor Kang Hsi who reigned from 1662 to 1722.[Note: Commentaries] Confucian classics.[Note: ghosts...nature] A Confucian saying.[Note: 10 years younger] In old China it used to be common in country districts for young women to be married to boys of ten or eleven.The bride's labour could then he exploited hy her husband's family.[Note: was two] It was the custom in China to reckon a child as one year old at birth, and to add another year to his age as New Year.February 7, 1924

第二篇：祝福鲁迅

祝福鲁迅

《祝福》简介

《祝福》写于1924年2月7日，是鲁迅短篇小说集《彷徨》的第一篇，最初发表于1924年3月25日出版的上海《东方杂志》半月刊第二十一卷第6号上，后收入《鲁迅全集》第二卷。

鲁迅以极大的热情欢呼辛亥革命的爆发，可是不久就失望了。他看到辛亥革命以后，帝制政权虽被推翻，但代之而起的却是地主阶级的军阀官僚的统治，封建社会的基础并没有彻底摧毁，中国的广大人民，尤其是农民，日益贫困化，他们过着饥寒交迫的生活，宗法观念、封建礼教仍然是压在人民头上的精神枷锁。鲁迅在《祝福》里，深刻地展示了这一时期中国农村的真实面貌。

这一时期的鲁迅基本上还是一个革命民主主义者，还不可能用马克思主义来分析观察，有时就不免发生怀疑，感到失望。他把这一时期的小说集叫做《彷徨》，显然反映了其时自己忧愤的心情。但鲁迅毕竟是一个“真的猛士”，“敢于直面惨淡的人生，敢于正视淋漓的鲜血”，他决不会畏缩、退避，而是积极奋斗。

《祝福》这篇小说通过祥林嫂一生的悲惨遭遇，反映了辛亥革命以后中国的社会矛盾，深刻地揭露了地主阶级对劳动妇女的摧残与迫害，揭示了封建礼教吃人的本质，指出彻底反封建的必要性

祥林嫂是一个受尽封建礼教压榨的穷苦农家妇女。丈夫死后，狠心的婆婆要将她出卖。她被逼出逃，到鲁镇鲁四老爷家做佣工，受尽鄙视、虐待。很快她又被婆婆家抢走，卖到贺家成亲。贺老六是个纯朴忠厚的农民，很快又有了儿子阿毛，祥林嫂终于过上了安稳日子。然而命运多舛（chuǎn），贺老六受地主的身心摧残饮恨死去，不久，阿毛又被狼吃掉。经受双重打击的祥林嫂，丧魂落魄，犹如白痴，可是人们还说她改嫁“有罪”，要她捐门槛“赎罪”，不然到了“阴间”还要受苦。她千辛万苦积钱捐了门槛后，依然摆脱不了人们的歧视。最后，她沿街乞讨，在除夕的鞭炮声中，惨死在街头。

此文在如泣如诉的血泪控诉中，对旧社会劳动人民的苦难，特别是对封建礼教，给予了强烈的鞭挞通过描写祥林嫂悲剧的一生，表现作者对受压迫妇女的同情，对封建思想封建礼教的无情揭露。

祥林嫂是旧中国农村劳动妇女的典型形象。她勤劳、善良、质朴、顽强，但在旧社会她不但不能争得一个做人的起码权利，反而成为一个被践踏、遭迫害、受鄙视而终甚至于被封建礼教和封建迷信所吞噬的人物。对于封建礼教横加给她的种种迫害与摧残，她进行过不间断的挣扎与抗争：在被虐待、被迫再嫁时，她挣扎她抗争；面对人们的嘲弄、侮辱与伤害，她给以无言的抗议；对灵魂的有无，她表现了怀疑。这一切都表明，她是一个很顽强而不容易被摧垮的人，但是在封建礼教和封建迷信的双重打击和人们的风刀霜剑中，她不但连起码的做人的资格都没有争到，反而被吞噬被毁灭了。祥林嫂的挣扎与抗争，完全是出于自发的，而且本身就带有浓厚的封建礼教和封建迷信色彩。为了反对再嫁，她进行了“出格”的反抗，是为了保持自己的“贞节”；为了赎“罪”，她去土地庙里捐了门槛。她是在封建礼教和封建迷信的泥沼中进行挣扎进行反抗的。这决定了她不仅逃不出造成她人生悲剧的苦海，而且最终只能走向死亡的深渊。从某种意义上说，祥林嫂的反抗本身就带有浓厚的悲剧性。她临终时对“灵魂”的怀疑，包含着反抗命运的意义，她希望死后能见到儿子，这是对命运的反抗；她又希望没有地狱，死后不被锯成两半，这也是对命运的反抗。不过，她对封建礼教和封建迷信并没有明确的认识，她也不知道造成自己人生悲剧的真正原因，她当然也更不懂得，要改变自己的人生命运，只能推翻这造成人们人生悲剧的万恶的封建制度。

第三篇：鲁迅《祝福》

吃人的社会，女性的墓碑

浅谈鲁迅小说《祝福》的思想意蕴

【内容摘要】鲁迅——二十世纪中国文坛上一颗璀璨的明星，面对着“惨淡的人生和淋漓的鲜血①”他只是一往无前的用血肉之躯去刺破天空无尽的阴霾与黯淡。即使遍体鳞伤，即使奄奄一息，他犹不悔！他的作品从来都连接着人性最本质最深刻的东西。辛亥革命后，帝制政权虽被推翻，但代之而起的却是地主阶级的军阀官僚的统治，封建社会的基础并没有彻底摧毁，中国的广大人民，尤其是农民，日益贫困化，他们过着饥寒交迫的生活，宗法观念、封建礼教仍然是压在人民头上的精神枷锁。小说《祝福》就是在那吃人的社会背景下创作出来的，通过祥林嫂一生的悲惨遭遇，反映了辛亥革命以后中国的社会矛盾，深刻地揭露了地主阶级对劳动妇女的摧残与迫害，揭示了封建礼教吃人的本质，指出彻底反封建的必要性。全文承袭鲁迅一贯的写作风格，无关华丽，更无期期艾艾，有的只是深刻到灵魂里的沉痛与悲凉。值得细细品读。

【关键词】鲁迅 祥林嫂 鲁四老爷 “我” 祝福 吃人 女人的墓碑 无奈与悲凉

一、绪论

（一）关于鲁迅

从古迄今，无论哪个时代，繁荣也好，萧索也罢，社会流毒和弊病总会在历史的湖面掀起浪花抑或留下斑斑痕迹。都说文人是社会的良心，他们总会站在时代的悬崖以尖锐深刻的笔触去打量这个世界，而其中的艰辛与孤苦或许只有他们自己了解。鲁迅先生就是这样一个人，一个文人，他就是一颗随着社会和人性本质而或跃动或枯竭的良心！

鲁迅（1881.9.25～1936.10.19），浙江绍兴人，原名周树人，字豫山、豫亭，后改名为豫才。普通的中式长衫，刷子一样向上竖立着的头发，仿佛一个隶书的“一”字似的浓密胡须。朴素的形象一如他坚定的信念和执著的品质。伟大领袖毛主席曾评价他是伟大的无产阶级的文学家、思想家、革命家，是中国文化革命的主将。

鲁迅先生曾说：“在我自己，本以为现在是已经并非一个切迫的而不没能已于言的人了，但或者也还未能忘怀于当日自己的寂寞的悲哀吧，所以有时候仍不免呐喊几声，聊以慰藉那在寂寞里奔驰的猛士，使他不惮于前驱。至于我的喊声是勇猛或是悲哀，是可憎或是可笑，那倒是不暇顾及的；但既然是呐喊，则当然须听将令的了...至于自己，却也并并不愿将自以为苦的寂寞，再来传染给也如我那年轻时侯似的正在做着好梦的青年。②”就是这样一个寂寞者而又幸福者，为我们创造了一个又一个的时代经典。无论是小说集《呐喊》、《彷徨》、《阿Q正传》，还是历史小说集《故事新编》，散文集《朝花夕拾》（原名《旧事重提》）或是散文诗集《野草》，杂文集《坟》、《热风》、《华盖集》、《南腔北调集》、《三闲集》、《二心集》、《而已集》等等，鲁迅的作品仿佛一把锋利的刺刀,笔直的插入敌人的胸膛。他用虔诚得如婴孩的心去剖析和拷问社会的良心和人类的灵魂。艰辛如他，悲孤如他！

很多学者认为，鲁迅作品是中华民族文化当中的宝库，诚然，他的著作在中国文化史上、思想史上不亚于古代的经，可以说是近代文化史上的经书。“说它是宝库，可以说鲁迅所处的时代脉搏、面貌都在他的作品里体现了。鲁迅他本身就是一部那个时代的历史。同时，鲁迅是中国优秀传统文化与当时时代精神结合的最好典型。在那个群星灿烂的时代，鲁迅在二者的结合上，代表着一个时代的高峰与追求。至于他对人民，对民族，对国家，对世界，他的理念，他的信心，他的奋斗，他的牺牲，这种精神更值得中华民族子孙代代相传。”因此我们可以坚定地说，鲁迅是一个时代的象征，是屹立在民族风尖浪头的一杆领航旗帜，更是中国乃至世界文学史上一座不朽的丰碑，是当之无愧的“民族之魂”！

（二）初谈《祝福》

《祝福》写于1924年2月7日，是鲁迅短篇小说集《彷徨》的第一篇，最初发表于1924年3月25日出版的上海《东方杂志》半月刊第二十一卷第6号上，后收入《鲁迅全集》第二卷。是鲁迅作品的极具代表意义的名篇之一，也是鲁迅超人才华的艺术结晶，更是他关于革命和未来独到思想的印证。

这一时期的鲁迅曾以极大的热情欢呼辛亥革命的爆发，可是不久就对现实感到失望了。他看到辛亥革命以后，虽然推翻了统治中国二百六十多年的清王朝，结束了中国两千多年的封建君主专制制度，建立起资产阶级共和国，推动了历史的前进。但代之而起的却是地主阶级的军阀官僚的统治，封建社会的基础并没有彻底摧毁，中国的广大人民，尤其是农民，日益贫困化，他们过着饥寒交迫的生活，封建宗法观念、封建礼教思想仍然是压在人民头上的精神枷锁。鲁迅为此感到深深地忧愤与悲凉。因而鲁迅在他的《祝福》里，尖锐、犀利地展示了这一时期中国农村的真实面貌。《祝福》在如泣如诉的血泪控诉中，对旧社会劳动人民的苦难，特别是对封建礼教，给予了强烈的抨击和鞭挞；通过描写祥林嫂悲剧的一生，表现作者对受压迫妇女的同情，对封建思想、封建礼教的无情揭露。

没有灵魂的人不能称之为真正意义上的人，瘫痪着没有灵魂的人的国家是社会的悲哀，苟延残喘着没有灵魂的民族是时代的悲哀。

不得不说，无论帝制是否被摧毁，只要维护封建社会的基础没有动摇，如果民众的封建腐朽思想没有从根本上转变，哪怕再汹涌的革命或改革，人们仍不过从“暂时坐稳了的奴隶时代”活到了“打了花边或蝴蝶结的奴隶时代”。《祝福》就从生活在社会最底层的一群人身上剔出了个人、国家、民族甚至是时代的流毒和弊病，剑锋直指其顽固的劣根性和奴性。单从作品的选题上看，作者就颇具匠心。以“祝福”为题，“祝福”是贯穿整个故事的线索，一般“祝福”是指那些买得起福礼爆竹之类的富贵人家必须举行的年终大典。是当地的一种祭祀活动。而乞丐祥林嫂偏偏就死在这富人祝福声中，烟气缭绕的街头，一喜一悲，使祥林嫂的悲剧获得了强烈的对照，以乐景衬托哀情。使其命运悲上加悲，使这个社会显得冷而又冷，有力地表达出作者对封建神权，对那些剥夺了别人幸福还永不满足，又正在贪婪“祝福”的人们的无比憎恨。以《祝福》为题，更为含蓄，也更为辛辣。然而，“祝福”不仅仅是对“吃人”主题的开掘，还是作者对革命前景、对未来新社会的一种积极的向往和希望。正如鲁迅先生所言，“我想：希望本是无所谓有，无所谓无的。这正如地上的路；其实地上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。③”鲁迅先生就是位孤独而执着的开路者，一路披荆斩棘，一路惨淡经营，目的就在于唤醒麻木的民众，唤醒沉睡的民族，唤醒人类最深刻最纯粹的良知。

一、“吃”与“被吃”

鲁迅小说《祝福》写作背景是辛亥革命之后，如祥林嫂、鲁四老爷、卫老婆子、柳妈一类皆是“踏踏实实”生活所在的阶级社会之中。何谓阶级社会？（1）阶级社会指以生产资料私有制为基础、存在阶级矛盾和阶级斗争的社会意识形态。阶级社会有几个发展阶段：如奴隶社会、封建社会和资本主义社会。以生产资料公有制为基础的社会主义社会，是由阶级社会向无阶级社会过渡的社会。（2）社会学概念，阶级社会与“原始社会”有一定对应关系。即人类社会由于剩余产品的出现，逐渐结束了共同生产、平均分配的原始社会形态，产生了统治阶级与被统治阶级。在阶级社会中，存在一个经济上永久占支配地位的统治阶级，而且统治阶级与被统治阶级之间的阶级关系相对稳定，具有封闭性和非流动性。被统治阶级永远无法向上流动。他们要么诉诸于宗教，要么反抗统治阶级的支配。一旦反抗发生就必然要触及乃至颠覆社会结构，因而具有革命性。在阶级社会中，革命是唯一的流动途径。毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》中指出：“在阶级社会里就是只有带着阶级性的人性。”〔1〕

就是在这种社会大背景下，森严的阶级性质和等级性质将人性最原始的纯粹和良知削平、打磨得所剩无几，那形形色色的面具下隐藏的是一张张虚伪、势利、冷漠、残忍、愚昧无知、无耻的丑恶嘴脸。亲情、友情、爱情在阶级里面不过一场虚幻的梦，抑或一张薄如蝉翼的纸，吹弹可破。“朱门狗肉臭，路有冻死骨④”、“可怜身上衣正单，心忧炭贱愿天寒⑤”便是阶级社会种种黑暗与疯狂的真实写照。

在鲁迅小说《祝福》笔下的时代，无情无义更无爱。处于统治阶级金字塔顶部之流本质就如同一只只张开血盆大口的猛兽，露出嗜血的双眼和獠牙，等待着下层的羊羔一点点的送入它们饥肠辘辘，永不厌倦的口中；甚至打着伪善的嘴脸，一步步为自身竖立起绝对的统治和权威，目的不过让被吃的猎物心甘情愿地被吃，从而享受吃的过程中猎物在自身利爪面前那种温顺的缱绻与挣扎后的快感。在剥削和被剥削，压迫与被压迫，吃与被吃的时代，统治者更加疯狂无节制的索求，而处于被压迫地位的民众（如故事主人公祥林嫂之类），在经历一次次被宰或待宰的悲惨遭遇之后，不得不向自己的命运低头，向灵魂下跪，进则阿谀奉承，退则明哲保身。甚至“以五十步笑百步⑥”，愚昧麻木得如同行尸走肉。这就是“吃”与“被吃”时代的社会现实，让人无奈中更透无尽悲凉。

鲁迅先生在《论第三种人》一文中曾这样说过：生在阶级社会里，要想做一个超阶级的人，这样的人是根本不存在的„„这恰如一个人要拔着自己的头发离开地球一样。生在封建社会中的祥林嫂是不可能跳出封建社会的园囿的，她正是被封建社会的四大绳索——政权、族权、夫权、神权扼杀致死的。

（一）鲁四老爷：封建礼教虔诚的教徒

在“吃人”的社会中，《祝福》中的鲁四老爷无疑是封建礼教最“虔诚”的捍卫者，文章虽然没有对鲁四老爷的外貌进行描述，但小说一开始就介绍他是一个“讲理学的老监生”，又“大骂新党和康有为”。从这些话中可以看出，鲁四老爷具有旧社会普遍的传统老学究的模样，表面上是斯文儒雅，又自命清高，本质上腐朽不堪。众所周知，辛亥革民已经过去十余年，鲁四老爷却还在大骂新党和康有为，这只能表明他要装做关心国事，其实并不了解。同时也表现了他思想的迂腐守旧，连康有为的思想都难以接受，那么孙中山的理论更无法理解。这样短短几句话，一个活生生的形象跃然纸上。

作品对于鲁四老爷的书房的交代颇具意蕴。“极分明的显出壁上挂着的朱拓的大‘寿’字，陈抟老祖写的，一边的对联已经脱落，松松的卷了放在长桌上，一边的还在，道是‘事理通达心气和平’。我又无聊赖的到窗下的案头去一翻，只见一堆似乎未必完全的《康熙字典》，一部《近思录集注》和一部《四书衬》”。这段十分细致的描写则集中进一步体现了鲁四老爷的的身份，爱好以及立场。书房里的两本书都是宋代理学的入门书，一幅对联也是出自宋代理学家朱熹的文章。但是似乎陈抟老祖的“寿”字在这儿有些不合时宜，陈抟老祖是科举不中而去做道士的，好象和书房的气氛格格不入。这恰恰却可以看出“道学先生”鲁四老爷的另一面；这些也为此后，从他初见祥林嫂即“皱眉”，一直到祥林嫂死后还大骂“谬种”，他的一系列行为埋下伏笔。无疑这样的述写都极好的刻画出这个道学先生冷酷无情的面孔及他对封建礼教那种近乎神祗的顶礼膜拜。而作品着重点在于从鲁四老爷对祥林嫂态度反映当时的社会问题，即并不是地主阶级如何在经济上、政治上剥削和压迫农民阶级的问题，而主要是封建社会遗留的妇女问题。其实，不仅是鲁四老爷，小说中的其它人物，如祥林嫂的婆婆、大伯、先后两个丈夫、短工、柳妈、卫老婆子以及镇上的那些神情冷漠的人们，刻画在作品中旨在说明：在漫长的封建社会里，由于反动统治阶级的倡导，封建礼教通过种种渠道，形成了强大的社会舆论。它的影响，就如同一张看不见大网，已经遍及社会的各个阶层，各个角落，成了笼罩在祥林嫂头上的一种极其可怕的传统的习惯势力。小说批判的锋芒，是指向整个封建宗法制度，特别是以思想和道德规范的形式所体现出来的封建礼教，而非仅仅限于个人。小说深刻的主题在于揭示：封建礼教是怎样无情地吞噬了一个无辜、善良而又勤劳的农村劳动妇女，而不在于追究迫害祥林嫂的“元凶”、“首恶”。当然，做为一个封建理学道德的信奉者，鲁四老爷无疑是作者鞭挞的对象，然而作者鞭挞他的目的，是为了揭露封建理学道德的残酷性和虚伪性。这样的一个反面人物却为全文主旨的表达起到十分重要的烘托作用。

如果说祥林嫂的一生是一场悲剧，那鲁四老爷的一生又何尝不是？因为也许他至死都无法接受和理解新思想、新社会、新潮流，却被自己抑或传统的根深蒂固的封建思想给荼毒着，也奴役着，更可怕的是他自己浑然不知，实在可恨又可怜。鲁迅先生写《祝福》旨在拯救国民于水火，他不吝惜于自己的力量，更寄希望于更多的和他一般有“良知”的人，能“懂得人”的人。因而他在无奈和悲凉中“祝福”着，也期冀着。

二、女人的墓碑

曾经有人怀揣着“路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。⑦”的雄韬伟略，立志救国救民；曾经有人登临而嗟叹“举世皆浊我独清，众人皆醉我独醒。⑧”怎奈世俗太肮脏，即使大声恸号“长太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰。⑨”也无力扭转乾坤，一个孤独的行者，最后落得怀石沉江，成为历史永远的遗憾——那人便是屈原。而鲁迅先生之于屈大夫，纵然古今相隔，却有着同样火热而执著的灵魂。“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛。⑩”一个这样忧国忧民的文人却是世界上最孤独者一类，他没有如同当时御用文人般大肆鼓吹社会主旋律，而是用一颗敏感的心去感触祥林嫂一类生活在时代最低处劳动人民的真实魂灵。字字锥心，声声泣血，鲁迅先生就是用这样一颗良知的心感动了亿万同胞。

（一）祥林嫂：一场灵魂的谋杀与救赎

祥林嫂是《祝福》一文鲁迅先生浓重刻画的主要人物之一。祥林嫂的一生是坎坷悲惨的一生，最终沦为乞丐的她，就在年终人们祝福的欢乐气氛中，怀着无限复杂矛盾的心情冻饿致死。祥林嫂是我国封建社会千千万万个妇女悲惨命运的缩影，是千千万万中**亲悲惨一生的深刻写照。她的一生是对中国吃人的封建社会的血泪控诉，她的死更是由于一场灵魂的谋杀与救赎。作者用生动的笔触，深刻的叙写让我们见证了祥林嫂一生几次重大的转变过程。

一）、模样周正，健壮耐劳的祥林嫂

祥林嫂“年纪二十六七”，脸色虽然“青黄”，“但两颊还是红的”。模样儿“周正”，“手脚壮大”，“顺着眼”，“很像一个安分耐劳的人”，被四婶留下后，她做工手脚麻利，干起活来也“抵得过一个男子”，能“彻夜的煮福礼”，以至于鲁四老爷家最后“竟没有添短工”，从另一个角度说明了劳动强度大，工作是十分艰辛的，“然而她反满足，口角边渐渐有了笑影，脸上也白胖了”，事实证明，她确实安份耐劳。作者用平凡简练的语言写出了祥林嫂确实是一个劳动能手，也为后来祥林嫂的悲惨遭遇设置铺垫。二）、被迫改嫁，“强力反抗”的祥林嫂

在所谓“在家从父，出嫁从夫，夫死从子”（即“三从”）的封建礼教奴役下的中国劳动妇女是地位卑微甚至没有任何地位的一类群体。祥林嫂嫁给了一个现在只有十六七岁的又已经死去了的丈夫，就嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗，生是人家的人，死是人家的鬼，所以，她的婆家要把她抓回去，是“天经地义”的事。这个婆家做事先是鬼鬼祟祟，“远远地看见一个男人在对岸徘徊，很像夫家的堂伯”。然后是十分强悍野蛮，他们待祥林嫂到河边淘米，“刚刚要跪下去”，那躲在白篷船里的两个男人，又是“跳”，又是“抱”，又是“拖”，最后是把祥林嫂“捆了躺在船板上”。他们像对待一只牲畜一样对待祥林嫂。读到这里，读者不禁扣问他们为什么敢这样做呢？这就是那些所谓“三从四德”——封建的“夫权”在纵容着他们。

祥林嫂不肯改嫁，甚至在成亲那天撞香案角寻死，“头上碰了一个大窟窿，鲜血直流，用了两把香灰，包上两块红布还止不住血”，然而还是徒劳，被人“七手八脚的将她和男人反关在新房里”。可以看出，祥林嫂再嫁时出格的哭闹, 与其说是对压迫的反抗, 还不如说是对封建礼教“一女不事二夫”戒律的恪守。后来她之所以安心跟了贺老六, 还“到年底就生了一个孩子”，道理其实也很简单。因为拜过堂之后, 她与贺老六已经是名正言顺的夫妻了, 她没有理由不尽为妻之道。可谁叫“天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福”，旧社会伤寒病流行，这种本来可以治好的病，由于医疗落后，造成大量病人死亡；贺老六可能是被传染了，加上自己又不懂卫生知识，“本来已经好了的，吃了一碗冷饭，复发了”，然而“祸不单行”，儿子阿毛又被狼衔去了。这样，族权这条绳索又绞到祥林嫂的脖子上了，“大伯来收屋，又赶她”，“她真是走投无路了，只好来求老主人。”

三）、家破人亡，失魂落魄的祥林嫂 从作品的描写来看, 祥林嫂对祥林的死、贺老六的死、阿毛的被狼叼走等等, 没有任何责任。但是由于改嫁、丧夫、失子这一连串的打击让这个原本“暂时坐11”的女人精神濒临毁灭的边缘。稳了奴隶○当祥林嫂第二次来到鲁四老爷堂前时，她“两颊上已消失了血色”，“眼角上带着泪痕”，身体和精神是大不如前了。她泣不成声地向人们诉说着她的阿毛的悲惨故事。对于祥林嫂来说，儿子被狼吃掉，是因为自己疏忽大意，“于心有愧”，所以阿毛的死成了她心灵上无法医治的创伤，久久不能释怀。她企图借助喋喋不休地讲故事来博得别人的同情和安慰，以减少自己思念的痛苦，结果越说越想，越想越说。要知道，这不是一般的追述，而是在反复咀嚼自己的痛苦，这种痛苦始终在折磨她。然而当祥林嫂三番五次地讲她的阿毛的故事时，连“最慈悲的念佛的老太太们，眼里也再不见有一点泪的痕迹”了。再加上祥林嫂第二次到鲁家做工，表现大不如前，手脚不灵，记性不好，“死尸似的脸上整日没有笑容”。一边鲁四老爷深深地嫌弃她是两次失去丈夫的寡妇。另一边祥林嫂却还在为自己命运不断挣扎着，再后来听取了柳妈这个“好心人”的劝诫，被认为自己犯了不可饶恕的罪，需要捐门槛，遭受“千人踏，万人跨”才能赎罪。为了捐门槛，她默默忍受，把历来积存、用血汗换来的钱捐了门槛。当她以为赎了罪，坦然地去拿酒杯筷子时，四婶大叫一声“你放着罢，祥林嫂”，这一举动彻底打破了祥林嫂的幻想。这时，“她象是受了炮烙似的缩手，脸色变作灰黑”“失神地站着”，“这一回她的变化非常大”，“眼睛凹陷下去，连精神也更不济了”，这是封建礼教对她的一次最致命的打击。祥林嫂终于明白了捐门槛不过是一个愚弄，而自己昼夜渴望的救赎的念头不过是一场幻梦。四）欲活不能、想死不敢的祥林嫂

一次又一次精神上的打击、肉体上的折磨，把祥林嫂逼上了上街行乞这条绝路。她精神上无任何寄托，生活上无任何依靠，行为上无任何归宿。谁也可以管她，谁也可以不管她。她无衣无食，饥寒交迫。她可能还有一点点思维能力，因为她还没有死去。她欲活不能，想死不敢。但终于在河边上遇见了“我”。五）惨死雪地、横遭唾骂的祥林嫂

在离开这个“把她往死里赶”的人间的前夕，“头发已经全白”的祥林嫂想到了魂灵，她想到了阴间，想到了两个“死鬼的丈夫”，想到了阿毛。于是终于向“识字的、见识得多”的“出门人”“我”提出了一个猝不及防的难题：“人死了之后，究竟有没有魂灵的？”“也许有罢，——我想。”“我”吞吞吐吐的回答。当她从宿命论向无神论迈出了第一步时，也走上了生命的终点，祥林嫂终在年尾人们“欢乐祥和”的祝福气氛中，冻死在雪地里。但她的死讯传到鲁四老爷的耳朵里时，鲁四老爷却骂她是一个“谬种”，原因是“不早不迟，偏偏要在这个时候”。更加可悲的是，那些与祥林嫂处于相同命运的短工们，表情也极为冷淡。“怎么死的？——还不是穷死的？”短工淡然的回答，更增添了祥林嫂的死的悲剧色彩。

著名作家丁玲说过，“祥林嫂是非死不可的”。的确，在中国封建社会中，女性可以说是一直处在被压迫的地位。男尊女卑的思想贯穿始终。封建礼教让女性没有人身和活动的自由，更没有平等和权利一说。女性不仅在现实中受到男性在政治上的歧视，压迫和奴役，而且在文学中也同样受到男性的“文学虐待或文本骚扰”以及审美变形，异化，扭曲和奴役。女性的个性完全被压制，扭曲。虽然也有一些女性会起来反抗。但是由于一直以来封建礼教的约束，活动与思想的空间受到了极大限制。她们无法直接接触到社会最现实的一面，无法看清历史潮流，无法准确地把握自己的命运。有些虽然受到了良好的教育，却缺乏实际生活的经验，只是简单的恪守教条。面对社会对女性的不公的压迫和奴役，她们只是单纯的以一种浪漫主义的不成熟的反抗方式试图改变这种状况。而如祥林嫂一类生活在社会低层面的无知识、无思想的劳动妇女群体连反抗意识都没有，她们连什么是反抗都不知道，甚至觉得反抗就是罪恶。她们这样的群体是可悲的，这样的社会更是可叹。从而也反映出作者面对此类现状从心底里迸发出的深刻的无奈与悲凉。

参照鲁迅的挚友许寿裳先生的一段被人们广泛引用的精辟论断: “《祝福》描写一个旧社会中的女牺牲者, 极其深刻, 使知人世惨事, 不惨在狼吃阿毛, 而惨在礼教吃祥林嫂”。他话中的“牺牲者”三字大体触摸到了鲁迅先生倾心描写的祥林嫂形象的真正内涵。诚然，在封建礼教的残害下，祥林嫂一生的坎坷悲剧只是成为了亿万个中国女性墓碑的一个缩影。

如果不能彻底变革封建制度，不从根本上动摇封建思想的权威，不从思想上唤醒每一个被封建礼教荼毒的人的灵魂，祥林嫂的悲剧、中国广大女性的悲剧还会重演，并且一直重复下去。这也是鲁迅先生的“祝福”内容。然而鲁迅先生最终没有能找到完全唤醒民众的思想，唤醒一个民众，一个时代的灵魂的正确方法，没有实现他救国救民的报复，或许也成为他心中永远的伤痛与遗憾，更显无尽悲凉。

（二）、“我”：不是凶手的凶手

正所谓“事出有因”、“行必有果”，如果说祥林嫂的悲剧是注定的劫数，那么文章中对于“我”的形象的塑造更是使得这场悲剧变得更加尖锐深刻。“我”看似一个文弱的知识分子，却有意无意的成为了那场悲伤轮回的助推器，对全文主旨的抒写起到推波助澜的作用。鲁迅先生匠心独运，正是通过“我”的所见所闻所感来触摸那一时期知识分子的灵魂世界，揭示他们的心路历程，带有深刻的审视反思意味。或者说，这场女性的悲剧，“我”成了不是凶手的凶手。在整个故事构造和思想意蕴的表述中，“我”扮演了多重但却十分特殊角色，具体表现在：

一）孤独的漂泊者

鲁迅小说中的“我”是个小资产阶级知识分子，是个与鲁镇社会格格不入的异类。从前离开鲁镇，从弥漫着浓重封建宗法和迷信思想的农村走出，进入受到新思想新文化影响的都市中，满怀希望追求别样的新的生活。可现实的黑暗混乱与重重矛盾，使“我”感到苦闷彷徨，甚至觉得前途迷惘，无路可走。这时故乡的丑陋一面可能变得模糊，而故乡鲜美生动的一面日益清晰起来，于是“我”怀着寻求慰藉与希望得到排解的心理重新回到故乡。但回去之后，“家”已不存在，而在我离去后的几年里，故乡竟丝毫未受到外界环境的影响，一切都没有改变。祝福的习俗、各种祭祀活动“年年如此，家家如此”，“今年自然也如此”；鲁四老爷依然在骂早已成为保守派的康有为为“新党”；几个本家朋友“也都没有大改变”。这种一成未变的情形与思想上难以沟通的窒息令“我”度日如年。因此，故乡之行不仅未让“我”找到精神上的皈依，反而使“我”陷入了更大的苦闷之中，“我”像逃跑一般地“明天决计要走了”。如此看来，“我”从混乱黑暗的都市来到故乡小憩排遣，又从封闭窒息的故乡中逃离而去，“我”在中国封建传统与西方现代文明之间找不到一个合适的落脚点，也找不到一个契合点。在“我”身上，折射出了那一时期小资产阶级知识分子所共有的精神状态，他们游离于现实与理想之间，找不到心灵栖息的树，成为了一个精神上孤独的漂泊者。二）悲剧的见证人

小说开始采用第一人称叙述者的视角，写“我”离开鲁镇后又回到了鲁镇，亲眼目睹，亲耳听闻了祥林嫂的悲惨遭遇。由此可知，祥林嫂的故事是镶嵌在“我”的故事中的。在追叙祥林嫂的故事的时候，“我”看似隐身不见了，取而代之以第三人称叙述，事实上“我”是站在故事的背后客观冷静地叙述祥林嫂初到鲁镇，被逼再嫁，二到鲁镇，沦为乞丐及惨然离世的悲惨经历。作为悲剧故事的见证人，“我”几乎见证了一个女性的生命被践踏遭毁灭的整个过程。值得一提的是，当祥林嫂遭遇了一系列肉体和精神的连环打击之后，弥留之际想到了魂灵和阴司，恰好碰见了“我”。“这正好。你是识字的，又是出门人，见识得多。我正要问你一件事——”，尤以特别的是“她那没有精采的眼睛忽然发光了。”这一细微的神态描写更将祥林嫂心理痛苦的挣扎表现得淋漓尽致。然而恰恰在“我”站立发愣的时候，“她走近两步，放低了声音，极秘密似的切切的说，‘一个人死了之后，究竟有没有魂灵的？’”。神神秘秘、絮絮叨叨的话语将故事的发展推向了高潮。“也许有罢，——我想。”得到“我”模棱两可的回答后不久，祥林嫂悲惨的一生最终画上句点。这场悲剧本是没有现实意义的凶手的，但在某种程度上讲我却成为不是凶手的凶手。因此，“我”作为作者这一特定形象的出现，既是线索，串连起了这两个故事，又作为一个见证人来叙述故事，有助于增强故事的可信度和感染力，也有利于“我”剖析自己的内心世界，深剜社会、人世的精神毒瘤。

三）愚弱的逃避者

鲁镇社会的封闭窒息、迷信落后，鲁镇人们的麻木愚昧、冷淡浅薄是“我”决计离开的一个因素，而另一个重要因素是祥林嫂临终前对“我”的追问，使“我”陷入了一种两难的境地，而“我”的“说不清”的回答很难说与祥林嫂的死不无关系。

关于祥林嫂的三个提问：①人死后有没有魂灵？②有没有地狱？③死去的家人能否见面？我们从这些不难知道，祥林嫂沦为乞丐以后一直是在生的艰难与死的恐惧中痛苦地挣扎着，而她苟延残喘至今的主要原因也是由于对死的恐惧的精神支撑，因此这三个问题是一直萦绕在祥林嫂心头的挥之不去的难题。当她遇到了“我”这个见过世面的读书人，于是似乎是本能地郑重地提出来的。如果我们分析一下祥林嫂此时的心理，似乎可以肯定祥林嫂因为生之艰难而宁愿去死，又因为对死的恐惧，她趋利避害，宁愿相信人死后没有魂灵也无地狱。如果“我”给了祥林嫂这样的答案，也就求证了祥林嫂的怀疑，那她的死亡之路或许可以走得轻松一点。但“我”先是顺应迷信，而后又含糊其辞的搪塞着回答，这一切摧毁了她心里原有的疑虑，加深了她对魂灵和地狱的肯定，最终使她在对死的极度恐惧中凄惨离世。在这里，祥林嫂对死亡的提问“却将自认为是现代知识分子的我置于困境：我既对这类形而上意味的深层问题缺乏关注与思考，面对祥林嫂的追问，又落入‘说出真实’与‘说谎’的两难境地，我终于以‘说不清’即中国传统的中庸之道〔2〕回避了对其追问的明确回答。”先是逃避了祥林嫂的追问，后又欲逃避祥林嫂死亡给自己带来的心理负担，于是再次决计明天离开，让福兴楼的鱼翅去安慰和忘却内心的不安和欠疚。同时又为祥林嫂的死找到了更好的理由，以为像她这样的玩物死何尝不是一种最好的选择，“为人为己也还都不错”，虽不乏愤激之意，沉痛之感，但我的内心反而“渐渐舒畅起来”，以至于第二天起来时“懒散而且舒适”，这是我经历了一番内心挣扎之后的解脱法，用忘却来逃避对这件事的责难。因此，我之再度离开故乡与其说是逃避这个窒息的环境，逃避祥林嫂之死带来的不安与自责，不如说是在逃避家乡现实所提出的生存困境，逃避着一个知识分子必然要面临的社会矛盾。四）彷徨的自省者

但看小说中的“我”，虽然“我”再度离开多少含有对家乡现实所提出的生存困境的逃避性，但小说并不限于“我”为逃避而找种种理由来排解，更为重要的是“我”由此而深入地开掘自己的灵魂，反思传统文化下人们的生存现状。当祥林嫂以一个“灵魂审问者”的角色一再追问“我”的时候，我也就把自己放在了灵魂的审判台上；当我仓皇逃离祥林嫂的追问后，却又背负上了沉重的精神十字架，不得不拷问自己的道德良心；当听说祥林嫂就在那一晚去世后，我回忆起祥林嫂的这悲惨的一生，深入地体察到造成这一悲剧的社会根源和文化根源。强烈的反思意识和批判精神，挖出了“我”人格和灵魂的分裂，我痛恨愚昧落后的鲁镇文化，痛恨伸向祥林嫂的无名黑手，但在现实问题面前，却缺乏与之彻底决裂抗争的勇气。面对落后的封建意识形态，“我”无招架之力，不仅暴露出本质上的软弱与浅薄，还透视出了内心深处与之千丝万缕的血缘关系。正是这一种彷徨中的反省，让我们听到一个具有现代意识的知识分子内心的挣扎、徘徊、忧虑和无奈，听到了社会矛盾、文化矛盾相互碰撞的声音，鲁迅先生正是通过“我”对封建宗法和迷信思想残害生活在社会底层一类尤其是女性的这一黑暗现状的自省与反思，从而在读者心中产生了强烈的唤醒效应和震撼效果，激发他们自身更加深刻清醒的反省、困厄与思索，进而期冀着更多民众的觉悟和社会的彻底变革及新时代的到来。

吃人的社会，女性的墓碑，我们的悲伤没有泪。

注释

①鲁迅《华盖集续编·纪念刘和珍君》第二段。原文于1926年4月12日发表在《故事会》周刊第七十四期。②鲁迅《呐喊·自序》。③鲁迅《故乡》。

④唐·杜甫《自京赴奉先县咏怀五百字》。

⑤唐·白居易《卖炭翁》。

⑥战国·孟子《孟子·梁惠王上》。⑦战国末年·屈原《离骚》。

⑧战国末年·屈原《楚辞·渔父》。⑨战国末年·屈原《离骚》。⑩鲁迅《自嘲》。

11鲁迅《鲁迅全集·灯下漫笔》○。

〔1〕《汉典》关于“阶级社会”条。

〔2〕中庸之道：指不偏不倚，折中调和的处世态度。《论语·庸也》：“中庸之为德也，其至矣乎。”出自《汉典》关于“中庸之道”条。

第四篇：鲁迅祝福读后感（通用）

鲁迅祝福读后感（通用9篇）

细细品味一本名著后，相信大家一定领会了不少东西，需要回过头来写一写读后感了。怎样写读后感才能避免写成“流水账”呢？以下是小编为大家整理的鲁迅祝福读后感（通用9篇），希望对大家有所帮助。

昨天在鲁迅的《彷徨》里又一次读到了《祝福》也就是在不久我又在网上看了一遍同名电影。这已经是我第二遍读和看《祝福》了。书中说的和影视演的是有一些出入的，但是主要的内容是一样的但是我总感觉影视里祥林嫂要更加的深刻。直到现在我也无法想像为什么在那个社会一个人竟然会那样悲惨的死去，不知道是因为那是的人思想太保守了还是说现在人的思想太开放了。

书里的这样一段让我颇有些印象——以身为乞丐的祥林嫂碰到回鲁镇的鲁迅问鲁迅：人死后到底有没有魂灵，鲁迅也不太确定当时我感觉应该是鲁迅为了给祥林嫂一些精神寄托才说：可能有吧。但是祥林嫂又反问道：那也有地狱了？鲁迅无法回答了就搪瓷的走了。几天后鲁迅从下人的嘴中得知祥林嫂死了，这使得鲁迅很是愧疚总感觉是自己的话加速了祥林嫂的死亡，可见鲁迅是一个很有责任感的一个人，当祥林嫂二次丧夫走投无路又一次回到鲁四爷当下手的时候，同为下人的柳妈竟说祥林嫂到阴间要被那两个死鬼用锯锯成两半，这使得祥林嫂很是恐惧只有去庙里捐门槛让万人踏千人骑才能减轻自己的罪孽。祥林嫂将积攒的一年的工钱去庙里捐了一条门槛，后来总被主人打发了从此变成了乞丐，就这样在死了两次丈夫阿毛又被狼吃了之后祥林嫂终于没有了气力就在那个祝福的晚上祥林嫂死去了。

纵观祥林嫂的一生怎是坎坷二字了得一个那么要强的女人到最后却是那样的命运在过去的社会人太容易死了病源来自思想上，现代的人也太容易死了病源来自身体上，这也许就是常说的横竖都是一死吧。

祥林嫂已然已经受不住这个以外得沉重打击，她当时就说“像是受了炮烙似的缩手，脸色同时变作灰黑”，一个善良的灵魂被彻底摧毁，欲做奴隶而不得的祥林嫂，终于一步一步地被推上了死亡的深渊。

而然，最大的不幸并不在于祥林嫂这一连串悲惨的遭遇，而在于她一再地把自己的不幸当成幸福。这才是祥林嫂不幸中得最大不幸，悲剧中的最大悲剧。

鲁迅用这一支饱蘸了满腔悲愤的笔，入目三分地描写了祥林嫂悲剧的一生，也深刻揭露了国民的愚昧和当时如铁屋子般的黑暗。

鲁迅炉火纯青的艺术技巧让我震撼，而他笔下所流淌的那些深沉而激愤的思想，他所流露救国救民的情绪，深深眷恋祖国，却又憎恨病态社会现实的情感，更是让我掩卷沉思，感慨万千。是啊，不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡！

读冰心，你可以在昏黄的灯下，捧一杯香茗，细细品读；读周作人，你可以靠在床头，摆一个最舒服的姿势，饶有兴味地翻开；而读鲁迅，你一定要正襟危坐，让灵魂经受那最睿智最深沉的思想的洗礼！

一个彷徨又无助的身影，一个单薄又模糊的身躯，无力地向前，最终又无力的倒下，永久的倒下。“人死后究竟有没有魂灵？”这句话时而盘旋耳边，真切刺骨，时而遥远渺茫，漂浮虚幻……

是谁在黑暗中叹息，是谁在彷徨中挣扎？一个身影的逝去，却带来了无尽的深思。人道是黄河十曲，毕竟东流去，漂浮其间，无奈独流水……

祥林嫂——一个旧社会的典型代表，平凡的人生经历了不平凡的伤痛，弱小的身躯支持着沉重的压力，经历着时代轮回，四季交替，在凛凛寒风中，走向了生命的尽头——死亡，永远沉睡在厚厚的积雪之下。

祥林嫂怀着对世界的渴望来到了人世，却带着无尽的愁苦古都离开了。怜悯之心，固然有志，但更多是对社会的评判。这是我想起了孔乙己，同样是生活在旧社会，同样是受尽煎熬，同样是艰难的朝向远方，满满的逝去，留下一个沉痛的身影。这与祥林嫂惊人的相同。封建社会的腐朽，还有那艰苦挣扎的农民，一声声无奈的叹息，随着一个王朝的灭亡，一同消逝，找不到半点踪迹。

当清晨的风刮起第一粒沙的时候，整个世界都像电视画面一样，不自然扭动了一下，立即转向原貌，云依旧飞。风依旧吹，但我们都隐隐约约地感到这一不是原来的那个世界了。

朝露昙花，咫尺天涯，祥林乙己，已为虚无，东流水去无从返，倚心惊回往，八千年玉老，一夜枯荣，问苍天此生何必？

怅然若失，仰观前路，人生希望重重在，何必闭塞阻明月。一饮壶觞千滴醉，点滴心头，一语忧伤归空尽，只留一颗晶莹泪，悬在空中，留在感人心。

沁凉如水的夜风如鬼魅一般划过城市的夜空，悄无声息，却惊醒了我沉睡的梦。迷惑懵懂的心还藏着昨日的忧绪与愁丝。一团一团，剪不断，理还乱。

读完鲁迅先生的《祝福》，我有种压抑是说不出来的。在我这个容易多愁善感的年纪，我常常会不由得读别人的故事哭自己。担这次，我却是压抑得落不下泪来。

只是，突然好想打开窗，让呼吸更顺畅些。

祥林嫂，这个悲剧的化身，历尽了尘世间所有的痛苦，带着满心的屈辱与伤害，终是离开了我们。为什么说是“终”？她的死，是偶然中的一个必然。即便她没有寻死的意愿，即便她还有生存下去的意念，她还是会被社会中那只无情的，黑暗的手所杀害。我不知道祥林嫂最终是死于何种原因，我只能揣测，她在闭上眼的最后一刻应该是没有忘记微笑罢。祥林嫂在生活中受尽苦难，历尽嘲讽，在封建礼教冷血的狞笑中步履艰难地走着。这时候，死亡对她来说，已不再是恐惧。在现实的痛楚里，死对她来说更像是一种解脱。她死了，我想，她是看到了安琪儿美丽的微笑了。当岁月的蹉跎将两鬓白霜吹进她的发，我想，她是看到了解脱的光点……

时光飞转，如今已不再是那个“男尊女卑”的封建黑暗社会了。在当今这个提倡“人人平等”“民主自立”的社会主义下，却还是“隐藏”着许许多多不同概念的“祥林嫂”。

现在这个提倡“计划生育”的时代中，我们大部分都是独生子女。个个集三千宠爱于一身，父母无不是“捧在手中怕掉了，含在嘴里怕化了”的。然而，在糖罐中长大的我们，却是有许多悲凉。不可否认，每个孩子都渴望被关爱，但在被关爱的过程中，却是既享受又害怕。我们得到的越多，就害怕得越厉害。我们怕自己不够好，给不了、做不到父母所期望的。我们理解父母们“望子成龙，望女成凤”的心情，真的理解。我们当然在努力，再努力，努力使自己看不到父母失望的表情。可，沉浮风景。在如今这个竞争激烈的社会里，到处可见“沉浮风景”。

有人浮起来，就必有人沉下去；有人在笑，就会有人哭泣。我们也许真的不是很惧怕失败，我们只是害怕失去。失去父母鼓励的微笑，失去爬起来的信心。关爱，期望，学业，考试，升学……太多太多，压迫着我们。我们都承受着应试教育给我们的种种压力。它束缚着我们，就好比束缚着祥林嫂的封建礼教，让我们身不由己，让我们意识到竞争的残酷——你不去踩别人，就要被人踩。但同时，我们却也在拥护着应试制度，认为那是现在最公平的方式，每天每天地用功。达尔文是对的——“适者生存”。我们都在尽力让自己适应，适应充满压力的生活，适应残酷的竞争，适应让自己更强壮与强大。

这里，我们的悲伤没有泪。

幸福的家庭总是相似的，不幸的家庭各有各的不幸。

上中学时，喜欢读鲁迅小说。最近重新看了《祝福》，又有了更深的理解。祥林嫂的悲剧，是对封建势力的控诉。鲁迅的一生，是与千百万劳苦大众站在一道的，这一点，在《祝福》里面反映的很明显。

一般人阅读文学作品，常常是从旁观者的视角来看它。要是作一下角色互换，如果我们是鲁镇村子里的一个人，我们会对祥林嫂采取什么样的态度和行为？如果我们就是祥林嫂本人，面对那么多的精神苦难和身体苦难会怎样？自己又希望他人如何对待自己？

很多人就是鲁迅笔下的“无聊的看客”，对同一阶层的祥林嫂的死也是那么的无所谓！很多人也不过是把祥林嫂当成是茶余饭后的谈资，鲁镇人对祥林嫂的痛苦是又冷又尖的鄙视与戏笑，这是一种对他人痛苦的麻木冷漠。

经典作品可以穿透时间与空间直达今天，是培育、增加了我们的人文素养，看到愚昧的人的原型下值得尊敬的.痛苦，也剖析自己认出我们的原型而涌出悲天悯人的情怀，理解人世间的痛苦。那么这思想的成长又有什么现实意义呢？我想人们若都能站在他人的立场去与之交往，不管是同事间朋友间两辈间一定是少了很多不必要的纠缠、伤害，而多了人性化的理解关怀，当然我们的理解是在法律与道德的范畴内。

一个人如果不懂爱别人，不去资助受难的人们，不同情弱者，那么这样的人就是低级的人。从鲁迅作品中，要读出人性的根本，读懂自己的为人处世方式，更要认出自己的缺点，看出社会的不公。起码要明白，伤害别人就是伤害自己，不尊重别人就是不尊重自己，因为人都一样。

《祝福》堪称一部经典之作，历经时间的考验，人们仍能常读常新。鲁迅作品的丰富的艺术内涵与思想内涵，的确是博大精深。无论时光如何流转，鲁迅作品的思想内涵，仍象一面镜子一样，照出今天的我们身上的劣根性。

今天，我阅读了鲁迅先生的《祝福》，读后我深有感受。

小说采用倒叙的手法，塑造了一个在封建礼法的迫害。蹂躏下牺牲的旧社会劳动妇女的形象——祥林嫂。祥林嫂一生非常悲惨：二十六七岁就成了寡妇，给“四叔”当女工，后来又被强行嫁给贺老六，结果贺老六也死了，孩子阿毛又被狼叼了去。她又被迫给“四叔”当女工。在四叔家，她又受到歧视被逐走，最后饥寒而死。

祥林嫂的悲惨遭遇，充分反映了封建地主阶级对劳动人民的剥削。奴役和歧视。反映了封建宗法制度。鬼神迷信和封建道德观念对人民的虐杀。

小说多用动作描写表现人物的特点，例如：“他们一不小心，一松手，啊呀，阿弥陀佛，她就一头撞伤了香案的角，头上碰了一个大窟窿，鲜血直流，用了两把香灰，包上了几层布还止不住血呢。直到把她捆在床上，和她男人反关在新房里，还是骂……”这一段中“撞”“碰”“流血”“骂”写出了祥林嫂的反抗精神；“捆”“关”等写出了封建道德观对人民的迫害。

而今天的我们生活在一个自由。美好的世界，我们应该好好珍惜。

鲁迅的《祝福》这篇文章是我在学校里读的一篇散文。本来我的心情是轻松愉快的，但读后我倍压抑，心情十分沉重。

我个人认为，《祝福》是鲁迅写得最能反映封建社会的愚昧无知的小说。他用“我”的眼光（“我”并不是鲁迅，而是鲁迅虚构的一个具有进步思想的小资产阶级知识分子的形象），把祥林嫂这个人物鲜活地表现出来，把世态的苍凉，封建社会的黑暗暴露无遗。无论是从写事还是写人上看，《祝福》都是一篇非常能反映旧社会丑恶的文章。在我认知鲁迅以前，我一直以为，鲁迅只是一个思想前卫，语言犀利的作家。他的出名只是因为他的杂文和他的思想，但是在看了《祝福》后，我对他的看法渐渐改变，觉得他是一个凭着真本事而屹立在中国文坛上的泰斗。

鲁迅的《祝福》一开始就给人渲染一种悲凉的气氛，写那满天飘舞的雪花，让人感到荒凉痛苦。然后鲁迅慢慢地用祥林嫂的死引出她的一生的悲剧。鲁迅的叙述很自然，把祥林嫂由逃走——打工——被绑走——再嫁——失去丈夫和儿子——再打工——遭唾弃这些遭遇很完整地表达出来，全文鲁迅用一个见证人的叙述方法叙述祥林嫂的一生，没有直接在文章中表达出对祥林嫂的同情。但他在叙述中让读者深深被故事吸引，使大家同情祥林嫂，这表现他的深刻的文学造诣是极高的。这一点值得我们认真学习。

我觉得文章最费解也最发人深思之处是文章的题目“祝福”，文章为什么不叫“祥林嫂”呢？文章写的是悲剧，但是却用了一个很有希望的题目，这正是鲁迅先生最高明的地方，简单的“祝福”两个字，把悲愤和希望都表现出来，引人深省。

文章是表现生活的。而鲁迅的《祝福》是揭示生活，把当时的社会的黑暗愚昧展示给读者。祥林嫂第二个丈夫死了后，她回到鲁家打工，主人并没有关心她，而是在意她的表现比不上以前了，而且还认为她是个克星，在祭奠的时候不让她碰供品。祥林嫂用自己一年的工资去捐了条门槛，但是却仍然没有法改变大家对她的看法，而她自己也过不了自己一关，迅速衰老，自己首先在精神上把自己杀死了。祥林嫂死在大年夜，但是却没有人把她当人看待，只是说她死的不是时候。

鲁四老爷作为地主阶级知识分子的代表，他所持有的是保守的封建道德观，对祥林嫂是鄙夷的；而小说中的我是小资产阶级，是萌发的新生力量和先进思想的代表，虽说唯唯诺诺，但对祥林嫂的遭遇是抱以同情的。从西汉至清末，儒家思想作为社会的主流文化，深扎在中华民族的头脑中，男子三纲五常，女子三从四德，是为人的基本准则。两千多年的根深柢固，随着封建制度的瓦解，面临进步思想和外来文化的冲击。封建的道德准则是与社会现实脱轨，无视人权的。思想的因循守旧是当时中国落后而不奋起的根源。鲁迅呐喊着，以慰籍那些在寂寞里奔驰的猛士和前驱者，唤醒麻木的人们，鼓舞进步青年寻求救国之道……

所以，我要说，站起来吧！迷茫中的人们。起来奋斗吧！

祥林嫂虽然生活在一个不同于现在的时代，但是《祝福》这篇小说却在我的脑海里不断地徘徊，鲁迅说过悲剧就是把美好的东西在众人眼前撕碎。我想这篇《祝福》可能就真正做到了悲剧的塑造，一个命运悲苦的人就在那样一个人心冷漠的时代径自飘零了。

祥林嫂原本是一个命运颇差的年轻妇女，年轻能干，勤劳敬业，对未来还充满着憧憬，勇敢地逃离了束缚自己的婆婆渴望在外地找到新的生活，可是命运不公，祥林嫂被婆婆绑回家，还把她许给了一个山里的男人。那个封建的时代，这是对她多大的屈辱，她的生活好不容易又安定下来了，但是意外又来了。她的第二个丈夫死了，两岁的孩子也被狼叼走了，这个世界又剩下了她孤苦伶仃一个人，为了谋生她回到了以前的雇主家里缺被冷落嫌弃，讲述自己的悲惨遭遇却被人嘲笑挖苦。最后都觉得祥林嫂晦气，她成了乞丐，倒在了乞讨的路上。

与其说这是小说主人公祥林嫂的悲哀，不如说这个那个时代很多命运悲惨的妇女的写照，封建的社会残害了多少无辜的人们，封建的礼节让那么多原本善良的人们见到一个可怜无助的女子而撒手不管。到底是谁害死了祥林嫂，我认为是祥林嫂自己的沦落和封建的时代中冷漠的人心。

还好，我们现在不是那样封建的时代。总是会有温暖的人帮助在黑夜里挣扎的人，这个世界永远是光明打败黑暗。庆幸，这个世界的大部分人没有被艰难的命运打到，敢于做命运的主人。

祝福所有的人在什么时代都不要冷漠，都不要沉沦。

一个彷徨又无助的身影，一个单薄又模糊的身躯，无力的向前，最终无力的倒下，埋在厚厚的积雪中。当鲁镇祝福的钟声敲响，鲁镇的人们沉浸在幸福的祝福的氛围时，祥林嫂却带着满怀的愁苦悲惨离开了这个世界。“人死后究竟有没有灵魂，有没有地狱，死去的一家人是否能团聚”，这句话时而盘旋耳边，真切刺骨，时而遥远渺茫，漂浮虚幻……这一连串的问题一直以来困扰着可怜的祥林嫂子，她本指望知识渊博的鲁迅先生来解答，谁知得到的也只是一个模棱两可的回答，祥林嫂是带着怎样的遗憾离开这个世界的，我们可想而知。

是谁在黑暗中叹息，是谁在彷徨中挣扎？一个身影的逝去，却带来了无尽的深思。人道是黄河十曲，毕竟东流去，漂浮期间，无奈独流水……是谁使如此勤劳善良的祥林嫂有着如此悲剧的命运？是万恶的、吃人的旧社会；是鲁四爷、鲁四婶、卫婆子、祥林嫂的婆婆，还有柳妈、鲁镇上的那些人们，都在有意无意的伤害着祥林嫂。

祥林嫂是旧社会底层劳动妇女的典型代表，她平凡的人生经历了不平凡的伤痛，弱小的身躯支持着沉重的压力，经历着时代的轮回，四季的交替，在凛冽的寒风中走向了生命的尽头，永远沉睡在厚厚的积雪之下。

当然，我们现在拥有如此幸福的生活都是发生在新中国成立以后，是无数的革命先烈们用鲜血换来的，所以我们女孩子都要珍惜现在的幸福生活，发奋图强，努力学习，学好本领，长大后在广阔的社会舞台上展现自己的才华，秀出女孩子的风采。

第五篇：鲁迅 祝福 教案

祝福鲁迅

教学目的：

通过本文的学习，思想上：了解旧中国下层劳动妇女的不幸遭遇和悲惨命运，认识封建礼教吃人的罪恶。

故乡鲁镇：闭塞落后愚昧迷信

（讲理学的老监生：比先前并没有什麽大改变大骂其新党所骂的还是康有为

本家和朋友：他们也都没有什麽大改变

年终大典祝福：年年如此，家家如此）

主要人物是谁？（祥林嫂）

她的身份是什麽？（寡妇、女佣、再嫁寡妇、女佣-----社会下层劳动妇女）

她有怎样的人生经历？（先后两次丧夫，独子惨遭狼吃，沦为乞丐惨死雪夜。）

死前景况：（四十上下头发全白，脸上瘦削不堪黄中带黑，消尽悲哀仿佛木刻，提着空破碗，拄着破竹竿-----纯乎是一个乞丐）

2． 写出：其人生悲剧的情节提纲：（夫小十岁，初婚不幸。丧夫受虐，勇逃魔掌。

初做女佣，勤劳能干。被卖再嫁，出格反抗。

亡夫丧子，连遭不幸。再做女佣，备受歧视。

沦为乞丐，饱尝炎凉。惨死雪夜，仍被咒骂。）

3．分析：在她身上哪些方面的表现是劳动妇女的特质？（手脚都壮大、食物不论，力气不惜、勤快，整天地做，似乎闲着就无聊、然而反满足-----安分耐劳勤快能干）

（“变成奴隶“还万分喜欢”--------最后“想做奴隶而不得”）

在她身上哪些方面的表现是一般劳动妇女所不具备的特质？

（并不逆来顺受，敢于奋起反抗：逃出婆家，反虐待；出格地闹

反迫害；求捐门槛，反命运；询问魂灵的有无，怀疑神权统治。

屡遭不幸打击，仍然坚韧坚强：在丧夫丧子又被赶“真是走投无路”的情况下仍要寻求自食其力的活路

面对鲁镇人们“又冷又尖”的嘲笑“总是瞪者眼睛，不说一句话，后来连头也不回了。她整日紧闭了嘴唇”“默默的跑街，扫地，洗菜，淘米。”

4．讨论：这样一个勤劳、坚韧又富有反抗精神的妇女为何命运如此悲惨？（试深入分析一下造成她悲剧性命运的主客观原因。）

点拨：两次丧夫和失去爱子均属不可避免的天灾；

婆婆的虐待迫使她逃出，过上“满足”的生活；

婆婆的强卖反使她“交了好运”有夫有儿；

两次在鲁家做女佣均没有受肉体的打骂虐待和工资的克扣

5．自行组成四人学习小组讨论：哪麽，真正造成她不幸的原因是什麽？是从什麽开始的？

课堂小结（略）

布置课后作业：以“试析造成祥林嫂悲剧性命运的主客观原因”为题，写一篇500字的文学评论。

6：课后感想

第二课时

教学目的：使学生真正认识到鲁迅本文揭示的“礼教吃人”的主题；明白一个人不能盲目的反抗命运教学方法：师点拨，置疑，生讨论发言

教学步骤：1：检查作业（抽查）

2：讨论造成祥林嫂悲剧性命运的主客观原因。

先看祥林嫂反抗精神的表现：

逃出婆家却到讲理学歧视寡妇的老监生鲁四老爷家；

反抗被卖是为了遵从“从一而终”的礼教，却不知贺老六是个可以依托的好人；

想自食其力坚强地活下去却又来到被封建礼教统治着的鲁镇和鲁四老爷家

想摆脱被歧视的境遇却采用并不被人们认可的捐门槛的方式

所以说，主观上，祥林嫂虽有反抗精神，但受环境和时代的局限，带有极大的盲目性。但她毕竟是生活在封建社会下层并不自觉的受封建思想毒害的妇女，我们不能苛求她。

再来看她先后两次到鲁镇人们对她的态度有何变化？

第一次：鲁四老爷：皱了皱眉 讨厌她是一个寡妇

人们：都说她“实在比勤快的男人还勤快”

第二次：鲁四老爷：暗暗地告诫四婶：“这种人---败坏风俗的---不干不净”

人们：“音调和先前很不同：笑容却冷冷的；笑影 又冷又尖

女人们带着“鄙薄的神气”

大家对她“烦厌和唾弃”

他们的笑容和声调“是在嘲笑她”

为什麽有这麽大的变化？谁的话揭破了谜底？

柳妈的话：“索性撞一个死，就好了。现在呢，你和你的第二个男人过活不到两年，倒落了一件大罪名。”

什麽大罪名？-----

三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲

五常：君臣有义，父子有亲，长幼有序，夫妻有别，朋友有信

夫妻有别“别”在何处？

男人可以借七种借口遗弃妻子并可拥有三妻四妾

女人只能必须遵从“三从（幼从父，嫁从夫，夫死从子）四德（妇德 妇言 妇容 妇功）

且“从一而终”，嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗，“活是他的人死是他的鬼

宋明程朱理学：“存天理，灭人欲 ”“饿死事小，失节事大”

“他们注定妇女必须过那掩藏的生活，而使妇女的再醮（再嫁）成为犯罪行为。崇拜贞节-----这是理学家在妇女界中竭力鼓吹的---变成心理上的固定的理想，妇女因此须付社会道德上的责任，而男子则对此享着免杀的特权。妇女更须负责以保全名誉而提高品格。这一点，男人家也常热烈予以赞美，盖至此其主眼已从寻常家庭妇德转移于女性的英雄主义与节烈的牺牲精神。”

--------林语堂《吾国吾民.第五章.妇女生活》

“社会上多数古人模模糊糊传下来的道理，实在无理可讲；能用历史和数目的力量，挤死不合意的人。这一类无主名无意识的杀人团里，古来不晓得死了多少人物；节烈的女子，也就死在这里。-----社会公意不节烈的女人，既然是下品，他在这社会里，是容不住的。”

----------鲁迅《我之节烈观》

小结：全镇人都将学和礼教奉为金科玉律，她一个下层妇女竟敢冒天下之大不韪而一妇两嫁怎不会被视为“败坏风俗的”败类受到歧视、鄙薄、嘲笑、厌弃呢？所以即使做了乞丐，人们也不给她施舍，并对她的死十分冷淡，甚至她生前“食物不论，力气不惜”卖命服务过的主家鲁四老爷还骂她“是一个谬种”。

这样说来，祥林嫂的悲剧，不是个人的悲剧，而是社会和时代的悲剧。残害祥林嫂的也不是某个具体的人，而是封建礼教思想，是鲁镇上深受封建礼教思想毒害的人们，是他们组成的无主名无意识的杀人团自觉或不自觉地用礼教这把软刀子杀害了祥林嫂。大家都不是凶手，又都是凶手。他们的行为都是自觉或不自觉地受封建

礼教思想的驱使，也自觉或不自觉地充当了封建礼教卫道士的角色。所以可以这样说，本文表现的是一出“礼教吃人”的悲剧。

鲁迅生前好友许寿裳先生说：《祝福》的主题“不惨在狼吃阿毛，而惨在礼教吃祥林嫂。”其实在几千年的封建社会里，被礼教吃掉的又何止一个祥林嫂？看看古徽州和全国各地遗存的贞节牌坊，哪一座牌坊下不埋葬着一个被礼教吃掉的无辜妇女的冤魂？难怪鲁迅在小说《狂人日记》里写道“我翻开历史一查，这历史没有年代，歪歪斜斜的每叶上都写着‘仁义道德’几个字。我横竖睡不着，仔细看了半夜，才从字缝里看出字来，满本都写着两个字是‘吃人’/”

因此，鲁迅大声疾呼要掀翻这吃人的筵席，“要除去于人生毫无意义的苦痛。要除去制造并赏玩别人苦痛的昏迷和强暴。---还要发愿：要自己和别人，都纯洁聪明勇猛向上。要除去虚伪的脸谱。要除去世上害己害人的昏迷和强暴。”（《我之节烈观》）

三，再研讨

1，本文既然是一出悲剧，还为何以《祝福》为题？

----祝福是鲁镇的一种封建迷信活动，充满了“男尊女卑”等封建礼教色彩，祝福之时也正是封建思想对人们影响和制约最深的时候，也是人们对祥林嫂歧视和迫害最甚的时候。以此为题可突出主题。

----“祝福”与人物的性格和命运息息相关，是人物命运转变的契机和背景。“祝福”展示了初到鲁镇的祥林嫂的勤劳能干，“祝福”时使一向勤快能干的祥林嫂受到了鲁家的冷遇和歧视，即使她倾其所有，花费了“历年积存的工钱”“在土地庙捐了门槛”后也没有改变。这使她受到了致命的打击，“这一回她的变化非常大，“总是惴惴的，有如白天出穴游行的小鼠；否则呆坐着，直是一个木偶人。”最后被逐出鲁家，沦为乞丐，惨死雪夜。

----所谓“祝福”只是人们的一厢情愿。其实像祥林嫂这样的处在封建思想和制度压迫下的劳动人民哪有福可“祝”？又岂能“祝”来幸福？以“祝福”为题有反讽之意。

2，本文的叙述顺序是什麽？（倒叙）

3，这样安排有什麽好处？（先写她的惨死，就为全文定下的悲剧的基调，也制造出悬念，引人入胜。）4，首尾两段可否删掉？（不可。首段交代了故事发生的背景和与祥林嫂命运有重要关系的一个人物鲁四老爷，没有鲁四老爷这样的人物和鲁镇这样的背景，就不会有祥林嫂这样的人生悲剧。

尾段：呼应全文，也烘托渲染了气氛，突出了主题。否则首尾不完整。

小结：（略）

布置作业：1，作者运用了什麽方法又抓住什麽来描写祥林嫂的？

2，作者在描写鲁四老爷的书房时写道：“一边的对联已经脱落，松松的卷了放

在长桌上，一边的还在，道是‘事理通达心气和平’。请你写出脱落的上联。（品德详明德性坚定----朱熹《四书集注》）

3．思考一下：此处这样的描写有无深意？

（与鲁四老爷其后的行为形成对比，生前“食物不论，力气不惜”为他卖命服务过的祥林嫂惨死雪夜，他不但不同情，还骂她“是一个谬种”，这哪里有‘事理通达心气和平’之样？由此对其进行反讽，表现了他为人的虚伪。）

四：布置作业：将本课对祥林嫂人生悲剧的分析整理一下，写一篇人物评论。

五，课后反思

第三课时

教学目的：使学生通过训练强化语文基础知识及其应用。

教学方法：习题训练

教学步骤：

一、1，检查作业（抽查）请一位同学填写上联。

2．有何用意？（略）

二．研讨：1。对祥林嫂的描写中最突出也最成功的是什麽方法？（外貌描写）

（共有四次：第一次在鲁家出现时：春上刚死了丈夫“脸色青黄，但两颊却还是红的 只是顺着眼，不开一句口”

第二次：经历了丧夫丧子的不幸后“脸色青黄，只是两颊上已经消失了血色，顺着眼，眼角上带些泪痕，眼光也没有先前那样精神了。”

第三次：在捐过门槛插手祝福却遭拒绝后：“脸色同时变作灰黑，只是失神的站着第二天，不但眼睛窈陷下去。连精神也更不济了 总是惴惴的，否则呆坐着，直是一个木偶人。”第四次：临死前：头发即今已经全白，全不像四十上下的人；脸上瘦削不堪，黄中带黑，而且消尽了先前悲哀的神色，仿佛木刻似的；只有那眼珠间或一轮，还可以表示她是一个活物。）

2。“但我知道，这并非借题在骂我：因为他骂的还是康有为”。这一句该怎样理解？这是一个表认知行为的单句，宾语是一个复句结构形式。话语字面的指称语义是清晰的，骂的是康有为。之所以骂康有为，是因为康有为是戊戌变法中改良主义的领袖，有违中央集权的封建统治。由此更进一步揭露了鲁四的政治立场。但这句话还蕴含了一个言外之意。“还是”，仍然是，竟然是。时值辛亥革命前夕，清王朝已知大厦之将倾，“新党”的内涵早已发生了变化，用来指称资产阶级民主革命党人。鲁四所骂的竟然还是、仍然是康有为，其不谙世事变迁和社会进步的落后腐朽性便昭然弥彰了，而中国农村笼罩在封建统治之下死水一潭的社会状况也可想而知了。这段平实的叙述和简洁的评议入木三分地刻画出鲁四的形象特征，平实之中寓深刻，言近旨远，辛辣地对形象进行了嘲讽和鞭挞；绵里藏针，含蓄之中，闪烁着尖锐的批判的锋芒。面对这样一个人物，“谈话是总不投机的了”，叙述者“我”与鲁四立场的对立，其民主进步的倾向也清楚地表现出来。

3，“大家仍然叫她祥林嫂”一句该怎样理解？

称呼依旧。“仍然”，副词，表示情况继续不变或恢复原状。但祥林嫂的生活和命运已经改变了，故事情节已经发展了，再嫁的一段遭遇绝不是虚无的梦幻。“大家仍然叫她祥林嫂”。这一淡淡的似乎不经意的过渡语，在具体语境中却隐含着深刻的蕴涵，反映出鲁四一家对祥林嫂的第二次婚姻冷酷而坚决地不予承认的态度。“仍然叫她祥林嫂”，而不是“贺六嫂”，绝不是习惯使然，而是反映了封建礼教观念对寡妇再嫁的完全否定。

“镇上的人们也仍然叫她祥林嫂，但音调和先前很不同；也还和她讲话，但笑容却冷冷的了”。整个鲁镇社会在伦理观念上与鲁四仿佛是形成了共识的，音调的变化，笑容的冷冷，反映出人物关系的变化，充分表现出社会环境与祥林嫂的严重对立。

4．对“我独坐在”到“为人为己也都还不错。”一段话该怎样理解？（略）

5．在祥林嫂被劫后，四叔先后两次说“然而---------“，他未说明的意思是什麽？

（第一次：虽然她婆婆的行为野蛮粗暴“拿我们家里开玩笑”让人可恶，然而作为婆婆也有这样的权利。）（第二次：虽然你这样说，但未必真能再荐一个像祥林嫂这样能干的人。因为当地其他女工“大抵非懒即馋，或者馋而且懒”不像她这样食物不论，力气不惜。）