论文写作(Essay)之英文过渡语指导

第一篇：论文写作(Essay)之英文过渡语指导

谈谈毕业论文如何做到创新——百分百论文

毕业时刻，大多数学生的论文都只是通过而已，少数几个会获得优秀，据调查证明，获得优秀的论文大都有一个相同之处——创新性。创新是论文的核心或是灵魂，论文质量的高还是低，全在于学生论文的创新程度有多少。

首先，什么是论文创新？

论文的本质是创新，这个创新也不是大家认为的只有核心观点新才是创新，而是多层的，大体上分为：敏锐地发现了其他人没有发现的问题；科学道出了其他人没能说出的论据；总结出来前人没能解决的问题。具体而言，体现在：论题选择新、核心观点新、使用材料新、写作手法新、论证方法新。

其次，你的论文如何做到创新？

1、有创新意识。要做到论文创新，主要是写作者有创新意识，关键是需要批判意识或问题意识，生活和学习并不是为了安逸，要有独立思考和独立处理事情的能力。

2、科研扫盲。可以了解前人的研究轨迹，即把导师、师兄师姐的文章和学术论文，科学基金的申请成功报告和没有成功的报告，结题报告，横向课题的报告等全部都浏览一遍，知道自己在某一个领域还能做哪些研究，千万不要重复或者相似，以免浪费时间。

3、寻找问题和分解问题。做到这些，需要加强科研的基本功和转换科研思考的方式，这就需要学生在大学期间多参加名师的讲座，观察分析讲师是怎么用敏锐的目光去发现问题的，又是怎么用冷静理性客观的方式去思考和分解问题的。

4、加强积累。平常的学习注重上课的质量，注重课后看书的效率和效果，要做研究，要使论文有创新性，就一定多看文献，通过期刊和网络资源。随身杯一个好本子，将新的观点和某一瞬间的灵感记录下来。

5、学科交叉进行。学生可以多方积累，这就包括看交叉学科和其他学科的杂志，也可以走进大自然去获取一颗创新的生态心。

创新不仅是时代的要求，也是对学校教学质量的考察、每一个学生性格品性的考察。以上是百分百论文的老师对于论文创新方面的介绍，同学们可以参照着提前准备自己的论文。

第二篇：论文写作之英文语法

学术论文的语言表达 2006-10-30 16:26 总则

语言风格清晰流畅的书面语言。注意向已发表的文章学习语言专业术语必须从该领域的文献中学习避免自创的新奇语句，应注意的问题：

一、时态

时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则，但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的规则，已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作。最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时，需要注意的语法In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时。In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.二、数

数也有其复杂化，特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑，但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误。只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可.以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单复数。单数 复数

criterion criteria 依据 phenomenon phenomena 现象 medium media 介质 radius radii 半径 index indices 指数 appendix appendices 附录 stimulus stimuli 刺激 basis bases 基础 synthesis syntheses 合成 matrix matrices 基体

Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.一些数有特殊性的名词：data, kinetics 通常作复数名词；research, work: 不可数名词

The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.Most research on poly(ortho esters)has focused on the synthesis of polymers.一些结构的数 <主谓的统一> one of 复数名词单数 none of 复数名词复数

none of 单数名词/不可数名词单数 no 复数名词复数

no 单数名词/不可数名词单数

a kind of 单数名词单数 this/that kind of 单数名词单数 these kinds of 复数名词复数 复数名词 of this/that kind 复数 sort 与kind 类似 a type of 单数名词单数 a series of 复数名词复数 a class of 复数名词复数 the number of 复数名词单数 a number of 复数名词复数

Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents, especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier.Biocompatibility is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial.Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text.The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.* The number of 复数名词: 整个做主语时谓语应为单数;但此句的动词have 是从句的谓语 而从句是形容mechanisms.在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如: One of the mechanisms which have been……

A series of telomers reported in table 1 were then synthesized.A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.The most important class of poly(amides)for controlled release are the poly(amino acids).The majority of poly(anhydrides)are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言 various different most all many several one of many of kinds of a number of the number of a(wide)variety of a class of a series of a wide range of Dozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell.In a number of special applications(e.g.contact lenses and skin-grafting materials), additional requirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.Many of these transmembrane proteins are receptors.Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing, while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces.For still other polymers, both factors may be favorable for crystallization.形容可数名词的量词 a few many a number of 形容不可数名词的量词

a great/small/certain amount of a great/good deal of 形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词 a lot of lots of Although a few polymers may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character.The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kinds of IPN have been synthesized with different compositions.The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclicmonomers.以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定, as well as…… 由较靠近谓语动词的决定 not only……but also…… either……or…… neither……nor……

三、冠词

冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定要注意否则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到冠词最普通的规则如下：

单数名词前一般要加冠词a , the 等 但有些情况可不加复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the, these, those.The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type relationship K = A e-E/RT Where A is the collision frequency factor, E the Arrhenius activation energy, and T the Kelvin temperature.A plot of lnK versus 1/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slope and intercept, respectively.When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fraction dissolves and goes into solution.A large but still small portion of the m onomer enters the interior hydrocarbon part of the micelles.The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomer droplets.被修饰的名词前要加the: There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis of new polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previo usly available.The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them become heterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above abou t-40.四、从句分词不定式

这些是写作时常用且必须用到的结构一定要掌握在学术论文中从句分词不定式通常用来作修饰

Applications in the relatively new field of tissue engineering, where polymers are used to assist regeneration of three-dimensional tissue structures, are more and more int egrated with biological demands.There are three general synthetic approaches that have been used to produc e polymers with increased thermal stability.If certain symmetry requirements are met, the molecules are able to pack into an ordered, lattice arrangement and crystallization occurs.The temperature at which this occu rs is Tm.There are at least two mechanisms through which the infectivity of a vector can be blocked.Biodegradable polymers containing ˋ hydrolysable ˊ groups in their chains, which are susceptible to biodegradation to low molecular weight, nontoxic products, have also been considered for controlled drug delivery systems.Polymers possessing high strength, solvent and chemical resistance, and serviceability at high temperatures would find a variety of uses.The challenge facing cell and molecular biologists is to decipher how cellular events occur.A general problem encountered in many of the polymerization systems has been a difficulty in obtaining polymers of sufficiently high enough molecular weight to have reasonable strength properties.Another approach to obtain rigid polymer chains is by the synthesis of spiro polymers.五、标点

英文中一句话结束要用句号注意避免过长的句子这点与汉语中常用逗号的习惯不同，请注意以下结构的标点 …… such as A and B …… …… such as A, B and C …… …… , such as A, …… …… , for example, …… …… , for example …… …… ,e.g., …… …… ,i.e., …… ……, respectively.六、掌握一些学术论文常用的短语结构可大大降低写作的难度 In order to meet all of these criteria, the vector must deliver the gene accurately.To overcome this problem, it would be advantageous to pseudotypelentiviral vectors with targeted MLV envelopes.Besides identifying suitable proteases for targeting, the success of this protease-targeting strategy relies on the accessibility of the linker to protease cleavage.We have focused our investigations on the in vitro and in vivo biological response of a mouse cell line.On the contrary, the homotelomer derivative 11 exhibits no substantial loss of cytotoxicity compared to free Ara-C.After more than three decades of development, in which numerous polymers have been used to replace body parts, clinical success is still relatively rare.In some cases, polymeric materials for drug delivery must satisfy additional requirements, such as environmental responsiveness(e.g.pH-or temperature dependent phase or volume transformations.)Owing to the nature of these interactions, surface modification strategies have been used to optimize specific surface properties.Several approaches to surface modification exist.In general, both chemical and physical modifications of the polymeric surface may significantly increase the biocompatibility.A host of new polymers have been developed specially for surgical applications, particularly drug delivery.For roughly the past three or four decades, biology has been undergoing a revolution toward a quantitative mechanistic understanding of cell and organism behavior.They offer improved mechanical properties and ease of synthesis.Specific gel systems are described in more detail in the following sections.Perhaps the strongest motivation for polymeric delivery systems is that many of the more recently discovered molecules require delivery at a very localized level due to their mechanism of action.A particular challenge in addressing materials issues for tissue engineering is that the biological processes are not yet understood well enough to allow a clear set of design parameters to be specified a priori.Over $20 billion is spent annually on therapeutic management of CHF treatments alone but the overall outcome is not highly successful.Unless tissue-specific gene targeting techniques have been developed, intravenous injection of recombinant viral vectors is unlikely to be the choice of gene delivery due to systemic infection and low efficiency of gene transfer.In most instances, there is some molecular weight range for which a given polymer property will be optimum for a particular application.The control of molecular weight is essential for the practical application of a polymerization process.Solid polymers differ from ordinary, low molecular weight compounds in the nature of their physical state or morphology.On the other hand, the highly flexible chain leads to very low values of Tg and Tm.Molecular symmetry of polymer chains also plays an important role in determining Tg and Tm.The reason for this is that the extent of crystallinity developed in a polymer is both kinetically and thermodynamically controlled while the melting temperature is only the rmodynamically controlled.This explains clearly why even the moderately high degree of syndiotacticity present in a polymer such as PMMA is not enough to allow it to crystallize extensively.Polymers vary widely in their mechanical behavior depending on the degree of crystallinity, the degree of crosslinking, and the values of Tg and Tm.The general order of thermodynamic stability of different sized ring structures is, thus, given by 3,4,8 to 11 < 7,12 and larger < 5 < 6 There are two important aspects with regard to the control of molecular weight in polymerizations.The rate constants for these reactions are orders of magnitude greater than those for the corresponding reactions of the diacid or diester reactants.The discussions until this point have been concerned with the polymerization of bifunctional monomers to form linear polymers.Of the polymers discussed in the previous section, only the polyimides have been far into the desired …

This corresponds to a two-or three-fold rate increase for a 10°C temperature increase.While the H values vary over a wide range for different monomers, the S values are insensitive to structure –being relatively constant within the range of 20-30cal/K mol.Some polymerizations show a rapid rise in Rp followed by a rapid decrease to the steady-state polymerization rate.Emulsion polymerization refers to a unique process employed for some radical chain polymerization.To a large extent, the molecular weight and polymerization rate can be varied independently of each other.The system undergoes a very significant change after only a few percent of the total monomer has been converted to polymer.As a consequence the monomer droplets are no longer stable and will coalesce if agitation is stopped.Each of the curves in Fig.1 is relatively typical of emulsion polymerization behavior.The mechanism is not well understood due to the experimental difficulties involved in the study.The monomers have been arranged in Table 1 in their general order of reactivity.The classification of a ring-opening polymerization as a chain or step polymerization can be made on two bases.This is explainable in terms of the differences in the reaction mechanisms involved.学术论文中避免语言等错误的建议，在稿件寄出前请按以下程序分别检查各项内容： 是否有人称和动词的不统一第三人称单数的动词是否都加了-s 2 是否有时态的错误 3 是否有数的错误 4 是否有冠词的错误 5 是否有单词拼写的错误 6 是否有大小写的错误 7 是否有标点的错误 8 是否有标题格式编号错误 9 是否有文献格式的错误 是否有页码的错误有无 ┮ 颠倒<包括全文和附图表> 11 是否有寄信的地址姓名的拼写的错误

第三篇：英文论文写作

2.怎样写英文摘要？

可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。概述(30词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如：This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…

目的(30词左右)：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。

方法(50词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。

结果(50词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…

结论(60词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。

展望(20词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。

3.英文摘要有多长？

一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，特殊情况可以分成两到三段，但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。

4.英文摘要用什么语态和人称？

规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。

5.英文摘要用什么人称？

最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。

6.英文摘要用什么时态？

摘要的时态以一般现在时为主，表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时，用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时，总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。

注意：用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时：This paper aims to focus on… 而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时：This study investigated…

7.一定不能出现的东西

不常见的术语，插图，表格，数学公式，化学方程式，中文标点，过多的形容词，无关的背景资料，自我评价等。

200余篇英文论文被SCI/EI收录的牛人教你如何

写英语论文

今天我很荣幸地听了唐远炎教授关于<<如何写英语论文>>的讲座,唐远炎教授在国际刊物和国际会议上发表学术论文250多篇(其中包括22本书籍,及章节), 其中 SCI检索80余篇,EI检索100余篇.听了他的讲座之后,感觉受益匪浅,有些观点和思想很有参考价值.在此想跟虫友们分享一下.通过整理,在写英语论文过程中,主要注意的有以下几点:

第一.对于初写英语论文的人来讲.最好不要对原中文论文进行直译.在谈到这个观点时,唐教授一再强调初写英语论文一定要“抄”,也就是说搜集一些类似的国外高级刊物的英语论文,在这些论文中找到要表达相似意思的英文句子,使用它的句型.这样写出来的论文更适合外国人的思维方式.也能让外国人更容易理解.同时也更容易被SCI,EI检索.他还说,按这种方式写过5篇论文左右,一些地道的英语表达方式就可以熟练的记住了.第二.在写英语论文之前,首先要确定你要投什么样的期刊.其实投中文期刊论文也是这样的.举个很简单的例子,前几天,我有一个同学,写了一篇用数学问题解决纺织工程问题的论文.导师指导他说:“如果你想投到<<纺织学报>>,在写论文时,在内容上就应该对一些数学知识作详细的说明,而纺织知识可以作粗略的介绍,但如果你想投到<<应用数学>>期刊,那就应该对纺织的一些基础知识作详细的说明!”.因此,投不同类型的期刊有不同的写作手法.这样可以提高论文的录用率.第三.要想写出被SCI/EI检索的文章一定要多花功夫在标题和摘要上.这也许是大家都知道的.外国人更注重创新,只要你觉得自己的观点有创新点,就不要怕不会被外文收录.还有一句话我还记忆忧新:“做很少人做的研究领域,做难的研究领域”.这样的文章很容易被录用.第四.中国有句古话:“熟读唐诗三百首 不会作诗也会吟.”在写英语论文之前,做大量的阅读是必要的.但最好应该去读那些英语是母语国家学者写的论文.但是,必须注意的是.无论是硕士还是博士,永远应该把专业放在第一位,英语是放在第二位.英语只是一种工具.只是一种帮助你科研的工具.第五.写英语论文时,不要使用外国人没有使用过的句型.即使这样的句子在语法上没有问题.但是外国人就是看不懂.也就相当于是一个病句.也许这种“病句”对你考CET有用,其实学英语口语也是这样的.在练英语口语时,希望虫友们记住:“讲外国人从来没说过的英语,即使语法没有问题,也是错的.”我国著名语言学家说过:“想学好一门外语,首先要学好其文化!”

以上就是我总结的一些观点.希望能对广大的虫友们有所帮助.同时希望你们能提出自己的观点.大家互相交流.实现我们共同的目标!

如果你有新的观点或对我的观点不赞同,大家一起探讨,谢谢批评指正!

我的邮箱software_wei@163.com

我的其他文章<科研新手必看宝典> http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=822575

通过这几天和虫友们的交流.我总结了一点新的观点.首先声明，这是真心话，希望能认真体会，能理解其中真意之后，一定就会懂的如何做研究。我老板平均每个毕业的博士都有6篇以上的SCI，他从来不强求学生发文章，只教如何做研究。下面的问题，他只和我说过一次，之后我的行动与之不相符就会被骂。现在成了习惯来这样思考，做事，发现真是事半功倍。

1.你在做研究之前，想过结果能不能发表没有？往哪里发？

2.写文章的高手是先把文章大框写好，空出数据来，等做完实验，填完空就可以发了。正谓心中有沟壑。

3.在想不清楚要写什么，要发到哪里去，自己做的与同行做的有什么出色之处，之前，就不要动手做事。去看文献，去想。想不清楚就做，不如不做 要想这样子做，就得先看文献不是？要知道如何把文章架起来，要知道别人是如何讨论的，要知道你自己的数据是不是说明了与别人不一样的东东或别人没有做过。这个过程就是看文献，想的过程，这些搞清楚了，写就简单了。要是先做事，做完发现别人做过，或无法用理论解释，岂不是冤大头？ 这可是哥们儿我被老板骂过NN次得来的血的教训啊。本来不想把这种丢人的事写出来的，可看到兄弟们好多在犯和我同样的错误，就写一下罢。但愿有用

如何写出好的英文论文

1.用Times New Roman排版，12号字。

2.1寸页边距，双倍行距。

3.按照要求行文。

4.所有引言须标注。

5.以介绍性段落开头，结尾处要有结论。

6.确认正确完整地表达出自己的思想。

7.更正错别字。

8.时态须一致。

9.第一以及第二人称代词“我”，“我们”，“你”，“你们”等不能出现在文中。

10.引言出处须标注。否则视作抄袭。

11.当引言出现在文中，建议要有提示性句子，如“根据**教授”，避免引言的突兀。

12.使用引言时，句点和逗号均应出现在最后一个引号内，但冒号和分号除外。13.若引言的出处为某书的某章节，书名应加下划线或者用斜体标注。14.避免频繁使用插入语（引言除外），分号，冒号，破折号。

15.不使用修饰性问句，如反问，设问等。

16.不使用夸张手法以及俚语。17.了解词语间不同的用法，例如“their”与“there”，“its”与“it’s”，“to”与“too”，“affect”与“effect”。18.学术性文章中不使用缩略语。19.提交之前仔细检查。

20.在提交日之前，欢迎给教授提供论文草样。

第四篇：学年论文写作指导

一．论文包括以下几部分：封面、中文摘要、关键词(要翻译成英文)、正文(包括前言、正文、参考文献)。

二．论文的具体要求：

1．论文的字数必须到4000字。

2．论文要有不少于五篇的参考文献，参考文献在文末列出，参考文献格式参照我发给你的附件。

三、论文中标题(不论是几级标题)单独一行，与行文要分段，标题最后不要有标点符号。论文中每段之间不要有空行。

标题应当规范，不能简略的写，必须能够准确地表达下文的中心思想。标题之间应当形成逻辑关系，让读者通过看标题即能了解文章的大体框架及主要内容。

四、论文摘要应能客观地反映论文的主要内容，表明作者的观点，并且能够独立成文。切不要以第三人称写成文章结构介绍或自我评价，不要出现“本人”、“本文”等字眼。

五、关键词3-8个，关键词应当是名词，关键词之间分号隔开。

六、在写作过程中请注意论文不是法条的介绍、堆集，应当有自己的观点和论述。观点一定要明确，最好以标题的形式列出。

七、最后强调：论文一定不要抄袭，写的不好，我们可以改进，但是如果抄袭，万一被人查处的话，后果难以承担。

第五篇：论文写作指导

论文写作指导

注意：课程设计论文的内容与我们做过的实验内容是不同的，即做的和写的是不一样的 每4个同学共一个题目，按学号顺序分配题目，不准挑题，每个任务书就是一个题目，我给了8个任务书，正好满足你班32个人。学委负责按学号顺序写分组与选题表并发给同学和我。虽然4个同学共一个题目，但同组论文的雷同率不能高于70%（这是督导和老师重点检查的内容，我们还有专门的软件工具来测试同组论文的雷同率），绪论等介绍性的内容可以相同，但设计创新部分不能相同过多，学习委员收论文的时候要把同一题目的论文放在一起并初步观察一下，看是否有几乎相同的论文，如有，则退回去让他们重写，同题目的同学在写论文之前也要相互通个气交流一下，避免使用了同一个版本的网上资料，以前就发生过这种情况，被我全部判为零分，到四年级时去清考。

我提供了论文模板，大家要严格按模板去编排论文，方法是把内容拷贝到模板中去，就能充分利用模板的格式，最后把模板改个名字打印出来就可以了，格式不合格的一律退回。论文必须打印出来交到我办公桌上才能有成绩，电子档也要交，这由学委负责统一收并打包发到我QQ邮箱里。

模板最后一页是成绩页，大家要自问自答3个与本题目相关的问题，必须用手写，因为很多同学快要离校了，请提前把这一页打印出来手写，并在右上角写上本人名字，交给很晚才离校的同学，等到你们的电子档做好后再发给他们统一打印出来，与本人的成绩页装订在一起交上来。论文模板首页左上角的“编号”一栏暂时不填写，最后由我负责统一填写

论文的字数必须在1.6万以上，页数15页以上（含图、表、公式），但不要超过28页，字越多，出问题的机率就越高。

网上的参考资料要消化吸收，有所取舍和创新后再用，不得全盘照抄，督导会抽查部分论文到万方等网络数据库中查你们的抄袭率，一旦发现全文或大部分抄袭，则本门课程计零分，并给予当事人处分。

论文电子档的名字应为“题目X_学生姓名”，“X”为题目的序号，学委在交论文打印稿的同时，要把本班的论文电子档一起打包发到我QQ邮箱，我要用专门的工具对它们查重。