第一篇：总结的写作
总结的写作
总结是对前一阶段工作或学习进行回顾、检查和分析研究，从中找出经验和教训，获得规律性的认识或概括出来的结论，以便指导今后实践的一种事务文书，是应用写作实践中的一种常用文体。其特点是:评论性、过程性、实践性。
写作要求：
突出重点、突出个性、实事求是(一)总结的标题
总结的标题有种种形式，最常见的是由单位名称、时间、主要内容、文种组成，如《2011年××个人工作总结》、《××厂2000年上半年工作总结》。
有的总结标题中不出现单位名称，如《创先争优活动总结》、《1999年教学工作总结》。
有的总结标题只是内容的概括，并不标明“总结”字样，但一看内容就知道是总结，如《一年来的谈判及前途》（《周恩来选集》上卷，人民出版社1980年版，第251页。）、《走活三步棋，选好一把手》（《先锋》1996年第5期。）等。
还有的总结采用双标题。正标题点明文章的主旨或重心，副标题具体说明文章的内容和文种，如《构建农民进入市场的新机制——运城麦棉产区发展农村经济的实践与总结》、《加强医德修养树立医疗新风——南方医院惠侨科精神文明建设的经验》。
(二)总结的正文
和其他应用文体一样，总结的正文也分为开头、主体、结尾三部分，各部分均有其特定的内容。
1．开头
总结的开头主要用来概述基本情况。包括单位名称、工作性质、主要任务、时代背景、指导思想，以及总结目的、主要内容提示等。作为开头部分，要注意简明扼要，文字不可过多。
2．主体
这是总结的主要部分，内容包括成绩和做法、经验和教训、今后打算等方面。这部分篇幅大、内容多，要特别注意层次分明、条理清楚。
主体部分常见的结构形态有三种。
第一，纵式结构。就是按照事物或实践活动的过程安排内容。写作时，把总结所包括的时间划分为几个阶段，按时间顺序分别叙述每个阶段的成绩、做法、经验、体会。这种写法的好处是事物发展或社会活动的全过程清楚明白。
第二，横式结构。按事实性质和规律的不同分门别类地依次展开内容，使各层之间呈现相互并列的态势。这种写法的优点是各层次的内容鲜明集中。
第三，纵横式结构。安排内容时，即考虑到时间的先后顺序，体现事物的发展过程，又注意内容的逻辑联系，从几个方面总结出经验教训。这种写法，多数是先采用纵式结构，写事物发展的各个阶段的情况或问题，然后用横式结构总结经验或教训。
主体部分的外部形式，有贯通式、小标题式、序数式三种情况。
贯通式适用于篇幅短小、内容单纯的总结。它像一篇短文，全文之中不用外部标志来显示层次。
小标题式将主体部分分为若干层次，每层加一个概括核心内容的小标题，重心突出，条理清楚。
序数式也将主体分为若干层次，各层用“一、二、三„„”的序号排列，层次一目了然。
3．结尾
结尾是正文的收束，应在总结经验教训的基础上，提出今后的方向、任务和措施，表明决心、展望前景。这段内容要与开头相照应，篇幅不应过长。有些总结在主体部分已将这些内容表达过了，就不必再写结尾。
(三)总结写作的注意事项 1．要坚持实事求是原则
实事求是、一切从实际出发，这是总结写作的基本原则，但在总结写作实践中，违反这一原则的情况却屡见不鲜。有人认为“三分工作七分吹”，在总结中夸大成绩，隐瞒缺点，报喜不报忧。这种弄虚作假、浮夸邀功的坏作风，对单位、对国家、对事业、对个人都没有任何益处，必须坚决防止。
2．要注意共性、把握个性
总结很容易写得千篇一律、缺乏个性。当然，总结不是文学作品，无需刻意追求个性特色，但千部一腔的文章是不会有独到价值的，因而也是不受人欢迎的。要写出个性，总结就要有独到的发现、独到的体会、新鲜的角度、新颖的材料。
3．要详略得当，突出重点
有人写总结总想把一切成绩都写进去，不肯舍弃所有的正面材料，结果文章写得臃肿拖沓，没有重点，不能给人留下深刻印象。总结的选材不能求全贪多、主次不分，要根据实际情况和总结的目的，把那些既能显示本单位、本地区特点，又有一定普遍性的材料作为重点选用，写得详细、具体。而一般性的材料则要略写或舍弃。
第二篇：写作总结
二.修辞手法（Finger of speech）1.Simile(明喻)……像……
It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like
E: my love ‘s like a red, red rose 2.Metaphor(暗喻)……是……
It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.No expressed with the word as or like
E: He is the soul of the team.//Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture.3.Personification(拟人)It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities.E: Youth is hot and bold , Age is weak and cold, Youth is wild, and Age is time.///// The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing their boat.4.Metonymy(转喻、借代)与自身相关的东西替代
It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.E: crown can stand for a king.White house for the American government.Bottle for wine or alcohol.Bar for the legal profession.5.synecdoche(提喻)整体与部分，抽象与具体替代。
when a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part.E: hands stands for men/ bread for food or living expenses/// the name of two countries for the two team/// creature for a woman.6.Euphemism(委婉语)It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.E: to die---to pass away/// old people---senior citizens /// dustman—sanitation worker/// mad---emotionally disturbed 7.irony(反语)It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect.E: raining heavily---what a fine weather /// a barbarous act –civilized 8.overstatement(hyperbole)and understatement（夸大或缩小)E: she is dying to know what job has been assigned her It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.9.transferred epithet(移就)An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something.E: busy day----people is busy in this day /// sleepless nights—people … 10.oxymoron(矛盾修饰法)In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect
(1).Adj.+n.一个形容词修饰另一个意义相反的或者相对的名词（2）adj.+adj.两个意义相驳的形容词
（3）n.+adj.形容词后置
faith /unfaithful
(4)n.+n.意义相对或者相反的词通过连字符连接构成合成词/love-hate(5)adv.+adj.副词修饰形容词//dully bright(6)v.+adv./// love harmful
E: a living death /// victorious defeat /// cleaver fool // cruel kindness 11.alliteration(头韵)It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words.E: proud as a peacock // blind as a bat 三．段落的展开方式
1.development by time(又称为chronological sequencing).按时间先后展开
2.development by space 按空间先后顺序展开，从大地方到小地方，或者从远到近3.development by process 按过程展开，按照事情发展过程一步一步展开。
4.development by example or generalization 按举例和归纳展开。通过举出一些例子让使文章变得清晰明了。
5.development by comparison and contrast 类比对比法
通过两件事物的对比展开文章描述
包括：block comparison or block contrast(整体对比法)and alternating comparison or alternating contrast(交替类比法)6.development by cause and effect(按原因结果展开法)分析原因和结果的方法展开文章 7.development by classification(按分类法展开)按照事物的特征把事物分类描写
8.development by definition(按定义法展开)定义事物的概念或者特征展开文章的描写 9.development by a combination of methods(按综合法展开)
第三篇：写作总结
1.主线不明确(没有一种困境)
2.人物性格不突出（看不出人物的特点，给读者留不下印象,深入人物的情感，脑海）
3.要用对比（情节对比烘托，比直接写更有效）
4.全方位描述，操控人物
5.借鉴当下生活，享受介入现实的快感
小说情节的构思其实有四个简单步骤：
第一步：首先，按照次序，在纸上写下小说所要用到的一系列事件和场景。这是情节构思的主要部分。再在纸上写下小说中需要用到的人物名单。务必将每个人物进行说明，方便读者们认同这些人物。最后用一句话概括出你的构思。好的构思，不管它有多么复杂，都可以用一句话来概括。例如，小说《飘》可以概述为“一部关于一位美国南方初入社会的少女在南北战争中发现和失去爱情的故事”。
第二步：将上述构思扩展开，写成章节大纲。这时候你需要寻找机遇不断完善你的情节构思，不管是主要情节还是次要情节。有时你的情节或许不符合时间顺序，这时你可以进行“闪回”（flashbacks）或者“预述”（flash-forwards）处理。但切记，该方法可能会使读者如坠云雾。
第三步：通过浏览你的章节提纲检查你的构思，确保它能够抓住读者的注意力。剔除那些不能推进故事发展的部分。不要让你的小说偏离主题。你可以使用一些陪衬情节，但是整部小说必须向着高潮迈进，越来越近，直到小说的结尾。
第四部： 开始写作。在写作过程中，你会看到那块儿是需要改进的。你的情节不是刻在石头上的。在写完第一稿后，还会有许多工作要做。认真编辑你的第一稿，包括标点符号和错别字。不要吝啬删除那些对情节发展没用的东西。要保证小说的步伐和情节的展开能够使读者感兴趣。你的目标是必须要让你的小说符合专业标准。但最重要的是，有一个好的构思。
温馨提示：
1）大多数优秀的小说遵循着一条规则：小说始终在解决一种困境或者冲突。如越狱、与疾病或不公正待遇抗争等等。《基督山伯爵》就是一个很好的例子。这部小说既包含了越狱又包含了与不公正待遇的抗争。
2）小说情节千万不可以脱离主题。不要为了使达到预先构想的篇幅加长或者缩短小说。埃里克·西格尔（Eric Segal）的畅销小说《爱情故事》只写了144页，但情节构思非常出色。
第四篇：写作总结
开头： To arouse sb’s interest and enrich our school life, we held an English handwriting competition.连接词：
First of all;to begin with;
Besides;what’s more;in addition;
Finally;last but not least;
On one hand,…..;on the other hand,…… The most important is that …..转折连接词： However；To the contrary;By contrast;Therefore;
我的看法： In my opinion;in my view;as far as I am concerned;I think that;I believe that…..常用句型：
We carry out a survey（调查）about the importance of music to human beings.And many people took an active part in it.The reasons are as follows.There is no need to do…… They believe that……;they hold the view/idea/ opinion that….;
Practicing handwriting is so difficult that they cannot make great progress in a short time.Students’ beautiful and neat handwriting is beneficial to themselves.This suggests that ……
There is no doubt that……
It is harmful to children’s eyesight……
It does harm to …..I am sure that things will become better if these ways are carried out.We at last reached an agreement that I can only watch TV at weekends, and the programs should be limited to news and programs of entertainment, sports and science.Our economic development is important, but we should try our best to avoid（避免）destroying the cultural relics.Taking all factors into consideration, I sincerely hope that I can get help from you and expect the media to do something for this.I think that playing table tennis can build up our bodies, keep us healthy and train our brains.This is what we are worried about.Therefore, more attention should be paid to this aspect in future.常用短语：
take active part in;think highly of;as is know to all;with the development of science and technology（随着科学技术的发展）；with the development of society（随着社会的发展）；communicate with sb;exchange our feelings and thoughts;
书信格式：
Dear Editor:
As a student reader, I am writing to talk about the English textbooks published by your house.These books have many advantages.……
I am looking forwards to your reply.Thanks for your attention.Best regards或Yours sincerely,LiHua
第五篇：写作总结
写作总结
一、写作概述
小作文15min,共10分，80~100字；大作文35min,共20分160~200字（最好多写200~240）答题卡上，段与段之间可以空一行。
二、小作文
1、书信
▲必备词汇：
1）抱怨信：lodge a complaint about, express my concern/dissatisfaction/disappointment about
2）咨询信：make requiries regarding, ask informationg about
3）道歉：express my regret
4）感谢：express/extend my sincere gratitude/appreciation for
5）建议：I am writing this letter with my suggestions/proposals about
6）求职：apply the position/vacancy about
Recommend myself as a qualified candidate for the job of
7）寻找失物：report the loss of my……when I ……, request your assistance in finding my…..8）邀请：request your presence at….▲最简模板
1）称呼：写给机构dear sir of madam写给个人dear LiMing
2）正文：三段
第一段：自我介绍，写作目的I am wrtiting this letter for the purpose of
第二段：主题句，分论点一，分论点二
第三段：表示关注I really hope that you can take my proposal/suggestions seriously表示感谢thank you very much for your time and consideration.My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words.期待回信I look forward to a favorable reply at your eariest convenience.3）落款 yours sincerely
▲必背范文2008
Dear Bob,I am writing to apologize for having forgotton to return” the Beatles”CD when I left Canada.I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking carefully.Had I paid more attention then, I would not made such a stupid mistake.Now something must be done to solve this problem because you cherish this CD enormously.I can either send it to you by express email or compensate you at a reasonable price.If you do not mind, I may bring it back to you next time I go to Canada.Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earilest convenience.I really hope you can receive my sincere apology.Yours sincerely,LiMing
练习：改写2006年范文。
▲格式Notice
Month day, year
正文，最后要留联系方式
落款
▲ 框架：通知目的（1~2句）------通知细节（5~6句）-------联系方式（1~2句）主体段可应用格式：the details are as follows.Firstly…additonally…ultimately.▲ 2010年范文
Notice
January 9,2010
To improve students’ ability and enrich extracurricular activities, the Postgraduates’Association is recruiting volunteers for an International confrence on globalization to be held on April 7,2010 in Beijng.To begain with, applicants should have Chinese nationality, a stong professional spirit,cheerful personality and be aged under 35.In addition, candidates must have outstanding skills at English listening comprehension and the ability to speak English and Chinese fluently.Finally, students with relevant professional experience are preferred.Please feel free to contact us at1234567 or email us at.Enquiries are encouraged but visits declined.The postgraduate association ▲ 如何扩充细节
1）万能开头To improve students’ ability and enrich extracurricular activities。。。
2）条件与要求：国籍Chinese nationality；友好friendly/proper manners/ cheerful personality;责任感强strong sense of responsibility;年龄be aged under…..;职业精神：a strong
professional spirit;学术表现好 have excellent academic performance;对话题熟悉be familiar with;有相关经验者优先priority and preference will be given to those experienced/students wih…experience are preferred.▲格式：Abstract为题目，主体写成一段
▲步骤：找主旨，各段首句，加上过渡词组合起来
▲常用句型：this article/essay focuse on/centers on the topic of…….It is concluded in this article that………
4、备忘录、报告
▲格式Memo
Date:
To:
From:
Subject:
正文
二、大作文
三段式结构；万能原因：科技，经济的发展；压力过大（对于成功要素的文章）
1)提纲类（参考1992年）
近年来…（现状）…….。尽管。。。但是。。。，更加糟糕的是。。。于是。成为大家关心的问题
1992年范文：for a better understanding between parent and child
In recent years, the problem of lack of communication between parent and child is becoming more serious.Although some children are willing to chat with their patents, the majority are not.To make matters worse, some parents can hardly say a word to their child in a day.Thus, how to creat a better understanding between parent and child is becoming our concern.2)图画类：总述------细节-------文字说明
①两图：总述----第一图-----第二图------可加一句废话--------文字说明
2000年捕鱼2003年温室里的花朵2006年小贝
2000年范文：As is graphically portrayed in the cartoons above, we can see clearly that with the increase of commercial fishing, the number of fishes sharply decreased.In the first picture,there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing boat in1900.On the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish, but many fishing boats.Obviously, we can find that the number of fishes has dropped considerably from 1900 to 1995.We are informed that this is a brief histoty of world commercial fishing.联系：2003,2006仿写
②一图：总述-----挖掘细节------挖掘细节------文字说明
如果细节信息过少或者单词量不够描绘不出来，可以用模糊写法。
2002 an American girl in traditional Chinese costume 2004终点又是新起点
2002范文：what can we see from the photograph indcates that an American girl is wearing a traditonal Chinese costome.From the sweetest smile on her face, we can easily arrive at a conclusion that she takes great interest in Chinese clothes and she is crazy about the mysterious Chinese culture.2004范文：what can we see from the cartoon indicates that a little boy is running on a racetrack of the playground.From the smile on his face,we can come to a conclusion that he will be the first one to reach the finish line.Howeve, the caption(字幕，说明，标题)in the picture reads,”the finishing line is also the starting line”.详细写法2011旅游之余
2011范文：
As is graphically portrayed in the cartoon above, we can see clearly that there are two tourists on a boat in the lake.On the one hand, we know that they enjoy some snacks.On the other hand, they throw the rubbish into the lake casually.Finally, the lake is like a rubbish heap, filled with virous kinds of rubbish such as empty bottles,plastic bags, fish bones and so on.(细节描述！)We are informed that a large amout of garbage is thrown away along the trip。
▲ 注：图中有文字说明的，第一段最后一句一般都是这句话的翻译we are informed that….▲ 第一段词汇积累：
形象的：graphically,vividly,subtly,symbolicall
显示：portray,illustrate,depict,reveal
图片：cartoon,caricture,drawing,photograph(真实照片)
增长：increase,advancement,prosperity,development,growth,rampancy(疯狂增长，贬义)急剧的：sharply,dramically,considerably,significantly,substancially
下降：decrease,decline,drop,shrink-shrank-shrunk,reduce
各种各样：various kinds of, diverse sorts of
明显的：obviously,apparently,evidently,undoubtedly
我们被告知：we are informed that…../the caption in the picture indicates that…
图画目的：the purpose of this picture is to show that…..寓意指代：A is associated with…./B is a symbol of….也可以用一句话模糊概括：the fact that…indicates that…..背景原因：owing to
举例说明：studies show that……
转折反论：if we let this situation go as it is…….(如果是坏的东西，要写反论；如果是好的东西，可写总结，写废话)
总结陈述：generally speaking…
格式：首先，这幅图的目的是----------。事实上，----代表了------，----是-----的缩影，-----很自然的和-----联系在了一起。由于--------，---------。同时，许多试验表明/我们发现--------。如果我们听之任之，以后将--------。到那个时候，-------将会遭到严重破坏。
2000年范文：（目的）The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the decrease of ocean resourse.(指代)Actually,the fish in the picture is a symbol of resourses, while the fishing boats are natually associated with the world commercial fishing.But more importantly, the reduction of the fishing resourses stands for the destructiong of the ocean resourses.（原因）Owing to over-fishing,the number of fishes has obviously decreased.（举例）Numerouse studied show that many of the spicies have vanished in those years.（反论）If we let this situation go as it is, we won’t know where fish will be in the future.（结论）By that time, our environment will have suffered a great situatio.▲ 第二段的词汇积攒
目的：the purpose of this picture is to show us that…../the real implication(含义，暗示)of the cartoon is to show…../the cartoon conveys the meaning that…..引起注意：due attention must to be paid to…/put/place great emphasis on…./attach importance to….代表：stand for/be naturally associated with/be a symbol of//represent/reflect/mirror/epitomize(成为。。的缩影)
因为：owing to/due to/ on account of/ as a consequence of…
大量的：numerouse/countless/innumberable
因此：therefore/thus/hence/accordingly
坏方面（2000）要解决办法；好方面（2008）要发扬光大；利弊型（2009）要扬长避短 格式：总结according to the discussion above, we may easily come to a conclusion that…..建议：政府for one thing, we need to appeal to the authorities to make laws to…个人for another, we need to cultivate our awareness of people that…
展望未来：only in this way can we finally……also I believe our human beings can….
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