第一篇：写作中100个典型替代词
1.important=crucial(extremely important), significant(amount or effect large enough to be important);substantial;
2.common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)
3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants);adequate;sufficient;
4.stick to=adhere to, cling(hold on something tightly)
5.neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something;ignore means no attention.)disregard;
6.near=adjacent(two things next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)
7.pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it.FORMAL)court;
8.accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail)
9.vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people)
10.top=peak, summit
11.competitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)
12.blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable);criticize;denounce;reproach;
13.opinon=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)
14.fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation
15.build=erect(you can erect something as buildings,FORMAL), establish;found;
16.insult=offend=dishonor=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)
17.complain=grumble(complain something in a bad-tempered way)
18.primary=radical(very important and great in degree), fundamental;elementary;
19.relieve=alleviate(alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)=lessen;reduce;narrow;moderate;
20.force=coerce sb into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to), compel
21.enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)expand;broaden;widen;
22.complex=intricate(if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)
23.lonely=solitary(if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her)
24.small=minuscule(very small), minute
25.praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)
26.hard-working=diligent=studious=sedulous=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly)
27.difficult=formidable=arduous(if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)
28.poor(soil)=barren, infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)
29.fragile=delicate=brittle, vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)
30.show=illustrate=indicate=demonstrate(to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.)
31.big=massive(large in size, quantity, or extent), enormous=immense, colossal(use this word, you emphasize something is large), marvelous, tremendous(INFORMAL)
32.avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep
away from it.)
33.fair=just=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)
34.attack=assault(physically attack someone), assail(attack violently)
35.dislike=detest=abominate=abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons), loathe(dislike very much)
36.ruin=destroy=devastate(it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.)
37.disaster=catastrophe(a catastrophe is an unexpected event that cause great suffering and damages)=calamity =tragedy
38.finally=eventually(espcially after a lot of delays), ultimately(after complicated series of events)
39.always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)
40.forever=eternal=permanant=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes),immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed)
41.surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly), astound(surprise you to a large degree), astonish(the same as astound)
42.enthusiasm=zeal(a great enthusiasm), fervency(sinere and enthusiasm);ardor, passion;
43.quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet), peaceful;
44.expensive=unreasonable=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)
45.luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive)
46.boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)
47.respect=esteem(if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her.FORMAL)
48.worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)
49.cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold);frigid;freezing;
50.hot=burning=boiling(very hot)
51.dangerous=risky=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)
52.nowadays=currently
53.only=unique(the only one of its kind), distinctive
54.stop=terminate=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)
55.part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)
56.result=consequence(the results or effects of something)
57.obvious=apparent, manifest;
58.based on=derived from(can see or notice them very easily)
60.quite=fairly
61.pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing)
62.field=area=realm=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest)
63.appear=emerge(come into existence)
64.whole=entire(the whole of something)
65.wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet), humid(very damp and hot)[dampen]
66.wrong=mistaken=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct)
67.difficult=formidable
68.change=convert(change into another form)
69.typical=characteristic=representative=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something)
70.careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)
71.ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability)
72.strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her
opinion is different from most people)
73.rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)
74.use= utilize(the same as use)
75.dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)
76.satisfy=gratify(if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)
77.short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)
78.scholarship=fellowship
79.angry=furious=irate=enraged(extremely angry)
80.smelly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant smell)
81.ugly=horrible=terrible=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)
82.attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal)
83.diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous group consists of many different kinds of things)
84.disorder=disarray, chaos;
85.crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)
86.rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)
87.ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)
88.despite=notwithstanding(FORMAL)
89.best=optimal=optimum(used to describe the best level something can achieve)/
90.sharp=acute(severe and intense)
91.unbelievable=incredible=inconceivable(if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen
92.puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)
93.method=means=avenue(away of getting something done)
94.famous=celebrated=renowned=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)
95.ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)
96.decorate=ornament=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)/
97.possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)
98.so=consequently, accordingly,99.rare=infrequent(doesn’t happen often)
100.greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish)
第二篇：英语代词典型例题
[读卷]2009年“专转本”英语代词典型例题
1.“How often do you take the medicine ?” “______ four hours.”
A.For
B.Any
C.Every
D.Each 【答案及解析】答案选 C 2.“Is this bike yours?” “No，it's ______.”
A.Bob
B.Bobs
C.Bob's
D.Bobs' 【答案及解析】答案选 C
3.“Is there ______ good on TV this evening?” “Sorry，nothing good.” A.nothing
B.something
C.anything
D.everything 【答案及解析】答案选 C 肯定句中用something，否定句和疑问句中用anything.4.You have a good suggestion，but it's not as practical as _______.A.he
B.him
C.his
D.her 【答案及解析】答案选 C
5.A chemist prepares his experiments carefully before trying to carry _____ in his lab.A.it out
B.out it
C.them out
D.out them 【答案及解析】答案选 C carry out 实施 宾格放在词组中间，名词放在词组后面 如，carry out his experiments.1.Nowadays _____ seems to enjoy looking at fat girls.That is why many companies have developed special foods to help people to slim（苗条）
A.everyone
B.anybody C.somebody
D.no one
【答案及解析】答案选D enjoy doing sth.anybody在疑问句和否定句中指没有人，在肯定句中指任何人
2.You have to hurry up if you want to buy eggs because there's hardly _____ left.A.anything
B.something C.nothing
D.everything 【答案及解析】答案选A hardly 否定词，几乎不 3.He felt bad because he had drunk too _____ the night before.A.many
B.much
C.few
D.little 【答案及解析】答案选B 本题主要考查可数名词和不可数名词 drink too much 喝多了
too much wine 太多的酒
4.She promised her parents to write _______ while she was away.A.other day
B.another day C.every other day
D.any other day 【答案及解析】答案选C every other 每隔„„ 5.It was terrible.One passenger was killed，and _____ was badly hurt.A.the others
B.rest C.the rest D.the other 【答案及解析】答案选D he others后面谓语动词接复数
1.Some people hope to be more successful while _____ simply want to feel more comfortable.A.the others
B.others C.the other
D.another 【答案及解析】答案选 B some others, comfortable 舒适的
2.If anyone happens to call while I am out of the office，please have ________ leave a message for me.A.he
B.him
C.they
D.them 【答案及解析】答案选B have sb.do sth.让某人做某事
3.The first thing that my brother and _______ did in the early morning was to go out to see the pony.A.I
B.me
C.mine
D.my 【答案及解析】答案选A pony 小马,主语 first thing，谓语动词 was to go out to see，宾语 the pony.4.“I'd like some more bananas.” “I'm sorry，there is _______ left.” A.no
B.some
C.few
D.none 【答案及解析】答案选D
5.There are two windows in this bedroom._______ of them face south，overlooking a beautiful park.A.Both
B.One
C.The two
D.Either 【答案及解析】答案选A either 开头谓语动词要接单数，both谓语动词用复数
1.“I felt a bit hungry.” “Why don't you have ______ bread?”
A.any
B.Some
C.little
D.a piece 【答案及解析】答案选 B习语 Why don't you have some„„
2.The jacket doesn't fit Terry，as he has _______ huge body and the jacket is _____ small.A.such a； such
B.such a； so C.so ； so
D.so ； such a 【答案及解析】答案选 B such修饰名词，so修饰形容词 so huge the body 3.“Why are you smiling?”
“Oh，I've just thought of _________.” A.funny something
B.something funny C.nothing funny
D.funny anything 【答案及解析】答案选 B 形容词修饰不定代词要放在不定代词的后面 不定代词：something，anything，somebody，anybody，nothing，nobody.4.Young babies can use _________ hand equally well.A.either
B.each
C.both
D.every 【答案及解析】答案选A 强调两者之中任何一个 5._______ road out of town is good，but this one is better than the other.A.Both
B.All
C.None
D.Neither 【答案及解析】答案选 D
1.It was at the music hall _______ we met each other for the first time.A.when
B.where
C.which
D.that 【答案及解析】答案选 D 强调句
2.Modern technology has made ______ possible for the whole world to be closer than ever before.A.this
B.that
C.it
D it's 【答案及解析】答案选 C it is possible „„是可能的
3.It is during his spare time _______ John has been studying a course in French.A.when
B.that
C.which
D.what 【答案及解析】答案选 B it is„„ 强调句 4.“Have you heard the news about Tom?” “No，what _______ ?” A.was it
B.were they
C.are they
D.is it 【答案及解析】答案选 D news 当消息讲是不可数名词
5.I wonder why ________ possible for you to do the work by yourself.A.you
B.you are
C.it isn't
D.you were 【答案及解析】答案选 C I wonder why 宾语从句 1.“Did Amy's parents leave her any money?” “No，she has to support ______ now.” A.herself
B.by herself C.all alone
D.on her own 【答案及解析】答案选 A support oneself 养活自己
2.In _____ own way，mathematics can be as creative and exciting as poetry.A.It
B.Its
C.their
D.theirs 【答案及解析】答案选 B mathematics 数学（单数）
3.Neighbors ought to respect _______.A.themselves
B.one another
C.each one
D.to each other 【答案及解析】答案选 B
4.This furniture is different from _______.A.ones
B.your
C.that one
D.that 【答案及解析】答案选 D furniture是不可数名词，5.For ______ interested in nature，the club offers hikes and overnight camping each week during the summer.A.that
B.this
C.these
D.those 【答案及解析】答案选 D hike 徒步旅行，overnight camping在野外露营
1.“May I help you with some shoes，sir?” “Yes，I'd like to try on those brown _______.” A.one
B.ones
C.two
D.pair
【答案及解析】答案选 B shoes是复数，对应ones, try on 试穿
2.“Do you like the book Sidney gave you?” “Very much.It's exactly _______ I wanted.” A.one which
B.the one
C.one that
D.one what 【答案及解析】答案选 B 下文提到上文提到的单数可数名词，用the one
3.“Shall I mail the letter for you?” “Yes，I'd appreciate ________.”
A.that you do B.you to do it
C.this
D.it 【答案及解析】答案选 D 指代前面提到的事，用it.4.The patient chiefly lived on milk and fruit because he had ______ to eat.A.nothing else
B.anything else C.something other
D.nothing other 【答案及解析】答案选 A 修饰不定代词的形容词放在不定代词的后面 live on 以„„为生 5.________ doesn't matter what you do at this point.A.They
B.All
C.He
D.It 【答案及解析】答案选 D it doesn't matter 没关系 1.People have proved _________ to be true that the heat we get from coal and oil comes from the sun.A.that
B.it
C.this
D./ 【答案及解析】答案选 B it 是形式宾语，that从句是真正的宾语
2.I don't think ________ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.it
B.that
C.this
D.those 【答案及解析】答案选 A
3.“Were all three people in the car injured in the accident?” “No，______ only the two passengers who got hurt.” A.it was
B.there is C.it were
D.there was 【答案及解析】答案选 A 强调句
4.__________ he realized it was too late to return home.A.No sooner it grew dark than B.Hardly it grew dark when C.It was not until dark that D.Scarcely it grew dark when 【答案及解析】答案选 D no sooner than=as soon as 一„„就„„, scarcely when=as soon as, hardly when=as soon as
5.It was not until she arrived in class ________ realized she had forgotten her book.A.and
B.when she
C.She
D.that she 【答案及解析】答案选 D not until 直到„„才 6.It was ______ who arrived there first，despite our detour（绕路）
A.us
B.we
C.our
D.ours 【答案及解析】答案选 B
7.It was _______ the next morning that Kunta began to think about where he was going.A.after
B.before
C.when
D.not until 【答案及解析】答案选 D after 在„„之后, before 在„„之前, when 当„„时候, not until 直到„„才
8.It was _______ he got a map that he started on his away.A.until
B.till
C.not until
D.not till 【答案及解析】答案选 C until 直到, till 直到, not until 直到„„才
第三篇：英汉写作中人称代词的差异比较
英汉人称比较
1人称简介
（1）通过一定的语法形式表示行为、动作是属于谁的。第一人称(我)属于说话人,第二人称(你)属于听话人,第三人称(他)属于说话人、听话以外的人.人称代词所指的是说话的人叫第一人称，如“我、我们”；所指的听话的人叫做第二人称，例如“你、你们”；所指的是其他的人或事物叫第三人称，如“他、她、它、它们”。名词一般是第三人称。
（2）这三种人称各有其表达效果与优点。
第一人称的优点是，增加对事情对人物叙述的真实性，读者认为这所描述的一切是作者亲历的。第二人称叙述的好处是，增加亲切感，这种方法的效果就好像是作者面对我们娓娓而谈一样，无形之中拉近了读者的距离。第三人称叙述则显得比较客观公正，这是以一个冷静的旁观者的身份来进行叙述的方法。
2英汉人称比较 英语中的人称
第一人称：I me we us 第二人称 ：you 第三人称：he him she her it they them 等
汉语中的人称
第一人称： 我 我们“咱们
第二人称 ：“你”（“您”）、“你们”
第三人称：“他”、“她”、“它”、“她们”及“它们 等
1.汉语没有格的区分，但是汉语的第三人称复数形式比英语的第三人称复数更具体。汉语第三人称有性的区别，如“他”、“她”、“它”、“他们”、“她们”、“它们”。这些都是文字上的区分，语音里是没有性的差别的。汉语里的“他”、“她”、“它”都发成[ta：]。
“他们”和“她们”在性上有很大区别。
2.还存在两种不同的代词“咱们”和“我们”都指第一人称复数形式。“您”是“你”的尊称形式，用来表示对对方的尊敬。至于其他人称形式，英汉都能相互对等。
3． 总体来看，就叙事体小说这种文体来看，英语的代词使用频率比汉语代词使用频率高；（1）第三人称代词在英语中的使用频率比汉语中第三人称代词的使用频率要高；
（2）不论是英语还是汉语，第三人称代词在两种语言中的使用频率均最高，而第三人称复数代词和第一人称复数代词在两种语言中使用频率均较低。
4.大小写之别。
在英语中，一般只是每个句子的第一个字母以及人名、地名等专有名词要大写，但“I”不论在句子中处于何处均一概大写，在两边各矮一截的小写字母中显得鹤立鸡群，顶天立地。至于you、they、he、she，则无缘享受此殊荣。
而汉语则无大小写之分，不论是我、你、他或她还是我们、你们、他们或她们均一视同仁，淹没在大小相等的文字当中，谁也不起眼。
第一人称比较：
1．称用单数代词I 与“我”表示时的社交功能和普通语言的人称指示语一样，I和“我”的基本含义就指代说话者本人。英语的第一人称指示语I指说话者本人，没有其他相应的表达方式；汉语的“我”指说话者本人，“但它也有一些非指示用法，如虚指和泛指等”。汉语中有时用“本人指说话者自己，不过用得相对较少。现代汉语用“本人”除了表示客观冷静陈述以外。似乎还给人一种自大、高傲的感觉。所以，大多数语境下用“我”，较少用“本人”。相同
1、第一人称指示语如用复数代词表示 在英汉语中都有两个用法：其一，用于包括谈话对方；其二，用于不包括谈话对方
（1）我们都是有几十年教龄的老教师，应该能理解学生的心情。（包括听话人）
（2）We both should understand students for we are experienced teachers for many years.（3）您安心养病吧！我们过几天再来看你。（不包括听话人）
（4）You’d better take a good rest.We will come to you in a few days.2、用复数第一人称代替单数第一人称来指说话人自己，即在体现中将单数的说话者编码为复数形式的情况在汉语、英语中都不少见:（1）看过了前面摆出的种种材料、做法和看法，我们(=我)有些初步意见„„
（2）We(=I)have been observing the phenomenon for years, but at this stage we are(=I am)still unable to be very specific about its nature of its cause.its nature of its cause.例2 看过了你的个人简历，我们(= 我)有些初步意见„„
例1 这种用“我们”来代替“我”的用法多见于学术写作中，是说话人谦虚的表现，似乎在说他所取得的成就不完全归功于他个人。从另一角度来讲，“we”的使用，可以使文章减少主观自负的意味，这样便于拉近读者与作者的心理距离，同时也是话语礼貌原则的具体体现。在撰写论文时，尽管文章是作者独立撰写的，但为使自己提出的观点或发现的事实易于被人认同与接受，也常用“我们”或“we”，而不用“我”或“I”。这种为了避免话语者过于主观和自我为中心，用不包括受话者的“we”来指称自己的用法叫做“编辑的我们”(editorial we)（姜望琪：2000），它能使对方感觉到与发话者之间的平等、友好的关系。
而例2 则与以上情况不尽一样，说话者觉得自己以“我”或“I”的口吻说话分量不够，权威性不强，恐怕难以让他人确信时，便会使用“我们”或“we”，借助他人的力量，来增强其话语的权威性和可信度，以使听者觉得这不是个人所言，而是一个团体或一个领导集团的意见或主张，代表着集体的智慧和抉择。以上两种情况在英汉语中都存在，但是在谈到过失或缺点时，便不能这样用，否则便成了推卸责任了”，虽然“we”和“我们”都可以代指第一人称单数“我”，但两者的语用意义并不完全一样。英语中，“we”是皇室成员指称自己的一种特有用法，例如一个英国国王可以这样说：We will ourself reward the vistor.但汉语却没有此
用法。第let’s 在非常通俗的口语中有时可用作单数，这就是说它可以不包括谈话的对方，而只借指单数的“让我”，相当于let me:(3)Let’s(=me)give you a hand.差别
1不同的第一人称复数之间的差别：
在北方话里，包括说话人和听话人双方的第一人称指示语是“咱们”，“我们”却只指说话人及其伴随者一方。在普通话中，“我们”、“咱们”都可用于包括谈话对方。
这两种不同的第一人称复数之间的差别在英语中没有直接的反映，但间接地在let us 和它的缩略形式let’s之间的差别上反映出来。let us可能包括谈话对方,也可能不包括。（5）Let us know the time of your arrival.(不包括谈话对方)（6）Let us work hard.(可能包括，也可能不包括谈话对方)而let’s 一般情况下包括谈话对方在内。如：（7）Let’s go to the cinema.(包括听话人)因此不能说： Let’s go to see you tomorrow.2、在汉语里，“我们”还可以作为一种修饰语，以使语言显得亲切、友好。例如 :（1）有我们这位老叔，你想听歌容易，要多少，有多少。《 李有才板话》
3、在英语里 w e 可 以指人或其它一事物，而汉语只有在童话语言中才有。（1）May we come in? We 在这里可以指说话人和他们的宠物，如狗、猫等动物。英语的第一人称指示语的复数代词表示说话人和伴随者时，伴随者可以指人或宠物，而汉语只有在童话语言中才有，这是两种文化的差异所导致，因为在西方国家人们把宠物当作是自己生活的伙伴来看待的。可见这种用法在英汉两种语言中有相同的部分，也有差异。
4.英语在并列主语中，第一人称代词“I”通常放在最后，汉语“我”却不这样。Peter and I are studying in the same schoo1．
我和彼得在同一学校读书。
5、当谈话双方不是面对面进行交谈(如在电话中、广播中、有时也在电视上),在作自我介绍时 ,英语中往往不用第一人称指示语,而改用第三人称指示信息;汉语中向对方作自我介绍时，则只用第一人称指示语。
（1）Hello, this is John Smith.(or John Smith speaking.)
第二人称比较 差别
1、汉语中第二人称指示信息有时可以通过第一人称指示语表达。汉语的“我们”和“咱们”都可以用来借指“你”或“你们”而这种第二人称批示信息在英语中极少见，英语往往直接用 you 表现出来。下面是一些例子:（1）我相信,我们(二 你们)每个青年同志一定不会辜负党和国家对我们(= 你们)的期望。
（2）(你)要记住，我们(= 你)是学生 ,我们(=你)的主要任务是学习。
这种“移花接木”的指示信息 常给听话人一种亲切感,故在正式场合多出自长者、领导之 口，而在非正式场合，则为顾客、父母所乐于使用。
2、用第一、第二人称单数指代第一、二人称复数的情况在汉语中常常可以见到，而在英语中却少见。
（1）走，咱(咱们)今晚看电影去。
（2）你(=你们)大国敢不仁，我(=我们)小国也敢不义!（3）还我(=我们的)河山!
第三人称比较 相同 英、汉两种语言都存在专有名词和称谓名词作为第三人称指示语指说话人和听话人的情况（1）“老天爷你长眼呀，你视呀，要不是吾，这些家伙何时会从娘肚子里拱出来？他们（=你们）吃谷米，还没长成个人样，就烂肝烂肺，欺侮吾娘崽呀？”（韩少功《爸爸爸》）
例（1）中“他们”实指“你们”，丙崽的妈妈在儿子受到欺负的时候，对那些后生崽的称呼，由于她心存顾忌，没有敢直呼“你们”,而用了“他们”，这是一种指桑骂槐的方式。
英语第三人称代词it在“It‟s me”中使用，这也是说话人向听话人介绍自己的用语，但只限于说话人认为对方能从他的声音中认出他来时才使用
第三人称借指听话人不一定只限于代词，专有名词和称谓名词也可以借指听话人。在汉语中第三人称借指第一人称，主要使用了一些称谓语和专名，其中幼儿与父母之间的话语最典型。
例如：
（1）谁欺负宝宝（=你）了，叔叔找他说理去。这种情况通常表现在幼儿与父母或长辈之间的谈话中。
（2）人家（=我）可不是小儿科。
（3）Sunday school teacher: “Can my little boy(=you)tell me what children go to Heaven?”
（4）Bill（=I）wants an ice-cream, Mummy.（5）有的人（=你）就是不讲信用，借了钱该还不还
例（5）中“有的人”指代“你”，由于说话人碍于面子，不好直说，靠这种方式委婉地提醒、告诫对方。
第三人称指示语借指听话人和说话人，是语用学所注意的问题。这些情况都是在特定的语境下表达出特定的交际效果和语用效果，从而达到成功的交际目的。
“这是学生的一点心意。显然比“这是我的一点心意”更显得情深意浓。
2、第三人称可泛指任何人
第三人称的泛指，不再表示确定的所指对象，而是面向任何人，话语中传达的语义内涵，对任何人都适用。
例如：
（10）不管张三还是李四，只要是公民，他就有选举权。
（11）别管他是谁，只要有困难，我们就应该帮助他。
（12）To succeed,one has to do one‟s best.（13）This book gives one a good idea of life in the tropics
例（10）中“他”泛指任何公民，例（11）中“他”泛指任何有困难的人。例（12）中“one”泛指任何人，为了成功，必须努力。例（13）中“one” 泛指任何读这本书的人。
四、第三人称指示语的虚指用法
泛指用法虽不能明确所指对像，但确有所指，而且有一定的指称范围，即所指称的是该群体中的任何人，其意义是实在的。而虚指用法中人称代词在语句中根本没有所指对象，基本上没什么实际的指称意义。
例如：
(14)任他（或你）是刀山火海，我也要闯一闯。
(15)我先扣他十个球给你们看看。
（16）我今年先种他几亩试试。
例（14）——（16）中“他”即使去掉也不影响句子基本意义的表达。
五、其他情况
1.第一、三人称单复数交叉互指
（1）(Secretary to another with reference to their boss)We‟(=He)re in a bad mood today.（2）“老金,你以后成了咱们的领导,咱们先说好,你可别在咱们这些弟兄面前摆牛;你啥时摆牛，咱啥时给你顶回去！”
其他几个人说：“对,对,给他顶回去!到咱们县上，给他吃„四菜一汤‟！”
金全礼说：“一个副专员，牛还能牛到哪里去？到县上不让吃饭，他(=我)照样得下馆子！
大家哄笑：“对，对，摆牛让他下馆子！”（刘震云《官场》）
在一定的情景语境中,第一人称复数“我们(we)”可指称在谈话现场的第三者“他(he)”,如例(18)，第三人称单数“他”也可指称说话人自己“我”，如例(19)。方经民认为，“第三人称代词既跟先行成分互指，构成话语回指，又直接指称现场中的人物，构成现场直指，这种情况为现场话语回指。”例(19)话语中的“他”跟上文的“副专员”构成话语回指，同时又跟现场的说话人“金全礼”自己构成现场直指。
结语
通过以上的对比分析可以看出, 人称指示语的形式非常简单, 但其用法有时却有些复杂。人称和它们在构成语句时的含义往往取决于话语的语境和说话人的意图。我们常常需要借助具体的语境, 弄懂说话者所要传达的信念和意图。对人称的研究有助于我们更好地完成和理解话语, 这也是语用学的目的之一。
第四篇：45个very替代词：告别英语词汇贫乏的尴尬
45个very替代词：告别英语词汇贫乏的尴尬
very good, very beautiful, very...每次表达强烈语气时，还在使用very？作家们发话了，very这个词是词汇匮乏和懒惰的表现！小编为你整理45个“高大上”单词，下次说英语时不要总说very啦！作家们是这样吐槽very的：
Mark Twain：Substitute 'damn' every time you're inclined to write 'very;' your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.马克·吐温：每次想要用very的时候就用damn代替吧；你的编辑会直接帮你删掉它，这样文章才是它该有的样子。
Florence King:'Very' is the most useless word in the English language and can always come out.More than useless, it is treacherous because it invariably weakens what it is intended to strengthen.弗罗伦斯·金：very是英文中最没用的单词，但又总是会出现。比起无用，它简直就是个隐患，因为它总会削弱你想强调的那个词。
N.H.Kleinbaum：So avoid using the word 'very' because it's lazy.Don't use very sad, use morose.Language was invented for one reason, boysand, in that endeavor, laziness will not do.N·H·克莱伯姆：不要使用very这个词，因为用它就是偷懒。用morose代替very sad。语言的作用只有一个，小子们，就是用来哄女孩的。如果偷懒的话，怎么哄得到！
45个单词摆脱very：当你想在黑色的词（见下表）前加上very时，请用红色的词代替，不要再用very啦。
第五篇：45个very替代词：告别词汇贫乏的尴尬
45个very替代词：告别词汇贫乏的尴尬
very good, very beautiful, very...每次表达强烈语气时，还在使用very？作家们发话了，very这个词是词汇匮乏和懒惰的表现！以下45个“高大上”单词，下次说英语时不要总说very啦！作家们是这样吐槽very的：
Mark Twain : Substitute “damn” every time you’re inclined to write “very”, your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.马克·吐温：每次想要用very的时候就用damn代替吧，你的编辑会直接帮你删掉它，这样文章才是它该有的样子。
Florence King: 'Very' is the most useless word in the English language and can always come out.More than useless, it is treacherous because it invariably weakens what it is intended to strengthen.弗罗伦斯·金：very是英文中最没用的单词，但又总是会出现。比起无用，它简直就是个隐患，因为它总会削弱你想强调的那个词。
N.H.Kleinbaum: So avoid using the word “very” because it’s lazy.Don’t use very sad, use morose.Language was invented for one reason, boysand, in that endeavor, laziness will not do.N·H·克莱伯姆：不要使用very这个词，因为用它就是偷懒。用morose代替very sad。语言的作用只有一个，小子们，就是用来哄女孩的。如果偷懒的话，怎么哄得到！
45个单词摆脱very：当你想在黑色的词(见下表)前加上very时，请用红色的词代替，不要再用very啦！
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