第一篇:英语学习之基本伦理演讲稿
Between Relativism and Absolutism
Ethical Relativism has several important insights:
• The need forand The fact of moral We should not pass judgment on practices in otherwhen we don’tthem Sometimes Reasonable people may Differ on what’s morally acceptable
Two Types of Relativism • Descriptive ethical relativism
◦
• Claims as a matter of fact that different cultures havemoral valuesethical relativism
◦ Claims that each culture isRelativism: belief that ethical norms depend on individual or cultural beliefs or preferences;beliefAbsolutism: a command that allows no exceptions
Three Questions about the Meaning of Relativism
(1)Whatof morality is relative?
• Behavior Peripheral values Fundamental or Core values
(2)How •
• All Some None
(3)Relative to What?
• Individuals Cultures Nations Groups
What is relative?
• Behavior
◦
◦
• Different behaviors may exemplify the same value The same behavior may exemplify different values in different culture ◦ Obviously some culturally-specific values
• Core Values
◦ Are there central values found in all cultures?
How much is Relative?
• •
• •
Ethical Relativism: Limitations
• Is unhelpful in dealing with overlaps of cultures--precisely where we need help.◦
◦
◦
• Commerce and trade Media World Wide Web All = Most = Relativistic Pluralism Some = Little = Absolutistic Pluralism None =Is ’t judge others, neither can they judge us
Ethical Relativism: Overlapping Cultures, 1
• • Ethical relativism suggests that we let each culture live as it sees This is only feasible when cultures
Ethical Relativism: Overlapping Cultures, 2
• The actual situation in today’s world is much closer to the diagram.Cultures are constantly
interacting with each other.Ethical Relativism: A Self-Defensive Position
Ethical Absolutism
• • Absolutism comes in many--including the divine right of kings Absolutism is less aboutwe believe and more about Ethical relativism maintains that wemake moral The corollary of this is that we arein principle cultures Common element:
◦ There is a single
Ethical Absolutism, 2
• Ethical absolutism is Correct:
◦ ◦ •
Ethical Pluralism
•insights ofrelativism and absolutism:
◦ ◦ ◦ The central challenge: how to live together withandvalues Moral Sees
We do sometimesto make judgments Certain things are However, we need to always be open to what we can learn from others
Ethical Pluralism, 2
Ethical pluralism offers three categories to describe actions:
• • • Prohibited: those actions which are not seen as permissible at allthose actions and values in which legitimate differences are possiblea moral vision of what the ideal society would be like
Five Questions
• What is the present state? What is the ideal state? What is the minimally acceptable state? How do we get from the present to the minimally acceptable state? How do we get from the minimum to the ideal state?
Developing Moral Common Ground
Goals
• ◦
◦
◦
• ourselves others the issue ◦
◦
◦ agreement where appropriate living with some disagreements changing the situation
第二篇:英文演讲稿——基本伦理
On what basis do we make moral decisions?
• “Do what the Bible tells you”---
• “Follow your conscience”
• “Watch out for #1”---
• “Do the right thing”--The Ethics of
• “Don't dis' me”--The Ethics of
• “...all Men are created...with certain unalienable Rights”--The Ethics of
• “Make the world a better place”—
• “Daddy, that’s not fair”--The Ethics of
• “Be a good person”--Ethics
is equivalent to doing whatever the--or the Qur’an or some other sacred text or source of revelation--tells you to do.“What is” equals “What ”
tells us what is right or wrong
Often has a source
May be founded in a notion ofIs often negative in character, telling us what is
Says the only person to look out for is
Moral Purpose is one’s own happiness that requires rational self-interest
Ayn Rand is a Russian-American novelist, philosopher, playwright, and screenwriter The Ethics of Selfishness, The Fountainhead, and Atlas Shrugged
Begins with the , about doing your duty.Duty may be determined by:
-Do what any rational agent should do(Kant)
role-A physician’s duty to care for the sick
’s duty to care for his or her children
Human interactions should beby rules of respect
What counts as respect canfrom one culture to another
Examples:showing the soles of one’s shoes
What is it that merits respect?
The mostnotion of the past two centuries
conditions of human
Seeks tosuffering andpleasure or happiness
Demands a high degree of—we must consider the
consequences for everyone
Utilitarians claim theof morality is to make the world a better place
Begins early in thewith fairness to all family members
What is fair for should be fair for
may not mean treating them the
Seeks to develop individual(not consequences or rules)
Assumespersons will make
Developed byand Socrates was the teacher of Plato.Plato was the teacher of Aristotle.Aristotle was the teacher of Alexander the Great.Aristotle developed Western Philosophy.Only 1/3 of his works survived.Cicero called his style “a river of gold.”
Integral to the tradition
Founded by St Ignatius of Loyola.It follows the teachings of the Catholic Church.Members participate in The Spiritual Exercises to help them more closely follow Christ.Provides a way of all the theories
第三篇:英语基本伦理演讲稿 二
1Moral concerns are Being moral isto most people’s concept of human flourishing
Analogy: morality is a lot like
Principal concern:The role of
Disagreement
ProfessionalWe come back to
Morality: a-order set ofandabout how to live a good life Ethics: a-order, conscious on the adequacy of our moral beliefs.The goal of ethical reflection is Thus we seek to determine what will
What makes something aissue?
:duties, rights, human welfare, suffering, character, etc.impartial, compassionate, etc.Imagine a situation in which you see a classmate cheating.There are several elements from a moral point of view:
Some people are hurt by the cheating
There is deception in the situation
Cheating seems to be unfair to those who don’t cheat
There are conflicting values—honesty, loyalty, etc.There are questions of character
Some philosophers have argued that moral issues areby a
particular kind of —terms such as duty, obligation, right, and good.Many philosophers have argued that the moral point of view is ’t give my own interest any special weight.Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill
Other philosophers have seen the , feeling for the suffering of other sentient beings.Josiah Royce: “Such as that is for me, so is it for him, nothing less.”
Moral obligations, some philosophers maintain, are what gives them their distinctive Kant: morality is a matter of categorical imperatives.Moral Categorical Imperatives are
“Never treat people merely as a means to your own ends.“Always respect people as ends in themselves”
“Always act in such a way that you could will that everyone follow the same rule that you are following.”
Philosophers from Aristotle onward have seen the primary focus of to be
Two questions:
What ought I to do?(Kant and Mill)
What kind of person ought I to be?(Aristotle)
Ethics as the of Other People’s
We are often eager to pass judgment on others
Ethics as theand
Ethics often used as a
Hypocrisy: speak behind the mask
Possibility ofother people
The right to The right toand
Aims atwhat isEmphasizes for one’s own lifeof theory:
Describe
Explain
Give strength
Prescribe
Open new possibilities Wonder:
What is : Clear-cut, definitive answers
Ethics is likeOne studieshealth, the other Significantin both fields Still there is a significantground are wrong
第四篇:公务员伦理基本含义
一、公务员伦理基本含义
(一)公务员伦理界说
(二)公务员伦理基本问题
二、公务员伦理核心理念
(一)公仆意识的历史考察
(二)防止社会公仆变为社会主人
(三)公仆意识的价值要素
三、公务员理论体系架构
(一)公务员伦理规范体系
(二)行政伦理机制体系
(三)公共行政伦理问题
四、公务员伦理法制建设 加强公务伦理建设
公务员伦理是社会主义伦理在国家行政实践生活中具体体现,是国家公务员在行使公共权力、管理公共事务、提供公共服务、履行行政管理职责活动中形成并应当遵守的原则和规范。
公务员伦理的核心理念是“公仆意识”。“防止国家和国家机关由社会公仆变为社会主人”,是马克思主义廉政学说的基本原理,也是加强公务员伦理法制建设的基点。重视公务员伦理法制建设,已经成为国际性的大趋势。
国家公务员是一种特殊的职业,代表国家和政府行使国家行政权力,执行国家公务,组织管理各项行政事务,肩负着“治国”的历史使命。加强伦理建设能规范行政行为,有利于建立勤政廉政机制,也有利于树立政府在公众心目中的良好形象。
本课程从公务员伦理基本含义、公务员核心理念和公务员伦理法制建设三大方面,详细阐释了加强公务员伦理建设的紧迫性和必要性。旨在帮助公务员认识加强伦理建设的重要性,从而能够自觉规范自己的行政行为,做好人民的公仆。
一、公务员职业道德概述
(一)公务员职业道德内涵
(二)公务员职业道德的特点
二、公务员职业道德主要内容
(一)忠于祖国——立身之本
(二)服务人民——本质要求
(三)恪尽职守——基本素养
(四)公正廉洁——基本品质
三、公务员价值取向
公务员,是党和政府治国理政的重要力量。公务员职业道德,是每一名公务员应当遵守的职业道德规范和行为准则。加强公务员职业道德建设,是贯彻落实“德才兼备,以德为先”用人标准,不断提升公务员队伍职业道德水平的重要举措,对于增强政府和公务员队伍的公信力、巩固党的执政基础具有重要意义。
本课程通过对公务员职业道德的内容、特点的介绍,阐释公务员应具备的正确价值取向,对学员正确认识公务员职业道德,如何恪守公务员职业道德规范,把握正确的价值取向,有重要的指导意义。【培训收益】
•了解我国公务员职业道德的基本内容
•了解我国公务员职业道德的特点
•明确公务员应具备的正确价值取向
•明确公务员职业道德的重要意义
第五篇:英语学习之华山论剑
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英语培训出版界有“南李阳、北张翔”之说,而这两个人偏偏还是亲兄弟,“征服”的英语单词是“Conquer”,中文谐音“狂克”或“狂客”,这成了张翔的外号。疯狂自不必说是李阳的外号,一个“狂克”、一个“疯狂”在海南的五指山发生了一场“华山论剑”。两人都对英语培训市场浮燥现状有很多看法,只为赚钱而不负责任,不去真正研究有效的英语教学法简直是“毁”人不倦!两人交流都很坦诚,开诚布公。抛弃任何私心杂念和功利思想。李阳告诉了我们 “为什么疯狂”、张翔告诉了我们“该掌握什么”,或许可以为我们的英语学习带来些启示。
论战中“疯狂”李阳说:“英语是要靠大声朗读、背诵句子练出来的。”
“狂客” 张翔反驳道:“念是一回事儿,说是另一回事儿。读的是别人的东西,而说要靠把脑子里的东西表达出来,我思故我说嘛。”
“疯狂”李阳说:“发音很重要。说话都南腔北调的,怎么交流?”
“狂客”张翔说:“英语不是用来欣赏的音乐。发音标准不标准并不重要。印度人发音很难听,但在美国硅谷有一半软件工程师是印度人。英语就是表情达义的工具而已。我们两人发音地道好听只是会使更多的学生崇拜一下罢了。”
“疯狂”李阳说:“英语口语要靠一句中文、一句英文反复地练、大声地背来提高。”
“狂客”张翔说:“中国人学英语最大的问题是缺乏交流环境。念一句话、背一段文章形成不了对话。很多学生在自由交谈时往往想不起来背过的对应语料。要么不知说什么、要么不知怎么说。”
“疯狂”李阳说:“哑巴口语最根本的原因是怕羞、怕丢脸、不敢说。”
“狂客”张翔说:“怕羞根本就是怕说错。不知道该怎么说。”
“疯狂”李阳说:“造成‘中国式英语’的根源就是背的句子太少。”
“狂客” 张翔说:“英语单词+汉语语序=中国式英语二合一主要是因为中国人不熟悉、不习惯英语思维表达模式。教学生用英语思维,培养语感,就能举一反三,这是有效的捷径。”
“疯狂”李阳说:“重要的还是开口说。只要敢开口,越练越能说。我就是要激励中国人建立信心、抓住一切机会表现自己。从结结巴巴开始进行疯狂三最训练、再到脱口而出一句话、脱口而出一段话、直到脱口而出一篇讲演稿。只有这样,口语水平才能不断提高。”
“狂客”张翔说:“不仅要开口,更需要开心。学生跟你开口说英语,可你一走,他又跟谁开口练呢?开口容易开心难。我现在尝试以‘心理咨询’的方式帮助学生发自内心敞开洛基国际英语
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心扉。你帮他开口,我帮他开心。我设法让口语初学者一开始就进入到‘心理咨询’所特有的真正的交流沟通中来。这种口语训练分成六级六个阶段(该套丛书已由中国出版集团东方出版中心于2003年3月出版,书名叫《掌握英语口语》):第一个阶段:问答回应级,以‘心理咨询’形式帮助学生学会用‘Yes’或‘No’来准确回应‘我是谁?’、‘我快乐吗?’、‘我能行吗?’、‘我在忙什么?’、‘我做过什么呢?’、‘我喜欢干什么?’等心理测验。再给他设计不同的生活场景和多种表达句型,供他作简单的一问一答模仿回答。效果很不错。我认为口语从一开始就应该是对话,但不能是不经过大脑式的照本宣科,比如象‘How are you?fine, thank you.And you?’这样毫不感情甚至毫无意义的问候语。”
“疯狂”李阳问道:“你是怎么想出这么一种培训方式的?”
“狂客”张翔说:“你记得咱俩当初研究扶忠汉的‘双向式’英语学习法时我就对双向交流产生了兴趣,但扶忠汉只是把它简单化或重复模仿,流于形式了,效果并不理想。所以,我专门研究了‘美国交流协会’的一些研究成果,再结合到心理咨询和测试的形式,学生反响很踊跃。他们都乐于模拟‘咨询’过程来模仿表达真正感兴趣的话题。”
“疯狂”李阳说:“困难就在于学生不知道用什么样的词表情达义。《英语900句》背得再滚瓜烂熟也不实用。很多中国人到美国后才发现自己在国内学了十年的词,人家美国人不用,而美国人平时说的话在中国要么学不到、要么老师说是‘俚语’学了没用。”
“狂客”张翔说:“实际上美国人就用不超过100个惯用词就足以完成平时交流。比如“take”、“make”、“get”等等。学会一个“take”,就能表达123个意思。这要比背多少个《英语900句》有用的多。所以当学生完成口语第一阶段‘问答回应级’之后,就要用这些惯用语进行第二阶段‘情景描述级’的训练。我专门把这些惯用语搭配编成一组组对话训练学生情景对话。比如说两个人通过‘问答回应’认了交了朋友,就会聊到彼此感兴趣的话题,比方说某场球赛、某部电影、某件事情等,这就需要进行情节描述„„”
“疯狂”李阳说:“最大的问题还是词汇量。很多学生记的单词不会用,只能认知,应付考试中的阅读理解题,却并没有掌握,达到活学活用。”
“狂客”张翔说:“现在的学生,别看整天都在背单词,四、六级都过了,可以表达出来的单词却少得可怜。我拿教小孩的词问他们:‘拍拍手(clap your hands)、弹弹指(snap your fingers)’怎么说?结果回答都是I don’t know。实际上,我已经在教学生学会表达描述性的词汇,尤其是描述舞蹈、体育、游戏等动作动词。比如让他们描述‘著名球星罗马里奥带球过人、左脚脚跟轻扣球、传给后面迅速插上的罗纳尔多,罗纳尔多接球后由右脚在球前快速晃动连做两个假动作,再用右脚脚背把球挑过对方防守队员,不待皮球落地便一脚临空抽射,打入球门左上角。’这样使用单词又记得牢、又能丰富口语表达,可以脱口而出。另外,我的学生还要学加、减、乘、除等算术、几何逻辑思维表达词汇和句式。经过这样的训练后,口语学习者才会真正拥有语言交流的环境和表情达义的手段。”
“疯狂”李阳说:“现在很多口语好的不懂专业,搞专业的口语又很差。在外企很多白洛基国际英语
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领、即使专业很棒,但却很难和老外沟通。”
“狂客”张翔说:“我在安然公司的经历让我一生刻骨铭心。我们和美国人在信仰、价值观、道德标准、文化习俗、社会制度上大不一样,造成我们在做什么、怎么做、做成什么样等方方面面产生很大的误会和冲突,尤其是跨国公司通行的职业规则意识。对于大学毕业的学习者来说,在掌握了初级口语交流能力之后,就应该接受在跨文化交流交际环境下的职业英语口语训练。比如说美国人的个人主义思想和中国人的集体主义观念,比如说等级观念、创新意识、责任感、直接表达与间接表达、谦虚与自信、比如说中国人的关系、面子等都会对交流产生较大影响。”
“疯狂”李阳说:“我发现现在学英语的人有一个很普通的误区,就是为了学英语而学英语,而不是为了交流而用英语交流。走了很大很长的弯路。只是学一些皮毛、长一些见识、交一些朋友、多一些时髦,并没有真正联系到涉及专业应用和国际经济交流。口语训练更是脱离实践。培养的尽是一些只能看得懂文章却说不出话的‘哑巴口语专家’。”
“狂客”张翔说:“这很正常。因为中国人学英语主要还是靠阅读英文课本,所以阅读理解能力强,口语表达能力差。看懂的文章再多,也不能自然而然转化成自己的语言表达出来,也就是说‘借鸡下蛋’水平不够。我在培训过程中有意识地教他们着重掌握口语转述词和总结惯用语,培养学生把每看到的文章中的每一句话用自己的语言转述出来,再进行总结表达。这样就能看得越多越能说,也能大大增加英语环境。”
“疯狂”李阳说:“可这需要指导,否则靠自学恐怕会走形。最近我受邀作英语演讲大赛的评委,发现一个怪现象,很多参赛学生演讲水平很高,发音也很地道,口若悬河,可一到评委与他们答辩时,却结结巴巴,甚至还听不懂你的提问,回答问题也驴唇不对马嘴,满嘴的中国式英语,中国评委能听懂,可美国评委却听不懂。我真佩服他们背诵演讲稿的水平还真不简单。”
“狂客”张翔说:“背得再熟也不能表明他的口语水平就很高。正所谓‘我思故我说’。语言是思维的外衣、载体。英语是思辩语言。汉语是叙事语言。英语擅长一般特殊型逻辑思维表达模式。训练学生用英语归纳、演译、分析、推理就能够很有效地提高遣词造句和谋篇布局的演讲能力。”
“疯狂”李阳说:“我还记得咱俩在西安狂轰‘英语角’的经历。那基本上是咱俩唱独角戏。现在做培训,每周我都组织‘英语角’,由我先定两个主题,一个讨论题目,一个辩论题目。把学生们分成两组,学生口语水平比较低的一组进行讨论。一组水平高的展开辩论。结果都进行不下去。刚开始就互不相让,吵起了架。过一会儿就成了口语最强的一人唱独角戏。训练的效果就出不来了。”
“狂客”张翔说道:“讨论、谈判和辩论是英语口语交流技能的最高水平和最终目标。这让我想起了中国的‘文山会海’,在世界上属开会最多的就应该算是中国了。但往往是流于形式,只能反映家长意志、首长命令和领导指示。我也开了‘英语讨论’课程,一开始也并不理想。我就专门研究了一下美国的开会历史。这才发现,原来美国人在150年前‘南北洛基国际英语
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战争’时就发明了一套民主议事规则,叫‘Robert’s rules of order’(罗伯特议事规则)。这套规则成为美国所有大小机构开会的通行规则。这套非常成熟的民主规则保证辩论双方都有机会和权利发言、陈述、讨论、辩论、协商的机会而不至于引发吵架、打架,充分体现公正平等和民主自由。所以我主张和提倡学英语不应只是学语言、学知识、学说什么、学做什么,而更应该是学怎么做最好、最有效率的民主规则!”„„
“成千上万人疯狂下载。。。
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