第一篇:1000多单词研究生英语作文
The trust between each other
The trust between each other in modern society is very important, however, few people can achieve it.In this paper, the trust between each other is studied.Firstly, the phenomenon that people can’t trust each other is put forward.Then I will try to research the reasons of the distrust between each other.Thirdly, some significance of the trust between each other is put forward.Finally, try to find some feasible measures to improve this inharmonious appearance.Introduction:
A society, in which people can really trust, and love and care for one another would be an idea one.But so far, human history has not witnessed such a society yet.In the present day world people are still facing threats from society such as political conspiracy and betrayal, economic exploitation, racial discrimination, cheating, bullying, violence and crimes.Though majority of people are honest and nice, or still try to be so, some people even said that in order to survive in such a society, the number one rule we must learn is--not to trust others.Then the following will discuss this topic in detail.1: Put forward a phenomenon in our society
Whom can you trust these days? It is a question posed by David Helper of Cambridge University and the researchers at the Downing Street Strategy Unit who take an interest in “social capital”.At intervals they go around asking people in assorted1 nations the question: “Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted?”
In my opinion, the distrust between each other in our country is also existed.As is well known, our country is going to placing some advertisements for its low quality and poisonous Chinese goods on west mainstream media like CNN.What a big joke.With it’s ugly and dark sides.With it's ridiculous and stupid educational mode,without creativity, with it's old culture which worship tricky person like tricky, sophistic,sophisticated person is awesome for Chinese since ancient time.Honest and frank person is regarded as nerd and unworldly stupid, inexperienced, and is target of tease.There are also so many problems and contradictions around our life.Everyone seems to look at others with suspicion.Every home there must be with an anti-theft door to keep safe.Some new bicycles are locked with two locks, while even that cannot prevent them from being stolen.But do you know that it is a normal phenomenon in every country, even the most developed USA? To protect your own possession is one of your daily tasks, not the others’.This is really a puzzling problem that every want to resolve it.2: Try to find out the reasons of this appearance
Regarding Britain, the obvious conclusions are being drawn.Mr.Helper and others cite reasons why we appear less trustful: the demise of the job-for-life culture, rising divorce, physical mobility, higher immigration, an aggressive commercial ethic and the new isolation of mass media.“You use your wealth to free yourself of the inconvenience of other people,” says Helper.“You ensure you have your own house, and you don't even have to watch TV with your family because you have five TVs.”
However, in our country the distrust between each other is also very prevalent.What’s the reasons of this appearance, it include many aspects.As well this is the very point I find so absurd, we don't trust each other at all.When you see a new worker you don't think “There's someone who might be able to help a company succeed, if this company treat him well he'll stay and do great things!”, instead you think “There's someone who will leave soon, better not teach him anything!” You don't seat him absolute failure of that logic?!Especially in a country where harmonious society is supposed to be top priority, where everyone is suppose to be working together for the greater good?!The reason I find this so absolutely ridiculous is it's basically the complete opposite of everything Chinese people are suppose to stand for.3: The significance of trusting each other in modern society
As is known to us all, everyone has to survive on this world and everyone has to live with other.So communication with others is an important thing, but being honest is the key matter.To be honest means you should always tell other people the truth of the matters, and at the same open the heart to everyone you would trust.Never to cheat the others if there is no point doing that.When we get to know other people, we wish them to tell us what they really have in their minds.So do them.Being honest is the key to true relation.Being an honest person whom everyone can trust brings many true friends and lifelong partner.Firstly, with the development of our country, the goal to build a harmonious society is devoted.What is harmonious society? For us, it’s a world full of honest, friendly atmosphere, justice, fair and open competition between social members, regions and departments.Imagine that everyone won’t trust each other any more, how can the beautiful “harmonious society” come true?
Secondly, mutual trust is also essential for making a real friend.A slight smile when we meet each other will shorten our distance.Loyalty is the basic foundation for people to trust and communicate with each other, thus, keep the society in harmony.Admittedly, relationships are established on mutual trust and loyalty which cannot be easily altered to maintain genuine relationships.4: What we can do to enhance the trust between each other
Of course, it is a fact that deceiving is a threat to the stability of our society.Deceivers damage the principals of social “games”.More over, they destroy the backbone-trust, which our society depends on.But it is a fact that you can only avoid or keep away from rather than put an end to.In that situation, why do we sigh there instead of confronting it? In fact, it’s not really surprising if we consider how seriously this society is flooded with books, magazines, video tapes and films that lead young people onto the criminal road and how money almost comes first in people’s thoughts.What shall we do to end up the unexpected atmosphere? On one hand, firstly, we should be honest, and treat other people with an open mind.Secondly, for the poor, we should give them a hand for help.The most important is to help those children who can’t afford to go to school, because they are the hope for the poor families and the poor regions.On the other hand, for our individuals, to become rich is everybody’s life dream.And there are quite a lot of people who try to get money by all means, fair or foul, honest or dishonest, honorable or dishonorable.While when we hand some business, we should accord to the principle and never cheat any partner.Everyone should be brought up with the belief that money is the least important thing in one’s life and that one should work for one’s country and people without considering one’s own personal gain.
第二篇:英语作文单词
1、经济:
economic globalization(经济全球化), sustainable development(可持续发展),unfair competition(不正当竞争),crack down on fake commodities(打假),boom(繁荣),fierce competition(激烈竞争),credit crisis(信用危机),stabilize prices(稳定物价)
2、文化:
great and profound(博大精深的),integration and interaction(融合交汇),crash(碰撞),charming(极具魅力的),splendid(壮丽辉煌的),English fever(英语热)
3、环保:
environment-friendly(生态型的,环保的),threat of global warming(全球变暖的威胁), promote fundamental shifts in the economic system and mode of economic growth(促进经济体制和经济增长方式的转变),curb environmental pollution/ bring the pollution under control(治理环境污染),develop renewable resources(开发可再生资源),a low-carbon economy(低碳经济)
4、科技:
science and technology(科学技术),web-addiction(沉迷网络),computer crime(电脑犯罪),e-commerce(电子商务),virtual life(虚拟生活),information era(信息时代),cyber romance(网恋),surf the Internet(网上冲浪)
5、就业:
applicant(申请人),position available/ vacant position(空缺职位),competent(能胜任的), be qualified for(合格的), proficiency(熟练程度),job arrangement and benefit(工作待遇和福利),promotion(晋升), gender-biased(性别歧视的),appearance-biased(相貌歧视的)
6、大学生活/教育:
cultivate(培养),further one’s study(深造),quality education(素质教育),foster abilities(培养能力),relieve the burden on students(减轻学生负担),be occupied with so much schoolwork(忙于功课)place emphasis on(以…为重心),comprehensive(全面的,广泛的),practical capability(实际能力),duck-stuffing(填鸭式)
7、社会现象:
enlightening(富有启发的),cause alarm and attention(引起了警惕和重视),set good example for(为…树立榜样),dedicate(做贡献), take action(采取行动),ensure implementing activities(确保执行),vulnerable(易诱惑的,易受影响的),be supposed to(应该)
8、人物特征、情感描写:
strong-minded(坚强的),industrious(勤奋的),promising(有前途的),dynamic(有生气的),responsible(有责任心的), influential(有影响力的),profound(渊博精深的),devoted(忠实的,投入的),warm-hearted(热心的)
第二篇:句型,词组搭配
1.随着经济的繁荣 with the booming of the economy
2.随着人民生活水平的显著提高 with the remarkable improvement of people's living standard
3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4.为我们日常生活增添了情趣 add much spice / flavor to our daily life
5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed that…
6.我同意前者(后者)观点 I give my vote to the former / latter opinion.7.引起了广泛的公众关注 Sth.has aroused wide public concern./ Sth has drawn great public attention.8.利远远大于弊 The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.9.开阔眼界 widen one's horizon / broaden one's vision
10.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into consideration
11.从另一个角度 from another perspective
12.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…
13.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly keen social competition
14.…有其自身的优缺点
… has its own merits and demerits / pros and cons
15.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to
16.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas / emotions / information
17.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / keep abreast with the latest development of…
18.…的健康发展 the healthy development of…
19.把时间和精力放在…上 focus one's time and energy on…
20.导致很多问题 give rise to / lead to / spell various problems
21.可以替代think的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief / view that
22.优先考虑/发展… give(top)priority to sth.23.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with
24.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
第三篇:研究生单词
不得强迫自证其罪并非沉默权
对话人
中国政法大学诉讼法学研究院名誉院长、中国政法大学教授樊崇义
对话动机
8月30日,中国人大网全文公布了《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法修正案(草案)》,向全社会公开征集意见。草案涉及证据制度、强制措施、辩护制度、侦查措施、审判程序、执行规定和特别程序等七个部分,拟将刑诉法从原有的225条增加到285条。
刑诉法修正案草案公布后,备受社会各界关注。《法制日报》记者就刑诉法修正案草案讨论引发的一些争议话题,与全程参加修正案草案论证的樊崇义教授展开对话。
对话
法律尚未规定沉默权
记者:公众对修正案草案中第四十九条“不得强迫任何人证实自己有罪”反响强烈,您怎样评价这一规定?
樊崇义:这句话表述了一个牵动诉讼格局或全局的原则,它讲明如何对待犯罪嫌疑人和被告人,其中具有多重意义:首先,你在讯问犯罪嫌疑人的方法上不得采用强制手段;其次,你主张他有罪,由你来举证,证明责任在控方;第三,这是一项权利。既然是权利,被告人可以享用,也可以放弃而选择坦白交代;第四,如果他坦白交代了,你要从宽处理,这实际上强化了自首原则和坦白从宽的刑事政策。由此看来,诉讼格局会发生重大变化。这句话写入刑诉法修正案草案,体现了我们诉讼制度的民主和进步。
记者:有人发表言论,认为不得强迫公民自证其罪这个原则就是确定了沉默权。您怎么看?
樊崇义:我看到有报道称确定这个原则就是确定了沉默权。不是说不得强迫自证其罪吗,这就包括可以不说话、保持沉默,这就等于有了沉默权。我认为这是一种延伸的理解,更是一种推论。我们在修正案草案中没有规定沉默权,不得强迫自证其罪不等于就有了沉默权的规定。
记者:有人说虽然没明示沉默权,但默认了这项权利。
樊崇义:对于犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的口供,我们仍然规定它是法定证据之一。我们反对采用强制手段获得口供,但不是不要口供,更不是说我们就有了沉默权的规定,这是必须要解决的一个理解和认识问题。所谓“默认”只是一种理解,法律的标准是要给出“明示”,既然没有明确规定,就不能说“默认”了沉默权。
记者:沉默权最终会不会写进我国的法典中?
樊崇义:这次没有规定沉默权是我们立法上存在的一个欠缺,我认为随着时代的发展和进步,将来会完整地规定的。
记者:对“不得强迫任何人证实自己有罪”的理解还有哪些不正确的认识?
樊崇义:在办案传统中沿袭着一种根深蒂固的意识,认为办案必须施行高压手段,这样破案才能见效快。不施加压力,谁承认有罪呢?这种意识是源于有罪推定的思维模式。看到“不得强迫任何人证实自己有罪”这句话,有人说今后没法办案了。这个原则实质上告诉办案人员,要改变侦查模式和侦查办法,要把精力和功夫下在实物证据、口供以外的证据上。多年前就提出要从以口供为本的传统旧习逐步转向以实物、物证为本的新模式、新方法。一段时期以来,翻案风、告状风盛行,这与强制手段获得口供造成的不稳定因素有关。
近亲属仍有作证义务
记者:刑诉法修正案草案第一百八十七条规定,强制证人到庭作证,但被告人近亲属可以免除。有人对此议论说,如果此条得以通过,长期以来在我国大力提倡的“大义灭亲”观念将被颠覆,您是否同意这种说法?
樊崇义:不能把免除强制作证当作完全的免证权,这是两个概念。更不能把免除强制到庭说成是对“大义灭亲”的颠覆。一些报道都采用了“颠覆”这个字眼,我认为这种“颠覆说”的理解是不对的。
记者:不对在哪里?
樊崇义:关于这条拟定内容的正确理解,我概括两点:第一,作证仍然是每个公民的义务,包括近亲属;第二,这次免除的只是强制到庭,被告人近亲属仍然有作证的义务,这个界限必须要划清。以上两点很清楚地表明,我们只是对“大义灭亲”的一点点突破。目前,我们国家还处在社会发展的初级阶段,即在发展进程中尚没能一步到位,要把握好这个界限和火候。如果说儿子杀了人,父亲愿意带着儿子去自首,这是我们要大力提倡的。
解决外逃贪官财产问题
记者:草案第二百七十七条规定了犯罪嫌疑人、被告人逃匿、死亡案件违法所得的没收程序,拟定这一程序的动机是什么?
樊崇义:以往公安、司法机关在处理外逃贪官案件中,对违法所得财产的处理没有可以依据的法律,出现了比较混乱的情形。这次,草案将处理违法所得法制化、程序化,要区分合法财产和非法财产的界限,要经过检察机关控告,要提供证据,要经过法庭审理。这是个非常严肃的问题,要有提起程序、申请程序、要有收集证据程序。有了审理程序,更要有裁决的程序。这一个程序集中解决违法财产的没收问题,但是,它没涉及到定罪问题。
记者:为什么这一特别程序没有涉及定罪?
樊崇义:定罪问题是个复杂问题,比如外逃嫌疑人不在国内,没有口供,由于定罪的证据非常难以搜集,许多问题要通过外交途径加以解决,由于我们与多个国家的国际司法协助程序没有完全地确立起来,通过定罪解决这一问题尚有难度。草案设置一个特别程序,只是解决现有的、明显的违法所得的财产问题。
记者:有人说这一程序确立了我国的缺席审判制度,您是否认同?
樊崇义:这种认识没有分清特别程序与缺席审判制度的界限,是一个错误的认识。我们说这个特别程序只用于处理逃匿或死亡的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的违法所得,与确立完整的缺席审判制度有关联,但它还不是完整的缺席审判制度。
技术侦查手段严格使用
记者:有人提出,草案拟定公安机关和检察院在使用技术侦查措施时可以自己审批,自我授权,很容易造成怎么方便怎么来。技术侦查措施一旦滥用,便会造成人人自危。您怎么看待这一说法?
樊崇义:大家在讨论草案时已经预测到这方面可能存在的问题。针对这种担心,立法时从适用范围、原则、主体、时间、材料保密等若干方面区分了公民隐私权与秘密侦查之间的关系,不像有人说的那样,今后要大面积使用,到处都是窃听器,搞得人人自危。
记者:请您具体介绍一下。
樊崇义:在保证技术侦查和秘密侦查手段使用的同时,修正案草案注意到严格保护公民的隐私权,理由是:草案首先明确了技术侦查和秘密侦查手段的适用范围。这个范围只限于危害国家安全犯罪、恐怖犯罪、黑社会性质犯罪、重大的毒品犯罪或者是严重危害社会的犯罪,还有重大的贪污贿赂犯罪以及利用职权实施的严重侵害公民人身权利的重大犯罪;第二,草案规定了严格的审批手续;第三,草案限制了适用主体——由公安机关执行;第四,草案严格规定了适用时间为3个月,因案情复杂疑难经批准每次可延长3个月;第五,草案严格规定了保密与材料销毁制度。我们是一个民主国家,法治国家,草案拟定的这些措施一旦确立,将会严格依法执行。
简易审判不能简化诉讼
记者:有人注意到,草案对人民法院适用简易程序进行了重大修正,即取消了“依法可能判处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制、单处罚金的公诉案件”这一条表述。
樊崇义:是的,这的确是一个重大的修正。
记者:为什么要作出这样的修正?
樊崇义:目前,全国案件总量不断增多,而法院编制不能增加,法庭也不能多建。根据这种客观现实,我们采取扩大简易审判程序的办法。另外,在世界范围内,简化诉讼程序也是各国发展的一种趋势,其目的是为了节约诉讼资源、提高诉讼效率。把简易程序扩大到凡是基层人民法院管辖的、可能判处无期徒刑以下的案件,百分之六七十可能都要适用简易程序。这就出现了一个简易程序与普通程序的界限问题,人们在认识上有所不同。
记者:有哪些不同认识?
樊崇义:人们对于适用简易程序案件的范围、适用普通程序范围的界限以及在简易程序中程序简化同诉讼职能要不要简化这两个界限容易产生模糊认识。
记者:您认为正确的理解应该是什么?
樊崇义:关于第一个界限,适用简易程序首先是基层人民法院法定管辖范围内的案件,其次要符合下列条件:一是案件事实清楚、证据充分;二是被告人承认自己的罪行。被告人认罪了,对指控的犯罪事实没有异议;三是被告人对适用简易程序没有异议。这时,检察院就可以建议使用简易程序。关于第二个界限,我把它归纳为两条:一是程序可以简化,诉讼职能不简化。所谓诉讼职能不简化,除了审判人员必须到庭之外,检察官、辩护人应当到庭,但法庭调查可以简化,证据调查可以简化。
记者:为什么要强调诉讼职能不简化?
樊崇义:我们要贯彻司法民主的精神,判断符合不符合简易程序要突出这样的重点,即被告人同意不同意适用简易程序。简易程序有它既定的条件和任务,不是那么随随便便进行的。既是开庭,必须有控、辩、审三种职能才能构成审判,缺少任何一种职能就是一个不完整的诉讼。另外,这次对简易程序的修正将涉及到全国三千多个基层法院的审判工作,我们必须严肃认真。
人民大学法学院何家弘教授:中国已确立沉默权制
度
中国人民大学法学院教授、博士生导师何家弘
2012年修订的中国刑事诉讼法第五十条规定:“严禁刑讯逼供和以威胁、引诱、欺骗以及其他非法的方法收集证据,不得强迫任何人证实自己有罪。”其中,新增加的“不得强迫任何人证实自己有罪”是这次修改刑诉法取得的一个标志性进步,但是人们对它的理解——特别是其与沉默权的关系——尚存在分歧。目前比较流行的观点是这一规定并非确立沉默权制度,换言之,犯罪嫌疑人和被告人还没有沉默权。持这种观点的人大概是把美国的米兰达规则当成了确立沉默权制度的标准,而这是不恰当的。毫无疑问,米兰达规则对于沉默权制度在美国乃至世界范围内的发展都产生了重大的影响。一句简单明了的“你有权保持沉默”,借助于美国影视作品的影响力,传播到世界各地,使人们知道犯罪嫌疑人和被告人有权在面对警察讯问时保持沉默。对于推动人类社会刑事司法的文明化来说,米兰达规则功不可没。但是,美国的沉默权制度并不是由米兰达规则确立的。
1791年生效的美国宪法第五修正案规定:“任何人„„不得被强迫在任何刑事诉讼中作为反对自己的证人。”据此,“自愿性”就是美国司法机关判断被告人供述能否采纳为证据的基本标准,而嫌疑人在面对侦查人员的讯问时也就理所当然地享有了沉默权。由此可见,美国的沉默权制度建立于1791年。1966年由美国最高法院通过米兰达判例确立的“告知规则”不是在赋予犯罪嫌疑人和被告人沉默权,而是要保障犯罪嫌疑人和被告人的沉默权。正如美国20世纪著名刑事司法学家弗雷德·英博教授所指出的,以沃伦大法官为代表的自由派人士之所以要确立这一规则,“完全不是基于保护无罪人的考虑”,而是“寻求平等主义哲学的产物”。他们认为,“富有的、受过教育的或智力高的嫌疑人很可能从外界得知他有沉默权;反之,贫穷的、未受过教育的或智力低的嫌疑人则不知道这种特权。因此,一切被羁押或者被其他方式剥夺自由的人,必须被告知享有保持沉默的权利。”
根据美国“三权分立”的政治原则,最高法院可以通过判例来解释美国宪法并保障宪法规定的正确实施,但不能给宪法增加权利性规定,否则就会构成司法权对立法权的侵犯。因此,美国人的沉默权不是米兰达规则赋予的,而是宪法第五修正案赋予的。警察在讯问前告知嫌疑人有权保持沉默,不是在赋予嫌疑人沉默权,而是在提醒嫌疑人依法享有沉默权。由此可见,认为美国的沉默权制度是由米兰达规则所确立的观点是错误的。米兰达规则的历史作用在于把过去那种默示的沉默权制度转化为明示的沉默权制度。
所谓“默示的沉默权制度”,就是说,相关的法律规定没有明确使用沉默权的字样,但是从法律的有关规定中可以推断出犯罪嫌疑人和被告人应该享有沉默权,如美国宪法第五修正案中“反对强迫性自证其罪”的规定。所谓“明示的沉默权制度”,就是说,相关的法律规定明确使用了沉默权的字眼,而且要求司法和执法人员必须事前告知犯罪嫌疑人和被告人依法享有沉默权,如美国的米兰达告知规则。
任何制度都不是完美无缺的。每种制度都各有其优点和缺点。默示的沉默权制度与明示的沉默权制度也是各有利弊的。毫无疑问,明示的沉默权制度可以更好地保护嫌疑人的合法权利、防止刑讯逼供和提高审讯的文明程度,但是它也会限制侦查人员的审讯活动,并且有可能为真正的犯罪者提供逃避惩罚的机会。作为讯问对象的嫌疑人实际上有两种情况,一种是无辜者,一种是犯罪人。从讯问心理学的角度来分析,有罪(这里所说的不是法律意义上的“有罪”,而是事实意义上的“有罪”)的嫌疑人在接受讯问时经常处于一种“供还是不供”的心理矛盾状态。在一定意义上,审讯也是侦查人员和这种有罪嫌疑人的智慧力与意志力的角斗。如果法律要求侦查人员在开始审讯前必须明确告知对方有权保持沉默,那么一些有罪的嫌疑人就会顺势选择沉默,或者在侦查人员问到令他难以回答或一时不知如何回答的问题时主张沉默权,以便从容地构筑心理防线。实践经验证明,对于那些犯罪心理不太坚强的有罪嫌疑人来说,初次讯问往往是其心理防线容易崩溃的时间。如果侦查人员在此时必须先告诉他有权保持沉默,那就可能失去破案时机,因为对于犯罪侦查和审判来说,损失的不只是口供,还有潜在的物证和书证以及取证的时机。相比而言,默示的沉默权制度不能像明示的沉默权制度那样有效地保护犯罪嫌疑人和被告人的权利,而且是否强迫自证其罪的标准在实践中也较难把握,但是它较好地兼顾了打击犯罪和刑事司法的效率。
综上,以米兰达规则为代表的美国式沉默权制度既不是沉默权制度的唯一模式,也未必是最佳模式。中国应该努力在保障人权和打击犯罪的价值冲突中选取适当定位。根据目前的社会状况,我认为选择默示的沉默权制度是比较合适的,而新修订的刑事诉讼法第五十条的规定就是这种沉默权制度的法律依据。无论立法者是否自觉,把“不能强迫任何人证实自己有罪”写进刑事诉讼法,就标志着中国法律确认了犯罪嫌疑人和被告人的沉默权。明确这一点是至关重要的。一方面,这彰显了中国刑事诉讼立法的进步;另一方面,这明确了嫌疑人和被告人在接受讯问时有权保持沉默。
也许有人会说,由于新修订的刑事诉讼法第一百一十八条保留了“犯罪嫌疑人对侦查人员的提问应当如实回答”的规定,所以犯罪嫌疑人在接受讯问时无权保持沉默。虽然我赞成把“如实回答”的规定从刑事诉讼法中删除的主张,但是既然立法者选择了保留,那就必须做出合理的解释。一个法律中的规定不能出现前后矛盾的情况。因此人们不能解释说,刑事诉讼法一方面规定侦查人员不能强迫犯罪嫌疑人做出有罪供述,一方面又规定犯罪嫌疑人必须如实回答侦查人员的所有提问。前面的含义是可以保持沉默,后面的含义是不许保持沉默,这是自相矛盾的。笔者认为,对于上述规定的合理解释是:犯罪嫌疑人对侦查人员的提问,可以选择回答,也可以选择沉默,但如果选择回答,那就要如实陈述。换言之,犯罪嫌疑人有沉默权,但是没有说谎权。
中国已然在法律上确立了默示的沉默权制度,但要使之从应然的制度转化为实然的制度,我们还有很多事情要做。首先,立法机关和司法机关在关于实施刑事诉讼法的解释性规定中,应该明确犯罪嫌疑人和被告人有权在接受讯问时保持沉默;其次,司法机关要进一步完善与沉默权有关的非法证据排除规则,明确规定何种情况下获得的口供必须排除,而这就可能要借助司法判例,譬如由最高人民法院颁布的指导性案例;最后,侦查人员要转变观念,强化人权保障意识,坚持依法办案原则。一言以蔽之,让中国式沉默权制度名副其实,那是必须的。
心理强制说,费尔巴哈,德国刑法学家,近代刑法学之父。此费尔巴哈为著名唯物主义哲学家路德维希·费尔巴哈(1804-1872)之父。
费尔巴哈认为“人是避免不快、追求快乐、权衡利弊之下进行活动的动物,如果把刑罚作为犯罪的后果预先予以规定,实施犯罪时立即执行法律上规定的刑罚,那么人们就会把不犯罪而产生的小的不快和因受刑罚而产生大的不快,合理地加以权衡,为了避免大的不快抑制小的不快而不去犯罪,就有必要在法律上预先规定犯罪与刑罚的关系。”
心理强制说以人为理性动物,又有自私的特性为基点。心理强制说强化人们对犯罪与刑罚必然相系的确信,除对具体犯罪立即执行刑罚之外,尤其重要的是以法律预先明确规定各种犯罪及其犯罪后应受的刑罚处罚。由此,意欲犯罪者无论有何犯罪趋向,都将面临着刑罚的威慑,从而使刑罚的心理强制作用得以充分发挥。
费氏心理强制说的核心在于将痛苦进行合理的比量上。是罪刑法定原则的实效理论基础。费尔巴哈于1802年根据其心理强制学说,最先在其教科书中以拉丁文格言形式,将罪刑法定主义表述为“法无明文规定不为罪,法无明文规定不处罚”。
第四篇:英语作文常用单词
1解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle
2损害: Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize
3给与:Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford
4培养::Develop, cultivate, foster
5优势:Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength缺陷:Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness使迷惑:Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle重要的:Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative认为:Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced保护:Protect, conserve, preserve
11确保:Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge有害的: Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental要求 :Request, demand, needs, requisition消除 :Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away导致: Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate因此:So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this增长至:Grow to,rise to,increase to,go up to,climb to,ascend to,jump to,shoot to
18降低至:Dip to,fall to,decline to,decrease to,drop to,go down to,reduce to,slump to,descend to,sink to,slide to
19保持稳定:Level out,do not change,remain stable,remain still,remain steady,be stable,maintain the same level,remain unchanged,be still,remain the same level,stay constant,keep at the same level,level off,stabilize,keep its stability,even out急剧地:Dramatically,drastically,sharply,hugely,enormously,steeply,substantially,considerably,significantly,markedly,surprisingly,strikingly,radically,remarkably,vastly,noticeably
21平稳地:Steadily,smoothly,slightly,slowly,marginally,gradually,moderately,mildly宣称:Allege, assert, declare, claim发生:Happen, occur, take place原因:Reason, factor, cause发展:Development, advance, progress有益的:Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding,advantageous 27 影响:Influence, impact, effect
28明显的:Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear
29占:Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose
30与…相比:Compared with,compared to,in comparison with,in comparison to,by comparison with,by comparison to
31对比而言:By contrast,in contrast,on the other hand,on the contrary=,conversely
32展示:Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe 33 大约:Approximately,almost,about,around,nearly,roughly
34波动:Fluctuate,go ups and downs,display a fluctuation,demonstrate a fluctuation
35事实上:Practically,in practice,essentially,in essence,in reality,in effect,in fact,as a matter of fact,it is a fact that
36换言之:Namely,that is to say,in other words,to put it like this,to put it differently,to put it from another way,to put it from another angle.
第五篇:英语写单词比赛
高一英语写单词比赛 高一英语写单词比赛
姓名________________________
I.中译英(50)1.公司 ____________________________ 3.谋杀, 凶杀 ______________________ 5.现代的 __________________________ 7.不可能的 _______________________ 9.寂静, 沉默 _____________________ 11.票, 入场券 ____________________ 13.幸运的 ________________________ 15.机会, 机遇 ____________________ 17.乡村 ____________________________ 19.决定, 决心 n.____________________ 21.卓越的, 极好的 ___________________ 23.鼓励 ____________________________ 25.建议, 提议 _______________________ 27.礼物 ____________________________ 29.私人的, 个人的 ___________________ 31.温度 ____________________________ 33.复习, 回顾 _______________________ 35.代替, 而不是 _____________________ 37.提及, 说明 _______________________ 39.特别的, 专门的 ___________________ 2.面试, 面谈 _______________________ 4.争论, 争吵 _______________________ 6.包括, 包含 _______________________ 8.自由 n.__________________________ 10.比较 ____________________________ 12.失败 ____________________________ 14.外国人, 外国的 __________________ 16.影响 ____________________________ 18.紧张的, 不安的 __________________ 20.声音 ____________________________ 22.允许 ____________________________ 24.发觉, 发现 ______________________ 26.参加, 进入 ______________________ 28.欧洲的 __________________________ 30.选择 ____________________________ 32.归还, 还回 ______________________ 34.收到, 接收_______________________ 36.环境_____________________________ 38.解释, 说明 ______________________ 40.几个的, 数个的 __________________
成绩_________________________
41.人口 ____________________________ 43.令人惊异的 ______________________ 45.上升, 筹集 _______________________ 47.反对 _____________________________ 49.介意 ____________________________ II.英译中 II.英译中(30)1.dormitory ________________________ _____________________ 3.disappointing _____________________ 5.organize _________________________ 7.emperor _________________________ 9.store ____________________________ 11.collect _________________________ 13.public _________________________ 15.comment ______________________ 17.character _______________________ 19.annoyed ________________________ 21.behave _______________________ 23.amusement ____________________ 25.exchange _____________________ 27.requirement ___________________ 29.solution _______________________ III.词组 III.词组(60)1.交通事故___________________________ 3.违反规则 __________________________
42.奇怪的 __________________________ 44.学期, 术语 ______________________ 46.跟随, 追随 ______________________ 48.垃圾 ____________________________ 50.地区, 地域 ______________________
2.disadvantage _____________________ 4.reporter ________________
_________ criticize 6.criticize _________________________ 8.normal __________________________ 10.modest _________________________ 12.border __________________________ 14.certain _________________________ 16.consequence____________________ 18.predict _________________________ 20.original ________________________ uncomfortable 22.uncomfortable ___________________ 24.perfect _________________________ 26.volunteer ______________________ ______________________ 28.sincerely ______________________ 30.topic _________________________
2.奥林匹克运动会_____________________ 4.顺便 ______________________________
5.听说 ______________________________ 7.排队等候 __________________________ 9.插队 ______________________________ 11.身体健康 _________________________ 13.被期望或要求……._________________ 15.谋生 _____________________________ 17.一直 _____________________________ 19.捡起 _____________________________ 21.相处 _____________________________ 23.浏览 _____________________________ 25.熄灭, 扑灭 _______________________ 27.对……感兴趣 _____________________ 29.与……交朋友 _____________________
6.发生 ______________________________ 8.各种各样___________________________ 10.兼职工作 _________________________ 12.另一方面 _________________________ 14.爱上 _____________________________ 16.能够 _____________________________ 18.将来 _____________________________ 20.在通话 __________________________ 22.尽可能…… ______________________ 24.在……方面做得好 ________________ 26.成绩单 __________________________ 28.用完, 用尽 ______________________ 30.在船上 __________________________