建筑学专业英语——韵律

第一篇：建筑学专业英语——韵律

There are lots of approaches to the rhythm of landscape.The more often used are as following:

1.The simple rhythm

The simple rhythm refers to the successive arrangement ofthe scenes repeating the same kind of elements in isometry.Such as the trees along the sidewalk with equal distance in between, the long corridors in the same height and distance, the mountain trails or the mountain climbing wall with same height and width.2.Alternative rhythm

Namely, the successive arrangement of the scenes repeating more than two kinds of elements by turn.3.Regular changed rhythm

Regular changed rhythm refers to rhythm arises from the gradual increase or decrease of the successively repeated parts of the design at certain aspect, the density of colors, the thickness of the materials ect.At same time,it usually reflects the gradual change of degrees and quanlity between the different components.3.See-saw rhythm

See-saw rhythm is brought about by one or more factors undulating regularly in appearance.The sky in wildwood area

adpots this kind of rhythm.4.Mimesis rhythm

The mimesis rhythm refers to the successive arrangement of the scenes with the composition of uniform and different elements.For instance, the shape of the parterres may be the same, while the species and arrangement of the flowers and grasses inside are different.5.Interlaced rhythm

Namely, the rhythm caused by certain factor which regularly alternates and crosses in length and breadth.The changes happen vertically and horizontally or in many a direction.The space may be open or poky,bright or dim,the scenery is sometimes gaily colored, sometimes simple but elegant elegant,living or quite.The suitable organizing can still be rhythmical.In the actual arrangement of the landscape, a number of rhythm are applicable to one scene.The reasonable combination may create more desirable and artistic scenery on the premise that the function of the landscape are available.Therefore, rhythm is a crucial aspect concerning the unity and variety of the scenic layout.

第二篇：同济大学建筑学专业英语阅读材料125

STAIR SEATS

… we know that paths and larger public gathering places need a definite shape and a degree of enclosure, with people looking into them, not out of them – SMALL PUBLIC SQUARES（61）, POSITIVE OUTDOOR SPACE（106）, PATH SHAPE（121）.Stairs around the edge do it just perfectly;and they also help embellish FAMILY OF ENTRANCES（102）, MAIN ENTRANCES（110）, and OPEN STAIRS（158）.* * * Wherever there is action in a place, the spots which are the most inviting, are those high enough to give people a vantage point, and low enough to put them in action.On the one hand, people seek a vantage point from which they can take in the action as a whole.On the other hand, they still want to be part of the action;they do not want to be mere onlookers.Unless a public space provides for both tendencies, a lot of people simply will not stay there.For a person looking at the horizon, the visual field is far larger below the horizon than above it.It is therefore clear that anybody who is “people-watching” will naturally try to take up a position a few feet above the action.The trouble is that this position will usually have the effect of removing a person from the action.Yet most people want to be able to take the action in and to be part of it at the time.This means that any places which are slightly elevated must also be within easy reach of passers-by, hence on circulation paths, and directly accessible from below.The bottom few steps of stairs, and the balusters and rails along stairs, are precisely the kinds of places which resolve these tendencies.People sit on the edges of the lower steps, if they are wide enough and inviting, and they lean against the rails.There is a simple kind of evidence, both for the reality of the forces described here and for the value of the pattern.When there are areas in public spaces which are both slightly raised and very accessible, people naturally gravitate toward them.Stepped cafe terraces, steps surrounding public plazas, stepped porches, stepped statues and seats, are all examples.Therefore:

In any public place where people loiter, add a few steps at the edge where stairs come down or where there is a change of level.Make these raised areas immediately accessible from below, so that people may congregate and sit to watch the goings-on.* * * Give the stair seats the same orientation as SEAT SPOTS（241）.Make the steps out of wood or tile or brick so that they wear with time, and show the marks of feet, and are soft to the touch for people sitting on them – SOFT TILE AND BRICK（248）;and make the steps connect directly to surrounding buildings – CONNECT TO THE EARTH（168）….

第三篇：建筑学专业英语视频翻译

A very long time ago, far away in China, a villager living along the banks of the Yellow River built a simple mud hut to shelter his family.Thousands of years later in the year 1420, the empire’s best craftsmen put the final touches on the ultimate masterpiece of Chinese architecture---the Temple of Heaven.“Chinese buildings evolved from simple shelters into complex magnificent structures with great swooping roofs, stately columns, and rich detail.”

Between this simple mud hut and this amazingly complex structure---its every detail full with cosmological symbolism---is a tale of emperors, monks, scholars and genius craftsmen---a story which explains an architectural tradition of great beauty and flexibility.And to start this story at the beginning, we have to leap back two millennia, to when the brilliant tyrant QinShihuang becomes the first emperor of a unified China.In 1938, an American fighter pilot flying over a remote part of China, spotted giant pyramid-like structures below.In his excitement he took a photo and declared to the world that he had discovered a lost civilization.What he discovered, however, weren’t pyramids, but massive tomb mounds.And the grandest of them all was the tomb of the man who unified China.“Our story begins with the tomb of QinShihuang the first emperor of China, who lived 200 years before Christ.”

A brilliant warrior and tactician, he annihilated all his rival states and created the imperial system which survived until the year 1904.And the grandeur of his tomb matched that of his ambitions: For more than thirty years he used 700,000 workers---probably more manpower than the pharaohs had assembled to built the pyramids---to re-construct his kingdom in the private underground world of his tomb, with palaces and courts for a hundred officials, rooms containing countless gems, rivers of mercury and candles which would never burn out.They sat you can’t take it with you, but QinShihuang sure tried.“His tomb was guarded by hundreds of terracotta warriors, but just as fascinating were the clay model houses that were found inside his tomb.” Because of their belief that people had to provide for their ancestors in death, the early Chinese buried their deceased with clay models of the structures they depended on in life-granaries, houses, watchtowers and the like.These 2000 year-old models are the only surviving examples of early Chinese wooden architecture, and from them we can see how houses were constructed around the time of the first emperor.These models show a type of wooden house that incredibly can still be seen today.So why did the ancient Chinese build in wood rather than stone, like the ancient Europeans? The availability of wood in the extensive forests of early China was no doubt a major factor.The ancient Chinese did know how to build with stone, and how to use the arch… and they used the arch extensively for tombs, gates and bridges.However they rejected the stone arch for building houses, temples and palaces.To see why we can again find clue from the tomb of the fiest emperor.Archaeologists recently excavated from the tomb a 2000 year-old sword that is still sharp as a razor.The reason it is still sharp is because it is coated with chrome-a fact that may not seem too amazing until you realize that chromium wasn’t invented until 1938-the same year the tombs were spotted by that American pilot.This means is that the ancient Chinese developed incredible metal-working skills very early in their history, and so they had metal woodworking tools at a very early date.Stone can be used to fashion and work stone, as early Britons must have done to build Stonehenge.But iron tools were necessary for wood carving and joinery.And with such tools, however primitive, wood construction was much easier than construction in stone.Western cultures began their architecture without iron tools.So they started in stone and brick and continued building with these materials.The Chinese, on the other hand, began building with wood and continued to do so for 6000 years, starting with the basic Chinese house which was first developed on the flood plain of the yellow river.In areas prone to flooding, this structure was raised on pilings.In the central yellow river valley of China it rested on solid platform.Stone bases for each column, twice the diameter of the column, were placed on this platform, then the column raised on top of this.So, the elevation of a Chinese building has three elements: the podium underneath, the columns in between and big roof resting on top of the columns.Four columns form what is called a bay;groups of bays then form the different types of buildings.From the earliest times the Chinese separated the supporting from the enclosing elements of a building.This meant the interior columns supported the roof weight completely, while the walls were just for privacy and protection from the elements.In a country plagued by powerful earthquakes, the Chinese didn’t build solid walls, which could be cracked and rent apart by an upheaval of the earth’s crust, but rather they built flexible structures without using glue or nails.These structures could ride the heaving earth like a boat, shifting and settling back, with the platform acting almost like a raft.Heavy roofs with tiles were supported by columns built of white fir which was four times stronger than steel, and six times more flexible than concrete.It was the beginning of an architecture of great beauty, elegance and practicality.The first feature of a Chinese building that usually impresses a visitor is the elegant, sweeping and seemingly gigantic roof.Western architecture, with its spires and Greek columnsthe Duo, a block, like a capital, placed at the top of a column.The gong, a bracket placed across the top of the deng, and the spacers between them, called the sheng.“ The degree of complexity is wonderful, with brackets locking together like a Chinese puzzle without any nails or glue.With these duogong the Chinese could extend the roof overhand, without having to building more and more columns inside.To extend the overhang even further, the Chinese devised a clever solution.The roof overhang is one end of a kind of see-saw.Its weight is counterbalanced by the weight of the center of the roof, at the other end of the see-saw, on the fulcrum of just one column.This device, called an ang, lets one column to do the work of three, And makes the heavy tiled roof seem to float in mid-air.Heavy roofs create what is known as 'shear stress'.The Europeans built ”flying buttresses“ to bear the enormous stress created by a cathedral dome.The Chinese on the other hand used brackets at the joints of frames to carry this shear stress down through the brackets and columns into the ground.Increasingly complex bracketing accompanied ever larger, more complex multi-leveled roofs: which came in a myriad of shapes and sizes.”A standardized system of architectural measurement was established in the year 1103, with the publication of Li Chieh's Methods and forms of architecture, a treatise adopted throughout the vast, yet centralized, empire.This book defined the basic units of measurement as standardized sizes of the duogong bracket arms.Depending on the size of the bracket was determined the size of every other element in the building: such as the thickness and height of the columns.This standard survived into modern times.These rules of Chinese architecture governed not only the construction of an individual buildings but also the planning of the layout of a town, a temple, or a palace complex.Ancient Chinese Shamans oriented buildings according to the dictates of feng shui, or wind and water a way of determining mystical forces flowing through the earth.The principles of feng shui were turned into rules used to align man-made structures harmoniously with the currents of the earth's forces, known as chi.These rules controlled siting, ground plan, decoration, and even color.Although steeped in ancient Chinese animistic religion, most of these seemingly mystical rules have their origin in a few simple and practical facts about the climate of central China.China is situated in the temperate zone, with a southwest prevailing wind.By orienting buildings to the south or southeast, the Chinese take advantage of the warmth winds and sunshine from the south to provide people living in halls and courtyards with a pleasant micro-climate.Not only buildings faced south but also cities, palaces and tombs.Ancient Chinese shamans found the directions with the aid of a sinan: history's first magnetic compass.The pointer, shaped like a spoon, was made out of magnetic lodestone.It sits within a circle to represent heaven, and on a square plate representing earth.

第四篇：专业英语

我国经济和科学技术正在高速发展，随着我国机械行业实力的不断提升，中国正在加速产品与设备的更新与改造，我国与其他国家在各技术领域也正在实现进一步的合作，许多企业引进了很多进口设备，大量资料是英文原版的。因此，学生将来在工作岗位上能否读懂这些资料就是摆在面前的一个严峻的问题，特别是在生产实际中碰到现场实际问题的时候，很可能需要查阅原版英文资料或与相关专家用英语交流专业技术来谋取解决途径，所以机械工程专业英语的掌握就变得越来越重要。

一、学习机械专业英语面临的主要问题

1.缺乏足够的重视，认为没必要

许多学生对专业英语重视不够，认为自己以后在工作岗位上一般用不上，学起来又不容易，不想花功夫去学习和加强专业英语方面的能力，即便有专业英语课程也是抱着及格万岁的思想，敷衍了事。其实，随着社会的发展，各种工作岗位对人才的要求越来越高，即使作为一名操作工，也有很大可能要面对纯英文的说明书、加工图纸等专业文献，更无须说将来担任管理和领导岗位对专业英语的需求了。

2专业基础知识不扎实

专业基础不扎实、专业知识的缺乏是专业英语学习和翻译的一大障碍。只有既懂外语又懂专业的人才能适应全面的对外开放，4.无法适应专业英语本身的特点

专业英语一般内容较为枯燥，阐述的是原理概念，结构严谨，不注重文字修饰，重在客观事实；专业词汇多，逻辑性强，理论推导多，有独特的文体形式和表达方式。在学习开始阶段，我感觉很难适应。

二、大学生学好机械专业英语的方法

1.把握专业知识

必须将机械专业知识与英语知识相结合。缺乏专业知识，翻译专业文献就没有了根基，成了无本之末。也许自己在学习过程中就会对翻译出来的东西拿捏不稳，或者自己都不明白，更不能保证对错了。所以，学生必须加强开设本课程前的相关专业知识的学习，为本课程的学习扫清这方面的阻碍，减轻负担。也有学生反映，专业英语学完以后，英语和专业两方面都有所巩固和加强，所以学生要做的仍旧是树立信心，保持良好积极的心态。

2.积累专业词汇和专业术语

在专业英语的学习过程中，学生既要巩固基础词汇，也要学习专业词汇，更要注重基础词汇的习惯用法、含义和在专业英语中的特殊用法、含义，同时，学生还需要在识记专业词汇的同时，掌握一定量的词根、词缀［7］。提高专业英语资料的阅读能力必须扩大词汇量，掌握一定量的专业词汇。如果词汇量掌握得不够，阅读时就会感到生词多，障碍大，不但影响阅读的速度，而且影响理解的程度，从而不能进行有效的阅读，还容易使人产生挫败感。而学生要想扩大词汇量，就必须在阅读的同时进行识记，并扩大阅读范围。

3培养浓厚兴趣

培养对英语的兴趣至关重要。“兴趣是最好的老师”，兴趣是学习英语的巨大动力，有了兴趣，学习就会事半功倍。我们都有这样的经验：喜欢的事，就容易坚持下去；不喜欢的事，是很难坚持下去的。而兴趣不是与生俱来的，需要培养。必须要用正确的态度对待英语学习，用科学的方法指导学习。多让自己去尝试，通过努力让自己体会成功的愉悦。

三、结语

用英语进行专业交流是学习机械工程专业英语的最终目的。由于翻译过程是个创造性的、从生疏到熟练的过程，只有具备刻苦的精神、严肃认真的学习态度和一定的英语水平、专业水平和汉语表达水平，才能充分理解原专业文献的含义，把握原文的想要表述的实质内容，运用种种表达手段和翻译技巧，用准确流畅的符合汉语言习惯的语言生动地再现原文。所以，为把自己培养成为复合型、有发展后劲的高技能人才，大学生必须把握机械工程专业知识，培养专业英语的学习兴趣，积累专业英语学习方法和基础知识，加强英文原始专业文献的阅读，扩大知识面，迅速而切实地提高自己的专业英语的应用能力，为将来更好地适应高素质工作岗位和进一步发展的需要打下良好的基础。

第五篇：专业英语

http://zaixianfanyi.com/google.php#hj

194页：了解什么归入类别嵌入计算，它足以说明什么不是嵌入式设备的要求。嵌入的设备的寿命非常不同于通用机器的3 年的逐渐过时循环。有些设备是几乎一次性的：平均日本celluar电话在少于一年被替换。在oppsite极端，基础建设的设备例如电话交换机在30年的日程表贬值。这些寿命差异产生具体的影响，可升级性和向后兼容性。少量嵌入设备有升级要求。例如，积极汽车热衷者更改自己的车里的芯片，但是这些通常是只读光盘，不是处理器。大多数消费者项将被替换，不会升级。

Backward compatibility is seldom an embedded requirement,as software does not migrate from one device to another.An interesting exception is game consoles:to maintain compatibility,later console chips must be capable of being exactly as fast as the early versions despite changes in underlying process technology.In consoles,backward compatible is often implemented by putting a complete copy of the previous-generation console in one small corner of the next-generation die.Bacause many embedded designs need not be backward compatible with previous implementations,designers are free to switch designs with each product generation.Consequently,there is less emphasis on the distinction between architecture and implementation.If a new version of a chip is slightly incompatible but much better than its predecessors,designers may still be willing to use it.因为软件并不从一个设备迁移到另一个，向后兼容性很少是嵌入式的要求，一个有趣的例外是游戏控制台：要维护兼容性，尽管最新控制台芯片在基础工艺技术上有所改变，但是它一定是可胜任的是象早版本一样快速地确切。往往通过将上一代控制台的完整副本放在一个小角落里的下一代模向后兼容。因为许多嵌入式的设计需要，不能与以前实现向后的兼容，设计师可以自由切换的每一代产品的设计。因此，有少强调体系结构与实施之间的区别。如果稍有不兼容，但比其前任的芯片的新版本，设计师仍可能愿意使用它。