第一篇:情态动词与虚拟语态高考语法二轮复习单选题和单句改错(附答案) (原创)
情态动词与虚拟语态 I.单项选择 1.Michael ______ be a policeman, for he is much too short.A.needn't B.can't C.should D.may 2.I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ____ for her.A.had to write it outB.must have written it outC.should have written it outD.ought to write it out 3.Jack _____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.A.mustn't have arrivedB.shouldn't have arrivedC.can't have arrivedD.needn't have arrived 4.Sir,you ______be sitting in this waiting room.It is for women andchildren only.A.mustn'tB.can'tC.won'tD.needn't 5.A left-luggage office is a place where bags _______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.A.shouldB.canC.mustD.will 6.— Is John coming by train?— He should, but he _____ not.He likes driving his car.A.mustB.canC.needD.may 7.It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.A.canB.willC.mayD.shall
8.You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ______ be so rude to a lady.A.mightB.needC.shouldD.would
9.—Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.—_______.A.I don'tB.I won'tC.I can'tD.I haven't 10.I didn't see her in the meeting-room this morning.She____ at the meeting。A.mustn't have spokenB.shouldn't have spokenC.needn't have spokenD.couldn't have spoken
11.If I ____ where he lived,I ____ a note to him.A.knew,wouldB.had known,would have sentC.know,would sendD.knew,would have sent 12.If they ____ earlier than expected,they ____ here now.A.had started,would beB.started,might be
C.had started,would have been D.will start,might have been
13.Without your help,we________ so much.A.won't achieveB.didn't achieveC.don't achieveD.wouldn't have achieved 14.She wishes she ____ to the theatre last night.A.wentB.would goC.had goneD.were going 15.My sister advised me that I ________ accept the invitation.A.couldB.mustC.shouldD.might 16.He asks that he ________ an opportunity to explain why he's refused to go there.A.is givenB.must giveC.should giveD.be given 17.I insisted that he ________ at once.A.be goneB.goC.would goD.might go 18.Li Ming insisted that he ________ anything at all.A.hadn't stolenB.shouldn't stealC.doesn't stealD.steal 19.It is quite natural that my coming late again ______them very angry.A.had madeB.would makeC.makesD.make 20.It is high time we ________ home.A.will goB.would goC.have goneD.went II.单句改错(在错误下面划线,并将正确答案写在括号内): 1.He feels as if he is floating on a cloud.()2.The law says that drivers can’t drive after drinking.()3.He will recover soon.You can’t worry about him.()4.You can be tired__ you’ve been working for four hours.()5.Our suggestion is that you are the first to go.()6.The poor little boy could never able to see or bear again.()7.You mustn’t do the exercise if you don’t want to.()8.Dare you to tell your parents about your school records?()9.She told him he ought not do it.()10.dinnerA few years ago I might afford to bring my wife to this place for.()
1--5 BCCAB6--10 DDCBD11--15BADCC16--20 DBADD
1.Is---were2.Can’t----mustn’t3.Can’t----needn’t
4.can--must5.Are--be6.Could---was7.Mustn’t---needn’t
8.去 to9.加 to10 might--could
第二篇:2010高考二轮复习英语学案——专题七 情态动词和虚拟语气
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SUNIONG2010高考二轮复习英语学案
专题七 情态动词和虚拟语气
【典例精析】
1.(2007 全国卷II,8)_______ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race.A.If
B.Since
C.Though
D.When 【解析】A 有题干可知,“若不是他伤了腿,约翰就能赢得比赛了”,运用了虚拟语气,故用if。
2.(2008山东卷, 24)Thank you for all your hard work last week.I don’t think we ____ it without you.A.can manage
B.could have managed C.could manage
D.can have managed 【解析】 B 此题考查情态动词表示虚拟意义的用法。I don’t think…是否定前移。意为:我认为没有你我们本不能做成这件事的。此题关键是要根据句意知道是虚拟语气,其基本形式是情态动词(过去式)+have done,所以其他选项皆可排除。【答案】B
3(09福建).But for the help of my English teacher, I____the first prize in the English Writing Competition.A.would not win B.would not have won C.would win D.would have won 【答案】B 虚拟语气。此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反,句子谓语动词用would/should/could/might + have done结构,故选B。
4.(09湖南)— It’s the office!So you _____ know eating is not allowed here.— Oh, sorry.A.must
B.will
C.may
D.need 【解析】A 句意为:这是办公室!因此你必须知道吃的不允许带到这里。must表示“绝不”的意思。
5.(09海南)What do you mean, there are only ten tickets? There _____ be twelve A.should
B.would
C.will
D.shall 【答案】A。你这是什么意思,只有十张票吗?应该有十二人。should表示“应该,应当”。6.(09上海)It_____ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.全力打造最优秀的学科网站,您的需要就是我们努力的方向!阳光教学资源网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 搜集,仅供学习和研究使用!
A.may
B.can
C.must
D.should 【解析】C 考查情态动词的基本用法。此处表示肯定性较强的猜测,故答案选C。7.(09四川)—I don’t care what people think.—Well, you _______ A.could
B.would
C.should
D.might 【解析】C考查情态动词的用法。答话的人提了一个建议——你应该关注别人对你的评价的。should可以用来向别人提建议,所以答案为:C 8.(09天津)This printer is of good quality.If it _______ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.A.would
B.should
C.could
D.might 【解析】B 考查虚拟语气中的情态动词用法。表示对将来情况的虚拟假设,条件从句可以用should+v.原形;
9.(09重庆)—Hi, Tom.Any idea where Jane is? —She_____in the classroom.I saw her there just now.A.shall be
B.should have been
C.must be D.might have been 【答案】C 考查情态动词表示猜测的用法。由后面的just now暗示现在一定在教室推知对现在情况的猜测,故答案为C.10.(09全国2)I can’t leave.She told me that I______stay here until she comes back.A.can
B.must
C.will
D.may 【解析】B 考查情态动词的基本用法。由前面的I can’t leave.推知我必须呆在这里,故答案为B。
11.(09江苏)11.He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he____ it differently.A.could express
B.would express C.could have expressed
D.must have expressed 【解析】C 考查情态动词的用法。由前面的后悔表示做过啦,故后面的意思为本能够表达的不同,答案为C符合。
【专题突破】情态动词和虚拟语气密不可分,情态动词表示推测的考查,虚拟语气中对情态动词的考查,这些都是需要注意的地方,要想突破,可以从语境、语义、说话者的语气等方面着手,具体说:
1.根据时间确定时态、时间段
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即要分清情态动词表推测时涉及的是现在情况还是过去情况。原则上说,若对现在情况进行推测,情态动词后接动词原形或进行式;若对过去情况进行推测,则后接动词的完成式(这通常是高考的重点);若是对正在发生的情况进行推测,后接动词的进行式;判断出时间段套用现在、过去、将来虚拟语气的句式。2.充分利用句子语境、语义
综观历年高考英语情态动词和虚拟语气的考查情况,有相当一部分考题从本质上看都是在考查情态动词在具体语境、语义中的运用,即只要考生能弄清各个被考查情态动词的意思,就可作出正确选择。3.注意分清适用句型
即要分清所考查的情态动词是用于肯定句型,还是用于疑问句型或否定句型,同时还要注意情态动词在某些特殊情况下所使用的特殊句型。
4.弄清说话者的语义、语气推断属于哪个时间段的情况,正确把握隐含、混合等虚拟语气。5.掌握固定句式,从固定句式着手,套用虚拟语气句型。1.—Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.—Thanks.You _________it.I could manage it myself.A.needn’t do
C.mustn’t do
B.needn’t have done
D.shouldn’t have done
【解析】B 句子的语境是:“我自己能做”,所以“你本不必做的”。选A还是B呢?根据前面一句中的 have cleaned 可知,动作已经发生,所以此处谈论的是一个过去情况,故选 needn’t have done。
2.This cake is very sweet.You _________ a lot of sugar in it.A.should put
B.could have put C.might put
D.must have put 【解析】D前文说“蛋糕很甜”,下文的语境显然应该是“你一定是在里面放了很多糖”,故用“must+完成式”表示对过去情况的肯定推测。
3.—The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.— Oh, dear!She _________ a lot of difficulties!
A.may go through
B.might go through C.ought to have gone through
D.must have gone through 【解析】D由上文的stayed可知,此题是对过去情况有把握的肯定推测。句意为“那个女生物学家呆在非洲研究野生动物13年才回来。”“天啊!她一定经历了不少苦难!”
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4.Helen _________ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet.A.shall
B.must
C.may
D.can 【解析】C由于下文说“她还没有把握”,所以前文要用may表示没有把握的肯定推测,即“可能会与我们去旅行”。
5.—I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.—It _________ Harry’s.He always wears green.A.has to be
B.will be
C.mustn’t be
D.could be 【解析】D 后文说“他总是穿绿色衣服”,据此语境可推知,这件衣“可能是”哈利的,could表示可能性。
6.—Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.—Well.He _________have gone far—his coat’s still here.A.shouldn’t
B.mustn’t
C.can’t
D.wouldn’t
分析:答案选C。后文说“他的外套还在这里”,据此语境可知“他不可能走远了”,故选can’t 5.He paid for a seat, when he _________ have entered free.A.could
B.would
C.must
D.need
【解析】A could have done的意思是“本来可以做某事”。句子语境为“虽然他本来能够免费入场,但他买了票”。
6.—Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.—She _________.I’ve already borrowed one.A.can’t
B.mustn’t
C.needn’t
D.shouldn’t
【解析】C 既然“我已经借了一本”,所以“她就没有必要借给我了”。needn’t在此表示“不必”。
7.The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it _________be very slow.A.should B.must
C.will
D.can 【解析】 D在通常情况下,情态动词 can 表示推测时,只用于否定句和疑问句,不用于肯定句,但有一种特殊情况就是它可以用于肯定句中表理论上的推测或表示“有时”之意,而此题考查的正是can 表示“有时”的用法。
8.Zhang Lin was addicted to computer games during his last year in high school , otherwise he____________a student of Beijing University.A.would have been
B.should be
C.has been
D.had been
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【解析】A otherwise引起虚拟语气的虚拟语气属于含蓄型的,由句意可以得知是与过去的事实相反,主句用 would have done。
9.---Your sister nearly _______ all her spare time to her study during the three years.----That's right,or she ________ the first place in her school in the College Entrance Examination.A.devoted;wouldn't have taken
B.spent;wouldn't have taken C.had devoted;hadn't taken
D.had spent;couldn't take
【解析】A devote … to 为固定搭配,因此第一个空应从AC选。Or 翻译成“否则,要不然”,相当于otherwise,引起句子运用虚拟语气,主句用 would have done。10.—Any information about your son? —No.If only I ______ those tough words to him.A.didn't say
B.hadn't said C.shouldn't have said
D.couldn't have said 【解析】B if only 引起的句子要用虚拟语气。与wish跟从句用虚拟的规则一样。与过去的事实相反,用过去完成时态。
11.It is vital that we _____ act out at once to protect the environment.A.would
B.should
C.will
D.can 【解析】B It is vital/important/strange/necessary/natural…that 从句中,从句运用should跟动词原形。
12.John’s pale face suggested that he ______ill, and his parents suggested that he ______a medical examination.A.be, should have
B.was, have
C.should be, had
D.was, has 【解析】B suggest表示“表明,暗示”时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气,而表示“建议”时,要用should 跟动词原形的虚拟语气。根据句意可以得知,答案为B 13.But for the leadership of our Party and our Government, we __________ these splendid results.A.have achieved
B.shouldn’t have achieved C.should have achieved
D.would achieve
【解析】B but for 相当于without,可以用if 非真实条件句替换。有句意可知时发生在过去,与过去事实相反。14.--Where have you been?
--I_______in the heavy traffic.Otherwise I______here earlier.全力打造最优秀的学科网站,您的需要就是我们努力的方向!阳光教学资源网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 搜集,仅供学习和研究使用!
A.got stuck;would have come
B.got stuck;was C.have got stuck;would have come
D.had got stuck;would come 【解析】A 由句意得知被交通堵塞困住是发生在过去,第一空用一般过去时,排除CD,第二空为与过去事实相反,故选A 15.He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal.A.had scored B.scored
C.would score D.would have scored 【解析】D 这是otherwise 引出的含蓄虚拟语气,再根据前面的 hesitated 可进一步知道这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气.【学法导航】考生在复习情态动词和虚拟语气时要注意如下几点:
1.掌握情态动词的基本用法;2.正确辨析相近意义的情态动词;3.把握常用情态动词句式; 4.学生要明确所叙述的内容不可能发生或发生的可能性很小时,要用虚拟语气;
5.把握虚拟语气的常用句式; 6.正确辨析混合时间的虚拟语气,如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生,主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。7.注意虚拟语气中的倒装句,如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, should,有时可将if省去,而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, 之后
8.分清含蓄条件句,有时为了表达的需要,在虚拟语气中不总是出现if引导的条件句,而通过用其他词来代替条件句,常见词有otherwise, or, but for 和if only等
9.掌握在表语从句,同位语从句和主语从句中,表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。从句中的谓语动词是should +动词原型,should 可以省略。
10.掌握口语中的虚拟语气和固定句式中的虚拟语气。
【专题综合】1.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ______.A.breaks
B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken 2.But for the help you gave me, I _______ the examinations.A.would have passed B.would pass C.wouldn’t have passed
D.wouldn’t pass 3.I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.A.will show B.would show
C.am going to show D.am showing 4.“It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does._____.”
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A.He’d better give up drinking
B.He shouldn’t have drunk so much C.Health is more important than drink D.I wonder why he is always doing so 5.“Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.” A.do B.are
C.will D.would 6.“He will come tomorrow.” “But I’d rather he _____ the day after tomorrow.” A.will come B.is coming
C.came D.had come 7.All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ____ badly wounded and that he ____ at once.A.should be;be operated on
B.were;must be operated on C.was;should be operated
D.was;be operated on 8.______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung.A.Was he given up B.Had he given up
C.Did he give D.If he gave up 9.“I still haven’t thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.” “It’s time you _____.” A.do B.did
C.had D.would 10.“Do you know his address?” “No, I also wish I _____ where he _____.” A.knew, live B.knew, lives
C.know, lives D.know, lived 11.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.A.wouldn’t have fallen
B.had not fallen C.should fall
D.were to fall 12.Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night ____ for us to live.A.would be freezing cold
B.will be freezing coldly C.would be frozen cold
D.can freeze coldly 13.Look at the trouble I am in!If only I _____your dvice.A.followed
B.would follow
C.had followed
D.should follow 14.----Don't you think it necessary that he _______ to Miami but to New York?----I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to.A.will not be sent;that
B.not be sent;that C.should not be sent;what
D.should not send;what 15.If I____plan to do anything I wanted to ,I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.全力打造最优秀的学科网站,您的需要就是我们努力的方向!阳光教学资源网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 搜集,仅供学习和研究使用!
A.would
B.could
C.had to
D.ought to
16.____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.A.Would you be
B.Should you be
C.Could you be D.Might you be 17.If it were not for the fact that she_______sing, I would invite her to the party.A.couldn’t
B.shouldn’t
C.can’t
D.might not 18.After hours of repair, the driver tried to start the machine but it __________ work.A.won’t
B.shouldn’t
C.wouldn’t
D.couldn’t 19.You ________ pay too much attention to your assignment, for it is that important.A.must
B.needn’t
C.cannot
D.need
20.He _________ another career, but at the time, he didn’t have enough money to attend graduate school.A.might choose
B.might have chosen
C.had to choose D.must have chosen
参考答案和解析
1.【解析】C as if 引导的句子,有时用虚拟语气,有时不用。原则上说,若指事实或可能为事实,不用虚拟语气;若指现在,从句谓语动词用一般过去时(be 用 were);若指过去用过去完成时,若指将来用过去将来时或用 were to do sth.2.【解析】C but for 的意思是“若不是,要不是”,用于引出与事实相反的假设,通常与虚拟语气连用。根据句中的 the help you gave me,可知它表示与过去事实相反,故选C.3.【解析】B根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件,即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话——但事实上忘了)。4.【解析】D关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气,句子既然用了虚拟语气,也就是说,“他喝醉了”不是事实,只是他的言行好像是醉了,所以此题的最佳答案是D.5.【解析】D 由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气(这是很重要的信息),所以主句要用 would 而不用 will,即答案应选D.6.【解析】C 按照英语习惯,would rather 后接that 从句时,从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气,即用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成时表示过去。
7.【解析】D insist后的从句谓语有时用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气,有时不用,具体要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来,若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。分析上题的句意,可知只有选D最合适。
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8.【解析】B是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would not have got,这表明是对过去事实作出的假设,所以从句谓语应该是 had given up,而不是像D项那样用一般过去时。另外,当虚拟条件句中有 had, should, were 等词时,通常可以省略 if,并将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。
9.【解析】B It’s time you did 为 It’s time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her present 之略。按照英语语法,it’s time 后从句通常要用过去式。
10.【解析】B第一空填 knew,因为 I wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气(即用过去式表示现在的想法);第二空要填lives,即用陈述语气,因为 where he lives 是一个客观事实,而不是 I wish 的内容。
11.【解析】B 此题涉及错综时间虚拟条件句,主句与现在事实相反,条件句与过去事实相反。句意为:要不是在七岁时就迷上了 Melinda Cox 图书馆,我真不能想像我如今会在做什么。12.【解析】A without 引出的介词短语为一个与现在事实相反的含蓄条件句。
13.【解析】C if only 意为“,但愿,要是……就好了”,其后的句子谓语要用虚拟语气,用以表达愿望或非真实条件,同时根据 句意可以得知从句是与过去事实相反
14.【解析】B本题考查虚拟语气和表语从句。在It is necessary that…句型中,从句中常常用虚拟语气,其形式为“should+动词原型”,should也可以省略。第二空考查了表语从句。That没有实际的意义,只起一个连接的作用。
15.【解析】B考查虚拟语气。从主句的谓语动词及句意推测应选B。其他选项不符合题意。16.【解析】 B 本题考查了虚拟语气的倒装。如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, should,有时可将if省去,而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should之后。
17.【解析】C虽然前有虚拟条件句, 后有使用了虚拟语气,但the fact不是与事实相反,而是现在的真实情况,故不用虚拟语气。
18.【解析】C,表示机器什么的不能工作了。是一种关于性能方面的,很固定的用法。19.【解析】C can not too...to 是词组,意思是就算怎么样也不过分。
20.【解析】B可是根据句子的意思。must have chosen 是本来肯定会------,故答案为B。
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第三篇:2010高考二轮复习英语教案——专题六 动词时态和语态
2010高考二轮复习英语教案
专题六 动词时态和语态
【专题要点】动词时态和语态要点概述如下:
1.一般现在时表示习惯性、个人能力、普遍真理;表示“已经列入日程表”时常用一般现在时表示将来;
2.表示说话人始料的事,常用一般过去时;
3.进行时与某些频度副词连用时,常带有赞赏、厌烦等感情色彩; 4.时间状语从句或条件状语从句中常用一般时表将来; 5.will/be going to do/be about to do的用法区别; 6.固定句式中的时态搭配;
7.用主动形式表示被动意义常见的几种情况;
8.was/were going to do以及had intended/hoped/expected/thought等可表示本打算干某事,实际上未干成;
9.固定句式中的时态:
1)It/This is/was+the+序数词+time+that-----;It/This is/was+the+形容词最高级+名词+-----2)hardly/scarcely----when,no sooner---than结构中when,than前的主句必须用过去完成时时than,when所在的从句用一般过去时;
3)It is(high)time that-----(早)该----结构中,从句谓语动词必须用过去时,是虚拟语气的一种; 4)It will be+一段时间+before+从句(从句谓语动词一般用现在时)It was+一段时间+before+从句(从句谓语动词一般用过去时)5)It is/has been+一段时间+since从句(从句用一般过去时)It was/had been+一段时间+since从句(从句用一般过去完成时)
【考纲要求】时态与语态一直是热点,也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具备较强的语言应用能力,能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态;熟练掌握常见的8种时态,弄清16种时态,同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。
【教法指引】高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大,不易把握。大部分时态题答案的选择取决于题干语境;但也有部分时态试题较易把握,其用法相对固定,常见于特定句式结构中;还有部分常见时态用法特殊。综观近年来的高考单项填空题,动词成为考查的热点,在15个单项选择中,考查动词时态的题一般不少于2道,动词的时态常和语态、主谓一致结合在一起进行考查。教师在指导学生复习备考、答题中,要遵循如下思路: ① 这个动作可能发生在什么时间?题干句中可参照的时间信息有那些?
② 这个动作处于什么时态,是进行中,还是已经结束(完成)?限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些?
③ 这个动作与主语的关系,是主动还是被动?
只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题的答案,试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。【知识网络】
动词时态与语态
一、动词时态
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时常以动词原形表示,但当主语是第三人称单数时,应用动词的单数第三人称形式。一般现在时主要有以下几种用法:
1、一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态,常与usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。
He always sleeps with the windows open.他总是开着窗子睡觉。
2、一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。He works hard.他工作很努力
3、一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理,也用在格言中。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
4、在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作
在由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引导的状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时,但应注意,主句的谓语动词必须用一般将来时。The volleyball match will be put off if it rains.如果下雨,排球赛将推迟
5、表示安排或计划好的将来动作,通常限于表示“运动”的动词,如:go, come, leave, start等。The train starts at 10 o' clock in the morning.火车在上午10点发车
(二)一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态,常和表示过去的时间连用,yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用
1、表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态,常有明确的时间状语,如yesterday,last night, some years ago,in1890等,以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
2、表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作常与often,usually,seldom等表示频度的副词连用。When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里,经常去拜访那里的朋友。
3、在条件、时间状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息,就通知我们。
4、表示虚拟语气
这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型,表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。If only I had a better memory.要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。
If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨,比赛就会延期举行。
(三)一般将来时
1、一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。
2、一般将来时的其他表达法(1)“be going to+动词原形”表将来
①这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。They are going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面。
②还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象,认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。I think I'm going to die.我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危)
Look at the cloud.It's going to rain.瞧那乌云,天要下雨了。(乌云密布,使我断定天要下雨)
③这种结构表示“肯定、预测,注定会”。在这种情况下可以和“think, hope, want, belive, like”等表示静态的动词连用。
He failed in the exam;he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他没考及格,他一看试卷就知道考不及格。The voters aren't going to like him.选民们不会喜欢他的。“be about to+动词原形”表将来
(2)“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。
(3)“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作,这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的,或用于征求意见。
There's to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻灯。You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.到10点你得交上试卷。(4)用现在进行时来表示将来
现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词,如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等,还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。
When are you going back to your factory? 你什么时候回工厂?(5)一般现在时表示将来
用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词,如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。The plane starts at 8 o'clock in the morning.飞机上午8点起飞。When does the show begin?展览什么时候开始?
(四)现在进行时
现在进行时由“助动词be(is/am/are)+ v-ing”构成。它的用法如下:
1、表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作,它不涉及该动作的发生和结果,译成汉语“正在”,这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用,如now, at this time, at present,at the moment等。
2、表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作,这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用,如these days , this week等。
3、表示将来的动作,表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作,或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等,通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用,以区别此刻正在进行的动作。He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。
4、表达褒贬等感情色彩
和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用,表示经常、反复发生的动作,不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。He is constantly leaving his things about.他时常乱丢东西。(表责怪)She is always changing her clothes.她老是换衣服。(表责怪)He is always working hard.他总是学习很用功。(表赞赏)They're forever quarrelling about something.他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)
5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气 I'm wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚来一会儿。
(五)过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。构成过去进行时常由“助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词”构成。用法如下:
1、表示过去某一时刻正在或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。
注意:在含有时间状语从句的复合句中,延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时,另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行,而不考虑动作的先后长短,则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。
When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我进屋的时候,她正坐在书桌前面。The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书,而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。
2、用来描写故事发生的背景
在口语或记叙文中,可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景,以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。
It was a dark night.The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily.A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一个漆黑的夜晚,狂风大作,大雨倾盆,一位年轻的妇女突然出现在河岸上。
3、代替过去将来时
用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词,以表示过去将要发生的动作。She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她问我他是否第二天就走
4、表达褒贬等感情色彩
过去进行时也可以和always,constantly,continually,forever等连用,表示说话人的主观感情,如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。
He was always trying out new ideas.他总是试验一些新的设想 He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那
5、wonder, hope, think,want 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气---Excuse me, sir.Would you do me a favor?--打扰了,先生。你能帮我个忙吗?
---Of course.What is it?--当然。什么事?
---I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form.--我一直在想你是否能告诉我怎样填这张表
(六)现在完成时
现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。现在完成时的用法如下:
1、表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束,通常使用不具有延续意义的动词,arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语,如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语,如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。
I have already posted the photos.我已经把照片寄出了
2、表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态,也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词,如live, stay, work等,并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语,如for, since等
They have lived in Beijing since 2002.他们自从2002年以来就住在北京。
注意:表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法,如arrive, come, go, leave等。如,不能说:She has come to our school for 2 years.3、表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用 He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班
4、用于时间、条件状语从句中,表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。
5、用在“It(This)is(will be)the first/second/third…time+ that从句”中
在这种从句中,当主句动词为is/will be时,that-从句的动词用现在完成时,that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等;这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词;time也可由其他名词替代
This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。
6、“It(This)is the best(worst, most interesting等)+ 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时
This is the best film I've ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影 This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。
7、现在完成时可以表示反问的语气(与when连用)或感情色彩-Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利?库珀是谁呀?
-Haven't you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.你还没见过他?我看见你和他在开会时握手了。Now you've done it.你这下可闯祸了。When have I been treated like this?我什么时候吃这一套?
8、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作,但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系,它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。(我了解这部电影的内容)
I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。(只说明上星期看了这个电影,不涉及现在的情况)
He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。(他现在还住在这里)He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。(不涉及到现在是否还住在这里)
9、使用现在完成时应注意的几点
(1)现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用,但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用,如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等
She has already come.她已经来了。I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。
(2)现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如today,this year,these days,this morning等
It has been hot this summer.今年夏天一直很热。(说话时仍是夏天)I have written two letters this morning.今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)(3)表示短暂意义的动词,如open,go,come,die,leave,arrive,begin,return,stop等,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达“他离开这儿已经3年了”这一意思时,不能说“ He has left here for three years.”而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达: He has been away from here for three years.He left here three years ago.It is three years since he left here.(4)have/has been to表示到过某个地方,而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)
(七)过去完成时
过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。用法如下:
1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语,也可用when, before,after,until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时,电影已经开始了。
2、表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到过去的这一时间,而且还可能继续下去的动作,常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
3、用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你,他就会问你这件事了。
Had I known that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书,我会送来的。
4、放在像said,told,asked,thought,wondered等过去时动词的后面,表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我,他已通过了考试。
5、用在 “It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中,that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years.这是39年里他们第一次见面。It was the first time we had spoken together.这是我们第一次在一起说话。
6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时,表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等,含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你,但我来了个不速之客。
7、过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼,一颗炸弹就爆炸了。
(八)过去将来时
过去将来时一般由 ”助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形“构成。不论什么人称,美国英语皆可用would。用法如下:
1、表示对过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。I thought they would come to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。
2、表示过去的某种习惯行为
He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。
3、过去将来时的其它表达法(1)was/were going to ①表示过去的打算和意图
He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。(打算)②表示没有实现的打算和意图
He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来,但下雨了。(没实现)I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。(结果不是)(2)was/were to+动词原形
这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现,要用动词的完成式。
At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.(注定要发生的事情)那时他不知道辞职将会成为他生活的转折点。She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他说他打算上任。
She said she was to have taken up the position.(计划但未能实现)他说他本打算上任。(3)was/were about to+动词原形
was/were about to+动词原形,表示过去即将发生的事。
The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。
(4)表示位置转移的动词(如go,come,leave,start等)的过去进行时,表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。
I didn't know you were coming.我不知道你会来。
(九)其他时态
1、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由”助动词have/has been+-ing形式“构成。用法如下:
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for,since引导的时间状语连用。
They have been living here for 10 years.他们住在这里十年了。(2)表示一个动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到说话时候刚结束。
I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大约一个小时了。(说话时”等“的动作刚结束)(3)表示重复(只断断续续,而非一直不停)
We've been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论那件事。(4)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
A.现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成,或者在过去曾经发生过的动作;现在完成时往往表示仍将继续下去的动作。
I have written an article.我写了一篇文章。(已完成)
I have been writing an article.我一直在写一篇文章。(还在写)
B.当现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束时,现在完成时强调动作的结果,现在完成进行时则强调动作在不久以前持续进行的情景,并带有感色彩。
Now we have cleaned the room;we can move the things in.现在房子打扫好了,我们可以往里搬东西了。(强调打扫完了的结果)
-You look so tired.What have you been doing?你看起来很累,你干什么了?-I've been playing football.我踢足球了。(强调不久前踢球的情景)
2、将来进行时
将来进行时由”助动词shall/will+be+v-ing“构成,用法如下:(1)表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作,常与this time tomorrow, at 4 o'clock tomorrow afternoon等时间状语连用。
I'll be visiting professor Li at 2 this afternoon.今天下午2点我将拜访李教授。
At this time tomorrow we'll be flying over the Atlantic.明天此时我们正在飞越大西洋的上空。(2)表示一种已经决定或肯定的动作或情况,或表示某动作将在按计划发生而未完成。
We shall be having a meeting in a minute.我们一会儿就要开会。Will you be seeing Mr.Wang this evening? 今晚你会见王先生吗?
3、将来完成时
将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。将来完成时由”shall /will +have +v-ed“构成。用法如下:
(1)将来完成时表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作,通常与before或by连用。
By the end of this month , we'll have studied 10 units.到这月末,我们将学完10单元。(2)表示持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态,这动作或状态也可能将继续进行下去。When they move here next month, we'll have lived in the city for 5 years.下月他们搬到这里时,我们已住在该市五年了。
(3)表示对现在或将来可能完成动作的推测
It is seven.He will have got up.现在7点,他可能已经起床了
4、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由”助动词had+ been+ v-ing“构成。
(1)过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这一时间。这一动作可能己经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她己经学习法语5年了。(仍继续)
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她己经等我一个钟头了。(不再继续)
(2)表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况
You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。(感激)
I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗。(我还没懂)
二、动词的语态
(一)被动语态构成
被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为”be+及物动词的过去分词“。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时,由”情态动词(can, may must, have to等)+be +动词的-ed形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时,其构成为“be going to(be to, used to, be about to)+ be +动词的-ed形式”构成。
(二)被动语态的适用范围
1、当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。
This jacket is made of cotton.这件上衣是棉料的。
2、为了强调动作的承受者时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.要求参观者不可触摸展品。
3、出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者 You are said to be active recently.据说你最近很活跃。常用于如下短语:
It's not known that… ……不得而知
It's said that… 据说…… It's reported that… 据报道……
It's not decided that…尚未决定 It's believed that… 据认为……
It's announced that…据宣布……
(三)主动语态变为被动语态
主动语态变为被动语态要遵循以下原则:主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语(如果是人称代词,宾格变为主格);把主动句中的谓语变为被动结构;主动句中的主语变为by介词短语(如果是人称代,主格变为宾格),有时介词短语可省去。
1、含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句
在一般情况下,将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语,动词变为被动语态,主动句的主语变为by的宾语,但是短语可以不要。
Everyone likes the book.(active voice)大家都喜欢这本书。→The book is liked by everyone.(passive voice)这本书受大家喜欢。
2、含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句
有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构,这种结构被称作复合宾语。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时,只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,宾语补足语保留不动,这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing和V-ed等。
(1)行为动词
They advised her to take the medicine.(active voice)他们劝她吃这种药。→She was advised to take the medicine.(passive voice)她被劝告吃这种药。(2)感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时
在主动句中,动词不定式做感官动词(see, watch, hear等)和使役动词(make ,have)的宾语补足语,通常省去动词不定式符号to。但改为被动结构后,要把省略了to再加上。They made him go there alone.他们让他自己去那里。
→He was made to go there alone.他被迫自己去那里。注意:动词是let时,其被动结构中不定式仍不带to。
They let John go.他们让约翰走。→John was let go.约翰不得不走。
3、含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句 ①直接宾语是名词、代词时
有些动词(give, tell, buy等)在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时,可以将其中一个宾语变为主语,另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时,间接宾语前应加介词to(有时可以省去)或for。She gave me the book.(active voice)她给了我这本书。→I was given the book.(passive voice)有人送给我一本书 →The book was given to me.(passive voice)。这本书是别人送的。注意:被动句中两个间接宾语对比时,其前的介词to不可省略。This apple is given to me, not to you.这个苹果是给我的,不是给你的。②直接宾语是从句时
如果直接宾语是从句时,一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。
Someone told me where the accident had happened.(passive voice)有人告诉我事故是在何处发生的。
→I was told where the accident had happened.(passive voice)我被告知事故在何处发生。
4、带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句
(1)带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时,通常用it作为被动结构的形式主语。We believed that he was ill.我们相信他病了。→It was believed that he was ill.都相信他病了。
(2)带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时,可以改为不定式结构
He said the play was very interesting.他说这台戏剧很有趣。
→The play was said to be very interesting.据说这台戏剧很有趣。
5、带有情态动词或be going to的主动句换为被动句
如果主动句带有情态动词或be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to)等,在变为被动句时,情态动词或be going to等不变,只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。He is going to give me a book.他打算给我一本书。→I am going to be given a book.有人打算给我一本书。
We must take measures to stop pollution.我们必须采取措施制止污染。→Measures must be taken to stop pollution.必须采取措施制止污染。
(三)被动结构的时态
被动语态的时态是由be的不同时态+及物动词的-ed形式来构成的
1、一般现在时
一般现在时的被动结构是由“be的一般现在时(am/is/are)+及物动词的-ed形式”构成。Football is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球。
2、一般过去式
一般过去式的被动结构是由“be的一般过去式(was/were)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。The building was built in 1559.这座建筑是1559年建成的。
3、一般将来时
一般将来时的被动结构是由“be的一般将来时(shall/will be)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
More factories will be built in my hometown.我们家乡会建更多的工厂。
4、现在进行时
现在进行时的被动结构是由“be的现在进行时(am/is/are being)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
The life of the milu is being studied at present.目前人们正在研究麋鹿的生活习惯。
5、现在完成时
现在完成时的被动语态是由“be的现在进行时(has/have been)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
All the preparations for the task have been completed and we're ready to start.任务的准备工作业已完成,我么们准备开始。
6、过去进行时
过去进行时的被动语态是由“be的过去进行时(was/were being)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
When I got there a new road was being built by them.我到那里时,他们正在建一条新路。
7、过去完成时
过去完成时的被动语态是由“be的过去完成时(had been)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year.他问我到那年我学了多少英语单词。
8、含有情态动词或be going to 的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词或be going to(be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。This bike can be mended in two hours.两个小时内可修好该自行车。They have to be given a lot of money.必须给他们很多钱。
9、短语动词的被动语态
通常只有及物动词才有被动语态,但有些短语动词相当于及物动词,可以有被动语态,但短语动词是一个不可分隔的整体,变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。
Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去请医生了吗? →Has the doctor been sent for?派人去请医生了吗? 注意:主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时,通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语,构成被动语态,尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。
Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill.必须仔细照料这些孩子,尤其是在他们生病时。
You should pay more attention to your pronunciation.你应当注意你的发音。→More attention should be paid to your pronunciation.注意你的发音。
(四)Get型被动语态
被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态,这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限,通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
1、get+及物动词的过去分词
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用,构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身,常指“最后终于,突然发生”等意义。
He got wounded in the battle.他在战斗中受伤了。
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.男孩在回家的路上受伤了。
2、get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中,也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。
The old man was offered a large sum of money.(正)有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。The old man got offered a large sum of money.(误)
3、get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩
He got taught a lesson.他被教训了一顿。(有“活该”之意)
How did the window get closed.窗户怎么关上了?(有“不该关上’之意)
4、get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态,而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。
She got tired.她感到累了。(有开始感到疲劳的含义)She was tired.(只表示”她累了”)
(五)主动形式表示被动意义
1、既是及物又是不及物的动词
一些既是及物又是不及物的动词。如read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, play, pack, strike, split, act, draw, iron, dry, eat heat, clean等;此类动词常接副词作状语(有些可以不加)。
Books of this kind sell well.这本书很畅销 The door won't shut.门关不上
2、系动词
系动词look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear等。此类动词常接形容词作表语。
-Do you like the material?你喜欢这块面料吗?-Yes, it feels very soft.喜欢,手感不错。
The dish tastes good.这菜味道不错。
3、need等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式
need, want, require,stand, take, won't bear, repay, deserve等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式,表示被动意义。在这种情况下,句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。Your hair needs cutting.你的头发需要理。
The room wants cleaning everyday.这个房间需要每天打扫。
The point deserves mentioning.这一点值得提。
The rules take some learning.这规则需要下点功夫学。That won't bear thinking of.那不堪想象。
4、某些表语的形容词后,用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作表语形容词(如形容词easy, difficult, hard等)的状语,又与句子的主语构成动宾关系时,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。This question is difficult to answer.这个问题很那回答。The room is comfortable to live in.这屋子住起来很舒服。
5、某些作宾补的形容词后,用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作宾补形容词(如形容词easy, difficult, hard等)的状语,又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
We find the man hard to get along with.我们发现这个人很难相处。I think English easy to learn.我发现英语很好学。
6、不定式作定语
不定式作定语与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系时,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of work to do this week.本周我有很多工作要做。
7、be worth doing结构
在be worth doing结构中,-ing分词形式表示被动含义。句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。
The film is worth seeing.这部电影值得看。
(六)不宜用被动语态的动词
英语中并非所有动宾结构的句子都能改为被动语态。现将不宜改为被动语态的句子类型举例说明如下:
1、当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时 Our village has twenty tractors.我们村有20台拖拉机。The hall can hold 2000 people.这个大厅能盛2000人 The war lasted four years.这场战争持续了4年
2、当某些及物动词(如leave, enter, join,等)的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时 The students entered the classroom one by one.学生门陆续地进了教室。My brother joined the Party two years ago.我哥哥2年前入了党。My father left his hometown five years ago.我父亲5年前离开了家乡。
3、当主动句中有表示数量、长度、大小或程度等的词或词组作宾语,但此宾语在意义上相当于状语时
Each stone weighs as much as two and a half tons.每块石头重达两吨半 He ran ten miles without rest.他一气跑了10英里路
4、当表示行为、方式的宾语在意义上相当于状语时
He spoke that way his father had spoken just now.他学着他父亲刚才的样子讲话
5、当句子的宾语和谓语是一个不可分割的整体时 We Chinese always keep words.我们中国人说话是算数的
6、当句子的宾语是反身代词时
He can dress himself.他能自己穿衣服。
Help yourself to the dishes.随便吃菜
7、当句子的宾语为相互代词时
We learned from and helped each other.我们互相学习互相帮助
For years the three sisters looked after one another.多年来仨姐妹互相照顾
8、当句子的宾语是同源宾语时
The Browns live a happy life.布朗一家过着幸福的生活。
9、当句子的宾语为行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时。
I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.看到他还活着,我简直不相信自己的眼睛。He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence.他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。
10、某些动词+介词的惯用词组也不能变为被动句 The book belongs to me.这本书是我的。
11、当句子的宾语是动名词或动名词短语时。He likes studying English.他喜欢学习英语
12、当句子的宾语是动词不定式或动词不定式短语时 I wish to go there myself.我想亲自去那里一趟
注意:少数以不定式(短语)做宾语的动词(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以变为被动句,但不能以不定式(短语)直接做被动句的主语,而要借助it为先行主语,将不定式(短语)置于谓语动词之后
He has decided to go and study abroad.→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad.他已决定出国留学。
第四篇:2010高三英语高考二轮复习学案——专题七 情态动词和虚拟语气
2010高考二轮复习英语学案
专题七 情态动词和虚拟语气
【典例精析】
1.(2007 全国卷II,8)_______ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race.A.If
B.Since
C.Though
D.When 【解析】A 有题干可知,“若不是他伤了腿,约翰就能赢得比赛了”,运用了虚拟语气,故用if。
2.(2008山东卷, 24)Thank you for all your hard work last week.I don’t think we ____ it without you.A.can manage
B.could have managed C.could manage
D.can have managed 【解析】 B 此题考查情态动词表示虚拟意义的用法。I don’t think…是否定前移。意为:我认为没有你我们本不能做成这件事的。此题关键是要根据句意知道是虚拟语气,其基本形式是情态动词(过去式)+have done,所以其他选项皆可排除。【答案】B
3(09福建).But for the help of my English teacher, I____the first prize in the English Writing Competition.A.would not win B.would not have won C.would win D.would have won 【答案】B 虚拟语气。此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反,句子谓语动词用would/should/could/might + have done结构,故选B。
4.(09湖南)— It’s the office!So you _____ know eating is not allowed here.— Oh, sorry.A.must
B.will
C.may
D.need 【解析】A 句意为:这是办公室!因此你必须知道吃的不允许带到这里。must表示“绝不”的意思。
5.(09海南)What do you mean, there are only ten tickets? There _____ be twelve A.should
B.would
C.will
D.shall 【答案】A。你这是什么意思,只有十张票吗?应该有十二人。should表示“应该,应当”。6.(09上海)It_____ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.用心
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A.may
B.can
C.must
D.should 【解析】C 考查情态动词的基本用法。此处表示肯定性较强的猜测,故答案选C。7.(09四川)—I don’t care what people think.—Well, you _______ A.could
B.would
C.should
D.might 【解析】C考查情态动词的用法。答话的人提了一个建议——你应该关注别人对你的评价的。should可以用来向别人提建议,所以答案为:C 8.(09天津)This printer is of good quality.If it _______ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.A.would
B.should
C.could
D.might 【解析】B 考查虚拟语气中的情态动词用法。表示对将来情况的虚拟假设,条件从句可以用should+v.原形;
9.(09重庆)—Hi, Tom.Any idea where Jane is? —She_____in the classroom.I saw her there just now.A.shall be
B.should have been
C.must be D.might have been 【答案】C 考查情态动词表示猜测的用法。由后面的just now暗示现在一定在教室推知对现在情况的猜测,故答案为C.10.(09全国2)I can’t leave.She told me that I______stay here until she comes back.A.can
B.must
C.will
D.may 【解析】B 考查情态动词的基本用法。由前面的I can’t leave.推知我必须呆在这里,故答案为B。
11.(09江苏)11.He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he____ it differently.A.could express
B.would express C.could have expressed
D.must have expressed 【解析】C 考查情态动词的用法。由前面的后悔表示做过啦,故后面的意思为本能够表达的不同,答案为C符合。
【专题突破】情态动词和虚拟语气密不可分,情态动词表示推测的考查,虚拟语气中对情态动词的考查,这些都是需要注意的地方,要想突破,可以从语境、语义、说话者的语气等方面着手,具体说:
1.根据时间确定时态、时间段
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即要分清情态动词表推测时涉及的是现在情况还是过去情况。原则上说,若对现在情况进行推测,情态动词后接动词原形或进行式;若对过去情况进行推测,则后接动词的完成式(这通常是高考的重点);若是对正在发生的情况进行推测,后接动词的进行式;判断出时间段套用现在、过去、将来虚拟语气的句式。2.充分利用句子语境、语义
综观历年高考英语情态动词和虚拟语气的考查情况,有相当一部分考题从本质上看都是在考查情态动词在具体语境、语义中的运用,即只要考生能弄清各个被考查情态动词的意思,就可作出正确选择。3.注意分清适用句型
即要分清所考查的情态动词是用于肯定句型,还是用于疑问句型或否定句型,同时还要注意情态动词在某些特殊情况下所使用的特殊句型。
4.弄清说话者的语义、语气推断属于哪个时间段的情况,正确把握隐含、混合等虚拟语气。5.掌握固定句式,从固定句式着手,套用虚拟语气句型。1.—Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.—Thanks.You _________it.I could manage it myself.A.needn’t do
C.mustn’t do
B.needn’t have done
D.shouldn’t have done
【解析】B 句子的语境是:“我自己能做”,所以“你本不必做的”。选A还是B呢?根据前面一句中的 have cleaned 可知,动作已经发生,所以此处谈论的是一个过去情况,故选 needn’t have done。
2.This cake is very sweet.You _________ a lot of sugar in it.A.should put
B.could have put C.might put
D.must have put 【解析】D前文说“蛋糕很甜”,下文的语境显然应该是“你一定是在里面放了很多糖”,故用“must+完成式”表示对过去情况的肯定推测。
3.—The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.— Oh, dear!She _________ a lot of difficulties!
A.may go through
B.might go through C.ought to have gone through
D.must have gone through 【解析】D由上文的stayed可知,此题是对过去情况有把握的肯定推测。句意为“那个女生物学家呆在非洲研究野生动物13年才回来。”“天啊!她一定经历了不少苦难!”
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4.Helen _________ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet.A.shall
B.must
C.may
D.can 【解析】C由于下文说“她还没有把握”,所以前文要用may表示没有把握的肯定推测,即“可能会与我们去旅行”。
5.—I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.—It _________ Harry’s.He always wears green.A.has to be
B.will be
C.mustn’t be
D.could be 【解析】D 后文说“他总是穿绿色衣服”,据此语境可推知,这件衣“可能是”哈利的,could表示可能性。
6.—Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.—Well.He _________have gone far—his coat’s still here.A.shouldn’t
B.mustn’t
C.can’t
D.wouldn’t
分析:答案选C。后文说“他的外套还在这里”,据此语境可知“他不可能走远了”,故选can’t 5.He paid for a seat, when he _________ have entered free.A.could
B.would
C.must
D.need
【解析】A could have done的意思是“本来可以做某事”。句子语境为“虽然他本来能够免费入场,但他买了票”。
6.—Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.—She _________.I’ve already borrowed one.A.can’t
B.mustn’t
C.needn’t
D.shouldn’t
【解析】C 既然“我已经借了一本”,所以“她就没有必要借给我了”。needn’t在此表示“不必”。
7.The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it _________be very slow.A.should B.must
C.will
D.can 【解析】 D在通常情况下,情态动词 can 表示推测时,只用于否定句和疑问句,不用于肯定句,但有一种特殊情况就是它可以用于肯定句中表理论上的推测或表示“有时”之意,而此题考查的正是can 表示“有时”的用法。
8.Zhang Lin was addicted to computer games during his last year in high school , otherwise he____________a student of Beijing University.A.would have been
B.should be
C.has been
D.had been
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【解析】A otherwise引起虚拟语气的虚拟语气属于含蓄型的,由句意可以得知是与过去的事实相反,主句用 would have done。
9.---Your sister nearly _______ all her spare time to her study during the three years.----That's right,or she ________ the first place in her school in the College Entrance Examination.A.devoted;wouldn't have taken
B.spent;wouldn't have taken C.had devoted;hadn't taken
D.had spent;couldn't take
【解析】A devote … to 为固定搭配,因此第一个空应从AC选。Or 翻译成“否则,要不然”,相当于otherwise,引起句子运用虚拟语气,主句用 would have done。10.—Any information about your son? —No.If only I ______ those tough words to him.A.didn't say
B.hadn't said C.shouldn't have said
D.couldn't have said 【解析】B if only 引起的句子要用虚拟语气。与wish跟从句用虚拟的规则一样。与过去的事实相反,用过去完成时态。
11.It is vital that we _____ act out at once to protect the environment.A.would
B.should
C.will
D.can 【解析】B It is vital/important/strange/necessary/natural…that 从句中,从句运用should跟动词原形。
12.John’s pale face suggested that he ______ill, and his parents suggested that he ______a medical examination.A.be, should have
B.was, have
C.should be, had
D.was, has 【解析】B suggest表示“表明,暗示”时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气,而表示“建议”时,要用should 跟动词原形的虚拟语气。根据句意可以得知,答案为B 13.But for the leadership of our Party and our Government, we __________ these splendid results.A.have achieved
B.shouldn’t have achieved C.should have achieved
D.would achieve
【解析】B but for 相当于without,可以用if 非真实条件句替换。有句意可知时发生在过去,与过去事实相反。14.--Where have you been?
--I_______in the heavy traffic.Otherwise I______here earlier.用心
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A.got stuck;would have come
B.got stuck;was C.have got stuck;would have come
D.had got stuck;would come 【解析】A 由句意得知被交通堵塞困住是发生在过去,第一空用一般过去时,排除CD,第二空为与过去事实相反,故选A 15.He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal.A.had scored B.scored
C.would score D.would have scored 【解析】D 这是otherwise 引出的含蓄虚拟语气,再根据前面的 hesitated 可进一步知道这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气.【学法导航】考生在复习情态动词和虚拟语气时要注意如下几点:
1.掌握情态动词的基本用法;2.正确辨析相近意义的情态动词;3.把握常用情态动词句式; 4.学生要明确所叙述的内容不可能发生或发生的可能性很小时,要用虚拟语气;
5.把握虚拟语气的常用句式; 6.正确辨析混合时间的虚拟语气,如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生,主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。7.注意虚拟语气中的倒装句,如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, should,有时可将if省去,而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, 之后
8.分清含蓄条件句,有时为了表达的需要,在虚拟语气中不总是出现if引导的条件句,而通过用其他词来代替条件句,常见词有otherwise, or, but for 和if only等
9.掌握在表语从句,同位语从句和主语从句中,表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。从句中的谓语动词是should +动词原型,should 可以省略。
10.掌握口语中的虚拟语气和固定句式中的虚拟语气。
【专题综合】1.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ______.A.breaks
B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken 2.But for the help you gave me, I _______ the examinations.A.would have passed B.would pass C.wouldn’t have passed
D.wouldn’t pass 3.I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.A.will show B.would show
C.am going to show D.am showing 4.“It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does._____.”
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A.He’d better give up drinking
B.He shouldn’t have drunk so much C.Health is more important than drink D.I wonder why he is always doing so 5.“Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.” A.do B.are
C.will D.would 6.“He will come tomorrow.” “But I’d rather he _____ the day after tomorrow.” A.will come B.is coming
C.came D.had come 7.All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ____ badly wounded and that he ____ at once.A.should be;be operated on
B.were;must be operated on C.was;should be operated
D.was;be operated on 8.______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung.A.Was he given up B.Had he given up
C.Did he give D.If he gave up 9.“I still haven’t thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.” “It’s time you _____.” A.do B.did
C.had D.would 10.“Do you know his address?” “No, I also wish I _____ where he _____.” A.knew, live B.knew, lives
C.know, lives D.know, lived 11.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.A.wouldn’t have fallen
B.had not fallen C.should fall
D.were to fall 12.Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night ____ for us to live.A.would be freezing cold
B.will be freezing coldly C.would be frozen cold
D.can freeze coldly 13.Look at the trouble I am in!If only I _____your dvice.A.followed
B.would follow
C.had followed
D.should follow 14.----Don't you think it necessary that he _______ to Miami but to New York?----I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to.A.will not be sent;that
B.not be sent;that C.should not be sent;what
D.should not send;what 15.If I____plan to do anything I wanted to ,I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.用心
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A.would
B.could
C.had to
D.ought to
16.____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.A.Would you be
B.Should you be
C.Could you be D.Might you be 17.If it were not for the fact that she_______sing, I would invite her to the party.A.couldn’t
B.shouldn’t
C.can’t
D.might not 18.After hours of repair, the driver tried to start the machine but it __________ work.A.won’t
B.shouldn’t
C.wouldn’t
D.couldn’t 19.You ________ pay too much attention to your assignment, for it is that important.A.must
B.needn’t
C.cannot
D.need
20.He _________ another career, but at the time, he didn’t have enough money to attend graduate school.A.might choose
B.might have chosen
C.had to choose D.must have chosen
参考答案和解析
1.【解析】C as if 引导的句子,有时用虚拟语气,有时不用。原则上说,若指事实或可能为事实,不用虚拟语气;若指现在,从句谓语动词用一般过去时(be 用 were);若指过去用过去完成时,若指将来用过去将来时或用 were to do sth.2.【解析】C but for 的意思是“若不是,要不是”,用于引出与事实相反的假设,通常与虚拟语气连用。根据句中的 the help you gave me,可知它表示与过去事实相反,故选C.3.【解析】B根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件,即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话——但事实上忘了)。4.【解析】D关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气,句子既然用了虚拟语气,也就是说,“他喝醉了”不是事实,只是他的言行好像是醉了,所以此题的最佳答案是D.5.【解析】D 由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气(这是很重要的信息),所以主句要用 would 而不用 will,即答案应选D.6.【解析】C 按照英语习惯,would rather 后接that 从句时,从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气,即用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成时表示过去。
7.【解析】D insist后的从句谓语有时用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气,有时不用,具体要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来,若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。分析上题的句意,可知只有选D最合适。
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8.【解析】B是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would not have got,这表明是对过去事实作出的假设,所以从句谓语应该是 had given up,而不是像D项那样用一般过去时。另外,当虚拟条件句中有 had, should, were 等词时,通常可以省略 if,并将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。
9.【解析】B It’s time you did 为 It’s time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her present 之略。按照英语语法,it’s time 后从句通常要用过去式。
10.【解析】B第一空填 knew,因为 I wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气(即用过去式表示现在的想法);第二空要填lives,即用陈述语气,因为 where he lives 是一个客观事实,而不是 I wish 的内容。
11.【解析】B 此题涉及错综时间虚拟条件句,主句与现在事实相反,条件句与过去事实相反。句意为:要不是在七岁时就迷上了 Melinda Cox 图书馆,我真不能想像我如今会在做什么。12.【解析】A without 引出的介词短语为一个与现在事实相反的含蓄条件句。
13.【解析】C if only 意为“,但愿,要是……就好了”,其后的句子谓语要用虚拟语气,用以表达愿望或非真实条件,同时根据 句意可以得知从句是与过去事实相反
14.【解析】B本题考查虚拟语气和表语从句。在It is necessary that…句型中,从句中常常用虚拟语气,其形式为“should+动词原型”,should也可以省略。第二空考查了表语从句。That没有实际的意义,只起一个连接的作用。
15.【解析】B考查虚拟语气。从主句的谓语动词及句意推测应选B。其他选项不符合题意。16.【解析】 B 本题考查了虚拟语气的倒装。如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, should,有时可将if省去,而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should之后。
17.【解析】C虽然前有虚拟条件句, 后有使用了虚拟语气,但the fact不是与事实相反,而是现在的真实情况,故不用虚拟语气。
18.【解析】C,表示机器什么的不能工作了。是一种关于性能方面的,很固定的用法。19.【解析】C can not too...to 是词组,意思是就算怎么样也不过分。
20.【解析】B可是根据句子的意思。must have chosen 是本来肯定会------,故答案为B。
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第五篇:2015高考英语复习2014高三真题_动词时态与语态解析
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2014全国高考汇编之动词时态与语态
一(2014安徽卷)23.The twins, Whotheir homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.A.will finishB.finishC.have finishedD.had finished
考点】考察时态【答案】D【解析】句义:已经完成了他们的家庭作业,这对双胞胎被允许在操场上打羽毛球。根据句义可知他们完成作业是在被允许到操场上打羽毛球之前。而他们被允许打羽毛球已经使用了一般过去时,所以完成作业应该使用过去完成时。故D正确。
【举一反三】---Peter, do you know who____ my dictionary ?A.has taken awayB.was taking away
---Sorry , I don’t know.I didn’t do it.C.had taken awayD.is taking away
【答案】A试题分析:句意:--皮特,你知道谁把我的字典拿走了吗?--对不起,我不知道,我没有拿。这里拿走发生在过去,强调对现在造成的影响,不知在什么地方,故用现在完成时。
二(2014北京卷)22.---Hi, let’s go skating.A.fillB.have filled---Sorry, I’m busy right now.I ___ in an application form for a new job.C.am fillingD.will fill
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】句意:—喂,我们五滑冰吧!—对不起,我现在很忙,我正在填写一份新的工作申请表。根据句意可知本句是在叙述说话时正在进行,正在发生的事情,所以使用现在进行时。故C正确。【试题延伸】时态题的考查关键是抓住句子的上下文含义和句中的时间状语。要根据时间状语来选择合适的时态,在平时的学习中要注意积累有关时态的用法和各种时态的特殊之处。
【举一反三】——I hear youin a pub.what’s it like?A.are workingB.will work
——Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind.C.were workingD.will be working
【答案】A【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“——我听说你在酒吧里上班,这份工作怎么样?——咳,这是份辛苦活,老感到累,不过我不介意。”对话所用的现在时表明现在还在酒吧里上班,用现在进行时描述现阶段长期重复的一个动作。故选A。
三(2014北京卷)23.Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves _______ half an hour.A.byB.inC.forD.until
【考点】考察将来时和介词使用【答案】B
【解析】本题的关键是the train to the airport leaves火车将要离开;在这句话里使用了一般现在时代替将来时,表示按照车站的时间表列车进出。实际上本句是一个将来时,四个选项里只有“in+一段时间”可以和将来时连用。句意:Jane很着急,因为去机场的火车半小时以后就要出发了。故B正确。
四(2014北京卷)31.---What time is it?A.checkB.checked---I have no idea.But just a minute, I ______ it for you.C.will checkD.would check
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】本题考察的是will的一个特殊用法。句意:—现在几点了?—我不知道。可是请你稍等,我现在就帮你看一下。根据句意可知不可能是过去发生的事情,排除BD项。我为你去看时间属于将要发生的事情,所以使用will表示临时决定要做某事。故C正确。
五(2014北京卷)32.I found the lecture hard to follow because it _______ when I arrived.A.startedB.was startingC.would startD.had started
【考点】考察时态【答案】D【解析】句意:我发现这个报告很难懂,因为当我到的时候,它已经开始了。根据句意可知这个报告是在我到达之前就开始看,而句中我到达使用了arrived,而报告是在这之前发生的,所以使用过去完成时。故D正确。
【举一反三】—Peter , where did you guys go for the summer vacation?
—We________ busy with our work for months, so we went to the beach to relax ourselves.A.wereB.have beenC.had beenD.will be
〖答案〗C.〖考点〗考查时态题.〖解析〗我们去海边发生在过去.而我们忙于工作在此之前.因此用过去完成时.六(2014大纲卷)22.Unless extra money____, the theatre will close.A.was foundB.findsC.is foundD.found
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】本题考察的是时态。句义:除非找到另外的投资,否则这个电
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影院就监视被关闭。本句中Unless引导的是一个条件状语从句,使用一般现在时代替将来时,后面的主句
使用将来时。根据句义可知mony和find构成被动关系,所以也要使用被动语态。故C正确。
七(2014大纲卷)32.The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody ______ them since.A.seesB.sawC.has seenD.had seen
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】句义:这些报告在2012年就不见了,从那以后没有人看见过它
们。本句的关键词是since自从那时。根据句义可知是指自从2012年这些文件不见是开始,到现在为止没
有人看见。Since经常和现在完成时连用的。故C正确。
【举一反三】—The window is dirty.A.hasn’t cleanedB.didn’t clean
— I know.It ________ for weeks.C.wasn’t cleanedD.hasn’t been cleaned
〖答案〗D〖考点〗该题是根据交际情景中考查动词时态与语态。
〖解析〗关键词for weeks, 考虑现在完成时, 表示到目前为止的结果, 好几周不擦了;窗户与擦的关系是
被动关系, 故被动语态。句意;“窗户很脏了。”“我知道。好几周没有擦了。”注:由终止性动词leave, arrive,come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等构成的完成时不能与for或
since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。如:I haven’t met him
for two years.八(2014福建卷)23.—Haven't seen you for ages!Where have you been?A.stayedB.stay
—I went to Ningxia and there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.C.had stayedD.am staying
【考点】考察时态【答案】A
【解析】句义:—很久没有看见你了!你到哪里去了?—我去了宁夏,并在那里待了一年时间,作教书的志愿者。本句只是叙述我过去在宁夏待了一年,没有强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。而且也没有持续
到现在,因为我已经回来了。所以不需要使用完成时,使用一般过去时陈述事实即可。故A正确。
【举一反三】----Where_____the recorder ?I can not see it anywhere.-----I_____it right here.But now it is gone!
A.did you put,have putB.have you put, putC.had you put,was puttingD.were you putting,have put
【答案】B 【解析】试题分析:考查时态。句意:—你把录音机放在什么地方了?我找不到。—我就放
在这儿。但是现在不见了。根据句意说明第一空询问的是过去发生的事情对现在的影响,故使用现在完成时。第二空就是陈述过去发生的事情,使用一般过去时。故B正确。
九(2014湖南卷)28.Since the time humankind started gardening, we _____to make our environment more
beautiful.A.tryB.have been tryingC.are tryingD.will try
【考点】考察时态【答案】B【解析】本题考察时态,关键词是since….自从…;since引导的从句经
常要和现在完成时以及现在完成进行时连用。句义:自从人类开始搞园艺活动到现在,我们一直都在让我们的环境更美丽。本句使用现在完成进行时,强调动作的持续性和反复性。故B正确。
【试题延伸】关键是抓住句子的上下文含义和句中的时间状语。要根据时间状语来选择合适的时态,在平
时的学习中要注意积累有关时态的用法和各种时态的特殊之处。如since,so far等经常与现在完成时连用。在条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时等等。
【举一反三】He_____ articles for our wall-newspaper these years, and he____ about thirty articles.A.has written;wrote B.has been writing;wroteC.is writing;has been writing D.has been writing;has written
【答案】D 【解析】试题分析:第一个空表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在,并且有可能持
续下去,故用现在完成进行时;第二个空表示自过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历,用现在完成时。
十(2014湖南卷)34.Whenever you, a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of
view.A.bought B.have boughtC.will buy D.buy
【考点】考察时态【答案】D【解析】本题考察的是时态。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,通常
使用一般现在时代替将来时,后面的主句通常使用将来时。句义:无论何时你购买礼物的时候,你都应该
从接受者的角度来考虑问题。故D正确。
【举一反三】Frank_____ London by train which ____ at 8:30 next morning.A.is leaving for;will leaveB.is leaving for;leavesC.will leave for;will leaveD.leaves for;leaves
【答案】B试题分析:考查将来时的表达法。现在进行时代替将来时表示按照计划安排要发生的事情。
用一般现在时代替将来时表示按照机场,车站的时间表要发生的事情。本题第一空是指按照安排要发生的事情,第二空指按照时刻表要发生的事情。故B正确。
十一(2014江苏卷)23.—How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing?
—Well, the media ________ _________it in a variety of forms.A.cover B.will cover C.have covered D.covered
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】句意:—你对即将在南京举行的青奥会了解多少?—很好,媒
体以多种形式对青奥会举行了报道。根据本句中的well,可知后者对青奥会很了解。这主要是因为媒体多
种形式的报道,本句使用现在完成时体现出过去所发生的事情对现在的影响。故C正确。
【试题延伸】动词时态是高考的热点,英语的时态多,又很复杂,现在的高考不是纯粹考时态的问题,而
是把它们放在一定的语言环境里,让考生根据特定的环境来确定答案。
【举一反三】---Peter, do you know who____ my dictionary ?A.has taken awayB.was taking away
---Sorry , I don’t know.I didn’t do it.C.had taken awayD.is taking away
【答案】A试题分析:句意:--皮特,你知道谁把我的字典拿走了吗?--对不起,我不知道,我没有拿。这里拿走发生在过去,强调对现在造成的影响,不知在什么地方,故用现在完成时。
十二(2014江西卷)----Tony , why are your eyes red ?A.cutB.was cutting
---I __ up peppers for the last five minutes.C.had cutD.have been cutting
【考点】考察时态【答案】D【解析】本题考察的是现在完成进行时。句义:—Tony,为什么你的眼
睛那么红啊?—在过去的的5分钟里,我一直都在切辣椒。根据句义可知本句表示在过去的一段时间里一
直都在做某事,所以使用现在完成进行时表示动作的持续性和反复性。故D正确。
【举一反三】---We've spent too much money recently.---Well,it isn't surprising.Our friends and relatives ______ around all the time.A.are comingB.had comeC.were comingD.have been coming
【答案】D试题分析:考查时态:句意:--最近我们花了很多钱。--不奇怪。我们的朋友和亲戚一直过来。可知最近一段时间一直有亲戚朋友来,用现在完成进行时。选D。
十三(2014山东卷)1.Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-consuming than we______.A.will expectB.are expectingC.expectD.had expected
【答案】D【解析】本题考察的时态。句义:手工写下所有的邀请函要比我们预料的花去更多的时间。根据句义可知我们预料是在实际上写之前发生的,而本句中实际写花去的时间使用了过去时was,所以
expect使用过去完成时。故D正确。【试题延伸】时态题的考察要特别注意动词发生的先后顺序,尤其是
现在完成时或者过去完成时,这一点特别明显。
【举一反三】-----We didn’t find Smith attending the lecture.A.told;there to beB.had told;there to be
------No one _____ him about ______ a lecture the following day.C.told;there wasD.had told;there being
【答案】D【解析】考查时态和非谓语。根据前面一句可知told动作发生在didn’t find之前,故用过去
完成时;而about是个介词,故后面应用there being.十四(2014山东卷)5.They made up their mind that they______ a new house once Larry changed jobs.A.boughtB.would buyC.have boughtD.had bought
【考点】考察时态【答案】B【解析】本题考察的是时态。句义:他们决定,一旦larry 换了工作,他们就买一个新房子。本句中的would表示的是过去将来时。他们是在过去决定一个将要发生的事情,所
以使用过去将来时。故B正确。
十五(2014陕西卷)22.During his stay in Xi’an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends ________,A.would recommendB.had recommendedC.have recommendedD.were recommending
【考点】考察时态【答案】B【解析】句义:在Jerry待在西安期间,他尝试了他的朋友向他推荐的几乎所有的食物。根据句义可知他的朋友向他推荐食物是在Jeery尝试的食物之前,句中已经使用了
tried,所以推荐使用过去完成时。故B正确。
十六(2014四川卷)9.She ______ someone, so I nodded to her and went away.A.phonedB.had phonedC.was phoningD.has phoned
【考点】考察上下文语境时态【答案】C【解析】句意:她正在和一个人打电话,于是我向她点了下头便走了。根据后句I nodded to her and went away“我只向她点了下头”说明她正在打电话。所以使用过去进行时表示在过去某个时间正在进行的事情。故C正确。
【举一反三】I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn't get through.Her brother ______ on the phone all the time.A.has been talkingB.was talkingC.has talkedD.talked
【答案】B试题分析:考查时态:句意:我昨天晚上给汉娜打了几次电话,但一直打不通,他弟弟一直在打电话,说明是昨天晚上我打电话的时候,她的弟弟一直在打电话.用过去进行时,选B。
十七(2014天津卷)11.We won’t start the work until all the preparations __________.A.are being madeB.will be madeC.have been madeD.had been made
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】通常说来, 在时间状语从句中使用一般现在时代替将来时,前面的主句中使用将来时。在高中英语中也使用现在完成时代替将来时,表示到将来某个时间已经完成的事情。句义:直到所有的准备工作都做好以后,我们才开始工作。故C正确。
十八(2014浙江卷)11.Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she _____ most of the guests before.A.has seenB.had seenC.sawD.would see
【考点】考察时态【答案】B【解析】句意:Sofia回顾四周所有的脸庞,她有印象她之前见过大部分的客人。根据句意可知她见过这么多的客人是在她拥有这个印象之前发生的事情,本句中had说明看见这么多客人应该使用过去完成时。故B正确。
【举一反三】-----We didn’t find Smith attending the lecture.A.told;there to beB.had told;there to be------No one _____ him about _____ a lecture the following day.C.told;there wasD.had told;there being
【答案】D 【解析】考查时态和非谓语。根据前面一句可知told动作发生在didn’t find之前,故用过去完成时;而about是个介词,故后面应用there being.十九(2014重庆卷)4.You’d better write down her phone number before you ___ it.A.forgetB.are forgettingC.forgotD.will gorget
【考点】考察时态【答案】A【解析】本题考察的是时态题中的一个常考的用法。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,常常使用一般现在时代替将来时。本句中的连词before引导的就是一个时间状语从句,所以使用一般现在时代替将来时。句意:在你忘记之前最好把他的电话号码写下来。故A正确。
【举一反三】The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people_______ to eat more fruit and vegetables.A.persuadeB.will persuadeC.be persuadedD.are persuaded
【答案】D【解析】考查时态和语态。在条件句和时间状语从句中,使用一般现在时代替将来时,主语用将来时。而且人们是被说服吃更多的水果和蔬菜。故D正确。
二十(2014重庆卷)8.James has just arrived, but I didn’t knowhe ___until yesterday.A.will comeB.was comingC.had come D.came
【考点】考察时态【答案】B【解析】本题考察的是过去进行时表示过去将来时的用法。当表示事先计划好的,安排好的要发生的事情,且谓语动词是一些表示位置变化的动词,如:leave, come等的时候,可以使用进行时表示将来时。句意:James已经到了,但是知道昨天我才知道他要来。根据句意可知他要来这里是计划好的事情,且动词come表示的是位置变化。故B正确。
【举一反三】The moment ____ soon, he thought to himself, waiting nervously.A.cameB.has comeC.was comingD.is coming
【答案】D【解析】本题考查时态。【解析】根据soon可知为将来的事情,且是直接引语,应为现在,所以选D,进行时态表将来。动词的时态 现在进行时态表将来。