第一篇:北华大学电子信息工程专业英语期末翻译(The Application of DSP in medicine)
原文:信息26
The problem of overlapping structures was solved in 1971 with the introduction of the first computed tomography scanner(formerly called computed axial tomography,or CAT scanner).Computed tomography(CT)is a classic example of Digital Signal Processing.X-rays from many direction are passed through the section of the patient's body being examined.Instead of simply forming images with the detected X-ray, the signals are converted into digital data and stored in a computer.The information is then used to calculate images that appear to be slices through the body.These images show much greater detail than conventional techniques, allowing significantly better diagnosis and treatment.The impact of CT was nearly as large as the original introduction of X-ray imaging itself.Within only a few years, every major hospital in the world had access to a CT scanner.In 1979, two of CT's principle contributors, Godfrey N.Hounsfield and Allan M.Cormack, shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine.That's good DSP!
The last three X-ray problems have been solved by using penetrating energy other than X-rays, such as radio and sound waves.DSP plays a key role in all these techniques.For example, Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)uses magnetic fields in conjunction with radio waves to probe the interior of the human body.Properly adjusting the strength and frequency of the fields cause the atomic nuclei in a localized region of the body to resonate between quantum energy states.This resonance results in the emission of a secondary radio 10 The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing wave, detected with an antenna placed near the body.The strength and other characteristics of this detected signal provide information about the localized region in resonance.Adjustment of the magnetic field allows the resonance region to be scanned throughout the body, mapping the internal structure.This information is usually presented as images, just as in computed tomography.Besides providing excellent discrimination between different types of soft tissue, MRI can provide information about physiology, such as blood flow through arteries.MRI relies totally on Digital Signal Processing techniques, and could not be implemented without them.Space
Sometimes, you just have to make the most out of a bad picture.This is frequently the case with images taken from unmanned satellites and space exploration vehicles.No one is going to send a repairman to Mars just to tweak the knobs on a camera!DSP can improve the quality of images taken under extremely unfavorable conditions in several ways: brightness and contrast adjustment, edge detection, noise reduction, focus adjustment, motion blur reduction, etc.Images that have spatial distortion, such as encountered when a flat image is taken of a spherical planet, can also be warped into a correct representation.Many individual images can also be combined into a single database, allowing the information to be displayed in unique ways.Forexample, a video sequence simulating an aerial flight over the surface of a distant planet.信息26
Commercial Imaging Products
The large information content in images is a problem for systems sold in massquantity to the general public.Commercial systems must be cheap, and this doesn't mesh well with large memories and high data transfer rates.One answer to this dilemma is image compression.Just as with voice signals, images contain a tremendous amount of redundant information, and can be run through algorithms that reduce the number of bits needed to represent them.Television and other moving pictures are especially suitable for compression, since most of the image remain the same from frame-to-frame.Commercial imaging products that take advantage of this technology include: video telephones, computer programs that display moving pictures, and digital television.译文:
1971年,随着第一台计算机断层扫描仪的发明,重叠结构的问题解决了。(计算机断层扫描仪之前叫做计算机X射线轴向分层造影扫描仪,也就是CAT 扫描仪)。计算机断层扫描仪是数字信号处理比较典型的例子。我们用各个方向的X射线扫描病人身体来查出病理。信号转变为数字化数据并存储在电脑中,而不是用检测到的信号简单成像.之后用这些信息计算出似乎是通过身体切片的图像。这些图像比传统的技术显示的图像更加清晰,这就使诊断和治疗更有效。CT的影响几乎和X射线成像本身的发明的影响是一样重要。在短短几年里,世界上所有大医院都引进了CT扫描仪。1971年科马克和亨斯菲尔德因发明CT扫描仪获得诺贝尔医学奖。DSP真好。
通过使用穿透能量比如无线电波和声波解决了最后三个X射线问题,而不是用X射线。DSP在所有这些技术里发挥着至关重要的作用。比如说,核磁共振成像(MRI)使用磁场结合无线电波探测人体的内部。适当地调整磁场的频率和强度就会引起身体特定部位原子的共振,共振在原子能量级之间进行。这种共振会发射出另一种无线电信号,科学家和工程师用DSP技术来处理放在人体周围天线检测到的这种信号。这种检测到的信号的波长和其他特性决定了共振的区域。电磁场的变化使得通过身体的共振区域能够被扫描并成像。就像在CT中那样,这种信息以图像的形式呈现出来。MRI不仅能精确的区分不同的软组织,还能提供生理机能的信息,比如血液在动脉的流动。MRI完全依赖于DSP技术,没有DSP,就没有MRI。
太空
有时,你必须把一张损坏的图片还原。从无人操纵的卫星和太空探测器中提取图像是很频繁的事情。我们总不可能把修理工人带上火星去控制照相机的把手吧!DSP能用很多方法提高在极其不利的条件下拍的图像的质量,例如:调整亮度和对比度,检测锐度,降低噪声,调整焦距,减少移动的污迹等等。空间变形的图像可能扭曲成一个正确的表示,例如遇见拍摄球形行星的平面图。许多独特的图像也可以结合为一个单独的数据库,并以一种独特的方式来展示信息。例如,视频演示在遥远的行星表面模拟飞行。
信息26
商业化图像产品
对于大量卖给一般大众的商业系统来说,大信息量的图像还是一个问题。商业系统必须便宜,这一点和大存储量、传输数据速率高相矛盾。压缩图像解决了这个进退两难的问题。和声音信号一样,图像也包含大量多余的信息,这些图像经过算法处理可以减低其容量。电视和其他能动的图片很适合压缩,因为从框对框来看,大部分图像保持一样。商业化图像产品利用了这个技术,例如视频电话、演示动画的计算机程序、和数字电视。
第二篇:电子信息工程专业英语总结
Actuator 致动器,执行器 acquisition time采样时间 address从事,忙于 address pointer地址指针 adjustment 调整,调节 adverse 不利的,相反的 aliasing混叠现象 all in all总而言之 alter 改变 alternative选择 aluminium 铝 analogous 类似的 anguish 痛苦,苦恼 antenna 触角,天线 anti-aliasing filter 抗混叠滤波器 appliance用具,器具 approach 方法 arena竞技场,舞台 array 阵列,数组 asynchronous 异步的 as a consequence因此 as opposed to...与...相反 baseband基带 base station基站 be encumbered with为...所累 behavioral synthesis行为综合 be referred to as...被称作...bipolar 双极性的 boast 夸耀 Boolean variable布尔变量 budget预算 buffer缓冲器,缓冲区 building block构件,模块 bulky 容量大的,体积大的 bus interface总线接口 cache 高速缓存 capacitor 电容器 capacity 容量,电容 capture 记录,输入 carrier wave载波 cell 细胞,蜂房,电池 cellular 蜂窝状的 chrominance 色度 circular 圆形的,循环的 commute 通勤 comparator 比较器 compatibility兼容性 component 组件 conditioning 调节,调整 conduct 传导 configure 配置,设定 consequently 从而,因此 consumption 消耗 consolidated加固的,整理过的,统一的 context上下文,背景,环境 cordless 不用电线的 cordless phone无绳电话 corresponding 相应的 cost-effective 合算的 couple连接,结合 cubic 立方体的,立方的 current source电流源 cryptography密码系统,密码术 daunting 使人畏缩的 data processing数据处理 data sheet数据手册 deceptive欺骗性的 dedicate专用,致力于 deduce推导,演绎 deflection偏转 descendant 后裔,后代 design flow设计流程 device 器件 diagram 图表 dial tone拨号音 digitisation 数字化 disadvantage缺点,劣势 discrete 离散的 drawback 缺点,障碍 drift 漂移 drive 驱动器 dynamic 动态的 dynamic range动态范围 educated受过教育的,有教养的,有根据的embedded system嵌入式系统 embrace拥抱,包含 emulation仿真 encompass包含 encumber阻碍 end office端局 end product最终产品 ensue跟着发生 erasable 可擦写的 erroneous错误的 even field偶数场 facilitate使容易,使便利 ferroelectric 铁电的 fiasco 惨败,大失败 field-programmable现场可编程的 flicker闪烁,颤动 flip flop触发器 floppy disk软盘 for the nonce目前,暂且 for fear of为了避免 formality 手续,礼节,仪式 format 格式 foundry半导体制造商 frame 帧 frame grabber 帧采集器 frequency reuse频率重用 full-custom全定制的 full scale range满量程范围 functional accelerator性能加速器 glue logic胶连逻辑 graphical 图形的 guesstimate估计,猜测 hand-held手持的,手持式的 handset 电话听筒,手持机 handy 手边的,容易取得的 henceforth自此以后,今后 hexagon 六边形
high-powered 大功率的 humble 级别低的,位置低的 humongous极大的 hybrid 混合的
impediment妨碍,阻碍 implement 实现;器具 in any event无论如何 inbound 输入的 incoming 输入的
incoming inspection入厂检查;输入检验 inconsistent不一致的,矛盾的 incorporate 一体化
incredibly难以置信地,惊人地 incur招致
in conjunction with与...协力 in detail详细地 inevitably 不可避免 infinite无限的
in motion在运转,处于活跃状态 innovative创新的
in one’s own right依靠自身的本领或素质 in parallel并行的,平行的 in practical terms实际上 install 安装
insulate 绝缘;隔离 integrated 集成的
in terms of根据,在...方面 interface capacitor沟道电容器 interference 干扰,干涉 interlace交织,交错
interpretation解释,阐明 in the field在现场
iterative重复的,迭代的 jargon行话
laborious 艰苦的,费力的 leakage 泄露
lessen 减少,减轻
level shifter电平移动器 lifetime 寿命
line driver线路驱动器 lithographic平版印刷的 luminance亮度
macrofunction宏功能 magnetic 磁的
manageable 易处理的 mandate 委任
manipulate 操作,处理 market时常,销路,行情 mask 掩模,掩码,掩蔽 mass-produced 大量生产的 mechanical 机械的 memory 存储器,内存
metal interconnect金属互联 metalization 金属化 methodology 方法学 microcell 微蜂窝
miniaturization 细微化 mixed-signal混合信号 more often than not时常 next state次态
nonrecurring一次性的,不重视的 numerical数值的
Nyquist theorem奈奎斯特定理 octal八管脚的,八进制的 odd field奇数场
of age成熟;发达;充分发展 offset弥补,抵消 optical 光学的
order of magnitude数量级 oscillator 振荡器 outbound 输出的
overload使超载,超过负荷;超载,过载 over(a/the)period(of)在某段时间内 packet 封包,分组
packet switching分组交换 parallelism并行度 partition 分割,划分 passive 无源的 pattern 模式,图案
pay off带来利益;偿清债务
perceptive 有知觉的,有理解力的 placement 布置,安排 power dissipation功耗 precede领先于
predominant 卓越的,支配的,主要的 present state现态
price/performance ratio性能价格比 prior to先于,在...之前 profession 职业,专业 proportion比例
proposition主张,建议 prototype原型,样机
put out放出,产生;消除;熄灭 quantization level量化电平rating 等级,级别 real time实时 reciprocal倒数
reconfigurable可重新配置的 refresh 刷新 register 寄存器 routing 布线
run up升起;积欠;匆匆制成
sample and hold circuit采样保持电路 sampling interval采样间隔 schematic 原理图,示意图 second-level二级的 self-destruction 自毁 semiconductor 半导体 semi-custom半定制的 sequential 时序的 shed棚,小屋
signal conditioner信号调节器 signal-to-noise ratio信噪比 silicon 硅
simultaneously 同时
simulation 模拟,仿真 simulator 模拟器,仿真器 simultaneously同时地 smoothing平滑 solid state固态 sourcing 供货
specialized 专门的,专用的
specification 技术要求,规格明细 spectral inversion频谱反转 spectrum光谱,频谱,范围 spurt喷射,迸发,冲刺 squash挤进,挤压 squeal 长声尖叫 stability 稳定性 state machine状态机 static 静态的
successor 继承者,接任者;后续的事物 synchronous 同步的 synthesis 综合
tailor剪裁,修改,调整 textural 文本的
time to market上市时间 transducer 传感器,变换器 transfer function传输函数 transistor 晶体管 trick窍门,诀窍 trigger 触发
ultimate 最终的,根本的 uncommitted 未确定用途的 underlying根本的,潜在的 undependable 不可靠的 undersampling 欠采样 vendor 厂商 viable可行的 volatile 易失的
voltage source电压源 watt 瓦特
well-paid 收入高的 whereas 然而
wireless infrastructure无线基础设施 wrapp包裹,覆盖,缠绕 zero order hold零阶保持
AMPS.advanced mobile phone system.先进移动电话系统
ASIC.application specific integrated circuit.专用集成电路 ASSP.application-specific standard parts.专用标准器件 CAD.computer aided design.计算机辅助设计
CAM.content addressable memory.内容寻址存储器 CB.citizen' band.民用波段
CCD.charge-coupled device.电荷耦合器件 CD.compact disc.光盘
CMOS.complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor.互补金属氧化物半导体 CPLD.complex programmable logic device.复杂可编程逻辑器件 DA.desigh automation设计自动化
DRAM.dynamic random access memory动态随机存储器 DSP.digital signal processor数字信号处理器 ECL.emitter coupled logic射极耦合逻辑
EDA.electronic design automation电子设计自动化
EEPROM.electrically erasable programmable rom电可擦除可编程只读存储器FCC.federal communications commission联邦通信委员会 FPGA.field programmable gate array现场可编程门阵列 GBW.gain×bandwidth增益带宽积
GPP.general-purpose microprocessor通用微处理器
GSM.global system for mobile communication全球移动通信系统 HDL.hardware description language硬件描述语言 IC.intergrated circuit.集成电路
IMTS.improved mobile phone system 改进移动电话系统 ISP.in-system programmable在系统可编程 LP.long playing(record)慢转密纹唱片 LSI.large-scale integration.大规模集成
MOS.metal-oxide-semiconductor互补金属氧化物半导体 MTSO.mobile telephone switching office移动电话交换局 MSC.mobile switching center移动交换中心 NRE.nonrecurring engineering一次性工程 ns.nanosecond纳秒
NTSC.national television systems committee国家电视系统委员会 OTP.one-time programmable一次可编程 PAL.phase alternation by line逐行倒相
PAL.programmable array logic可编程阵列逻辑 PLA.programmable logic array可编程逻辑阵列 PLD.programmable logic device可编程逻辑器件
PTT.post telephone and telegraph administration邮电管理局 PSTN.public switched telephone network公共交换电话网 RC.reconfigurable computing可重配计算 ROM.read only memory只读存储器
RTL.register transfer level寄存器传输级 SDR.software-defined radios软件无线电
SECAM.sequential couleur avec memoire顺序与存储彩色电视系统 SoC.system-on-chip片上系统
SPLD.simple programmable logic devices简单可编程逻辑器件 SRAM.static random access memory.静态随机存取存储器 UV.ultraviolet紫外线
VHDL.very high speed integrated-circuit hardware-description language 超高速集成电路硬件描述语言
VHSIC.very high speed integrated circuit超高速集成电路 VLSI.very large-scale integration.超大规模集成 μP.microprocessor微处理器
第三篇:电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 11 译文
Unit 11 数字图像处理
Unit 11-1 第一部分:二维数字图像
图像是表示一些物理参数空间分布的二维信号,典型的物理参数是光强,而更普通的是能量的任一种形式。例如,运动图像以及多光谱的遥感图像是三维或者是更高维的信号。现代数字技术使得处理多维信号成为可能,所使用的系统可从简单的数字电路到先进的并行计算机。这种处理的目的可以分为3类:
-图像处理:输入图像输出图像用相机拍摄和冲洗照片
-大自然的例子:水面上景色的反射,水雾中景色的失真,等等。高级图像处理的应用例子包括:
-司法科学:视频监控摄像机图像的增强,图像中的脸,指纹,DNA码等的自动识别和分类。可视化。例如:在我们制作一个三维物体的三维可视化之前,我们首先需要从二维图像中提取物体的信息。图像增强,例如,减少噪声或图像锐化。
-模式识别,例如,图像中某种形状或纹理的自动检测。
-将数据量减少为更容易处置或解释的信息,例如将图像减小为一幅较简单的图像、一组对象或特征、或者一组测量结果。
-图像合成,如由二维照片重建三维场景。
-图像拼接。当从同一个场景获取两种不同形态(类型)的图像时,将它们拼接起来涉及配准,其后是数据减少和图像合成。
-数据压缩。为了缩小包含图像的计算机文件的大小,以及加快网络中图像传输的速度,数据压缩常常是必需的。
我们关心的只是数字图像处理,而不是模拟处理,理由是,模拟处理需要专用的硬件,这使得建立一个特殊的图像处理应用成为一项艰巨的任务。此外,在许多图像处理领域中模拟硬件的使用正在迅速地成为过去,因为它常常能被更具灵活性的数字硬件(计算机)所取代。
但究竟什么是数字图像呢?数字图像获取与处理的示意图如图11.2所示。顶部有某个成像设备,如摄像机,医疗扫描仪,或其它任何可将物理现实的量度转换为电信号的设备。成像设备产生一个连续的电信号。因为这种模拟信号不能直接用计算机处理,信号通过数字化仪转换为离散形式。最后产生的图像便可直接用于数字图像处理应用。
数字化仪完成两个任务:采样和量化(见图11.3)。在采样过程中,图像中连续信号的值在特定位置被采样。在量化过程中,真实值被离散化为数字数值。量化后的图像我们称为数字图像。这样就回答了本节开头的问题:数字图像只不过是一个数值的矩阵。每个矩阵元素,即已量化样本,被称为图像元素或像素。对于三维图像则称为体积元素或体素。
我们可以用两个坐标(x;y)表示图像中每个像素的位置。按照惯例,(0;0)像素,即原点,是在图像的左上角,X轴是从左向右,Y轴自上而下(见图11.4)。这可能要用一点功夫去习惯它,因为它不同于常规的二元函数的数学表示法,也不同于常规的矩阵坐标。如果一幅数字图像仅仅是一个数值矩阵,有人可能会说:数字图像处理只不过是一种对矩阵进行运算的数学算法的集合。幸运的是,现实情况远非所说的那么枯燥乏味,因为在实际中,我们很少使用图11.3所示的矩阵表示,而是对图11.3的中间图像进行处理,实际上是同一幅图像,但将光强度赋予每一个数,对人而言它通常更有意义。你会发现图像处理算法将被描述为数学算子作用于像素值或像素矩阵,这些算法的运算结果也将被用图像形式显示出来。
Unit 11-3 第三部分:图像处理引言
图像由各种物理设备产生,包括照相机和摄像机、X光设备、电子显微镜、雷达、超声设备等,并用于各种目的,包括娱乐、医疗、商务、工业、军事、民用、安全、科学。各种应用的目的都是使观察者(人或机器)提取被成像的场景中的有用信息。
原始图像通常并不直接适合于这一目的,必须以某种方式进行处理。这种处理称为图像增强;而观察者从图像 中提取信息的处理则称为图像分析。增强和分析根据其输出性质即输出的是图像还是关于场景的信息来区分,也根据所面临的挑战和所使用的方法来区分。
图像增强通过化学、光学、电子方法实现,而分析则主要由人工和电子方法实现。用于观察者的(视觉)增强方法或用于(计算机)自主分析的数字图像处理技术在成本、速度、灵活性方面具有优越性,随着个人计算机价格的急剧下降和功能的快速提升而成了实用的主要方法。
挑战
图像并不是被观察的物理对象性质的直接测量,而是诸多物理因素相互作用的结果:光照强度及其分布、光照与构成景物的物质之间的相互作用、反射光或透射光从三维空间到二维图像平面的投影几何关系、以及传感器的电子特性。不像某些其它工作例如编写编译程序那样有正式理论为基础的算法,可将高级计算机语言翻译成机器语言,不存在从图像中提取感兴趣的景物信息如位置或某一制成品质量的算法和可比的理论。
这种困难常被初学者低估,因为人的视觉系统似乎可轻而易举地从景物中提取信息。人的视觉通常比我们目前乃至可预见的未来能够设计制造的任何东西复杂得多。于是我们必须注意,不要根据人们对某一数字图像处理应用的印象来评估其难易程度。
一个首要的指导原则也许是人类更擅长于判断而机器更擅长于测量。因此,比方说在传输带上确定一个汽车零件的确切位置和大小很适合于数字图像处理,而要对苹果或木材的质量定级却更具挑战性,尽管不是不可能的。按照这些原则,需进行大量计算而极少需要判断的图像增强就是很适合于数字处理的。
对处理时间的严格要求常使问题变得更复杂。很少用户在意电子表格的数据刷新时间是300毫秒而不是200毫秒;但是,譬如说大部分工业应用却必须在机器周期所要求的严格限制以内完成操作。还有许多应用如超声图像增强、交通监控、摄像机防抖动等要求对视频流进行实时处理。
为了具体了解对处理速度的挑战,设想一下,一台标准黑白摄像机的视频流每秒有1000万个像素。在撰写本文时,一台典型台式PC也许可在处理每个像素所允许的100ns时间内执行50条机器指令,而能用区区50条指令完成的处理十分有限。
此外,许多图像处理应用还受到成本的严格限制,因此我们经常面临工程师们望而生畏的三重难题:要求设计的产品同时具备性能优良、运行快捷、价格便宜的优点。
图像获取
所有图像处理应用始于某种形式的照射,典型的是光线但广义的是某种能量。有时必须使用环境光线,但更为典型的是根据具体应用设计照明。在这些情况下事情的成败往往就在于此:任何高明的软件都无法将因为照明不良而丢失的信息恢复出来。
照相机就是一个能将辐射能量分布转换为存放在RAM中的数字图像的装置。过去这一过程分成两步:将能量转换为电信号即照相机的功能;用数字化设备将信号转换成数字形式并存储。现在两者之间的界线正在变得模糊,照相机将通过USB、以太网、IEEE 1394接口直接将图像送入计算机。
照相机技术以及所产生的图像特性几乎无例外地受到最大实际应用量的驱动,其中之一是消费电视。因此大多数的摄像机具有半个多世纪以前电视广播标准所制定的分辨率和速度特性。
典型的可见光单色摄像机的分辨率为640480,每秒输出30帧图像,并支持电子快门和快速复位(任意时刻回复到一帧初始状态的能力,从而可避免在开始捕获一帧新图像前的等待)。这种摄像机是基于CCD传感器技术的,能产生优良的图像,但相对于其它具有同样数量晶体管的多数芯片而言其价格很高。
随着大容量个人计算机多媒体应用的激增情况首次发生了变化。首先影响到的是显示器,它已有相当一段时间给我们提供了比广播更高的速度和分辨率。人们可期待照相机/摄像机也随之跟上,包括由民用数字照相机所推动的高速度、高分辨率器件,娱乐业、互联网远程会议和用户视觉界面应用所推动的低分辨率和极低价格的设备。
廉价器件可能会产生更大的影响。这些是基于新出现的CMOS传感器技术的,其生产工艺与大多数计算机芯片相同,因而得益于生产批量大而价格低廉。目前它的图象质量还达不到CCD标准,但随着技术的成熟是注定会改进的。
图像增强
数字图像增强算法大致分为两类:点变换(像素映射)和邻域运算。
1.点变换
点变换产生的输出图像中每个像素都是一个相应输入像素的某种函数。这一函数对于每个像素都相同,通常是由图像的全局统计特性导出的。点变换一般运行很快,但仅限于进行全局变换,例如调整整幅图像的对比度。
点变换包括许多可用于分等级值像素的图像增强。这些算法常由基于查找表的单一软件程序或硬件模块实现。查找表的运行速度快,可以编程用于实现任何功能,以合理的速度提供最终的普适性。而MMX以及类似的处理器则能以比查找表快得多的速度通过直接计算来执行各种功能,其代价是软件复杂性的提高。当某种功能是通过图像全局统计特性来计算时,像素映射是最为有用。例如人们可以处理一幅图像,在输入信号的均值和标准偏差,或者最小值和最大值的基础上,获得所要求的增益和补偿(偏移)。
直方图指标是一种有效的像素映射点变换,对输入图像进行处理使之具有与某一参考图像同样的像素值分布。其像素映射关系很容易从输入图像和参考图像的直方图得到。直方图指标是进行图像分析前的一种有用的增强技 术,这种分析的目的是对输入图像和参考图像进行某种比较。
阈值分割是一种常用增强技术,其目的是将图像分割成目标和背景。计算阈值,大于(或小于)阈值的就当作对象,否则就是背景。有时用两个阈值来确定对应于目标像素的一个范围。阈值可以是固定的,但最好是根据图像的统计特性计算得到。也可以用邻域处理进行阈值分割。在所有这些情况下得到的结果都是一幅二值图像,即只有黑白两色而没有灰阶。
颜色空间转换用于转换不同的颜色表示方法,例如将照相机提供的RGB空间转换成图像分析算法所要求的HIS(色调,亮度,饱和度)空间。由于精确的颜色空间转换涉及的计算量很大,在对时间有严格要求的应用中常采用粗略的近似。这些近似方法十分有效,但在选择一种算法以前应该对速度和精度间的权衡有所了解。
时间平均是处理反差极低图像最有效的方法。像素灰度映射对信号和噪声的作用相同,因此对于提高图像增益的作用很有限。邻域运算可以降低噪声,却会损失图像的保真度。降低噪声而不影响信号的唯一方法是对不同时间的多幅图像求平均。不相关噪声的幅度以参与平均的图像数目的平方根被衰减。将时间平均与扩大增益的像素映射法相结合可处理反差极低的图像。时间平均的主要缺点是用照相机获取多幅图像需要花费较长的时间。
2.邻域运算
在邻域运算中,每一个输出像素都是一组输入像素的函数。这组像素通常围绕一个对应的中心像素的某个区域,因此称为邻域,例如33邻域。邻域运算可实现频率滤波和形状滤波,以及其他复杂的增强操作,但是运行起来较慢,因为对于每个输出像素而言,邻域内的像素必须重复计算。
由于有了可追溯到200年前Fourier信号理论的广泛数学框架,线性滤波器是邻域处理中最容易理解的。线性滤波器有选择地放大或衰减空间频率成分,可达到平滑和锐化等效果,通常是重采样和边缘检测算法的基础。
线性滤波器可用卷积运算定义,其输出像素由邻域内各像素乘以叫做“核”的同样形状区域内的相应值,然后将乘积相加得到。线性滤波器可直接由卷积实现,也可以利用FFT在频域实现。尽管频域滤波在理论上更为有效,实际上几乎总是用直接卷积的方法。由于使用小的整数运算和时序存储器寻址,卷积比起FFT来与数字硬件更加匹配,更容易实现,在边界条件的处理方面几乎没有问题。
边界检测有相当长的历史和大量的文献资料,从简单的边缘检测到更适合于图像分析中考虑采用的复杂算法。我们可以有点随意地将边缘检测看成是一种图像增强,因为其目的是突出感兴趣的边缘特征,而将其他一切都衰减掉。
图像中由目标产生的阴影是目标特性中最不可靠的因素,因为阴影是由照明、表面特性、投影几何学、感光器件特性这些因素复杂地结合而成的。而另一方面,图像中的不连续区通常直接对应于目标表面的不连续性(例如边缘),因为其他因素不易导致不连续性。图像中的不连续性即使在光度学方面不一致,在几何即形状方面通常却是一致的。因此作为边缘检测目的,不连续部位的确定和定位是数字图像处理中最重要的任务之一。
粗糙的边缘检测器只是标出相应于梯度大小的峰值或二阶微商过零点处的像素。精密复杂的边界检测器则给出有序的一串边界点,以及亚像素位置和各像素处的边界方向。最商用的边缘检测器还可以在一个很宽的范围内调节空间频率响应,并以高速运行。
设计成可以通过或阻止指定形状而不是空间频率的非线性滤波器在数字图像增强中十分有用。我们首先考虑的是中值滤波器,它在每个像素位置的输出是相应输入邻域的中值。粗略地讲,中值滤波器的作用是将小于邻域尺寸的图像内容衰减掉,让大于邻域范围的图像内容通过。
数字重采样是指照射到传感器上的能量连续分布被重新采样的情况下估计图像的过程。不同方式采样,用不同的分辨率或以不同方向采样常常是有用的。
另一类重采样算法是坐标变换,能产生亚像素数量的偏移、旋转和改变图像尺寸、在直角坐标系和极坐标系之间相互转换。输出像素的值由输入值的邻域内插得到。三种常用方法是:速度最快的最近邻法,更精确但速度较慢而且会损失一些高频分量的双线性法,非常精确但是最慢的三次卷积法。
第四篇:电子信息工程专业英语导论考试资料
DCDirect Current直流电AC alternating current交流电IC integrated circuit 集成电路
DRAMDynamic Random Access Memory动态随机存储器CPUCentral Processing Unit中央处理器RAMrandom access memory随机存储器SOCSystem-on-Chip片上系统OS operating system操作系统IPintellectual property知识产权DSPDigital Signal Processing数字信号处理RTLregister transfer level寄存器传输级
DACDigital toanalog converter 数模转换器VLSIVery Large Scale Integration超大规模集成电路PLDprogrammable logic device可编程逻辑电路FPGAField Programmable Gate Array场可编程门阵列CPLD Complex Programmable Logic Device复杂可编程逻辑器件
SRAMstatic random Access Memory静态存储器ASICApplication Specific Integrated Circuit专用集成电路
LUTLook-Up-Table查找表
TDMA Time-Division Multiple Access时分多址
FIRFinite Impulse Response无限脉冲相应数字滤波器CDMAcode-division multiple access码分多址IIRInfinite Impulse Response有限脉冲相应数字滤波器ADCAnalog to Digital Converter模数转换器
1、We are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephone that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without that..我们对电灯,无线电广播,电视和电话是如此的熟悉,所以很难想象离开啦他们,我们的生活将会是什么样子。
2、When large numbers of electrons break away from their atoms and move through a wire, we describe this action by saying that electricity is “flowing” through the wire.当大量的电子脱离原子的束缚并通过导线运动迪,这时我们就说电通过导线在流动。
3、A resistor has two terminals across which electricity must pass, and is designed to dropthe voltage of the current as it flows from one terminal to the next.电阻有两端,并且电流都必须通过。当电流从一端流道另一端是,电阻上就有电压降。
4、The unit of resistance is ohm.In a direct-current circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly proportional to the voltage across it.电阻的单位是欧姆。在直流电路中,通过电阻的电流与它的阻抗成反比,与加在其上的电压成正比。
5、Large capacitors are used in the power supplies of electronic of all types, including computers and their
peripherals.In these systems, the capacitors smooth out the rectified utility AC, providing pure, battery-like DC.所有型号的电子设备,包括计算机及其外围GSMglobal system for mobile全球移动通信系统FDMAFrequency Division Multiple Access频分多址
设备的电源储备系统,都使用了大电容器。
在这些系统中,电容器能进一步平滑经整流过的公用交电流,是其提供如电流产生的纯直流电一样。
6、This does not affect performance in DC circuits, but can have an adverse effect in AC circuit because inductance renders the device sensitive to change in frequency.在直流电路中这并没有影响,但是对交流电路却有反作用,因为电感效应系数使该器件对频率的变化很敏感。
7、Transistor have three leads which must be connected the correct way around;thecommon-base, the common-emitter and the common-collector.晶体管在电路中有三种正确的连接方式,共基极,共发射极,共集电极法。
8、By licensing, rather than
manufacturing and selling its chip technology, the Company established a new business model that has redefined the way microprocessors are designed, produced and sold.通过许可,而不是制造和出售的芯片技术,公司重新定义了微处理器设计,生产与销售的方式,从而建立了一种新的商业模式。
9、The single-processor solution offers higher performance, lower system cost and lower power than coprocessors and dual-processor solutions.与协处理器和双处理器解决方案相比,单处理器解决方案提供了更高的性能,更低的系统和能耗。
10、Since many signal processing applications process millions of samples of data for every second of operation, the minimum sample period is
usually more important than the
computationa latency of the processor.由于许多信号处理应用过程中每秒处理的样本数据数以百万计,因此,最低采样周期通常比处理器的计算时延更为重要。
11、For example, a speech signal can be represented mathematically by acoustic pressure as a function of time, and a picture can be represented by brightness as a function of two spatial variables.在一个连续时间信号x(t),数字处理的第一步是选择一个采样周期T,然后对样本x(t)产生x(nT)。
18、Under certain conditions, a continuous signal can be completely represented by and recoverable from a sequence of its values, or samples, at points equally spaced in time.在一定的条件下,一个连续信号可以完全由可以由该信号在时间等间隔点上的瞬时值例如,一个语音信号在数学上可以用声压随时间变化的函数来表示,而一张照片可以表示亮度随二维空间变量变化的函数。
12、To distinguish between continuous-time signals and
discrete-time signals, we will use the symbol t to denote the continuous-time independent variable and n to denote the discrete-time independent variable.区分连续时间信号和离散时间信号之间,我们将使用符号T表示连续时间的独立变量,用n来表示离散的独立变量。
13、FPGAs are a form of programmable logic devices which permits the design of many different complex digital circuits.现场可编程门阵列(FPGAs)是可编程逻辑器件的一种形式,它允许设计许多不同的复杂数字电路。
14、A continuous-time system is a system in which continuous-time input signals are applied and result in
continuous-time output signals.一个连续时间系统是施加连续时间输入信号,而产生连续时间输出信号的系统。
15、Signals encountered in practice are mostly continuous-time signals and can be denoted as x(t), where t is a continuum.实际遇到的信号大多是连续时间信号,这类信号可以用x(t)表示,其中t是连续变量。
16、most discrete-time signals are obtained from continuous-time signals by sampling and can be denoted as x[n]:=x(nT).大多数离散时间信号,是从连续时间信号的采样得到的,可以表示为X[n]:=x(nT)。
17、In digital processing of a
continuous-time signal x(t), the first step is to select a sampling period T and then to sample x(t)to yield x(nT).或样本值来表示,并且能用这些样本值恢复出原信号来。
19、Much of the importance of the
sampling theorem also lies in its role as a bridge between continuous-time signals and discrete-time signals.抽样理论的重要性还在于它在连续时间信号和离散时间信号之间起了桥梁作用。20、In many contexts, processing
discrete-time signals is more flexible and is often preferable to processing continuous-time signals.在许多方面,处理离散时间信号要更加灵活些,因此往往比处理连续时间更为可取。
21、In actuality, each cellconsists of a base station and an antenna that supports operations over a wide range of frequencies.在现实中,每个小区由一个基站和天线,支持业务在很宽的频率范围内。
22、Those access methods are referred to as time-division multiple access(TDMA)and code-division multiple access(CDMA).那些访问方法都被称为time-division多址(TDMA)和code-division多址(CDMA)。
23、As the satellite received a signal from a ground or earth station, a communications complex that transmitted and/or received satellite signals, it relayed its own signal to earth.当卫星收了从地面或地球站发来的信号后,卫星上的通信设备将要发送的和已接受的卫星信号复合起来后在发往地球。
24、The primary value of satellite in a geostationary orbit is its ability to communicate with ground stations in its coverage area 24 hours a day.对地静止轨道上的卫星的主要作用是,一天二十四小时和覆盖区域中的地面站进行通信。
汉译英:
1、可以这么说,没有晶体管的发明,今天我们所知的计算是完全不可能的。It is safe to say that without the invention of transistors, computing as we know it today wuld not be possible.2、可编程逻辑区别于传统硬件的关键特性是它们可以重新配置。The key property of programmable logics that differentiates
9、如果你是电子的初学者,最好现在就开始学习如何使用NPN晶体管。If you are new to electronics it is best to start by learning how to use NPN transistors.10、在晶体管发明之前,数字电路是由真空管(vacuum tubes)组成,这有很多不足。Prior to the invention of
transistors,digital circuits werecomposed of vacuum tubes, which had many them from custom hardware is their reconfigurability.3、在许多方面,处理离散时间信号要更加灵活些,因此比处理连续时间信号更为可取。In many contexts , processing discrete-time signal is more flexible and is often preferable to processing continuous-time signals.4、时间上离散,幅值上量化的信号称之为数字信号。Time is discrete, the
amplitude quantization signal called digital signal5、实际遇到的信号大多是连续时间信号,这类信号可以用x(t)表示,t是连续变量。Signals encountered in practice are mostly continuous-time signals and can be denoted as x(t),where t is a continuum.6、反过来,这种设计的改进又可引导研制新一代的卫星,这些卫星能够通过其他转发器及其相关电子系统处理大量的信息。This design evolution has led,in turn ,to the development of a new generation of satellites that can handle an enormous volume of information via their
transponders and relatedelectronic sysrems.7、地面站是传送/接收卫星信号的通信设备,卫星接收来自地面站发送的信号后,再将其信号传送给地球。As the satellite received a signl from a ground or earth station , a communications complex that transmitted and received satellite signals,it telayed its own signal to earth.8、在直流电路中这并没有影响,但对交流电路却有反作用,因为感应系数使该器件对频率的变化很敏感。This does not affect performance in DC circuits ,but can have an adverse effect in AC circuits because inductance renders the device sensitive to changes in frequency.disadvantages.11、电阻的阻抗是由它的物理结构决定的The amount of resistance offered by a resistor is determined by its physical construction.。
12、控制总线是控制处理器与系统其他部分通信的信号枢纽。Thecontrol bus is a collection of signals that controls how the processor communicates with the test of the system.13、正是由于这一特性,在发明DSP处理器时采用了一种与传统的微处理器不同的结构。It is because of this very nature that DSP processors are created with an architecture unlike those of conventional micropprocessors.段落英译汉:
1.The control bus is a collection of signals that controls how the processor communicates with the rest of the system.Consider the data bus for a moment.The CPU sends data to memory and receives data from memory on the data bus.This prompts the question.“Is it sending or receiving?” There are two lines on the control bus, read line and write line, which specify the direction of data flow.Other signals include system clocks, interrupt lines, status lines, and so on.The exact structure of control bus varies among processors in the 80x86 family.However, some control lines are common to all processors and are worthy a brief mention 控制总线是控制处理器与系统其它部件如何通信的信号枢纽。考虑数据总线,CPU通过数据总线向存储器发送数据或从存储器接受数据,这就产生了一个疑问:“他是在发送还是在接受呢?”在控制总线上有两条线,即读线和写线,他们指明了数据流的方向。其他信号包括系统时钟、中断信号、状态信号等。80X86系列控制总线的具体结构因处理器的不同而不同,但一
些控制线对所有的处理器是共同的。2,In digital processing of a
continuous-time signal x(t), the first step is to select a sampling period T and then to sample x(t)to yield x(nT).It is clear that the smaller T is, the closer x(nT)is to x(t).However, a smaller T also requires more computation.Thus an important task in DSP is to find 有人也提出了少数的非商业FPGAs结构,其
设计细节更易获得。可编程逻辑区别于传统硬件的关键特性在于他的可重构行。从执行的强度和速度看,这种装置不能与传统硬件相比,但他们的可重构性能的开发和硬件设计改变的迅速性,缩短了产品上市的时间,降低了成本。
5.第五代计算机大力发展计算机可以解决问题最终可能是被称为创造性的方式是另一the largest possible T so that all information(if not possible, all essential information)of x(t)is retained in x(nT).Without the
frequency-domain description, it is not possible to find such a sampling period.Thus computing the frequency content of signals is a first step in digital signal processing.连续时间信号的数字处理,第一步是选择一个采样周期T,然后采样x(t)产生x(nT).。很明显,周期T越小,x(nT)越接近x(t)。然而,T越小计算量越大。因此,数字信号处理的一项重要任务,是要找出最大可能T,使x(t)的所有信息(如果不能,那么信号的所有基本信息)仍然保留在x(nT)中。没有频域描述,就不可能找到采样周期。因此数字信号处理的第一步是计算信号的频谱。3,FPGAs are a form of programmable logic devices which permits the design of many different complex digital circuits.FPGAs were first introduced in 1986 by Xilinx using a memory-based programming technology.Since then there have been many new commercial architectures.A new non-commercial FPGA architecture have been proposed for which the design details are more readily available.The key property of programmable logics that differentiates them from custom
hardware is their reconfigurability.such device cannot compete with a custom hardware implementation in terms of density or speed, but their
reconfigurability allows hardware designs to be created and changed rapidly, thus reducing time-to-market and costs over custom hardware.现场可编程门阵列是可编程逻辑器件的一种形式,它允许设计许多不同的复杂数字电路。1986年,Xilinx首次把基于内存的编程技术引入了FPGAs。此后还有许多新的商业结构出现,个趋势在计算机的发展,理想的目标是真正的人工智能。正在积极探索的一个路径是并行处理计算机,它使用许多芯片在同一时间执行多个不同的任务。并行处理可能最终能在一定程度上重复了复杂的反馈,近似于人类思想的评估能力。另一种形式正在研究并行处理是分子计算机的使用。在这些计算机,逻辑符号用DNA的化学单元表达,而不是通过常规的电子流问题,比目前的超级计算机速度快,将使用更少的能源。
第五篇:电子信息英语专业英语词组专业英语b篇翻译
Translated by何莹婷,版权没有,翻印不究。有错误欢迎指正:)Unit3 27-2In the binary system of representation the base is 2, and only two numerals 0 and 1 are required to represent a number.The numerals 0 and 1 have the same meaning as in the decimal system, but a different interpretation is placed on the position occupied by a digit.In the binary system the individual digits represent the coefficients of powers of two rather than ten as in the decimal system.For example, the decimal number 19 is written in the binary representation as 10011 since
10011=1×24+0×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=16+0+0+2+1=19
A short list of equivalent numbers in decimal and binary notation is given in Table 3.2.
二进制示数系统中的基数是二,且只有0和1两个数被用以示数。0和1在这里与在十进制中具有一样的意义,但每个数位表示的不一样。二进制系统中每个数字表示二的幂系数,而十进制中表示十的幂系数。例如,十进制数19在二进制中表示为10011因为 10011=1×24+0×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=16+0+0+2+1=19 二进制和十进制数相等数字见表3.2.27-3A general method for converting from a decimal to a binary number is indicated in Table 3.3.The procedure is the following.Place the decimal number(in this illustration, 19)on the extreme right.Next divide by 2 and place the quotient(9)to the left and indicate the remainder(1)directly below it.Repeat this process(for the next column 9÷2 =4 and a remainder of 1)until a quotient of 0 is obtained.The array of 1’s and 0’s in the second row is the binary representation of the origin decimal number.In this example, decimal 19=10011 binary.
十进制转换成二进制的一般方法如图3.3。过程如下:把十进制数(图中的19)放在最右端,接下来除以2,把商(9)放在左边并直接在其下方标明余数(1)。重复这个步骤(下一列为9÷2=4余1),直到商为0截止。第二行中的1和0就是原始十进制数的二进制表示。此例中,十进制19=二进制10011.28-1A binary digit(a 1 or a 0)is called a bit.A group of bits that has the same significance is called a byte, word, or code.For example, to represent the 10 numerals(0, 1, 2, …, 9)and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36 different combinations of 1’s and 0’s.Since 25<36<26, then a minimum of 6 bits per bite are required in order to accommodate all the alphanumeric characters.In this sense a bite is sometimes referred to as a character and a group of one or more characters as a word.
一位二进制数(一个1或0)叫做比特。一组具有相同意义的比特叫做字节,词,或代码。例如,表示10个数字(0,1,2,...9)和26个英文字母要用到36种不同的1和0的组合。因为25<36<26,那么表示所有这些字母数字字符组最少需要6比特每字节。这种情况下一字节有时候被称为一个字符和一个或多个字符组成的字符串。
29-1The parameters of a physical device(for example, VCE·sat of a transistor)are not identical from sample to sample, and they also vary with temperature.Furthermore, ripple or voltage spikes may exist in the power supply or ground leads, and other sources of unwanted signals, called noise, may be present in the circuit.For these reasons the digital levels are not specified precisely, but as indicated by the shaded region in Figure 3.6, each state is defined by a voltage range about a designated level, such as 4±1 V and 0.2±0.2 V.
每个实体器件样本的参数(如晶体管的VCE·sat)是不完全相同的,它们还会随温度变化。而且,电源或地线可能存在电压脉动或电压峰值,其他干扰信号——噪声也可能出现在电路中。由于这些原因,数字电平没有明确的规定,但如图3.6中阴影所示,将每个状态定义为指定电平的电压范围,例如4±1 V 和 0.2±0.2 V。
Unit4 37-1The materials that make up our universe are composed of over one hundred basic and individual types of matter called elements.Ninety-two of these elements occur naturally and the remainders are man-made.Each element has a separate identify of its own, that is, no two elements have the same physical and chemical properties, nor can an element be subdivided by ordinary physical and chemical means into simple elements.[1] Examples of elements are gold, mercury and oxygen.构成宇宙的物质是由一百多种基本的不同类型的物质——元素组成的。其中92种元素是天然形成的,其他的则是人造的。每种元素都各有其自己的标识,也就是说,元素的物理和化学特性是独一无二的,一种元素也不可以用物理和化学手段再分成简单的元素。例如金,汞和氧元素。
37-3Electrons whirl around nuclei in much the same manner that the planets of our solar system travel around the sun.The difference between an atom of one element and that of another is in the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus.[2] All the elements in the universe, and therefore all matter, is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.电子围绕原子核旋转,其方式类似于太阳系中行星围绕太阳旋转。一种元素的原子和另一种元素的原子的差别在于其原子核中的质子数和中子数。宇宙中的所有元素,也就是说所有的物质,都是由质子,中子和电子组成的。
37-4There must be force of attraction between a nucleus and the electrons surrounding it, otherwise the electrons would fly off into space, in order to understand its nature, we find it helpful to call this force a charge.The charge of the nucleus is defined as positive, and the opposite charge of the electron, negative.In view of the fact that opposites attract, the force between the nucleus and the rotating electron around it prevents the electron from flying off into space.在原子核与其周围的电子间必然存在着吸引力,否则电子将会飞离原子核,为了理解它的性质,我们把这种力称为电荷。原子核电荷定义为正电荷,电子的电荷则相反,为负电荷。鉴于异性相吸,原子核和围绕其旋转的电子间的力阻止了电子飞离到空间中。
38-last para Impurities may be added to pure semiconductors.This results in semiconductor materials, which may either have an excess of free electrons or a deficiency of orbital electrons.When an excess of electrons is present we call the material N-type;when lack of orbital electrons occurs, we call the material P-type.Both N-type and P-type semiconductors are made by treated materials.such as germanium and silicon with impurities,such as arsenic and indium.The addition of impurities to semiconductors is called doping.杂质被加入到纯的半导体中。这会导致半导体材料中有过剩的自由电子或轨道电子缺失。有过剩电子时材料被称为n型;缺失轨道电子时材料被称为p型。N型和P型半导体都由加工材料制成。例如有杂质的锗和硅,砷和铟。往半导体中加入的杂质添加物叫掺杂质。
Unit5 50-2At first, these disk drives used 14 inch disks, but now they use 5 1/4 inch, 3 1/2 inch,2 1/2 inch, and 1 4/5 inch diameters.In contrast to the floppy disk drive, hard disk drives hold from 80 megabytes to gigabytes and terabytes of information.When purchasing a hard disk, consider storage capacity and seek time, a measure of a hard disk’s access speed.The smaller the numbers, the faster the disk.In the past, 65 milliseconds was the standard access time, but today the standard is less than 7 milliseconds.起初,这些磁盘驱动采用14英寸磁盘,但现在采用的是5 1/4英寸,2 1/2英寸和1 4/5直径的磁盘。与软盘驱动截然不同的是,硬盘驱动保存着兆字节到千兆字节、万兆字节的信息。购买硬盘时要考虑存储容量和寻道时间及存取速度。这些数字越小,磁盘就运行得越快。在过去,标准存取时间为65毫秒,而现在的标准为低于7毫秒。
50-3Storing data on hard disks is similar to storing data on diskettes.In order to read or write data on the surface of the spinning disk platter, the disk drives are designed with access arms, or actuators.[1] The access arms, or actuators, contain one or more read/write heads per disk surface.As the disk rotates at a high rate of speed, usually 3,600 revolution per minute, the read/write heads move across its surface.These read/write heads float on a cushion of air and do not actually touch the surface of the disk.[2] The distance between the head and the surface varies from approximately ten to twenty millionths of an inch.If some form of contamination is introduced or if the alignment of the read/write heads is altered by something accidentally jarring the computer, the disk head can collide and damage the disk surface, causing a loss of data.This event is known as a head crash.Because of the time needed to repair the disk and to reconstruct the data that was lost, head crashes can be extremely costly to users in terms of both time and money.硬盘上的数据存储与软盘上的类似。为了在旋转的磁盘盘片表面读写数据,磁盘驱动器被设计成具有存取和传动装置。存取和传动装置由每个盘片表面的一个或多个读写头构成。当盘片以通常为3600转每分的速度高速旋转时,读写头移过盘片表面。这些读写头在高压气流上漂浮,移动时并不与盘片表面真正接触。读写头与盘片表面的距离约为一万到两千万分之一英寸。如果有污染物介入,或读写头队列被电脑的意外震动改变,读写头会碰撞并损坏盘片表面,引起数据丢失。这种情况叫做磁头碰撞。由于修复磁盘并重建数据需要一定的时间,磁头碰撞会花费用户相当多的金钱和时间。
50-5The sector method for physically organizing data on disks divides each track on the disk surface into individual storage areas called sectors.Each sectors can contain a specified number of bytes.Data is referenced by indicating the surface, track, and sector where the data is stored.用扇区方式物理地在磁盘上组织数据是将盘片表面分成独立的存储区域,称之为扇区。每个扇区能包含特定字节数。数据通过指示存储着数据的盘片表面,轨道和扇区来引用。
51-6Most optical disks are prerecorded and cannot be modified by the user.These disks are used for applications such as an auto parts catalog where the information is changed only occasionally, such as once a year, and a new updated optical disk is created.[3] Optical disk devices that provide for one-time recording are called WORM devices, an acronym for write once, read many.Erasable optical disk drives are just starting to be used.The most common erasable optical drives use magneto-optical technology, in which a magnetic field changes the polarity of a spot on the disk that has been heated by a laser.[4] 大多数光盘是事先录好的,且不能被用户修改。这种光盘用于信息量大,不需要经常更改信息内容的场合。例如,一个汽车零件目录,其中的信息是经过一段时间(比如一年)才更新一次,需要更新时再制作一张新的光盘就可以了。只能刻录一次的光盘设备叫WORM设备,是write once, read many的缩写。可擦写光盘设备刚开始被使用。最常见的可擦写光盘驱动采用磁光技术,在这种技术中,磁场改变了磁盘上被激光加热的点的极性。
Unite6 65-1 PCM is dependent on three separate operations: sampling, quantizing, and coding.Many different schemes for performing these three functions have evolved during recent years, and we shall describe the main ones.[1] In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality maybe conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded, as a sequence of 8 binary digits.[2] Furthermore, we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(kHz)is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz.[3] Practical equipments, however, normally use a sampling rate of 8 kHz, and if 8-digits per sample value are used, the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64 kHz.Figure 6.2 illustrates the sampling, quantizing, and coding processes.
脉冲编码调制依靠三个独立的运作:采样,量化,编码。近年来,人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案,我们将对其中一些主要的方案进行讨论。在这些讨论中,我们会看到话路中的语音信号是如何转换成一个幅值序列的,而每个幅值又被编码,即以8位二进制数的序列表示。而且我们将证明,为了变换频率范围为300hz-3.4khz的话路信号,理论上的最小采样频率为6.8khz。但实际的设备通常采用8 kHz的采样速度,而如果采用8位每样本的值,则会出现重复速率为64 kHz的脉冲流。采样,量化和编码过程如图6.2所示。
67-2Digital transmission provides a powerful method for overcoming noisy environments.Noise can be introduced into transmission path in many different ways;perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the sparking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself.It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of most interest to the communication engineer.Basically, if the signal is very large compared to the noise level, then a perfect message can take place;however, this is not always the case.For example, the signal received from a satellite, located in far outer space, is very weak and is at a level only slightly above that of the noise.[4]
Alternative examples may be found within terrestrial systems where, although the message signal is strong, so is the noise power.数字传输是克服噪声环境的一种有力方式。噪声会以多种不同方式引入传输路径。也许是附近的闪电,汽车点火装置的火花,或者是通信设备中热的低电平噪声。确实信号与噪声信号间的关系称为信噪比,这是通信工程师最感兴趣的问题。基本上说,若信号相对噪声占的比重很大,这条信息将得到完美传输。但事实并不总是这样。比如,从位于遥远太空中的卫星接收到的信号极其微弱,其电平仅比噪声稍高一点。另一个例子是地面系统,尽管信息信号强,但噪声功率也强。
67-3If we consider binary transmission, the complete information about a particular message will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of the pulse.By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape, or level of the transmitted signal;parameters that are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path.[5] Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digita1 transmission.
要是我们考虑二进制传输,完整的信息总会通过简单地检测脉冲的有无获得。相比之下,许多其他形式的传输系统利用被传信号的波形或电平高低来传送信息,而这些参数又极易受到传输路径中噪声和衰耗的影响。因此选择数字传输对克服噪声环境有固有的优势。
67-4So far in this discussion we have assumed that each voice channel has a separate coder, the unit that converts sampled amplitude values to a set of pulses;and decoder, the unit that performs the reverse operation.This need not be so, and systems are in operation where a single codec(i.e., coder and its associated decoder)is shared between 24, 30, or even 120 separate channels.A high-speed electronic switch is used to present the analog information signal of each channel, taken in turn, to the codec.The codec is then arranged to sequentially sample the amplitude value, and code this value into the 8-digit sequence.Thus the output to the codec may be seen as a sequence of 8 pulses relating to channel 1, then channel 2, and so on.This unit is called a time division multiplexer(TDM), and 15 illustrated in Figure 6.3.The multiplexing principle that is used is known as word interleaving.Since the words, or 8-digit sequences, are interleaved in time.目前我们在这个讨论中假定每个话路有单独的编码器,也就是将采样幅值转换成脉冲序列的单元;并有单独的解码器,也就是执行相反操作的单元。其实并不需要这样,系统靠单一的编译码器(编码器和其关联的解码器)运行,它有24,30,甚至120个单独的信道。高速电子开关用以表示每个信道的模拟信息信号,并把信号依次送入编译码器。而后编译码器顺序地进行幅值采样,并把幅值编排成8位码序列。这样编译码器的输出看起来就像一串关于信道1,信道2等的8位脉冲序列。这个单元叫做时分多路器。图6.3说明了15个信道的时分多路器工作原理。采用的分路原理叫字交叉。因为每个字或8位码序列是在一段时间内交叉存取的。