Hamlet(哈姆雷特)教学课案[优秀范文五篇]

第一篇：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)教学课案

The tragedy of Hamlet/ Prince of Hamlet/(more simply)

Hamlet

Plot:

The play, set in Denmark, recounted the story of Prince Hamlet’s revenge.Young Hamlet, prince of Denmark, came home from boarding school to find his father, King Hamlet, dead.To make matters worse, he did not get the throne as his uncle, Claudius, had married Hamlet’s mother Gertrude and taken the kingship.Hamlet was invited by his father’s ghost, who told him it was Claudius did the murder and that Hamlet must revenge for him.The rest of the play involved Hamlet’s pursuit of evidence and of an opportunity to kill the new king.And finally he succeeded.Background information:

In that time, bourgeois democratic thought won support among many people.The advanced idea was in great contrast with the old feudal system.The play Hamlet reflected the social reality of that time.What’s more, Shakespeare expressed his humanism idea and his concern for the future of the people.In fact, during that time, because of the distant between ideal and reality, Shakespeare’s writings had transferred from glorifying humanism into criticizing the reality.Now, let’s analyze the play in detail.Hamlet had a tragic life.In fact, his life is not to be like that.It was he who chose his own life.In other words, he can live his life without sorrow and anxiety;however, he chose to explode the truth of his father’s death.When the truth was exposed, the only thing filling his mind was revenge.So what are the leading factors forcing him to revenge? I think the first thing was love and loyalty.As a matter of fact, love and loyalty ran through the play from the beginning to the end.That is to say all what happened are connected with love and loyalty.Details:

Love:

1.between Hamlet and Ophelia

2.between the dead king and his Queen

Disloyalty:

1.Ophelia betrayed Hamlet

2.the Queen betrayed the dead King

Loyalty:

1.Hamlet to his father

2.Horatio to Hamlet

Analysis of major characters

Hamlet:

Melancholy – Father’s death

His disappoint with his mother

Impulsive – When he stabs Polonius through a curtain without even checking

who he is

No premeditating through the whole pay

Looking down upon women – His words often indicate his disgust with all

distrust of women in general

Hesitation – He thinks a lot before action

To be or not to be

On finding out the murder

Claudius:

Shrewd – kill he brother and get the throne

Lustful

Corrupt politician – always have parties

Skillful at language speech – persuading to kill Hamlet

Gertrude:

Desire for station and affection

Use a man to fulfill her instinct for self-preservation

Fragile/ brave – former king’s death

Hamlet’s madness

Becoming the wife of Claudius

To know the plot and understand the characters better, we rehearsed a fragment of the play.The script is on the last page of the plan paper

The play Hamlet reflected a lot of themes.We mainly analyzed two themes: madness and gender discrimination.Madness:

In Hamlet, Shakespeare incorporates a theme of madness with two characters: Ophelia & Hamlet.Ophelia is definitely mad, while Hamlet is frequently disputed.Some think his madness is all an act, but some think over the course of the play, his mental state deteriorates to a point where it is accurate to call him truly mad.Different people hold different view upon this issue.And the different understanding of Hamlet’s madness stems from different plots of two important plots in the play.One is(act 3 scene1), after he say he did love Ophelia, and he reverses and resists not, even insults his lovely girl.Another is(act3 scene4)his murder of his uncle in his mother’s bedroom even without knowing who it is hiking there.Some people think those impulsive actions prove to be true mad, here, I want to share my understanding.In my opinion, it is all an act.First, after his pretending of madness, Hamlet becomes a very alert man, watchful to everybody.He always doubted somebody is tempting him, so he behaves like this.Second, his murder of his uncle is really very impulsive, but this can not prove his true madness.He shows his sadness and regrets after he knows what he actually does.There is also much textual evidence in this play.One is after he sees Ophelia’s suicide;he shows his sorrow, if he is actually mad,how can explain those painful words.Another is in the last part, he killed his uncle, if he is actually mad, and how can he recognize his enemy.Above those, I can safely draw a conclusion that hamlet’s madness is all an act.Gender discrimination

“frailty, the name is woman,” so said Hamlet in this play.This attitude stems from his disgust to his mother’s sexuality and seeming unfaithfulness to his dead father.When Claudius warns Hamlet that his grief is “unmanly”, Hamlet refers to himself as a promiscuous woman but not a promiscuous man.This shows that Hamlet is a pure sexist.This outlook eventually spills over include all women, especially the hapless Ophelia, who has virtually no power to control any thing, even over her own body.At the same time, Hamlet’s association between women and deception also shows that he is a hesitative person.Hamlet’s attitude towards women also shows that at that time women’s social status was very low.Evaluation of the play of Hamlet

The play vividly charts the course of real and feigned madness – from overwhelming grief to seething rage – and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest and moral corruption.Hamlet is one of the most quoted works in the English language.There is a story of some people who read Hamlet for the first time and said,” I don’t see why people admire that play so.It is nothing but a bunch of quotations strung together.” From that we can see how frequently quoted and widely spread it is in the modern world.And it is often included on lists of the world’s greatest literature.It also reverberate through the writing of later centuries.Adapted movies:

王子复仇记

1948, 1990, 1996, 2000, 2009

The 1948 version was recognized as the most classical version

In contrast with other versions, most of us will like the 1990 version.Though highly commercialized, it sticks the most closely to the original work of Shakespeare.

第二篇：Hamlet 哈姆雷特 中英对照剧本

Hamlet 第一幕

scene 1

艾尔西诺，城堡前的露台

人物：Francisco、Bernardo、Horatio Francisco at his post, enter to him Bernardo.（弗兰西斯科立台上守望，勃那多自对面上）B：Who’s there? F: Long live the king!B: Bernardo? F: Yes.B: It’s twelve o’clock now.Get to bed, Francisco.F: For this relief much thanks, It’s bitter cold, and I am sick at heart.谢谢你来替我，天冷得厉害，我心里也老不舒服。B: Have you had quiet guard? 你守在这儿，一切都很安静吗？ F: Not a mouse stirring.一只小老鼠也不见走动。

B: Well, Say, What, is Horatio there? 喂，——啊！霍拉旭也来了。

Horatio: A piece of him.有这么一个他。

B: What, has this thing appeared again? 什么！这东西今晚又出现过了吗？ F：What are you talking about？

Horatio： Keep silence!Look, where it come again!（鬼混上）B: Look it not like the dead king? Mark it, Horatio.他不是很像已故的国王吗？ 你看，霍拉旭。（鸡叫，鬼混退）

Horatio：Most like，it makes me feel wonder and scare.I think we should tell our young Hamlet.好像啊！它让我感动恐惧和害怕。我认为我们应该告诉我们年轻的哈姆雷特。F&B: Yes.（退下）

Scene 2 城堡中的大厅

The old king Hamlet’s the memory be green , the King Claudius was took over his right, and then married with the Queen.Horatio: My lord, I came to see your father’s funeral.殿下，我是来参加您的父王的葬礼的。

Hamlet: Please don’t mock me, I think it was to see my mother’s wedding.Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven or ever I had seen that day, Horatio!My father!—— I think I seem to see my father.请你不要取笑，我想你是来参加我的母后的婚礼的。我宁愿在天上看见我最痛恨的仇人，也不愿看到那样的一天！我的父亲，我仿佛看见我的父亲。Horatio: Where, my lord? Hamlet: In my mind’s eye, Horatio.在我心灵的眼睛里。

Horatio: My lord, I think I saw him yester night.Hamlet: The king my father!Where did you see him? Horatio: My lord, upon the platform where we watched.Hamlet: I will watch the platform tonight, I think he will appear again.Scene3 露台

（哈姆雷特、霍拉旭上）

Hamlet： It’s very cold.(搓手)What time is it now? Horatio: I think it lacks of twelve.(东张西望)Look, my lord, it comes!(鬼混出现,向哈姆雷特招手)Hamlet：Where will you lead me? Tell me!I’ll go no further.(跟上前)Horatio: No, do not go with it.(停在原地)Ghost ：Listen to me.Hamlet: I will.Ghost: I’m your father’s spirit.Thou noble youth, the snake that did poisoned your father is now wears his crown.And he was married with my dear wife.我是你父亲的亡魂。好孩子，那毒害你父亲的蛇，头上戴着王冠呢。他现在还和我亲爱的妻子结婚了。Hamlet： My uncle!Ghost: Yes, you should take revenge for me.是的，正是他，你要为我报仇。

Hamlet: I swore I will revenge against the men who murdered you.我发誓我会为你报仇的。

Ghost： It was getting light and shapes were more distinguishable，I’m leaving.Remember me.(下)天亮了，我要走了。要记得我。Hamlet: Rest, rest, poor spirit.安息吧，可怜的灵魂。

第二幕

Scene 1 波格涅斯家中 One day, Ophelia saw Hamlet with his doublet all unbraced, no hat upon his head, his stocking fouled, ungarter’d ,and down-gyved to his ancle, pale as his shirt, his knees knocking each other, and with a look so piteous in purportas if he had been loosed out of hell to speak of horrors.She was frightened，and she told her father Polonius.一天，奥菲利亚看见哈姆莱特的上身的衣服完全没有扣上扣子，头上也不带帽子，他的袜子上沾着污泥，没有鞋带，一直垂到脚踝上，他的脸色像他的衬衫一样白，他的膝盖互相碰撞，他的神气是那样凄惨，好像他刚从地狱里逃了出来。她被吓坏了，然后告诉了她的父亲。

Polonius: Mad for your love? Ophelia: My lord, I don’t know, but truly, I do fear it.父亲，我不知道，可是我想也许是的。

Polonius: Come, go with me, I will tell the king, it must be a crazy love.Have you given him any hard words? 跟我来，我要告诉王上，这一定是一场疯狂的恋爱，你最近和他说过什么让他难堪的话没有？

Ophelia: No, my good lord, but, as you did command, I did refuse his inviting and denied his access to me.没有，父亲，可是我已经遵从您的命令，拒绝他的邀请，并且不允许他来见我。Polonius: That had made him mad.Come, go we to the king.（同下）

Scene 2 王后寝宫前

Polonius told the king that Hamlet was mad, the king plans to arrange Hamlet’s friends and Ophelia to probe if he is mad.At last, they told the king that Hamlet was a mad man.Then the king ask the queen to educate Hamlet.波洛涅斯把一切告诉了国王，国王决定派哈姆雷特的朋友们以及奥菲利亚去试探他是否疯了。最后，他们告诉国王，哈姆雷特疯了。国王要求王后去教育哈姆雷特。

King Claudius: I don’t like him.I pray you , bring him to England.His existence will threat my crown.我不喜欢他，请你们和他一起去英国吧，他的存在会威胁我的王位。

Guildenstern: We will package our luggage as soon as possible, most holy and religious fear it is to keep those many bodies safe that live and feed upon your majesty.（下）

我们就去准备起来，许多人的安危都寄托在陛下身上，这种顾虑是最圣明不过的。Polonius: My lord, Hamlet is going to his mother’s closet;I’ll convey myself behind the curtain to hear the process.Fare you well, my lord, I’ll call upon you before you go to bed, and tell you what I know.陛下，哈姆雷特去了王后的寝宫，我现在就去躲在帷幕后面，听他们怎么说。再会，陛下，在您未睡以前，我还要来看您一次，把我所探听到的事情告诉您。King Claudius: Thanks, dear my lord.(下)（王后及波格涅斯上）Polonius: He’s coming.I’ll stood behind the curtain, pray you, be round with him.Hamlet：（上）Mother, mother, mother.Queen: I’ll warrant you, fear me not, withdraw, I hear him corning.（波格涅斯下，躲在帷幕后。）

包在我身上，你放心吧，快躲起来，我听见他来了。Hamlet: Now, mother, what’s the matter.Queen： Hamlet, you have your father offended.哈姆雷特，你已经大大得罪你父亲啦。Hamlet: Mother, you have my father offended.母亲，你已经大大得罪我母亲啦。

Queen: Come, come, you answer with a wicked tongue.来，来，不要用这种胡说八道的话回答我。

Hamlet: Go, go, you question with a wicked tongue.去，去，不要用这种胡说八道的话问我。Queen: Oh, Hamlet, have you forgot me? Hamlet: No, I didn’t forget you.You’re the queen, your husband’s brother’s wife;and would it were not so!You’re my mother.不，我怎么会忘记你，你是王后，你的丈夫的兄弟的妻子，你又是我母亲，但愿你不是。

Queen： What you said is so cruel for me, you’re my son forever.Hamlet: Come，come, sit down, I will set you up a glass where you may see the inmost part of you.（与王后拉拉扯扯）

来来来，坐下来不要动，我要把一面镜子放在你面前，让你看一看你自己的灵魂。Queen: What will you do? You will not murder me? Help, help!Polonius（站起身大喊）What!Help, help!Hamlet:（拔剑）Who’s there!A rat? I’ll kill you!（刺向波格涅斯）（波格涅斯倒地）

Queen: Dear me!What are you doing? Hamlet: I don’t know.Is it the king? Queen: Oh.How cruel you are!

旁白：After Polonius’s death, Hamlet was send to England, and Ophelia was affected by the stimulus.One day, she walked along the river, and was so sad that she didn’t keep her eyes on her the road, and was dropped into the river accidentally.At the same time, Hamlet was escape from England and attended her funeral.During the funeral, Hamlet met Ophelia’s brother, Laertes.Laertes was angry with Hamlet, he think his father and sister’s death was caused by Hamlet, he want to revenge for them, so he challenged his rival to a duel with Hamlet.波格涅斯死后，哈姆雷特被遣送至英国，而奥菲利亚为她父亲的死受到了刺激，有一天，她走在河边，因为太过悲伤而没有留意脚下，不慎坠河身亡。在那时，哈姆雷特刚好秘密回到丹麦，刚好遇上奥菲利亚的葬礼。在葬礼上，他看见了奥菲利亚的哥哥雷欧提斯。雷欧提斯认为父亲和妹妹的死都是哈姆雷特造成的，因此，要求和哈姆雷特决斗。

第三幕

（一张桌子被侍从们排开, 鼓号齐响后一队军官持垫鱼贯而入。）

Enter KING CLAUDIUS, QUEEN GERTRUDE, LAERTES, Lords, OSRIC, and Attendants with foils, & c 国王、皇后、雷尔提、奥斯力克、与众朝臣入。众侍从持剑入。

KING CLAUDIUS：Come, Hamlet, come, and take this hand from me.来, 哈姆雷特,来握这支手。

（KING CLAUDIUS puts LAERTES' hand into HAMLET's）（把雷尔提的手放在哈姆雷特的手中）

HAMLET：Give me your pardon, sir: I've done you wrong;who killed you father? Hamlet, his madness.请原谅我，是我做错了。是谁杀了你父亲呢？是哈姆雷特的疯症干的。

LAERTES：I’m satisfied in nature, whose motive, in this case ,should stir me most to my revenge ,But now I’m very satisfied because you can duel with me.But till that time, I do receive your offered love like love, And will not wrong it.按理讲这件事情我的感情应该是激动我复仇的主要力量，但是现在你能和我决斗我已经很满足了，我接受你道歉的诚意。

HAMLET ：I embrace it freely.Give us the foils.Come on.我乐意的接受此言,取剑来罢!LAERTES：Come , one for me.（给我也来一把）

HAMLET ：I'll be your foil, Laertes, Your skill must make you like a star in the darkest night.雷欧提斯，我的剑术荒废已，这一定会衬得你像最黑暗的夜里一颗耀眼的明星，相比之下，一定更显得你的本领高强。

LAERTES You mock me, sir.先生取笑了!KING CLAUDIUS ： Give them the foils, young Orica.Cousin Hamlet, You know the wager?拿剑来给他们罢, 奥斯力克。哈姆雷特爱侄, 你懂得赌规吗? HAMLET ：Very well, my lord.懂得, 主公。

KING CLAUDIUS：I do not fear it;I have seen you both, But since he is bettered, we have therefore odds.我并不为此忧虑;我曾领教过你们二位的剑技,既然他的实力近来大有进步, 所以他按赌规应让你几招。

LAERTES This is too heavy, let me see another.{发觉他拿的不是毒剑} 这柄太重了, 让我试试另一把。

HAMLET：This adapt me well.These foils have all a length? They prepare to play（挥耍他的剑）这柄很适合我。这些剑都是一般长吗? OSRIC ： Ay, my good lord.是的, 我的好殿下。

KING CLAUDIUS: Set me the stoops of wine upon that table.If Hamlet give the first or second hit, Or quit in answer of the third exchange, Let all the battlements their ordnance fire, and in the cup an union shall he throw, Richer than that which four successive kings.Come, begin.And you, the judges, bear a wary eye.请把这盅酒摆在那桌上，倘若哈姆雷特击中第一或第二回, 或在第三回合里取得胜利而停赛, 那么, 炮台之炮将一齐鸣放, 并将在杯中投入一颗珍珠,它比我国四位先王皇冠上所戴之珍珠还更名贵。来, 开始罢!裁判们, 请看好。HAMLET：Come on, sir.LAERTES：Come, my lord.They play(比剑开始)HAMLET : One.LAERTES: No.HAMLET: Judgment.OSRIC: A hit, a very palpable hit.LAERTES: Well;again.KING CLAUDIUS : Stay;give me drink.Hamlet, this pearl is yours;here’s to your health.Trumpets sound, and cannon shot off within, Give him the cup.稍候, 把酒给我。{自己先喝一大口}哈姆雷特, 这颗珍珠是属于你的, 祝你建康!{投毒药于杯中} HAMLET: I'll play this bout first;set it by a while.Come.(They play)Another hit;what say you? LAERTES:A touch, a touch, I do confess.轻微的碰了一下，我承认。KING CLAUDIUS: Our son shall win.QUEEN GERTRUDE : He's fat, and lack of breath.Here, Hamlet, take my napkin, rub you brows;The queen carouses to you fortune, Hamlet.(王后举起酒杯，朝着哈姆莱特)他有点胖，缺少呼吸新鲜空气。这里，哈姆雷特，拿上我的手帕，擦擦你的眉毛，王后为你的幸运痛饮。HAMLET：Good madam!KING CLAUDIUS：Gertrude, do not drink.QUEEN GERTRUDE：I will, my lord;I pray you, forgive me.KING CLAUDIUS ：It is the poisonous cup : it is too late.(悄悄说)HAMLET：I dare not drink yet, madam;by and by.QUEEN GERTRUDE：Come, let me wipe you face.LAERTES：My lord, I'll hit him now.KING CLAUDIUS：I do not think so.HAMLET：Come, for the third.LAERTES： come on.They play OSRIC ： Nothing, neither way.两边都没击中。LAERTES：Have at you now!表演：（雷尔提在乱中趁乱，刺哈姆雷特一剑，哈姆雷特因被雷尔提偷袭，哈姆莱特所以怒火填胸, 持剑猛攻。一阵混乱中, 双方的剑都落在地上，然後各方把对方的剑捡起）

KING CLAUDIUS：Part them;they are angry.快把他们分开，他们都处于愤怒状态。HAMLET：No, come, again.（QUEEN GERTRUDE falls）王后倒下 OSRIC ： Look to the queen there.HORATIO：They bleed on both sides.How is it, my lord? OSRIC ：What was happen Laertes? LAERTES： Osric;I am just killed with mine own treachery.HAMLET：How does the queen? KING CLAUDIUS：She swoons to see bleed.她见血就晕过去了

QUEEN GERTRUDE：No, no, the drink, the drink,--OH, my dear Hamlet, The drink, the drink!Dies（王后死）

HAMLET：close the door, and arrest the king.(然后哈姆莱特用毒箭刺向王上)All Treason!treason!（众人起哄，叛国、叛国）KING CLAUDIUS:O, yet defend me, friends;I am hurt.HAMLET: You deserve it.KING CLAUDIUS, Dies（国王死）

LAERTES: Sorry my lord, it’s all my fault.Please forgive me.Dies（雷欧提斯死）

HAMLET : o ,I die, Horatio;tell the Fortinbras what happened here.(哈姆雷特死)Horatio: Yes, I will.Enter Fortinbras and others.旁白（Horatio told everything to Fortinbras, and the Fortinbra took over the crown，and control the country.音乐起

Ending

第三篇：Hamlet哈姆雷特读后感

Hamlet

Soliloquy is a dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone.The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience.The form was quite popular in the plays of Shakespeare.The soliloquy may also act simply as a vehicle for information about absent characters or events occurring at some other time or place.In the first monologue, Hamlet thinking life existence significance: “to be or not to be, this is a problem worth thinking about”.On the one hand , Hamlet has strong sense of responsibility and mission, on the other hand, he feels so isolated, the dream wake up to the pain of no way out.So we can understand the heaviness of Hamlet: “this is a reverse chaotic age, alas, unlucky but I will rise again reforming qiankun responsibility”.He make the humanistic ideal reconstruction reality as their bounden mission.Hamlet is one of ideal characters by Shakespeare, is the Renaissance humanist typical image.He was the new thought, the new culture influence, acura “person” strength.In his “love each other” instead of interpersonal honour low low level relations.He is regarded as a “courtier eyes, scholars contend of tongue, military sword, countries look forward to of a delicate flower.”.But a series of changes in the home , his mental was heavy blow.His love father sudden death that broke his beautiful fantasy about the world and the ugly appear.In the play, he become a Melancholy prince and live in reality and ideal contrast great contradiction.Playwright use a large number of “monologue”, to the survival significance of thinking, to the inequality indignation,is arranged in important moment, it become understand within characters and the thought development vein important way.

第四篇：hamlet 哈姆雷特 读后感 英文

‗To be, or not to be‘ is the object of this drama, this sentence reflects the contradiction and struggle of the young prince.After struggling with his own heart, finally, the young hamlet summoned up courage and fight with his evil uncle.Act I, scene i.On a dark winter night outside Ellsinore Castle in Denmark, an officer named Bernardo comes to relieve the watchman Francisco.Shakespeare uses a dark night as the first background to establish the dark tone.It leads people to a dim kingdom.Act I, scene iii.The morning after Horatio and the guardsmen see the ghost;King Claudius gives a speech to his courtiers, explaining his recent marriage to Gertrude, his brother‘s widow and the mother of Prince Hamlet.Having established a dark, ghostly atmosphere in the first scene, Shakespeare devotes the second to the seemingly jovial court of the recently crowned King Claudius.If the area outside the castle is murky with the aura of dread and anxiety, the rooms inside the castle are devoted to an energetic attempt to banish that aura, as the king, the queen, and the courtiers desperately pretend that nothing is out of the ordinary.It is difficult to imagine a more convoluted family dynamic or a more out-of-balance political situation, but Claudius nevertheless preaches an ethic of balance to his courtiers, pledging to sustain and combine the sorrow he feels for the king‘s death and the joy he feels for his wedding in equal parts.Act I, scene IV also continues the development of the motif of the ill health of Denmark.Hamlet views the king‘s carousing as a further sign of the state‘s corruption, commenting that alcohol makes the bad aspects of a person‘s character overwhelm all of his or her good qualities.And the appearance of the ghost is again seen as a sign of Denmark‘s decay, this time by Marcellus, who famously declares, ―Something is rotten in the state of Denmark‖(I.iv.67)

The short scene that begins Act II is divided into two parts, the first of which involves Polonius‘s conversation with Reynaldo about Laertes and the second of which involves Polonius‘s conversation with Ophelia about Hamlet.The scene serves to develop the character of Polonius, who is one of the most intriguing figures in Hamlet.Polonius can be interpreted as either a doddering fool or as a cunning manipulator, and he has been portrayed onstage as both.In this scene, as he carefully instructs Reynaldo in the art of snooping, he seems more the manipulator than the fool, though his obvious love of hearing his own voice leads him into some comical misprisions(―And then, sir, does a this — a does — / what was I about to say? By the mass, I was about to say some / thing.Where did I leave?‖(II.i.49–51]).In the first two scenes of Act III, Hamlet and Claudius both devise traps to catch one another‘s secrets: Claudius spies on Hamlet to discover the true nature of his madness, and Hamlet attempts to ―catch the conscience of the king‖ in the theater(III.i.582).The play-within-a-play tells the story of Gonzago, the Duke of Vienna, and his wife, Baptista, who marries his murdering nephew, Lucianus.Hamlet believes that the play is an opportunity to establish a more reliable basis for Claudius‘s guilt than the claims of the ghost.Since he has no way of knowing whether to believe a member of the spirit world, he tries to determine whether Claudius is guilty by reading his behavior for signs of a psychological state of guilt.In Act III, scene iii, Hamlet finally seems ready to put his desire for revenge into action.He is satisfied that the play has proven his uncle‘s guilt.When Claudius prays, the audience is given real certainty that Claudius murdered his brother: a full, spontaneous confession, even though nobody else hears it.This only heightens our sense that the climax of the play is due to arrive.But Hamlet waits.As we saw in Act IV, scene ii, the murder of Polonius and the subsequent traumatic encounter with

his mother seem to leave Hamlet in a frantic, unstable frame of mind, the mode in which his excitable nature seems very similar to actual madness.He taunts Claudius, toward whom his hostility is now barely disguised, and makes light of Polonius‘s murder with word games.He also pretends to be thrilled at the idea of sailing for England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern.As befits a scene full of anger and dark thoughts, Act IV, scene v brings a repetition of the motif of insanity, this time through the character of Ophelia, who has truly been driven mad by the death of her father.Shakespeare has demonstrated Ophelia‘s chaste dependence on the men in her life;after Polonius‘s sudden death and Hamlet‘s subsequent exile, she finds herself abruptly without any of them.In the final scene, the violence, so long delayed, erupts with dizzying speed.Characters drop one after the other, poisoned, stabbed, and, in the case of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, executed, as the theme of revenge and justice reaches its conclusion in the moment when Hamlet finally kills Claudius.In the moments before the duel, Hamlet seems peaceful, though also quite sad.Throughout this drama, maybe I do not have enough ability to appreciate it absolutely;I learn that people will feel at sea at times, but we must keep up our spirits to struggle and find a correct way to strive.

第五篇：《哈姆雷特》导读案

《哈姆雷特》导读案

【导读】

《哈姆雷特》的作者威廉·莎士比亚(1564—1616)，是欧洲文艺复兴时期英国的伟大戏剧家和诗人。是人文主义最杰出的代表。马克思称他为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”，他的同行晚辈本·琼生称誉他是“时代的灵魂”，说他“不属于一个时代，而属于所有世纪”。

莎士比亚诞生于英国的英格兰艾汶河上的斯特拉夫镇。那儿风景如画，有明净的河流、葱郁的森林、朗润的山陵和肥沃的平原。他庆幸自己在那个“快乐的英格兰”度过了自己宝贵的童年、少年时光。

少年时代的他，在当地的文法学校读书，学习过拉丁文和希腊文，并接触了一些古典文学作品，这对他一生的事业有着启蒙的意义。青年时代，他加人伦敦的一个剧院，做过杂役，后来还相继当过雇佣演员、股东演员并参加编剧工作。这期间，他广泛接触到社会各阶层的生活，增加了人生阅历，接受了人文主义思想。再后来，他又缔识了斯桑普顿伯爵等戏剧爱好者，使他有机会熟悉宫廷和上流社会的生活，耳闻目睹了意大利文艺复兴时期的绘画和音乐，更增强了人文主义思想观点。他以敏锐的目光，对社会对人生的各个方面进行了观察、分析、研究，为他以后的文艺创作积累了丰富的创作素材并打下了坚实的思想基础。

莎士比亚的创作成就主要在戏剧方面。他的历史剧都取材于英国的历史，且借此表达他的人文主义的政治理想，代表作有《亨利四世》。喜剧有浓厚的浪漫主义色彩，剧情多发生在南欧，主人公多是具有叛逆精神的贵族男女青年，突出表现他们争取个人幸福生活权利的斗争，鲜明地体现了作者主张个性解放、爱情自由、婚姻自主等人文主义的生活理想。代表作有《威尼斯商人》等。悲剧创作是莎士比亚最辉煌的成就，他的四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》、《奥瑟罗》、《麦克白》、《李尔王》都有很高的艺术价值和深远影响。

莎士比亚的悲剧创作时期正是伊丽莎白统治的末期，新兴的资产阶级虽未成熟，但势力都日显强大，王权与资产阶级之间产生矛盾，1603年詹姆士一世上台后又极力推行封建特权，引起当时进步的资产阶级的强烈不满，于是联盟开始破裂并一步步转向公开对立。莎士比亚深感人文主义理想与黑暗的社会现实之间的不可调和有如鲜花插岩缝、清泉过淤潭。理想被压抑、追求遭阻塞，他先前那种轻松愉快风趣浪漫的感情色彩便完全由沉郁悲怆的情调所取代。《哈姆雷特》集中再现了人文主义者在危难时期的思想状况，并表达了作者对当时新旧两个势力较量局势的主观态度。

剧中主人公哈姆雷特是一个有头脑又深受民众爱戴的丹麦王子。在得知父王是被新王叔父篡位而杀后，王子决定复仇，但面对老谋深算的奸王，他只得装疯以侦察其言行。在一次由他自己导演的“戏中戏”时，奸王暴露了心中的隐秘，王子于是付诸果敢行动为国祛恶。他几次避难得生，最后在一次比剑中将奸王刺死。自己以及母后和情人、如朋友一般的比剑对手雷欧提斯也一同成了这场宫廷变故的牺牲品。

这个故事是莎士比亚借用丹麦历史事件来反映当时英国现实和矛盾的，正如作者借主人公表白所云“这是一个颠倒混乱的时代”：国政病人膏肓、国民怨声载道，“倒霉的我却要负起重整乾坤的责任”。哈姆雷特是剧中主人公，莎士比亚以他的经历为线索向我们讲述了一个内容丰富、情节生动的悲剧故事。此剧作的精湛艺术已成为世界戏剧创作的典范。下面从人物形象及艺术特点两方面摭其几点以析之：

(一)由热情走向苦闷、由迟疑走向果敢的哈姆雷特。哈姆雷特是文艺复兴末期人文主义者的形象。他生长在开明君主的宫廷，青年时代又到人文主义中心的德国威登堡大学接受教育，他理想崇高，目标远大，善思多才，感情丰富。

他赞叹“人是多么了不得的杰作!多么高贵的理性!多么伟大的力量!多么优美的仪表!多么文雅的举动!在行为上多么像一个天使!在智慧上多么像一个天神!宇宙的精华!万物的灵长!”然而就是这么一个对人生怀有美好愿望的善良、正直、才德兼备的优秀青年，却连遭父亡母嫁、叔父篡位的三重打击。宫变的罪恶及朝臣的助纣为虐使他一度对人世失去了兴趣，精神也随之陷入了极度的危机：认为原先那美好的人变成了泥塑物；原先美好的王国也成了“不毛的荒岬”，“一大堆污浊的瘴气集合”。他苦闷、踟蹰，延宕再三后意欲惩恶除奸，又怕打草惊蛇，便暂且佯狂以俟时机“重整乾坤”。

佯狂是哈姆雷特与克劳迪斯较量的第一步智谋，也是他后面交锋的准备。他借疯话揭露了王宫的颠、淫、乱，社会的假、丑、恶；在刺探与反刺探的智峙中，他凭着敏锐的目光和智慧的头脑几次反败为胜。他出语锋利，一针见血，虽语序颠倒，但蕴量十足，令蠢臣狼狈含耻，使奸王坐卧不安。他改编并导演的“戏中戏”是行动的第二步，巧妙的影射使老奸巨猾的克劳迪斯不打自招。剥下克劳迪斯伪善正襟的画皮后，哈姆雷特不再畏葸，而是变优柔寡断为果敢明快。他刺杀雌幕后偷听的御臣、改写国王的密信后只身折回、比剑刺死奸王、临终遗嘱福丁布拉斯继立为王再不见他有须臾的延宕。

作为一个悲剧人物和一个人文主义者的典型，哈姆雷特的意义不单纯是“重整乾坤”的成功与否、付出代价的多少之别，而在于他揭示了美好理想与黑暗现实的矛盾，并展示了解决矛盾的办法。他面对矛盾，没有放弃自己寻求解决途径的责任，他不曾停止过探索和搏斗，以自己的行为甚至肉体的“融解、消散，化成一堆露水”，向世人昭示文艺复兴时代的人文主义理想弱点和精髓。

（二）哈姆莱特经典台词

哈：（自言自语）生存或毁灭, 这是个必答之问题：是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击, 还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌, 并将其克服。

此二抉择, 就竟是哪个较崇高? 死即睡眠, 它不过如此!倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患, 那么, 此结局是可盼的!死去, 睡去，但在睡眠中可能有梦, 这就是个阻碍: 当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊, 在死之长眠中会有何梦来临? 它令我们踌躇, 使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾, 否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨, 如暴君之政、骄者之傲、失恋之痛、法章之慢、贪官之侮、或庸民之辱, 假如他能简单的一刃了之? 还有谁会肯去做牛做马, 终生疲於操劳, 默默的忍受其苦其难, 而不远走高飞, 飘于渺茫之境, 倘若他不是因恐惧身後之事而使他犹豫不前? 此境乃无人知晓之邦, 自古无返者。

所以，“理智”能使我们成为懦夫, 而“顾虑”能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光, 像个病夫。再之, 这些更能坏大事, 乱大谋, 使它们失去魄力。

哈: 又来一个!这不会是个律师的头颅吧? 他的钻牛角尖式之弄法手段、他的分毫必争之雄辩、他的诉讼案子、他的契据、他的巧妙诡计现在都到哪儿去了呢? 为什么他现在肯让这位鲁莽的家伙用柄肮脏的铲子来敲他的脑壳子, 而不去控告他犯了殴打罪? 哼, 这位家伙在生前也可能是个地产的大买主, 整天就与他的抵押、他的债券、他的赔偿、他的证人、他的收回权为伴。

现在, 他的上好脑袋里所装的仅是些上好砂土, 难道这就是他的最後赔偿、最後收回吗? 他的证人们还肯不肯为他作证, 去买两块地契般大小的地皮呢? 现在, 他的棺材可是恰够大小来存放这些证件喽。难道这位买主就无法得到比此更多吗? 哈!

（三）克劳狄斯

克劳狄斯在《哈》剧中是一位篡位娶嫂的无行之徒，他人面兽心，骗得了哈姆莱特母亲的信任，使她甘心受他反指使。他还用自己的政治手腕骗得了一帮朝臣的拥戴，像波洛涅斯这样的老臣对他是忠心不二。正像老王的鬼魂对他评价的那样：“那个乱伦的、奸淫的畜生，他有的是过人的诡诈，天赋的奸恶，凭着他的阴险的手段，诱惑了我的外表上似乎非常贞淑 的王后，满足他的无耻的兽欲。啊，哈姆莱特，那是一个多么卑鄙无耻的叛徒！”（第一幕，第五场）。但对他的道德谴责是无济于事的。重要的是在他的篡位娶嫂的行为中，包含着将世界作为冷静计算的对象的体验结构。克劳狄斯在剧中一直处于占尽先机的地位。他一出场就以“不忘记我们自己的本分”为由来祛除大家对于老国王死去的哀伤，并修书给挪威老国王，劝其制止小福丁布拉斯的莽撞行为。在哈姆莱特误杀波洛涅斯后，马上将之谴往英国并密令处死哈姆莱特；最后利用莱阿替斯杀死了哈姆莱特。克劳狄斯非常清醒地知道“我的罪恶是臭气熏天了”，他有过祷告，但始终占有着那些使他动了杀机的东西——王冠、野心和王后。克劳狄斯的性格明显是勇于攫取与占有的资产阶级形象，而不是九世纪的封建君王。在他身上体现出西美尔所说的现代人的生存样式：“世界不再是真实的、有机的‘家园’，而是冷静计算的对象和工作进取的对象，世界不再是爱和冥思的对象，而是计算和工作的对象。”

（四）波洛涅斯

圆滑而又琐碎，愚蠢却自认聪明家伙，后来死在哈姆莱特剑下。人们对他印象最深的恐怕要算他对儿子雷欧提斯去法国之前的一番告诫以及让仆人去调查儿子的生活作风。在儿子临行前，他说到：

还有几句教训，希望你铭刻在记忆之中：不要想到什么就说什么，凡事必须三思而行。对人要和气，但不要过分狎昵。相知有素的朋友，应该用钢圈箍在你的灵魂上，可是不要对每一个泛泛的新知滥施你的交情。

留心避免和人家争吵；可是万一争端已起，就应该让对方知道你不是可以轻侮的。倾听每一个人的意见，可是只对极少数人发表你的意见；接受每一个人 的批评，可是保留你的判断。

尽你的财力购制贵重的衣服，可是不要炫新立异，必须富丽而不浮艳，因为服装往往可以表现人格；法国的名流要人，就是在这一点上显得最高尚，与众不同。

不要向人告贷，也不要借钱给别人；因为债款放了出去，往往不但丢了本钱，而且还失去了朋友；向人告贷的结果，容易养成因循懒惰的习惯。

尤其要紧的，你必须对你自己忠实；正像有了白昼才有黑夜一样，对自己忠实，才不会对别人欺诈。

以上台词充分体现出他的自私和狡猾。

（五）乔特鲁德

乔特鲁德并没有参与谋杀老哈姆莱特，但老哈姆莱特的鬼魂告诉我们，这个女人在他活着时就经不住诱惑而满足了克劳狄斯的兽欲，说“一个淫妇虽然和光明的天使为偶，也会有一天厌倦于天上的唱随之乐，而宁愿搂抱人间的朽骨”。鬼魂的那一番死不瞑目的血泪控诉，尤其对她的背叛行为的谴责，无疑就是莎翁对这个女人的相貌品行的介绍。

果然，乔特鲁德一出场就令人顿生厌恶。丧夫不足两个月的她，以新娘的身份对儿子说，“不要老是垂下了眼皮，在泥土之中寻找你的高贵的父亲”。这只会更加激起哈姆莱特对母亲的憎恨：“一头没有理性的畜生也要悲伤的长久一些，她那流着虚伪之泪的眼睛还没有消去红肿，她就嫁了人了„„这样迫不及待地钻进乱伦的裘被！”后来哈姆莱特干脆称自己的母亲为“最恶毒的妇人”。

但这个最恶毒的妇人，居然让我产生了同情的倾向；确切地说，是在她呼喊“啊，亲爱的哈姆莱特，那杯酒，那杯酒”的时候，——那是狡诈的克劳狄斯为比剑获胜的哈姆莱特准备的毒酒——我，一个坚信自己的神思与几百年前的莎翁的神思水乳交融的人，原谅了她。她才是个受害者，也许她自始至终都是个受害者。

如果没有乔特鲁德的死，《哈姆莱特》便不是世上最“完美的悲剧”。

值得注意的是，乔特鲁德没有参与十恶不赦的谋杀，而老哈姆莱特死后（她并不知道丈

夫是被恶叔毒死的），在有着“过人诡诈，天赋奸恶”的克劳狄斯的淫威之下，乔特鲁德毫无选择余地，她只有嫁给克劳狄斯。

“慈母孝子”，也是东西方文化共奉的准则。老哈姆莱特就告戒儿子说，“不可对你母亲有什么不利的图谋，她自会受到上天的裁判和她自己的荆棘的刺戳”。

于是，哈姆莱特便依计而行。他在王后的寝室里误杀朝臣波洛涅斯之后，并未对乔特鲁德采取措施，而是百般羞辱，以全世界最恶毒的语言，刺刀般地扎向自己的生身母亲。他对自己说“要我扭你的心”，对母亲却说，“羞啊！要是地狱里的孽火可以在一个中年妇女的骨髓里煽起蠢动，那么在青春的烈焰中，让贞操像蜡一样融化吧”、“嘿，生活在汗臭垢腻的眠床上，让淫邪熏没了心窍，在污秽的猪圈里调情弄爱——”

乔特鲁德受不了了，哀求道，“这些话像刀子一样戳进我的耳朵，不要说了，亲爱的哈姆莱特”。就连老哈姆莱特的鬼魂也忍不住劝儿子，“快去安慰安慰她的正在交战中的灵魂吧”。但哈姆莱特不为所动，他继续说，“不要自己安慰自己，以为我这一番说话，只是出于疯狂，不是真的对您的过失而发；那样的思想不过是骗人的油膏，只能使您溃烂的良心上结起一层薄膜，那内部的毒疮却在底下愈长愈大。向上天承认您的罪恶吧，忏悔过去，警戒未来„„”可怜的乔特鲁德终于崩溃了，“啊，哈姆莱特！你把我的心劈为两半了”。

我们的王子仍没有完，“我不能禁止您不再让那肥猪似的僭王引诱您和他同床，让他拧您的脸，叫您做他的小耗子；我也不能禁止您因为他给了您一两个恶臭的吻，或是用他万恶的手指抚摩您的颈项”，并刻意对母亲挑衅道，“把您所知道的事情一起说了出来，告诉他我实在是装疯，不是真疯”。

但乔特鲁德没向国王说出真情，而是对动了杀机的克劳狄斯说，王子真疯了，竟把大臣当耗子杀了，并称“他的纯良的本性就从他的疯狂里透露出来”了。这个谎言挽救了哈姆莱特。及至她喝下那杯国王为哈姆莱特准备的毒酒，在生命的最后一刻，她仍用那源自生命的母爱在呼喊，“啊，亲爱的哈姆莱特„„”乔特鲁德——这位“最恶毒的，而且良心已经溃烂的淫妇”——又一次挽救了儿子！

作为王后乔特鲁德，被安排首次出场在第一幕第二场。在前夫老哈姆莱特去世两个多月后就同他的弟弟克劳狄斯结婚了，这时候她就在儿子哈姆莱特面前乔装出一副贤妻的形象。“对丹麦王应该和颜悦色一点”，她对儿子说，本应该在失去丈夫后悲痛万分的她竟然振振有辞地说教起儿子对做自己父亲的叔叔要恭敬，并且对丈夫的死抱着这样平静的态度：“活着的人谁都要死去，从生活踏入永久的宁静。”一开始就让读者百思不得其解。这个女人究竟是怎么一个形象呢？可以说她是一个典型的双重性格的人。在儿子面前，他永远是一个慈善和蔼无微不至的母亲形象。无论是刚一开始怕儿子冲撞新丈夫对他的教育引导还是后来哈姆莱特跟雷欧提斯的决斗中表现出来的担心和害怕都能体现莎士比亚对王后乔特鲁德双重性格的塑造。她的死去，是作者对丑恶的否定，也算是对死去的国王的忏悔吧，不过作者安排她被自己爱的国王的弟弟的毒酒毒死应该是她作茧自缚的批判，带有悲剧色彩。

（六）奥菲莉娅

莎士比亚笔下的女性，大多“优美绝伦”。她们天生丽质，有着“绝色的仙姿”。奥菲莉娅的美貌在《哈姆莱特》中是由他人描述的。王后为儿子哈姆莱特的疯病伤心时，就把治愈的希望放在奥菲莉娅的美貌上。“奥菲莉娅，但愿你的美貌果然是哈姆莱特疯狂的原因；更愿你的美貌能够帮助他恢复原状，使你们两人都能安享尊荣。” 哈姆莱特也赞叹“那天仙化人的，我的灵魂的偶像，最艳丽的奥菲莉娅”，连“发疯”时也称她为“迷人的东西”。

莎士比亚笔下的女性不仅天生丽质，而且感情纯真，心地善良。但是女性的这种性格却奠定了莎士比亚悲剧中女性角色的悲哀结局。因此，奥菲莉娅美丽而脆弱。她天真地认为哈姆莱特狂怒地咒骂她只是“疯病”发作，因而痛心惋惜。而哈姆莱特全然没有料到他自己发泄狂怒和失望，竟叫这可怜的少女感到那样绝望的悲痛。父亲被恋人所杀，奥菲莉娅最终承

受不了而发疯，正如她哥哥说道：“啊，五月的玫瑰！亲爱的女郎，好妹妹，奥菲莉娅！天啊！一个少女的理智，也会像一个老人的生命一样受不起打击吗？人类的天性由于爱情而格外敏感，因为是敏感的，所以会把自己最珍贵的部分舍弃给所爱的事物。” 最终，美貌又天真善良的奥菲莉娅，因爱情而耀眼，因爱情而陨落。

奥菲莉娅是一名中世纪丹麦宫廷中的美丽少女，她身上有着欧洲封建社会带给女性的巨大影响。奥菲莉娅坚守欧洲封建道德，保守而软弱。她以家庭、父兄为中心，不会主动追求本可以得到的幸福。奥菲莉娅虽然爱慕哈姆莱特，相信他合乎一套理想的标准，但是在父亲波洛涅斯和兄长雷欧提斯卑劣地怀疑和诽谤下，遵从他们的意愿，不与哈姆莱特接近，却又在“适当”的时候出现，成为刺探王子的工具。奥菲莉娅所受的宗法家庭的教养和管束决定她绝对驯服和无知。她被这样的教训压制着自己的青春、激情和爱：“留心，奥菲莉娅，留心，我的亲爱的妹妹，不要放纵你的爱情，不要让欲望的利箭把你射中。一个自爱的女郎，若是向月亮显露她的美貌就算是极端放荡了”。在父亲对自己理想的哈姆莱特作这样的诽谤——“奥菲莉娅，不要相信他的盟誓它们不过是淫媒，内心的颜色和服装完全不一样，只晓得诱人干一些龌龊的勾当，正像道貌岸然大放阙辞的鸨母，只求达到骗人的目的”时，奥菲莉娅只是“一定听从您的话，父亲”。这就足以证明她是绝对驯服的。绝对驯服和无知的少女在当时社会并非少见，封建道德观念无情地压制了妇女的意愿。而奥菲莉娅仅是她们中的一员，莎士比亚仅是把她当作中世纪欧洲女性的典型。奥菲莉娅在剧中的出场次数仅有5次，直接对白有56次，间接描写有5次。相对而言，对她的描写较少。但无可否认，她的存在丰富了《哈姆莱特》的故事情节，使得充满男性刚强气味的《哈姆莱特》有了女性柔情的滋润。奥菲莉娅在该剧中的地位至关重要，她极大地推动了情节的发展，并为结局添上了浓重的一笔，她因爱情而脆弱，因欧洲封建宗法制而驯服与无知。最终她因剧情的发展而美丽的逝去。

《哈姆莱特》的艺术特色：

（1）广泛地反映社会生活。《哈姆莱特》虽是一个宫廷复仇故事，但所涉及的生活内容却远远突破了宫内的限制。

（2）情节波澜起伏，曲折动人，其间的起伏变化不是外加的，而是哈姆莱特与克劳炙斯的性格冲突所决定的。在曲折复杂的戏剧冲突中人物有充分的机会来表现自己的性格。打破了古代戏剧的框框，在一个剧本中把悲剧因素和喜剧结合在一起，加强了情节的生动性，使“崇高和卑贱、恐怖和滑稽、豪迈和诙谐离奇古怪地混合在一起”。

（3）人物的个性化。为了塑造好人物的性格，莎士比亚一是把人物放在内外两重的矛盾冲突之中，一方面是主人公与客观环境的冲突，另一方面是主人公的内心冲突。二是善于在对比中突出主人公的性格。三是充分发挥独白的作用，通过独白，有力地提示了哈姆莱特的内心活动和他思想性格发展的过程。

（4）语言丰富多彩。一是语言的高度形象化，特别善于运用比喻和隐喻。二是语言的个性化，人物的语言符合其身份地位及其所处的情境。如哈姆莱特的语言有时富于哲理，有时则是充满市井俚语，因场合、心境不同而不同。

作品鉴赏

“一千个读者，就有一千个哈姆莱特。”从这句经典的名言中，可以看出，哈姆莱特这个人物形象在读者心目中的地位。哈姆莱特作为一个深受广大群众爱戴的王子，他身上具备整顿局势、治理国家、报仇雪恨的能力。然而面对着以阴险奸诈的新王为代表的强大的封建势力，作为一个资产阶级人文主义者，他始终把这种和人民紧密相连的事业看做个人的仇恨而孤军奋战，因此，他的悲剧既是真善美与邪恶力量相冲突的悲剧，也是一个人文主义者时

代的悲剧。

哈姆莱特形象之所以具有强烈的悲剧美，关键在于构成这一切的矛盾冲突，悲剧正是通过对冲突必然性的揭示，通过对有价值东西的毁灭，表达了对真善美的肯定。哈姆莱特以自己的死赢得了对旧制度、旧势力道义上的胜利，悲壮而不悲观，使人们透过悲剧，从主人公的身上感受到一种新的生命，看到了黑暗王国的一线光明。

剧中除了描写哈姆莱特的复仇情节线索之外，还安排了雷欧提斯和挪威王子福丁布拉斯的两条复仇线索，以相互联系和衬托。（复仇故事

它有三条线索：哈姆雷特为父被谋杀篡权复仇，雷欧提斯为被哈姆雷特无意杀死的父亲波洛纽斯复仇，福丁布拉斯为其在战场上比武丧生的父亲复仇。流血复仇的情绪笼罩全篇。三条线索以哈姆雷特的复仇为主线，其他两条为副线，交错发展而又主次分明。其中尤其重点写了哈姆雷特一家和奥菲莉娅一家的种种纠葛。）在复仇情节之外，莎士比亚还写了哈姆莱特和奥菲莉娅之间的爱情，哈姆莱特和霍拉旭之间的真诚友谊，哈姆莱特和背叛自己父王的母亲复杂的关系等。在突出悲剧的阴郁、灰暗、紧张的氛围的同时，作者又穿插进嘲讽的诗句和插科打诨的幽默场面，使得戏剧达到“崇高和卑下、可怕和可笑、英雄和丑角的奇妙的混合”，显示出丰富的人物性格和五光十色的社会画面。

浪漫主义和现实主义相结合的创作手法。鬼魂出现，超出自然段力量，类似于中国的十大悲剧之一——《窦娥冤》的手法相类似。这一手法固然是因为情节的需要，同时也显示出悲怨之重，仅仅靠人的力量无法惩恶扬善。

【可能考到的问题】

⑴请写出哈姆雷特这个人物的主要性格特点，并举出一处情节简要说明。

答：优柔寡断，忧郁多疑。谨慎有谋略。机智、果敢、勇敢与软弱、妥协、鲁莽交织。例：听了父亲的鬼魂告白，叔父祈祷时，他本可轻丽易举复仇，可他放弃了，说明他优柔寡断、软弱；和母亲谈话；发现有人偷听，一剑错杀了情人的父亲，说明他多疑、鲁莽；他装疯躲避国王，借演戏试探叔父的反应，说明他机智、谨慎；新父王要杀他，他识破奸计，调换诏书，处死凶手，回国复仇，说明他勇敢、机智、果敢。

⑵决心为父复仇并要“负起重整乾坤责任”的哈姆雷特，为什么要装疯? 答：保护自我，避免受到迫害(对手克劳狄斯是国家的最高统治者。强大而又阴险；哈姆雷特怕不小心泄漏了心事，反遭敌人的毒手)；迷惑对方，寻找复仇时机(借装疯既可以躲过对方的耳目，也可借此试探对方)；借疯言疯语，发泄对当前黑暗现实的不满。

⑶“一千个读者眼中有一千个哈姆雷特”，请简要概括你眼中的哈姆雷特的形象。答：有崇高的理想，对人类与世界有新颖的看法。目光敏锐，思考深刻，又有高度的社会责任感。但过于内向，过于审慎，加上势单力薄的处境，造成行动上的延宕。他的性格决定了他的悲剧命运。

⑷请简要分析莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中主人公哈姆雷特的主要性格特征。

答：哈姆雷特是一个人文主义知识分子的典型，在为父报仇过程中优柔寡断，由于复仇任务的艰巨和自身力量的不足，同时出于道德、爱情的种种思考，他找不到复仇和变革的途径，这使得他长于思考，行动迟缓。

（5）克劳狄斯是《《哈姆雷特》中的一个“反派”角色，请说出他的两个“恶行”。答：克劳狄斯以最卑鄙的手段杀死了兄长，夺取王位，霸占嫂嫂，还试图以奸诈的手段置王子于死地。

（6）《哈姆雷特》中，国王看戏后有何表现？说明了什么？

答：国王脸色阴沉、坐立不安，不等戏演完就腾地站起来，并大声吩咐人点起火把来。回去以后“非常不舒服”“发脾气”。这一切反常的表现都表现了罪恶被人揭穿时烦躁、害怕的复杂的心理状态。

（7）哈姆雷特和雷欧提斯比剑是全剧的高潮，请简述比剑中三个回合的重要情节。（150字左右）

答：第一回合哈姆雷特击中了雷欧提斯，国王用毒酒为他祝贺，让他喝下去，他拒绝了。第二回合仍是哈姆雷特取胜。读者的心里稍感宽慰。可是风云突变，王后喝下了那杯有毒的酒。接下来事情的发展急速而混乱，出乎所有人的意料：在第三回合里，雷欧提斯刺中了哈姆雷特，哈姆雷特随即夺过剑来也刺中了他，王后倒地。雷欧提斯倒地，揭穿了克劳狄斯的阴谋。哈姆雷特用有毒的剑刺克劳狄斯，并用毒酒灌他，克劳狄斯死去。

（8）哈姆雷特是世界文学画廊中最鲜明独特的形象之一，请简要说明其性格特点，并举一个情节加以说明。（100字左右）

答：哈姆雷特是一个处于理想和现实矛盾中的人文主义者形象。他本来将父亲看成理想的化身，将母亲看成爱的化身，是乐观的王子。可是严酷的现实，击碎了他昔日的梦幻，梦幻的破灭意味着他的人文主义理想信念的破灭。如剧本一开头哈姆雷特就面对父死母嫁的晴天霹雳，他一方面激愤地诅咒这个“冷酷的人间”，一方面又深入地思考与研究生活在其间的人，他对世界的看法有了根本改变。

（9）剧本在写克劳迪斯谋杀老国王之后，还写了四重误杀。请说出是哪四重？这样安排情节有何作用？

答： 四重误杀是：哈姆雷特误杀波洛涅斯、英国国王误杀克劳迪斯的两位使者、克劳迪斯误杀王后葛露特、哈姆雷特误杀雷欧提斯。四重误杀显示了人和命运之间无奈而尴尬的局面。伴随着谋杀和误杀而来的是残酷的复仇。在丹麦宫廷之内，哈姆雷特由于父亲被毒杀而立志复仇，雷欧提斯由于父亲波洛涅斯被误杀而匆匆从法国赶回来雪恨；另外在丹麦宫廷之外，挪威王子福丁布拉斯积极练兵，是为了替在战场上丧生的父亲报仇。复仇使剧本中充满着血腥的味道，且多线交错的情节最终都走向悲剧性结局。

（10）独白这种独特的戏剧手段的运用，为《哈姆雷特》增色不少。请以剧中“生存还是毁灭”的著名独白为例，说说它对刻画主人公形象有什么作用？（150字左右）

答：为了更深入地把握哈姆雷特人物的性格特质，独白这一揭示人物内心活动最为直接的形式，成了莎士比亚塑造典型的一种重要艺术手段。“生存还是毁灭”这段独白出现在第三幕哈姆雷特装疯呵斥奥菲利亚之前。与后面故意的疯话相比，这段心理独白极为真切地揭示出哈姆雷特的内心活动，内心的矛盾冲突得到了淋漓尽致的表现。生与死，梦幻与现实，压迫与反抗，情与仇，爱与恨，这些充满人文色彩的话题借助独白得到充分体现。

（11）下面是《哈姆雷特》中老大臣波洛涅斯教导儿子的一番话，请从中任选一句，谈谈你的见解。

①不要想到什么就说什么，凡事必须三思而行。②对人要和气，可是不要过于狎昵。③相知有素的朋友，应该用钢圈箍在你的灵魂上，可是不要对每一个泛泛的新知滥施你的交情。④留心避免和人家争吵，可是万一争端已起，就应该让对方知道你不是可以轻侮的。⑤倾听每一个人的意见，可是只对极少数人发表你的意见。⑥接受每一个人的批评，可是保留你自己的判断。

答：我对第________句的见解是：

答：示例：第2句，这一句话谈与人交往要有适当的距离感，待人要友善，既不要冷淡傲慢，也不可喧宾夺主。（此题只要言之成理即可）

（12）有人说王后乔特鲁德是一个典型的双重性格的人，请你举出情节加以说明。

答：在前夫老哈姆莱特去世两个多月后就同他的弟弟克劳狄斯结婚了，本应该在失去丈夫后悲痛万分的她，竟然振振有辞地说教起儿子对做自己父亲的叔叔要恭敬，可见其无情；而在儿子面前，他永远是一个慈善和蔼无微不至的母亲形象，如没有向克劳狄斯告密，对哈姆莱特跟雷欧提斯的决斗中表现出来的担心和害怕。

（13）老哈姆莱特告戒儿子说，“不可对你母亲有什么不利的图谋„„”，你觉得他为什么这样告诫儿子？

（14）哈姆莱特善于思考的特征也暴露了他优柔寡断、生性软弱、过于谨慎而不善于行动的特点，请你举出情节说明。

答：在接受父亲亡魂的托付时，他的决心很大，立即想到了初步的行动是装疯。但是，在两个月后，他还在装疯，并没有完成任务，甚至在他叔父克劳狄斯的面目完全暴露后，哈姆莱特还放弃了复仇的最佳机会。）

（15）奥菲莉娅在剧中的出场次数仅有5次，直接对白有56次，间接描写有5次。并不是一个主要人物，在这样铁血复仇的情节中，你认为美丽柔弱的奥菲莉娅形象在剧中有何作用？（5分）

答：一方面推动了戏剧情节的发展，如她的死引起了哈姆莱特跟她哥哥雷欧提斯的决斗；另一方面，她的死加重的本剧的悲剧性，第三方面，她的出现使得充满男性刚强气味的《哈姆莱特》有了女性柔情的滋润。）答：老哈姆莱特对乔特鲁德很有感情。②“慈母孝子”，也是东西方文化共奉的准则。