雅思雅思小作文写作技巧与应注意事项

第一篇：雅思雅思小作文写作技巧与应注意事项

雅思小作文写作技巧与应注意事项

无忧雅思网原创作品，转载请注明作者和出处。

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雅思技巧与注意事项(写作---小作文)个人总结分析(谢谢各位51IELTS的帮助)

1。试卷发下后，请花半分钟的时间来浏览作文的题目，这里包括议论文在内。

2。此后，请看第一部分的题目，明确以下几点

1)属于什么题型的图表，是一个曲线图，一个饼图，一表格，一个流程图还是一个物体以及其他类型的图表

2)是一幅图还是两幅或者是以上的图

3)时间、字数以及其他的要求

3。用5分钟的时间分析并形成以下的内容

1)注意不同类型图表的技巧(包括时态、语态、关键描述词语与句型)

2)划出并分析题目中的关键内容，分析图表中的关键特征点(依据各种图表的特点来决定)

3)考虑结构(开头引言，描述特征，可能总结)注意以下

开头不能与文章已经给出的东西一样，用自己语言表达；

描述关键以及有代表性的点或者是趋势；

在语法与句法正确的基础上，力求用不同的句型组合(如简单句，复合句，定语/表语/宾语/非谓语从句)，用近意词语；

正确表达文章所给信息；

在可能的情况下做简单的总结；

不要发表有个人或者是评论性的句子；

标点符号，单词的拼写应该正确；

4。书写的时候注意流利与工整，采用现代式的书写格式

5。留有时间检查，保持卷面的整洁

技巧性套句(仅供参考)

开头句型(用简单的句子给出尽可能多的信息WHEN，WHAT，WHERE，有特色。)一般有两种，一种是主动一种是被动。

1)The chart/graph/table/diagram/process(show,reveal,illustrate,demonstrate,depict,describe,indicate)

2)According to/As can be seen from/As shown in/It is clear/apparent from/It can be seen from

结尾句型(如果没有可以充分说的，可以不用结尾。结尾不要节外生枝。最好不要出现很明显有结尾特征的词语“in conclusion”)

中间关键句型----☆要注意认真审查题目，弄清楚要描述的数据究竟代表什么，单位是什么，用什么方式表达。

OBJECT(描述物体)

注意点：要明确以一定的顺序来写。从左到右或者是从上到下，从内到外(根据物体自己的特点)等等。把题目中给出的部件详细描述。(如202的自行车)

句型：介绍功能The illustration is of a _______ which is designed to(do something)↓

说明构成部分A ______ is made up of /consists of/comprises How many ?A number of parts/sections

↓

描述各个部件功能不要用you ,one可以用we, the operator(单数个体)First ,(the cyclist)puts his or her _____on the ____

要有一定的顺序，不要将每个部分单独写出，应该将能够合并的一起结合，注意用以下句型(被动态，定语从句，非谓语动词)

要用关联词

PIE CHART(饼图)

注意点：1)文字中要表达出总量与分量的关系，在两个以上的PIE中，要注意各个PIE间的比较

2)数据究竟代表什么应清楚

语言点：1)percentage / proportion

2)(v.)make up/ constitute / account for

3)①

the biggest difference between 2 group(A+B)is in...,where A makes up 5% while

B constitutes 67%

the highest percentage of A, which was approximately 12%

②

the percentage of A in.....is more than twice that of B,the ratio is 67% to 45%($% compared to $%)

③in...,while a greater percentage of A than B are found in.......(the former is $% and the latter is $%)

④

there are more A in......,reaching $%,compared with $% of B

⑤

A , which used to be the........,has become less important, which declined(increased)sharply from $% in 1978 to only $% in 1998.⑥

The biggest loss was to某区域.The biggest gains in A were made by某区域.FLOW CHART(曲线图)

注意点：1)抓住“变化”和“趋势”

2)有两种情况其一是在不同时间段内的数据比较，另外是单独数据的全程描述。前者适合于数据代表的物体较少且时间界限明确的情况下，后者适合于描述数据对象很多且时间划定不清晰。当然依据考试中的题目来决定。

语言点：1)变化状态幅度词(要依据描述的情况决定)

轻微-----slightly, slowly(速度), steadily(平缓)逐渐----gradually

显著-----significantly , markedly急剧-----rapidly , dramatically , abruptly ,sharply突然---suddenly趋势---trend inclination tendacy

2)变量幅度词语

★增加-----increase, jump ,go up ,rise, climb , ascend , level up ,surge,★减少----decrease, drop ,go down ,fall,----, descend, level down ,★水平----keep/stay/remain/maintain stable ,----steady ,be similar to ,there is

little/hardly any/no change

★最高-----reach a highest point/the top/the summit/the peak/the most/peak in,at★最低-----reach a lowest point/the bottom//rock/hit a trough /bottom out★交叉-----correspond with in----year;---crossing the line for-----

3)时间幅度词语

During the period 1970-1999;From 1970 to 1999;Since the early 1970s;In 1970------then in 1980-----ten years later

4)基本句型

There was变化趋势in the number of A from 1986-1990(over next.....yeas),which was followed by变化趋势and then变化趋势until 1998 when there was变化趋势for the next....years

From 1990 onwards, there was变化趋势in the number of A which then变化趋势at $% in 1994.In 1990,the number reached(was)$%,but 30 years later there was变化趋势.After变化趋势from...to...,A begin变化趋势over the next....years.The number of...increased rapidly from 1988 to 1990 during the five-year period〓

There was a rapid increase from 1988 to 1990 during the five-year period

A has almost/nearly/about/over a quarter/half/twice/one third /as many students as/as much money as /B;A has about/approximately/exactly/precisely the same number/proportion/amount of students/money as.....It has reached something of a plateau,X percent/an average of X percent in the past few years in 1998.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998...the percentage of...is sightly larger/smaller than that of.....the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of.....decreased year by year while...increased steadily....here is an upward trend in the number of

..(year)witnessed/saw a sharp rise in.....a has something in common with b/ the difference between a and b lies in..柱状图(Bar chart)

注意点：1)柱图主要是陈列的数据比较多，不能将所有的信息写出，只能抓住重点与关键点来写(这些点可以是最大、小值；最高、低值；差距最大最小点等等)都需要结合题目来分析，对于一些点的特征具有相似性应该采用统一合并的方法，不能每有项都列出。

2)应该根据一定的顺序来写，否则会因逻辑不合理而失分

语言点：1)一般是以比较极与最高级的句子形式出现如

Low income consumed more hamburghers than other group(=more than other /group/ on hamburghers),spending more than twice/ as much as hamburghers than FC and Pizza(both about 40%)

High income favoured pizza,spenting $%,followed by FC at $%,then hamburgher at $%.High income appear to less than other /group/ on hamburghers,pizza remain their most popular fast-food, followed by FC.In 1975,among 3 of the world's largest cities, San Paulo had the highest

population(about 0.5 billion),and......is the second highest(about.....)......had the lowest population(about....).As a result in 1990,the number of....appears the largest population, closely followed by...,then.......at......The table below shows the figures for imprisonment in 3 countries between 1930-1960 in great Britain, the numbers in prison has increased from....in 1930 to....in 1940,apart from in 1950 when the numbers in prison fell by....On the other hand , New Zealand and Australia are the only two countries in which the numbers in prison remain steady from 1930-1960,although there have been slightly fluctuations in this trend.In the period 1975to 1990,all cities showed a growth, Tokyo and Newyork had by far the largest increase(about.....).san Paulo had the smallest growth(about...)There were no figures given for male part-time workers.In unemployed group, men enjoyed more leisure time---over 80%,compared with 40% for women(同一群体的比较), markedly more than women in retired group(不同群体的比较).表格/统计图(Table chart)

注意点：1)同柱状一样对数据间的变化与特殊显著数据的描写要求很高

2)选择好顺序

流程图(Flow Chart)

注意点：1)与物体、地图的描述一样，保持相同的作题原则

2)一定要按照顺序来说明

3)明确图片上要求说明的内容是什么，不要随意编造

第二篇：简单介绍雅思写作技巧

雅思写作想要拿到高分就需要先了解雅思写作技巧的了，那么雅思写作技巧通常都有哪些呢，雅思写作同学们需要掌握哪些技巧，下面小编就雅思写作技巧为各位详解，以供大家参考。

雅思写作技巧一：审题，找出题目的要求，从而完成评分描述“TaskAchievement” 第 一 条 therequirements of the task(<2分钟)

具体来看：阅读文字部分shows后面信息，找出题目的topic, time,place。阅读图表的标题、横轴与纵轴的文字信息，尤其注意纵轴单位、图标内的对象所包含的文字信息。

雅思写作技巧二：观察数据，找出主要特征和能证明这些特征的关键点。(<3分钟)表格题和柱状图这些多数据的图表出现频率相当高，如何根据数据的异同来对繁多的数据进行有效分类，并归纳出每一类别的共性，成了当前评判作文能否在“TaskAchievement”进入6分的标准。

雅思写作技巧三：文章撰写(15分钟左右)当前小作文的写作常用大纲：题目改写(引出topic)，对象分类(表明写作思路);重申主要特征：或指出某个未提及的特点。

雅思写作技巧四：检查(1分钟)

此时，不宜做大的修改，把笔误的部分改掉即可。一般语言水平在大学四级左右的考生，根据本文的步骤，重点关注第一第二步，必能在考试中取得至少6分的佳绩。

雅思写作技巧同学们最主要的还是要注意做最后的检查，以上就是小编为大家分享的关于雅思写作技巧的介绍，相信大家通过上文对于雅思写作技巧能够有所了解，希望能够帮得到大家。

第三篇：雅思考试,雅思写作技巧

乐训国际http://www.xiexiebang.com/

雅思写作概述

雅思考试，雅思写作技巧

雅思写作部分在听力、阅读部分之后出现，是笔试的最后一项。雅思写作考试要求在60分钟内完成两篇作文（Task 1 and Task 2）。写作中，以移民为主的培训类（general training）和以留学为主的学术类（academic）试题类型有所不同。

Task 1要求考生在20分钟内完成一篇150字以上的文章。G类（培训类）要求考生针对题目要求写一封信来询问某方面信息或阐释某种情况。到目前为止，出现较多的书信种类有投诉信、请求信、建议信、询问信、邀请信等。而A类（学术类）则以考察图表为主。考得较多的图表有曲线图、柱状图、饼状图、表格等。也有可能考到两种不同种类的图表。另外，流程图和示意图偶尔也会考到。

Task 2要求考生在40分钟内完成一篇不少于250字的议论文。A类和G类对Task 2的要求非常相似。考生可能需要对某个观点发表支持或反驳意见，或者讨论针锋相对的一组观点，或者解释某种问题出现的原因并提出相应的解决办法。

雅思写作评分

雅思写作的评分标准不像四六级或托福考试采用整体式的评分，而是分项式评分（analytical scoring）。也就是说，考官给考生并不只打一个分数，而是根据具体的评分细则打分。

雅思评分为9分制。考官根据以下四个评分标准打分，Task Achievement(for Task

1)，Task Response(for Task 2)，Coherence and Cohesion，Lexical Resource and Grammatical Range and Accuracy。每个部分分数比重相同。但考生最后写作成绩并不是Task 1和Task2的简单平均，而是以Task 2为主。

一般说来，移民火毒语言学校起码要5分（Modest User）。留学需要6分（Competent User）以上。如果要读法律、传媒、管理等名校的研究生，写作最好达到7分（Good User）。雅思官方报告表明，2005年中国大陆考生雅思写作平均分为5.26分。这一成绩，与许多考生的目标成绩有较大差距。如果希望在雅思写作上有所提高的话，那么首先需要知道获得每个档次的分数需要达到的标准和要求。

5分作文标准：

在完成任务方面，文章基本符合题目要求，图表写作中机械描述细节，缺少清晰的概括，有时可能缺少数据支持。书信写作中写信目的有时不明确。议论文部分跑题，有立场，但论述不够清晰，可能缺少结论；有主要观点，但观点有限并且论证不够充分；用于论证的部分细节与文章主题不相关。

在连贯与衔接方面，内容有一定组织结构但缺少总体延续性；衔接手段不充分，不明确，乐训国际http://www.xiexiebang.com/

或过多地使用衔接手段；缺少指代和替换，显得重复过多；没有分段，或者分段不充分。

在词汇资源方面，词汇量有限，知识在最低层面上满足题目要求；拼写和构词法上可能出现明显错误，造成读者的某些阅读困难

在语法结构的范围和准确性方面，只能使用有限的句子结构；试图使用复杂句，但复杂句的使用准确性不如简单句；语法错误较多，标点有的部分误用，造成读者的某些阅读困难。

6分作文标准：

在完成任务方面，文章符合题目要求，图表作文进行了概括，信息选择合理，书信作文写信目的基本清晰，语气肯能有不一致之处。内容涵盖不够完整，但符合题目要求；立场切题，虽然结论可能不清晰或重复

在连贯与衔接方面，信息和观点组织连贯；文章有延续性，衔接手段使用有效，但是句子内部和句子之间的衔接可能有误或者过于机械；指代关系肯那个不总是清晰、合理；有手段，但不总是有逻辑性

在词汇资源方面，能够使用适当范围的词汇；试图使用较不常见的词汇，但使用有一些不准确；在拼写和构词法上有错误，但这些错误不至于影响交流

在语法结构的范围和准确性方面，能使用简单和复杂句子结构；语法和标点出现一些错误，但这些错误很少导致交流障碍

7分作文标准：

在成任务方面，内容涵盖题目要求；图表作文能够清晰概括主要趋势，差别或阶段。书信作文能够清晰地表达写作目的，语气一致、得体。议论文能够涵盖题目要求，文章立场清晰；文章能提出、引申、并支持主要观点，但可能有过度概括，分论点不够紧凑

在连贯与衔接方面，信息和观点组织有逻辑性；文章从头至尾有延续性；衔接手段使用合理，虽然可能有一些使用过少或过多；每个段落都有明确的主题

在词汇资源方面，词汇使用丰富、有一定的准确性和灵活性；能使用较不常见词汇，对语体和搭配有所了解；在词汇的选择、拼写和构词法上偶尔有错误

在语法结构的范围和准确性方面，能使用多种复杂结构；多数语句准确无误；语法和标点掌握较好。

总的来说，考生需要在几个方面加以提高：首先内容上要认真审题，以使文章符合题目要求；其次结构要清晰，上下文要连贯，使文章成为有机整体，例子和细节能够支持文章的主题；语言上要达到用词和语法使用准确，如果要争取7分以上的成绩，还需要做到用词丰富的、句子结构有一定的复杂性。

雅思写作分类：

从内容上，雅思作文大致可以分为以下几类：

教育

老师的责任是教学生知识还是如何为人处事？

学生应该走读还是在校内住宿？

大学教育的目的是什么？

学习历史没有用处还是可以帮助我们认识现在？

公共图书馆应该多花钱买书还是购买软件DVD等高科技媒介？

科技

科技的发展是否使我们的创意越来越少？

科技是否使人的健康越来越差？

宇宙探险队我们影响甚微么？

手机对我们有什么负面影响？

是否应该在实验中使用动物？

社会

青少年犯罪的原因和后果是什么？

罪犯应该入狱还是应该接受教育和培训？

老年人比例的增长给社会带来什么影响？

解决世界环境问题的最佳方案是不是提高燃油的价格？

应该直接捐赠给当事人还是通过慈善机构？

文化

文化出国旅游时应该入乡随俗么？

是否应该保护传统建筑以保持民族特性？

英语作为全球性语言的传播利大于弊么？

学习语言的同时是否也要学习文化和生活方式？

多元文化社会利大于弊么？

政府职责

医疗保健和教育方面的费用是否应该由政府支付？

政府是否应该派新毕业的教师和医生下乡以减少城乡差距？

纳税是否是公民的义务？

国家队应该由政府资助还是应该由非政府组织支持？

大城市的住房短缺问题是不是只有靠政府来解决？

从结构上，雅思写作可以分为以下三大类：

Argument

Argument题型的特点是题目中有两个针锋相对的观点，然后要求discuss both views and give your opinion。考生写作的时候要注意不能只给出自己的观点，而是要分析对立双方观点的各自理由，然后进行分析并给出自己的观点。

Point of view

Point of view题型的特点是题目中有一个或两个关联 而非冲突性观点，然后问to what extent do you agree or disagree？考生写作的时候只需要给出自己的观点并加以论证即可。当然，观点的给出有多种可能性，可以是同意，可以是不同意；可以是部分同意，也可以是持折中态度。具体论证的时候可以正面论证为主，也可以通过让步反驳法来加以论证。

Problem

Problem题型的特点是题目为事实，而非观点。大部分情况下，要求考生分析这个现象的原因，然后提出解决问题的办法。但有时候会要求考生分析这一现象可能导致的后果。

四、雅思写作准备

作文是需要长期准备和积累的。有三个月以上的时间准备比较理想。

写

要练习雅思真题的写作。可以联系练习剑桥雅思系列雅思真题的题目。只有练习了雅思真题，才能对雅思的出题思路和题目构成有清晰完整的了解。在练习的时候要注意，应该在规定的时间内完成。只有在有时间限制的压力下练习写作，考生在考试的时候才能发挥自如。在练习写作的时候，也不是一定要练习完成的文章，有时候可以进行段落论证的写作。比如专门花一些时间练习开头段和结尾段的写作。有时对文章分部分练习写作更能磨练写作技巧。有时候也可以练习某种论证手段的使用，甚至对于常用的句型可以进行造句练习。在练习频率上基本应该保持两天写一篇以上。

读

如果只是一味埋头苦练，那么只能提高写作速度，而在写作水平上不一定能有长足的进步，只有看了好的文章，考生才会知道应该在哪方面努力，以及自己的文章有什么不足之处。最重要的是，要看考官写的例文，比如剑桥大学出的Cambridge IELTS 系列。看的时候不要只看懂就行，而是要着眼于三个方面：考官范文是如何提出观点并进行论证的，运用了哪些论证手法；范文是怎样安排段落的，段落之间以及句子之间是怎样连接在一起的，运用了哪些衔接手段；范文里有什么精彩的词、词组和句型是值得我们模仿的。如果考生能够举一反三，仔细思考并适当借鉴的话，那么每一篇都会有所收获。除了考官范文以外，其他的一些优秀范文也可以参考，各种精彩段落包括雅思阅读文章里的论证方法和游泳表达也可作为学习对象。

改

有时候考生越看范文越觉得沮丧甚至郁闷，因为发现自己的低水平文章和高分文章之间似乎存在不可以逾越的鸿沟。要想跨越这道鸿沟弥补其中的差距，关键在于多修改。考生应该在规定的时间内完成作文然后对照范文，看看自己作文中存在的问题：有没有审题错误？结构是否混乱？有没有表达不清的地方？然后仔细捉摸一下，范文是怎么展开论述的。看数遍范文以后可以试着根据刚才学习范文的体会和收获来修改自己写过的文章，把论证不够充分的地方重新论证一下，关联不当的地方修补一下，错误表达改正过来。当然如果能有老师的指导效果会更好。这样，练一篇，看一篇，改一篇，写一次就会有一次的收获。详情请登录：http://www.xiexiebang.com/

第四篇：雅思写作备考：雅思小作文写作注意事项

雅思小作文写作注意事项

朗阁雅思考试研究中心

很多同学可能对雅思小作文不太重视，甚至是对小作文根本不加练习，只关注大作文。我认为这是一个误区，因为在评分中小作文毕竟有一定的比重，而且，小作文的写法掌握起来也并不是特别难，所以同学们还是应该把小作文的分数把握好。

小作文在写的时候，或者是准备写的时候，我们应该注意哪几个问题呢？

一、词汇的背诵

这个毫无疑问，大家都非常清楚，比如说上升的词我们可能会背诵很多如：increase、rise、climb、grow、recover等等。但是每一个词的用法大家也要清楚，例如recover，它是不能在图表一开始上升的时候用的词，因为它的本意有恢复，重新赢得之意，所以，像这样的问题，大家在使用的时候还是要特别注意的，否则在考官看来就会有歧义。

另外，我们还要考虑其他词汇的多样使用，即不要反复的用同一个词汇，例如，一篇文章中讲到中国留学生的问题，我们可以用overseas student，也可以用the Chinese students going abroad for higher education这个分词做定语，当然也可以用the Chinese students who go abroad for higher education这个定语从句来做。

总之，词汇应用一要注意多变性，二要注意准确性。

二、句式的掌握

小作文句式的背诵与掌握是非常重要的。举个简单的例子，比如说我们想表达A在B方面从哪一年到哪一年急剧增长，那么这个时候我们就需要牢牢记住我们至少可以用两种句式来做，也就是一个是副词修饰动词：A increased dramatically in B from …to …，另一个就是用名词形式，我们用there be结构：There was a marked growth in A from …to …

除此之外，我们在大作文当中用到的句式多样性，在小作文当中同样使用，有的同学觉得小作文比较简单，字数也不多，所以不假思索的全部用简单句来写，这同样是不可取的。全部用简单句会给别人很急促、节奏太快的感觉，所以不论是大作文还是小作文我们都应该长句短句交替进行。

三、写作的重点

小作文写什么，这是很多考生头疼的一个问题。题目中会有大量的数据，这个我们根据题目的要求去做是最直接的解决办法。题目中会有这样的要求：Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.也就是说我们所需要写的是图表的主要特点，另外再需要比较的地方就一定要进行比较。掌握了这一点，再辅以我们的练习，我想在写作内容和重点的选取上我们就不会有太大的问题了。

四、数据的使用

小作文最明显的一个特征就是在图表型文章中会有大量的数据，我们除了要把它的主要特点趋势写出来，还要注意数据的引入。因为这类文章是说明文，只有你自己的说明文字，没有相关数据的引入，同样显得没有生气、缺乏说服力。

五、段落的分配

很多同学小作文得六分可能不那么难，但是得6.5或7分就有很大的难度，笔者认为段落的分配是起很大作用的，当然要保证你在以上四点都有很好的表现。我们非常清楚，小作文主要分三部分：开头段、主体段、结尾段，这是一个大纲。在主体段部分，如果你能根据具体的图表情况，把它有所组合，那么说明你在分析题目、分析数据的能力上要胜人一筹。也就是说，你可以根据具体情况，把变化形势相同或相近的放到一起去写，进行重新组合，这样的话，胜算就要大一些。

总之，在小作文的写作上，考生同样不可忽视，把握好以上的几个方面，希望对大家能够有所帮助。

更多资料 请参考雅思培训 http://ielts.longre.com

第五篇：雅思小作文

饼图Pie

As shown in the first chart, oil was the world’s main energy source, accounting for 37% of the energy consumption in 2005.Followed by coal and natural gas, constituting 28% and 23% respectively.By comparison, the proportion of nuclear power was small, 6%, equating that of hydro-electricity.Saudi Arabia accounts for the largest proportion of the world’s oil reserves, 20%, well ahead of Canada, the country with the second biggest reserve, 14%.Behind Canada are four Middle East countries, namely Iran(10%), Iraq(9%), Kuwait(8%)and United Arab(8%).By contrast, the reserves of Venezuela, Russia and the united states are relatively small, making up 6%, 5% and 2@ respectively.The remaining 18% is found in other countries.Pic

The three pie charts show how university students in three countries spent their money in the year 2003.In general, students in countries A spent slightly more than those in country B(US$5,000 and US$4,500 respectively).In comparison, student expenditure in country C was considerably lower, at only US$1,500 per year.Accommodation and food were the two biggest items of expenditure.Altogether they constituted around 60% of the total students’ expenditure in all the three countries.The difference is that in country A and B accommodation spending exceeded food spending while the reverse was true for country C.The rest of the students’ spending was divided among leisure, books and others.Leisure spending constituted a larger percentage(around 20%)of student expenditure in both country A and B, while in country C more money was spent on books(12%)than on leisure(12%).Overall, as wealth decreased, the percentage of students’ spending on non-essential items reduced.柱状图Bar

Pic

This bar chart shows the changes in the amount of oil discovered worldwide every 5 years from 1950 to 2005 and the predicted figures from 2010 to 2020.In 1950, the world oil discovery stood at 20 billion barrels a year, which grew dramatically over the next 15 years to reach a peak at approximately 56 billion barrels in 1965.However, from this year onwards, the growth of oil discovery was suddenly replaced by a sharply downward trend, with some ups and downs, to approximately 6 billion barrels a year in 2005, about 1/10of its peak amount in 1965.It is predicted that 7 billion barrels of oil will be discovered worldwide in the year 2010, and this figure is forecast to decline steadily to an all-time low of only 3 billion barrels in 2020.In conclusion, this chart shows that world oil discovery peaked in the 1960s but has been declining for over 40 years, and this trend is expected to continue into the near future.The bar chat shows information about the areas of land damaged by human activities in four major continents of the world.The area of land damaged in Africa and Asia are similar, totalling approximately 1,200 million hectares for each, while in Australia and Europe the numbers are considerably lower, averaging between 300and 400 million.Looking at the causes behind land damages, it can be seen that in African, Europe and especially Australia, breeding is the leading cause of land loss, damaging approximately 500, 100 and 400 million hectares of land respectively.Next comes tree-cutting which takes away slightly larger areas of land than farming in all the three regions.Asia shows a slightly different picture, where tree-cutting activities have led to the largest amount of land loss(450 million hectares).Breeding and farming account for the remaining damage(380 and 420 million hectares respectively).Overall, breeding causes the most pervasive damage to land around the world.折线图 line

Overall, the world population rose sharply from less than 500 million in the 1400s to 6 billion in 2000, a growth of 12 times over 600 years.The increase was more dramatic after 1800 and only in the 1700s was there an obvious decline(1.2 billion to 0.9 billion).The ozone hole was at its smallest size of about 400 thousand square km in 1980, but 20 years later, it was enlarged by 9 times to 3.6 million square km.The only period when there was a reduction in size was in the early 1990s(from 2 to 1.2 million square km).流程图diagram

The diagram shows the stages in the process of making chocolate.Chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which is grown in parts of south America, Africa and Indonesia.The tree produces large red pods which contain white cocoa beans.Firstly when the pods are ripe, they are harvested, the beans are removed and they are fermented for several days in large wooden boxes.During the fermenting process, the beans turn brown.Next, the brown beans are spread in the sun to dry.They are then put in large sacks and transported by train or lorry.After this, the beans are taken to a chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at temperatures of between 250 and 350 degree Celsius.After being roasted, the beans are crushed and the outer shell is removed.This part is not needed for making chocolate.Finally, the inner part of the bean is pressed and liquid chocolate is produced.(pic)

The chart describes how water is obtained outdoors.According to the figure, the first step of obtaining water outdoors is to find a hole with green plants on its bottom.Next, remove the green plants in the middle and put a container there.Then, cover the hole with a plastic sheet and place two stones on both ends of it to secure its position.A third stone is laid on the middle of the plastic sheet so that the middle part is also the lowest part.When the sun shines on the green plants in the hole, water evaporates from these plants.The vapour rises up and then cools down to form water drops on the plastic sheet.When there is more and more water, it flows along the sheet to accumulate on the lowest part.Finally, water falls down into the container directly under the middle stone.Thus, water is collected successfully through evaporation from green plants.Pic

In cool climate special attention is given to the use of building materials that have a high thermal mass.Insulation is used on the outside of heavy materials such as concrete, brick or adobe.This kind of material stores heat and slowly releases it while external insulation ensures that all heat absorbed by wall materials is released inside the building.Careful positioning of the building and large windows facing winter sunlight also assist to passively heat the house.The roof has an extreme angle to assist with snow runoff and roof overhang does not interfere with sunlight.Homes in warm climate require the opposite approach.Insulation and reflective roof material aim to keep heat from the sun out.Windows are placed under a wider roof overhang so that they are shaded form direct light in the day and so that cooler night air can move through the house when the windows are open.Map地图

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The three diagrams illustrate what the village of Kelsbey looked like in 1780, 1860, and 2000.In 1780, Kelsbey had only 100 homes, but it had a large expense of woods in the eastern part of the village and four plots of farmland in the middle.In the west there was a river running from north to south.The year 1860 saw a doubling of the number of homes but the size of farmland and woods was reduced by half.In the same year, a bridge could be seen over the river and a road was constructed linking the river to the residences.140 years later, the number of homes more than doubled to 500, but farms and woods completely disappeared.Several school buildings and sports facilities were constructed at the south-eastern corner of the village, which were connected with the residential area in the north by a newly-built road.Some shops opened up along the river bank and a large stretch of wetland for birds was established at the southern end of the river.大作文

Body paragraph A

It is first important to realise that art is the key part of cultural legacy;therefore, it is meaningful to conserve the art for the cultural diversity.For example, painting in different culture has a range of styles, genres, tools and materials.If we did not protect it, a form of art would be disappeared.Besides, some work of art such as graffiti, spark people’s imaginations and provide them a novel perspective to view the world.The arts can develop a culture which people pursue art as a hobby.Furthermore, arts also improved the environment attractive, which is reflected in architecture and gardening design.Body paragraph B

Although arts are very important, we observe public facilities should get more subsidy than arts from government.Citizens are more interested in the availability of public facilities, such as, water and electricity supply, schools, libraries and roads, these facilities have a direct impact on their daily lives.By contrast, for most people, sculptures, paintings or operas are luxury items, which cannot bring any tangible benefit to them.Another reason is that the arts can sometimes yield high returns and therefore succeed in receiving business sponsorship.This is particularly the cause when arts include music, movies, operas and creative arts.Therefore, it is pointless to support the use of public funds for this purpose, if basic facilities are underfunded.