商务合同的语言特点及其汉英翻译

第一篇：商务合同的语言特点及其汉英翻译

商务合同的语言特点及其汉英翻译

商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体,重在记实,用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。英译商务合同貌似简单,实则不然。商务合同属于法律性公文,所以英译时,要符合法律公文的特点,要做到译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅。

为了探讨商务合同的汉英翻译,本文拟从英文合同的语言特征中寻找翻译时应遵循的原则, 从而介绍商务合同汉英翻译的一些特殊手段。

一、英文合同的语言特征

作为具有法律效应的商务合同或协议,基本具备以下特征:

1.用词准确明晰。商务合同需要将合同双方的意愿清晰地表达出来,首先要考虑的就是其语言的明晰性,而这一点又主要依靠准确用词,同义、近义词间的细微差异此时都显得非常重要,含混不得。这一点与公文力求明确的特点相呼应。与此同时,为了尽可能把一切都写得准确无疑,作者往往会不惜笔墨重复名词或修饰词,尽量避免代词的使用或省略手段。

例1 :Whereas , the Seller is desirous of exporting the undermentioned products to the territory stipulated below.(卖方欲出口下列产品至下面规定的地方。)

例2 : Whereas , the Purchaser is desirous of importing the said goods for sale in the said territory.(而买方欲进口所述货物在所述地点出售。)

从上述两例中,我们不难看出:用词表达清晰自然,不会产生误解,在大的结构上虽有些重复,但如果运用省略或替代的方式加以简化,其语言的明晰度则逊色了许多。

2.用词正式,多古体惯用副词。为了体现商务合同的法律性和严肃感,正统用词势在必行,因此英文合同的用词较正式、多古体词”。

例3 :Hereafter called “the Purchaser”.(下称“买方”。)

例4 : Either party reserves the right to terminate this agreement upon negotiation.(任何一方需中止合同都必须经过协商。)

上述两句中使用了purchase , party , reserve ,terminate 等正式用词,而未使用常见的buy , side ,keep , end 等词。此外,还有以下类似常见词汇(括号内为可替换词): assist(help);render(make);desire(wish);require(want);residence(home);function(work or act);state(say);inform(tell);commence(begin);terminate

(end);initiate(start);proceed(go)等。

例5 :Now ,therefore ,it is hereby agreed and understood as follows(因此,双方特此协商如下:)

例1、2、3 和5 使用了whereas(而?), hereafter(本文中以下), therefore(因此), hereby(因此,据此)等词,体现了英语合同文体的又一特点:古体惯用副词的使用。常见的类似词汇还有:

hereof(?中的), herewith(与?一道), thereafter(从那以后?), thereon/ thereupon(在其上),thereunder(在其下), hereto(对于这个), hereinabove / hereinbefore(在上文), hereinafter / hereinbelow(在下文), thereinbefore(在上文中、在上一部分中), thereinafter(在下文中、在下一部分中)等。

3.普通词有特定意义或特定用法。例2 中的said 意为“所提到的”,修饰goods 和territory ,而该词在一般文体中不这样使用。另外shall 一词常常表示“必须”之意,而不是“将要”。

例6 : The Seller shall sell to the Buyer ,and the Purchaser shall purchase from the Seller 50(Fifty)units of the goods at the price of US ＄12(US Dollars Twelve)per unit.另外, allowance 一词的常意是“允许”、“津贴”,而商贸合同中多指“折扣”, article 则指“项目”或“条款”,而deposit 很可能不指“存款”,而指“押金、保证金”。当然,要使词义明确的最理想情形是一词一指,一词一义,然而一词多义却又是英语的一大特点。所以,译者应该学会依据文体和词义的不同把握翻译技巧,确保无误。

4.格式化结构和表达方式。作为应用文体,商务合同少不了一些格式化的套用句式或结构。

例7 :Both parties shall act in accordance with the provisions of the agreement.(双方都应按照协议条款办事。)

例8 :Subject to the procurements of necessary permit s in Hong Kong and Nigeria.(本合同能否执行取决于在香港和尼日利亚取得必要的各种许可证)

例7 中的in accordance with(依据?)和the provisions of(?的条款)均为合同的常用表达方式；例8 中subject to(以?为条件,受?制约)表示条件。还有provided that(倘若,假如);in respect of 和with respect to(关于,至于)等都为合同中格式化表达结构。、商务合同的翻译原则

由于商务合同又是具备法律效应的文件,它要严格规定合同双方的义务、权力、行为准

则等明确条款,其明晰与否将会影响当事人对条款的理解和法庭的判决。受其文体特征的制约,所以丝毫不能允许语义的模棱两可而使人误解,被人钻了法律的空子。因此，它宁可牺牲文字流畅也要保持文意斩钉截铁的确凿性。

三、商务合同的汉英翻译

针对合同的特征,在英译时常常需要采取一些与目标语文体相吻合的翻译手段或方法。

1.合理补充公文语惯用副词。为了使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅,且符合英文商务合同的表达习惯,在英译时,酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,会使译文更地道、流畅。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副词常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。

实际上,这种公文语惯用副词为数并不多,而且构词简单易记，常用的这类副词是由here、there、where 等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。

例9 :本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。

译文: This Contract hereby comes into effect from the date of execution by the Purchaser and the Builder.比较: This Contract comes into effectfrom the date signed by the Buyer and the Builder.例10 :下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品, 其品牌以此为合适。

译文: The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is appropriate are made in China.比较: The signer below agrees that the new products are made in China and this trade name is appropriate.从以上两句译文比较发现:例9 中合理补充了hereby 后更充分地体现了“签署”和“生效”的因果关系,译文更有逻辑感;例10 补充了hereby和whereto 两个副词后,把两个并列分句改编成了从属关系, 更符合原文表达, 加入古体连词whereto 引导定语从句,与“to which”同义。

2.谨慎选词,力克模糊。英译商务合同时,常常由于选词不当而导致词不达意或者意思模棱两可,有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此,了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别极为重要,是提高英译质量的关键因素之一。下面用几个典型实例加以说明。

例11 :双方都应遵守/ 双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。

译文:Both parties Shall abide by/ All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.句中的两个“遵守”翻译应不一样。当主语是“人”时,英译“遵守”须用abide by。当主语是非人称时,则用comply with 英译“遵守”。

例12:发票货值须货到付给。

译文: The invoice value is to be paid on / upon arrival of the goods.例13 :卖方须在6 月15 日(含当日)前将货交给买方。

译文: The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or : before June 16)

例14 :我公司的条件是:3 个月内,即不得晚于5 月1 日,支付现金。

译文: Our terms are cash payment within three months , i.e.on or before(or : not later than)May 1.例15 :本合同有效期至2003 年1 月1 日。

译文: This Contract expires till January 1 ,2003(inclusive).例12 至15 都含有时间的不同表达方式。例12 中“ ??到后,就??”须用介词on/ upon ,而不用after ,因为after 表示“之后”的时间不明确。例13中“ ?之前”要根据具体情况确定,如果包括所写日期,就用介词by ,如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止,就要用介词before。英语中,时间的界定只有依靠介词的微小区别来判别,翻译时应慎之又慎。

例16:交货期改为8 月并将美元折合成人民币。

译文:Both parties agree that the time of shipment is changed to August and the US dollar is changed into RMB.例16 中,英译“把A 改为B”用“change A to B”,英译“把A 折合成/ 兑换成B”用“change A into B”, 两者不可混淆。另外, shipping advice 和shipping instructions 不一样,前者是“装运通知”,是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的,而后者则是“装运须知”,是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。

3.慎重处理合同细目。一般来说,英译合同中容易出现差错的地方,不是大的陈述性条款,恰恰是一些关键的细目,比如金钱、时间、数量等。

为了避免出差错,英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确

切范围。

例17 :如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其他货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。

译文: The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/ or cargo onboard.例18 :买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。

译文: This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller , whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.例17 中的“和(或)”用对等的“and/ or”能完整准确地表达双方应承担的责任。例18中的“by and between”强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋予的责任,比单纯的用“by”更准确合理,这种表达往往作为英文合同的开头。

例19 :聘方须每月付给受聘方500 美元整。

译文:Party A(The Employer)shall pay Party B(The Employee)a monthly salary of US ＄500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).例19中金额的表达也是英文合同中的惯用方法,即在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,在大写文字前加上“SAY”, 意为“大写”, 在最后加上“ONLY”,意思为“整”。必须注意小写与大写的金额数量要一致。另外,在表达金额时,必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。还有金额中是小数点还是分节号,千万不得疏忽,否则后果不堪设想。

商务合同是一种具有法律效应的应用文体,英文的商务合同具有以下语言特征:

1)用词准确明晰;

2)文体正式,多古体惯用词;

3)普通词有特定意义;

4)多格式化结构和表达方式。

针对其相应的文体特征,商务合同汉英翻译应该做到:

1)忠实原义应放在首位;

2)译文应符合目标语体裁和格式;

3)在翻译方法上,主要采取直译加调整的方法;

4)大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确;

5)合理地补充公文惯用词语。只有这样,译文才符合英语表达习惯,翻译质量才能得到提高。

合同翻译

（二）合同翻译英译商务合同貌似简单，实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，重在记实，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。

本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例，从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。

一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词

商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由 here、there、where 等副词分别加上 after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：

从此以后、今后：hereafter；

此后、以后：thereafter；

在其上：thereonthereupon；

在其下：thereunder；

对于这个：hereto；

对于那个：whereto；

在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore；

在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow；

在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore；

在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter．

现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。

例 1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。

This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.例 2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。

The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.二、慎重处理合同的关键细目

实践证明，英译合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说，不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目．比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。

3.1限定责任

众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。

3.1.1 and/or

常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。例 9：如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard.3.1.2 by and between

常用 by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋于的责任。

例 10：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。

This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.3.2限定时间

英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。

3.2.1 双介词

用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。

例 11；自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。

Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.例 12：我公司的条件是，3 个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。

Our terms are cash within three months, i.e.on or before May 1.3.2.2 not(no)later than

用“not(no)later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。

例 13：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e.not later than December 15.3.2.3 include 的相应形式

常用 include 的相应形式：inclusive、including 和 included，来限定含当日在内的时间。例 14：本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。

This credit expires till January 1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.)如果不包括1月1日在内，英译为 till and not including January 1。

3.3 限定金额

为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改，英译时常用以下措施严格把关。

3.3.1.大写文字重复金额

英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”；在最后加上“ONLY”。意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。

例 16：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。

Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).3.3.2.正确使用货币符号

英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币；而“￡”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can $891,568，不能写成：Can $ 891,568。另外，翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点（.）还是分节号（,），因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。

第二篇：商务合同的语言特点

商务合同的语言特点

【摘要】：继中国加入世贸组织，二十一世纪，各行各业的对外贸易业务发展尤其迅速，签订的各种类型的合同也越来越多。根据签订合同的双方商定的协议，约定双方必须担负的责任以及必须履行的义务，所以，商务合同是一种具有法律效应的应用文书，有其特殊的语言风格和语言现象，合同语言准确，严谨，正式且规范，用词非常讲究。本文通过大量例句来充分解释英文商务合同的语言特点，即：用词准确，用词正式以及普通词汇的特殊意义。

关键字：商务合同、语言、特点、解释。

【Abstract】: Along with china joint the WTO, in the 21st century, development of all foreign trade business is quite rapidly, so that, there are various types of contract has been signed.According to the contract agreed between the parties of the agreement, which agreed the responsibility and obligation that each party shall to be responsible for and executive.So, business contract is a legal effect of the application of the instruments, it has its special language style and language phenomenon.Language in contract is accurate, compact, formal and canonical, it is extremely particular about choosing words.There are large quantity of illustrative sentences to explain the language characters of English business contract in this thesis, which is exact words, official words and special meaning of ordinary words.Key words: business contract, language, character, explain

一、用词准确

合同具有法律约束力，商务合同更是如此，要将合同双方的意愿清楚明了的表达出来。最先要做到的就是要求语言明确清晰，正如公文所要求的力求明确的语言特征。然而，这一特点有需要做到用词准确，明确区分同义词与近义词之间的微妙区别，不可混淆。因此，要尽最大可能把商务合同中的一切条件写的准确无误。笔者大都会尽量多用修饰词，至于代词的使用或省略手法也都不多见。

多使用修饰词。合同语中，使用修饰词可以避免歧义。

例1: Any amendment to the contract will come into force with the written agreement conducted and signed by the two parties.合同的任何修改需甲乙双方签订书面协议方可生效。

例2：Whereby, the buyers agree to buy and the seller agree to sell the under –mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.兹经买卖双方同意按照以下条款购进买方售出的以下产品。

例

1、例2中分别使用了修饰词”written”(书面的),”under-mentioned”(下述的，以下的)和”stipulated”(规定的)起到了强调的作用，使语以更清楚。

例3: Whereas, the purchaser is desirous of importing the said goods for sale in the said territory.而买方欲进口所述货物在所述地点出售。

形容词”said”重复使用看似有重复啰嗦之意，但在英文商务合同用语中确实很有必要。

上述三个例句很明显的向读者传达了一些信息：商务英文合同中的修饰词的使用，即使是重复同一修饰词，这在语句的表达上会显得很自然，而且不会让人产生误解。在合同中，应该表达清楚的就应该不惜笔墨来表达清楚，不能少有含糊，否则会影响合同的语言精确度。

二、用词正式

a、古体惯用副词的使用

商务合同属于法律性公文，所以在行文时力必要使用正式的法律用语，体现其严

肃感。因此，英文商务合同用词都比较正式多用古体词

例4：whereas the football Association of china hereinafter called party A ,is willing to employ Zenger ,from England, hereinafter called party B.(鉴于中国足球协会，下称之为甲方愿意聘用来自英格兰的Zenger，以下称之为已方）

例5：The seller shall not be responsible for the delay lf shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force majeure 因不可抗力而导致卖方装运延期或不能交贷的，卖方不用负责任。

例6：The L/C shall expire 15 days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated 信用证在按照合同装船完毕后15日内到期。

例7：This contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。

上述例4、5、6、7四句中使用了Whereas(而、、、），here in after(本文中以下）here of(、、、中的）等词，体现了英文商务合同语言特点的 的“应当”或“必须”。

例8 The Seller shall , 30 days before the shipment date specified in the Contract Number, commodity, quantity, amount, packages, gross weight, measurement, and the date of shipment in order that the Buyer can charter a vessel/book shipping space.卖方应在合同规定的装运日期前30天，通知买方合同号、商品、数量、金额、包装、毛重、尺码及装运日期，以便买方安排租船或订舱。

Shall 的否定形式shall not在英文合同中常表示不得发生的行为。

例9 ： Party A shall not supply the contracted commodity to other buyers in the above-mentioned territory.甲方不得向上述地区其他买主供应本合同项下商品。

但必须注意的是，在英文合同中，shall在表示“应该”时不可随便用should代替，should虽然也表示“应该”，但它没有shall那样重的含义，因为should并不表示法律义务，只表示一般的义务或道义上的义务，有时甚至表示“原该”或“最好如此”的含义。当should出现在合同中时，它常放在句子的开头，表示一个隐含的条件状语，相当于由if、in case 或in the event that 引导的状语从句，其含义相当于中文的“如果”、“万一”而不是“应该”。

例10 ：Should either party to this Contract is pretend or delayed from or in performing any of his obligations under this contract by force majeure, then he may not notify the other party of the circumstances constituting the force majeure and of the obligation performance of which is thereby delayed or prevented.如果合同任何一方因不可抗力不能或延迟履行合同规定的任何义务，该方可将造成不可抗力的原因以及因不可抗力而导致被延迟或妨碍的本应履行的合同义务通知另一方。

此外，英文合同中有时也出现情态动词may和must。may 用于约定当事人的权利（可以做什么）,没有任何义务的含义，不带有强制性，有时表示允许或许可，相当于中文的“可以”、“得”等含义。其否定形式may not用于禁止性义务（不得做什么），语气不如shall not强烈。must用于强制性义务（必须做什么），但这一义务不一定具有法律的约束力，其否定形式一般不会出现在英文合同中。

在美国一些法律文件种可以用shall not, 但绝不能用can not do 或must not。例如

在表现法律的约束力，强调某种义务和责任时可以说：Party A shall, at most favorable prices, supply Party B with spare parts of the leased equipment.甲方应以最优惠的价格向乙方提供所租设备的备件。

了解和掌握情态动词的确切含义有助于正确理解英文合同条款的内容。由于合同中权利和义务的约定构成了合同的主体，情态动词如选用不当，有可能会引起法律纠纷。

c、近义词和成对词

英文商务合同的正式规范还体现在近义词、成对词的使用，这也许会给人一种重复啰嗦的感觉，但从严谨和杜绝漏洞方面考虑，有些套用了合同语言的固定模式和表达方式。

例11 ： This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller ,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。

在这个例句中出现了”by and between”强调合同是由“双方”签订的，故双方务必要严格按照规定履行合同所赋予的责任，这样表达比单纯用”by”或”between”要好得多。还有”subject to”(以、、、为条件，受、、、的约制)在合同中也很常见。”terms and conditions”(条款)这是表示合同条款的一个固定模式，体现了近义词和成对词的使用的重要性。同一类型还有，ships and vessels（船只）, support and maintains（维护）, purchase and sell（销售）, able and willing to（愿意）, any and all（任何）, for and in consideration of（考虑到，鉴于）, for and on behalf of（为了，代表）, made and entered into（达成），in full force and effect(生效)，save and except（除了），furnish and provide（提供），release and discharge（弃权，让渡），fulfill or perform（履行），transferable of assignable（可转让的），right and interest（权益）等，这些词表示固定的意义，使用和翻译时不能随意拆开。这种词汇并列使用主要有两个目的：一是通过两个或多个词汇的共同含义来限定其为一词义，从而排除了由于一词多义可能产生的歧义，体现合同的严谨；二是通过两个或多个词语的并列来体现合同的正式。

d、专业术语

合同用语的正式还表现在一些专业术语的使用上。例如，“不可抗力”（Force majeure/Act of God);“救济”（remedy);“管辖”（jurisdictions),“损毁”（damage and /of loss),“indemnities”表示“赔偿”，房贷或专利申请的“宽限期”用“grace period

”;“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract” 在合同里不是说“依照合同相关规定”，只能用“pursuant to provisions contained herein ”或“as provided herein”.其实不管是中文合同还是英文合同，其语言都有鲜明的用词特点，具有法律文件的严谨性，准确性，权威性，例如中文合同中的“当事人”、“生效”、“解除”、“届满“，“事宜”等正式词汇的使用。

此外。例

5、例6中使用了“due to ”和“ completion”两个正式词语，代替了常用的“because of” 和“finish”,这就是英文合同的

limitation（时效），satisfaction（清偿，补偿）；dishonor（拒付），whereas（鉴于）等，这些词在英文合同中词义相对固定，体现了合同用词规范的特点。因此，要准确地理解英文合同，有必要了解这些普通词汇在英文合同中的特殊含义，否则就会造成理解上的错误。

结束语：

商务合同是为了准确严密地规约当事人的权利、义务和责任而采用的一种具有法律效应文体形式，它自身并不具有独立的词汇体系，而且与其他形式的文体并没有任何本质上的差异。但是英文商务合同的用词精确简练，表意准确，规范严谨，充分体现了合同的严肃性以及它的法律效应。所以，要制定一份准确无误的合同就必须对其语言特点进行深入了解和研究，以免歧义，从而使合同双方能更好的合作。

参考文献

【1】 克里斯.索普，约翰.贝利 ；国际商务合同[M]，华夏出版社；2004年4月 【2】 梅德明；新编商务英语翻译[M]，高等教育出版社；2005年8月

【3】 简怡；商务合同的语言特点与翻译的目的论[J]，大众文艺•浪漫；2010年02期

【4】 操时尧，曹火群；商务合同的语言特点及其汉英翻译[J],孝感学院学报；2004年01期

【5】 浅析国际商务合同的用词特征[J/OL],大学生论文网；2009年8月

【6】 杨芳.，商务合同英语用词特点及翻译的特色标记[J]，洛阳师范学院学报, 2004年23期

【7】 商务英语的情态功能特点及其翻译[J/OL],能飞英语网；2010年8月

致谢：

感谢我的导师胡肖老师以及李碧芬主任，他们严谨细致、一丝不苟的作风一直是我工作、学习中的榜样；他们循循善诱的教导和不拘一格的思路给予我无尽的启迪，这篇论文的每个细节，都离不开你们的细心指导。

感谢我的室友们，从遥远的家来到这个陌生的城市里，是你们和我共同维系着彼此之间姐妹般的感情，维系着寝室那份家的融洽。两年半了，仿佛就在昨天，在这期间，我们从没闹过矛盾，没有发生上大学前所担心的任何不开心的事情。只是今后或许大家就难得再聚在一起了，没关系，各奔前程，大家珍重。但愿远赴他乡的姐妹们保重，不管怎样都要开开心心，祝你们事业顺利事业顺利。我们在一起的日子，我会记住一辈子的。

感谢我的爸爸妈妈，焉得谖草，言树之背，养育之恩，无以回报，你们永远健康快乐是我最大的心愿。

在论文即将完成之际，我的心情无法平静，从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成，有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助，在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意！

第三篇：国际商务合同中汉英词语翻译策略研究

国际商务合同中汉英词语翻译策略研究

[摘要] 本文认为国际商务合同是一种具有法律效力的文件，属于特殊文本，准确性和严谨性是其行文基本风格，本文从词语使用的角度诸如专业词、古体词、shall 的使用等探讨了国际商务合同中汉英翻译策略。

[关键词] 国际商务合同词语特点翻译策略

第四篇：汉英翻译

白菜

Chinese cabbage

密码

password 手机

mobile phone

救火

to fight a fire 早恋

puppy love

买一赠一

Buy one，get one free.青春痘

acne

长镜头

zoom lens 方便面

instant noodles

隐形眼镜

contact lens 绿豆

mung bean

卧室

bedroom 试穿

to try sth.on

食言

break a promise 番茄酱

ketchup

酸奶

yoghurt 戴绿帽子

to cuckold sb.黄色书籍

pornography book 高等学校

higher school

农民

farmer 宣传

popularize

物美价廉

economical and good 你红光满面

You look healthy and energetic.他是个气管炎

He is a hen-pecked man.假花

artificial flower

假唱

lip-synch 假钞

counterfeit money

假酒

adulterated wine 假新闻

pseudo-news

恶性循环

vicious circle 恶性肿瘤

malignant tumor

恶性通货膨胀

inflationary spiral

词组翻译

一窝蜜蜂

a swarm of bees

一窝小鸡

a brood of chickens 一窝幼犬

a litter of pups

一群美女

a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群猎狗 a pack of hounds 一群鸭

a team of ducks 一群羚羊

a herd of antelopes 积极支持

unfailing support 积极的财政政策

proactive fiscal policy 积极利用国外资源 make effective use of overseas resource 1.富华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。

You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture.2.他们讲索求，我们讲贡献。

They preach taking from others，whereas we advocate giving to others.3.她追求的是真理，而他追求的是荣华富贵。

What she seeks is truth，and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.4.在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。

Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.5.阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground，spat，and swore，“Hairy worm！”

6.他抓住了小偷的衣服。

He seized the pickpocket by the collar.7.他走进屋里，大衣上尽是雪，鼻子冻得通红。

He entered the room，his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.8.金杯牌充气床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式繁多，舒适大方，携带方便。

The “Golden Cup”Brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanced technology.With novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns,they are comfortable and convenient to carry.9.匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。Wherever they went,they massacred and raped,burned and looted,and stopped at nothing.10.他们意气风发。They are in high spirits.11.他们喜形于色。They beamed with joy.12.他们眼明手快。

He is of quick of eye and deft of hand.13.这篇文章浅显易懂。

This article is easy to read and understand.14.我对他敬而远之。I stood aloof from him.15.人群渐渐地安静了下来。The crowd came to silence.16.一座古塔阴森森地矗立在山腰上。

An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.17.但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。But the depth of a novel,or the excellence of its artistry and idea,does not depend on whether it has a grand theme.18.他的粗鲁行为使我很震惊。His rudeness shocked me.19.远近/长短/大小/高矮 distance/length/size/height

20.本公司生产的地毯美丽大方,光彩夺目，富丽堂皇。

The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.21.目标的轻重缓急，孰轻孰重应该仔细研究，认真考虑和反复推敲。Target priorities should be very carefully studied.22.那件令人不快的事件，已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case.23.他想远走高飞，免得心烦。He sought the distraction of distance.24.这只船容易颠覆，因为它造型不合理。

This boat is apt to overturnbecause it is unreasonably shaped.25.厨房又脏又乱。

The kitchen was in a mess.26.他不参加比赛，我感到很失望。

To my disappointment，he did not attend the competition.27.父亲不赞成地看着他。

Father looked at him in disapproval.28.他惊讶地望着我。

He looked at me in amazement.29.他起得很早，且一向如此。

He rose early，as he had always done.30.他与侵略者合作，出卖了自己的国家。

He collaborated with the invaders and betrayed his motherland.31.那个人醉心名利。

That chap is infatuated with fame and fortune.32.在加州发现黄金的消息轰动全国。

News of the discovery of gold in California excited the nation.33.政府支持这个项目。

The government is behind this project.34.1949年中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。1949 witnessed great changes in China.35.5月1日会议开幕了。

May day saw the opening of the meeting.36.我一时记不起他的名字。

His name escaped my memory for the moment.37.选择朋友，越谨慎越好。

One can never be too careful in the choice of one’s friends.38.今年的十月一号是个星期五。

The National Day of this year falls on a Friday.39.那里的工艺品品种齐全，价格公道，质量可靠。

The arts and crafts there are complete in range ,reasonable in price and reliable in quality.40.听到敲门声，我顿时睡意全消。

The knock on the door made me wide awake.41.生活的浮沉使他变得颓废。

The ups and downs of his life made him prop out.42.他又厚着脸皮要钱了吗？

Did he have the cheek to ask for more money？

43.听那个鬼故事时，我简直要吓死了。

I was scared to death when listening to that ghost story.44.他家里有好多张嘴要喂。

He has many mouths to feed in his family.45.这对年轻的夫妇并不相配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。

This young couple is not well matched，one is a Xi Shi--a famous Chinese beauty，while the other is a Zhang Fei--a well-known ill-tempered brute.46.我很瞧不起他，他是个马屁精。

I look down upon him，for he is such an apple polisher.47.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。

The isolation of the rural world，because of distance and lack of tansport facilities，is compounded by the paucity of the information media.48.当时，车辆横冲直撞，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.49.他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。He has a disgusting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.50.请允许我代表中国体操协会向参加这次邀请赛的朋友们表示热烈的欢迎。Please allow me，on behalf of the Chinese Gymnastics Association，to extend a warm welcome to all our friends who have come for the Tournament.51.全城披上节日盛装。

The whole city is in holiday array.52.小汽车盘旋着，穿过村庄，翻越峡谷，沿着一条因解冻而涨水的小溪行驶。The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley,following a thaw-swollen stream。

53.有些时装设计师为了赶时髦，舍弃了优雅别致的式样，而一味追求袒胸露体的奇装异服。

In line with the latest trends in fashion, a few designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.54.不过我们说到故事后头去了。But we are getting ahead of the story.55.请先走。/请走在前面。After you.56.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点声音也没有。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.57.我们可借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。

With the help of a special instrument we can observe the electric waves travelling along.58.国家不论大小贫富，都应一律平等。

All nations，large or small，rich or poor，should be equal.59.如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。

It would be appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon sent to us.60.他过马路时，左顾右盼，害怕撞到过路的车。

While crossing the street,he looked right and left ,for fear that he might run into some passing car.61.我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。

There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.62.来宾请出示入场券。

Visitors are requested to show their tickets.63.约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。

John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.64.人的思想形成语言，而语言有影响了人的思想。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.65.干得很顺手，上汽车没到三分钟，一个钱包就到手了，鼓鼓囊囊的，看来钱不少。

An easy work.Hardly three minutes on the bus ,and he had laid hands on a purse, bulgy, apparently full of money.66.父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐，她的男朋友是什么样的人，父亲一看就知道。After all,father has much more worldly experience than her.So he will be able to tell, at a glance,what kind of man her boyfriend is.67.但他性情与人不同，不求名利，不交朋友，终日只是忙于自己的本职工作。He is , however, eccentric.He does not seek fame and gain,and does not like to make friends.Every day he is only engaged in his own job.68.一定要言行一致，理论与实践密切结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少说空话，多做工作，扎扎实实，埋头苦干。

Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely intergrated.We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated.69.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！

When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out,it blows up everything with it.70.世界上一些国家发生问题，从根本上说，都是因为经济上不去，没有饭吃，没有衣穿，没有房住，工资增长被通货膨胀抵消，生活水平下降，大批人下岗和失业，长期过紧日子。

Basically, the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy.Consequently,the lack food, clothing and shelter, and their wage increases are offset by inflation.With a decline in living standards, widespread layoffs and unemployment, people have to suffer chronic hardships.71.40年来，武汉杂技在继承了传统杂技的基础上，大胆吸收其他姊妹艺术之长，运用多种艺术手段，将布景，灯光，道具，美术融为一体，使杂技表演成为综合性的表演艺术。

For 40 years，based on traditional acrobatic techniques，Wuhan acrobatics has absorbed bravely the strong points of other sister arts and mixed together scenery，lighting，costume and fine art by all kinds of artistic methods so that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance.72.他俩能在地里找口粗茶淡饭，完全是靠丈夫起早贪黑的耕作。

It was only by the busband’s incessant labor that they could draw a meager living from their land.73.听了这话，他笑了，双唇合成一条曲线，露出一副悔恨的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光，脉脉含情。这种感情她不敢认同。

He smileed at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with emotion she was afraid to identify.74.她身材矮小，容貌端庄，鼻子俏丽，头发光亮鉴人。

Although she was both short and slender，she had a dignified and elegant countenance，a fine nose and shinny hair.75.凭窗站了一会儿，微微地觉得凉意侵人。转过身来，忽然眼花缭乱，屋子里的别的东西，都隐在光云里。

Standing at the window for a while, I felt a big chill.As I turned round,my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly.Everything in the room was blurred by a haze of light.76.蜗阳苔干，名优特产，驰名中外，声震古今，翠绿，鲜嫩，清脆，可口，有“天然海蜇”之称；清乾隆年间奉献皇宫，故又名“贡菜”。

Taigan(a kind of dry stemmed vegetable)is a famous special local product of Woyang,Anhui Province.It is well-known all over the world.It can be regarded as “jellyfish on land”.It’s green, tender,crisp and pleasant to taste.It was once an article of tribute in the Qing Dynasty.

第五篇：商务合同翻译

1)为了便于甲方及时开展工作，乙方应于2009年12月31日前将第一批寄售货物运到甲方处。在2010年3月十五日左右，甲、乙双方应就剩下的寄售期限可能销量达成共识。

In order to facilitate Party A’s work of starting the consignment sales on time, Party B should ship the first lot of consignment goods to Party A before Dec.31, 2009.On or about March 15, 2010, Party A and Party B shall meet to mutually determine on acceptable sales level for the remainder of the consignment period.2)在寄售合同到期后的一个月内，甲方将按合同单价把已售出的货物以美元形式全额汇给乙方。如果有销售额总额超过15万美元的情况，甲方应在一月内将销售款以美元形式汇给乙方。

Within one month after expiration of the consignment period, Party A shall remit Party B the total sum in U.S Dollars based on the contracted unit price for those items which have been sold.If at any time the total value of goods sold exceeds the amount of U.S.Dollars 150000, Party A shall remit the total sum in U.S.Dollars to Party B within one month’s period of time.3)装配所需的主要零件、消耗品及部件由甲方运至广州。如有零部件短少或破损，甲方应负责补充替换。

甲方应于成品交运1个月前开出不可撤销的信用证以支付全部装配费和乙方在广州购买零件、消耗品和部件的费用。

The main parts, consumption articles and components required for assembling will be sent in time to Guangzhou by Party A and if there is any shortage of , or damage to these parts and components , Party A shall be responsible for supplying replacements.Party A shall pay Party B by opening an irrevocable L/C covering the full amount of assembling charges and costs of parts , consumption articles and components purchased in Guangzhou by Party B , one month before the shipment of the finished products concerned.4）一切与本合同有关的进出口手续，均由乙方办理。

乙方将所装配的晶体管收音机运交甲方指定的外国买主。有关运费和保险费由甲方负担。All import and export procedures in connection with this contract shall be taken care of by Party

B.All transistor radios assembled by Party B will be shipped to foreign buyers designated by Party A.The relevant freight and insurance premium shall be borne by Party A.5）晶体管收音机的商标由甲方供给，如有法律纠纷，甲方应负完全责任。

如因装配需要，由乙方在广州购买的零部件必须达到品质标准，并应事先经过甲方核准。The trade marks of transistor radios will be supplied by Party A and should there be any illegal involvement, Party A is to be held fully responsible.All parts and components purchased by Party B in Guangzhou, if necessary for assembling transistor radios, must measure up to the quality standards of, and be approved by Party A beforehand.6）本合同自受聘方到校之日起生效，到聘期届满时失效。如一方要求延长聘期，必须在合同期满前一个月用书面向对方提出，经双方协商同意后另签延聘合同。

This Contract comes into effect on the first day of the engaged party’s arrival at the AA University and ceases to be effective at its expiration.If either party wishes to renew the Contract, the other

party shall be notified in writing one month before it expires.Upon agreement by both parties through consultation, a new contract may be signed between two parties.7）公司为一有限责任公司及在中华人民共和国法律下的法人，公司的所有活动应遵守中华人民共和国颁布的法律、法令及条例，公司的所有合法权益及利益受中华人民共和国的法律管辖及保护。

The Company is a limited liability company and a legal person under the laws of the People’s Republic of China.All the activities of the Company shall comply with the laws, decrees and regulations promulgated by the People’s Republic of China.All the lawful rights and interests of the Company are subject to the jurisdiction and protection of the laws of the People’s Republic of China.8）合营的一方如不履行本合同或公司章程的义务，违约一方得赔偿另一方因此而遭受的经济损失。

在合营期限内，双方都无权单方面宣布撤销或终止本合同。

If either of the Parties fails to fulfil its obligations under this Contract , it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting therefrom.During the term of operation of the Company, neither Party has the right to announce unilaterally the cancellation or termination of this Contract.9）公司注册资本为9000万美元。由中方在签约后30天内提供土地使用权。外方在2001年3月1日以前提供办公楼、厂房、必须的设备、设备、机器、工具、仪器、工业产权、非专利技术、生产资金、流动资金等。

The registered capital of the Company is USD 90 million.The Chinese Corp provides the right to use land within 30 days after signing the Agreement.The Foreign Co.provides the office building, factory premises, necessary facilities, equipment, machines, tools, instruments, industrial property rights, non-patent technology, production funds, operating funds, etc.before March 1, 2001.10）如因不可抗力事件使公司无法继续营业时，本协议可通过双方协商予以提前终止。如果中方或外方想要把本协议规定的权利和义务进行全部或部分转让，另一方有优先购买权。转让必须得到审批机关的批准。

In case of Force majeure, which makes it impossible for the Company to continue its business, this Agreement may be terminated ahead of schedule through consultation between the two parties.If the Chinese or foreign party wishes to make an assignment of all or part of its rights and obligations prescribed in this Agreement, the other party shall have the preemptive right to purchase the same.The assignment must obtain the approval of the examination and approval authority.11)如果在保证期内发现运交的设备有缺陷，投资人必须按中方的要求，及时适当解决

In case defect of the delivered equipment is found within the warranty period.INVESTOR shall take appropriate action for settlement without delay ,upon SINO`s request

12)在上述情况下，该缺点经鉴定是由于中方操作经验不足，搬运不当或某一物品的消耗所致，则投资人应要求中方支付实际运输费用

In the above instance investor shall request SINO for payment of the actual costs of transportation ,when such defect is judged to be due to inexperienced operation by sino or due to inappropriate handling ,or due to an article of consumption

13)在投资人派遣工程师的任务完成以后，中方如有必要仍可要求投资人继续给以技术支持，但投资人应要求中方为这种增加的合作支付费用，合作的条款由双方将来讨论约定。

Sino shall be able to request for continued technical support from investor , if necessary, even after completion of the above despatchofinvestor`sengineers.however ,in this instance.investor shall be able to request sino for the cost of such additional technological cooperation.terms and conditions shall be subject to mutual discussion and agreement between sino and investor ,in future

14)乙方确认由其所生产的许可证产品必须严格按照甲方所提供的设计，图纸及规格生产，除依第C条第一款规定的修改内容以外，在任何情况下许可证产品均具备与 所生产的产品相同的质量与运动性能。如果乙方未严格依照甲方的设计，图纸及规格生产，则甲方对于乙方的许可证产品不承担任何担保责任。

15）GTT是中方和投资人之间的桥梁GTT应协助中方用展销会，研讨会，技术培训等办法在中国销售产品GTT应在产品品质合格时考虑把这些产品销往欧洲和非洲

1)GTT shall act as a bridge between SINO and INVESTOR

2)GTT shall assist SINO in marketing in china of products finished by SINO by means fo trade show ,seminar ,technical traning program ,ect

3)GTT shall consider marketing finished products to Europe and Africa when the quality turns out to be satisfactory

16）如果初次检验不合格应进行第二次检验，如果第二次检验仍不合格，则投资人赢在2个月内自费调换有关设备如果检验合格，双方应签署检验证明书一式二份，双方各执一份

1)In case initial test is unsatisfactory ,a second test shall be carried out.if the second test is again unsatisfactory ,INVESTOR shall replace the equipment involved atits own cost ,within two months after the second text

2)in case text results are satisfactory ,SINO and INVESTOR shall sign a text certificate in duplicate and each party shall keep one copy

17）本合同的订立，效力，解释，执行及由其引起争议的解决均适用中华人民共和国颁布的法律，法令，和条例规定

The making ,validity ,interpretation and implementation of this contract and the settlement of disputes arising thereform shall shall be governed by laws ,decrees and regulations promulgated by the people`s republic of china

18）受聘方的工作时间每周5天，每天7小时，受聘方按照中国，澳大利亚两国政府规定的节假日放假，寒假按本校校历规定。

The engaged party works five days a week and seven hours a day ,the engaged party have legal holidays as prescribed by both Chinese and Australian governmentthe winter vacation is fixed by the school calenderf

19）聘方每月支付给受聘方工资2000澳元，并按照澳大利亚政府对在澳工作的外籍教师的规定提供各种福利待遇

The engaginfg party pays the engaged party a monthly salary of 2000 australian dollars and provides him with various benefits as prescribed by Australian government for foreign teachers working in Australia

20）受聘方在入境，离境，或过境时，必须遵守澳大利亚政府有关外国人居住，工资福利以及旅行等的法律，规章，并遵守聘方的工作制度。

The engaged party shall abide by the laws and regulations of the Australian government concerning residence ,wages and benefits ,and travel for foreigners when entering ,leaving and passing through the territory of the country ,and shall follow the working system of the engaging party

21）双方均不得无故撤销合同如果聘方要求中途终止合同，除按上述条款承担工资福利待遇外，需给受聘方增发3个月的工资作为补偿金，并于1个月内安排受聘方及其家属回国并承担有关费用

若受聘方中途提出辞职，聘方自同意之日起即停发工资，受聘方不再享受各项福利待遇，受聘方及其家属回国的一切费用均由本人自理

Neither party shall cancel the contract without reasonable causes ,if the engaging party finds it

22）乙方在签约后15天内，为加工设备开出以甲方为受益人的银行承兑信用证，其金额不得少于2220万日元，见票180天付款。这份信用证，只有在乙方收到甲方为芦笋罐头对开的信用证后才能生效，甲方在收到这份信用证后，应及时装运加工设备，提供本协议第七条所需的单证和180天到期的汇票，以便取得他的银行承兑。

Party b shall within 15 days after signing this agreement establish in favour of party a an banker`s acceptance l/c in payment for the equipment ,for an account not less than J 22200000,available by draft at 180 days sight ,the l/c will be effective only after receipt by party b of a satisfactory reciprocal l/c opened by party a for payment of canned asparagns ,after receipt of the l/c ,party a shall effect shipment of the equipment of the equipment in time ,provide the required documents according to article 7 of this agreement together with the draft at 180 days sight ,and obtain its bank`s acceptance

23）乙方将向甲方提供上述货物在香港和日本市场的市级零售价以供甲方参考，乙方无权干涉甲方的销售价，销售场所，和销售办法，但有权提出积极地建议，甲方有责任向乙方提交销售报告（包括零售价）销售过程中出现的问题和为提高销售额而提出的建议，乙方应向甲方提供各种有利于销售（包括免费样品，试销货物，化妆品促销资料，技术交流和有贮存条件等）便利。

Party b will submit to party a the actual retail prices of aforesaid articles in hongkong and Japanese markets for party a`s reference.Party b has no right to interfere with a`s selling

price ,spot and method ,but it has the right to make positive proposals , partya is responsibleto submit party b regular reports on selling situation(covering retail price), problems arising in the course of selling and making proposals to improve sales ,party b should provide party a with various arrangements which are conductive to sales(including samples free of charge ,articles for trial sales ,data for promoting cosmetic sales ,technical exchange and conditions for storage etc.