工商管理专业英语

第一篇：工商管理专业英语

工商管理专业英语重点

一．名词解释：

1.whatisamanager?

答：Amanager is a person who plans,organizes,directs,and controls the allocation of human ,material,financial,and information resources in pursuit of the organization’s goals.2.What is the difference between middle managers and first-line managers?

答：The heavier emphasis onmanaging group performance and allocating resources represent the most important differences between first-line ang middle managers.3.How can you characterize top-managers’ work?

答：Top managers spend most of their day(over 75 percent)planning and leading.pressures and demands on top managers can be intense.4.What is the one of natural outcomes of outsourcing?

答：Modular corporations come into being.二．选词填空

1.Adrian was in charge of theallocation of available funds.2.Our firm is orientedtowards the export side of the business.3.The on-time delivery of goods is required in the contract.4.Thegraphic displays will be heloful to illustrate the increase of the output.5.Companies cannot survive fierce competition without innovativepersonnels.6.Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job.7.The CEO and other high-level executives are often referred to as top management.8.The tasks that managers do include planning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling the work of an organization.9.Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area,such as accounting,humanresources,sales,finance,marketing,or production.10.general managers areresponsiblefor the operations of a more complex unit,such as a company or a division.11.He carried out a number offraudson trusting people who lent him money..12.He would not havesucceeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur.13.They could not tell the commcnding officer from his subordinates.14.The two old rivals vie for the frist place.15.Some people cannot be trusted to work wihout supervision.16.Half of the medical supplies have already beenallocated to the victims of the earthquake.17.Can youdifferentiatethis kind of rose from the others?

18.The factory haslaid offworkers because of the drop in sales.19.They were blame for their failure to hold downexpenditure.20.The companyhas slashed the costs of the project in order to seize the last chance to survive.21.The company is trying todiversify its range of products so that they can get more market shares.22.Mr.Black realized that his company was in dire straits and it went beyond him to deal with the whole situation.23.Tom, my next door neighbor, isexemptform military service because of his poor health.24.With the economic environment improved , his company’s sale in that area is getting less susceptible to the crisis.25.Mr.White declared that he was notliable for his partner’s debts.26.The employees sued their manager for breach of contract.27.If we cannot keep on holding the edge in the services, we’ll lose our share in market.28.Nowadays, the manufacturing industry cannotmake do without services.29.To merge or not to merge—that’s the question.The board of the company hasdeferred the decision to do it.30.A country’sinfrastructureservices must develop with its economic growth because no advanced society can be without these services.31.三．翻译

英译汉：

1.Sometimes, though, a first-line manager is a recent college graduate who is responsible for the work of both hourly employees and professionals.Such a first-line manager is likely to have little hands-on experience.Lack of experience isn’t a problem if the new manager is willing to learn and has the competence to communicate with diverse types of people , to coach and counsel subordinates, and to provide constructive constructive feedback.答;然而有时一个第一线经理是新来的大学毕业生，负责管理计时雇员和专业人员的工作。这样的第一线经理可能很少有亲身的经验。缺少经验不一定是麻烦，但这要求新经理乐于学习，并且有能力和不同类型的人打交道，培训和指导下属，并提供建设性的反馈。

2.managers and acquisitions兼并与收购3.corporate restructuring公司重组4.downsizing缩编5.outsourcing decision外包决策6.modular corporation组件公司7.unit cost of production单位生产成本8.strategic alliance战略联盟9.overhead管理费用10.competitive advantage竞争优势11.network form of organization网络型组织（结构）

汉译英

1.社团community2.首席执行官chiefexecutiveofficer3.常务董事managingdirector4.流行价格

prevailing price5.监督员supervisor6.市场份额marketshare7.计算机程序员computer programmer8.管理能力managerialcompetency9.保险业务员insuranceagent10.资源配置allocationofresources11.新闻广播员newscaster12.任务小组taskforce13.销售合作人salesassociate14.收入，税收revenue15.管理，管理人员management16.工作框架work setting17.电话营销中心telemarketing center18.顾客投诉customer complaint19.业绩评价标准evaluation criteria for performance20.具体运作计划specific operational plans21.分派权力与责任delegate authority and responsibility22.协调进度与资源coordinate schedules and resources23.商务合作人business associate24.财务崩溃financial debacle25.刺激业务增长spur the growth of the business26.监督现场工作supervise on-site work27.生物芯片混合了计算机技术和生物科学，是通过新网络企业创造的最令人兴奋的产品中的一种。利用计算机能力的优越来处理大量的信息，生物芯片被开发用来扫描人的基因构成和分析与各种基因转换疾病相关的风险。Biochips, which blend company technology with biological science, are among the most exciting products being created through new network organizations.Taking advantage of a computer’s ability to process massive amounts of information, biochips are being developed to scan people’s genetic makeups and analyze risks associated with various genetically transmitted diseases.28.世界经济a global economy29.经济模式the economic model30.工业化经济an industrialized economy31.自给自足self-sufficient32.银行业a banking industry33.提高生活质量enhance the quality of life34.经济活动的核心the hub/heart of economic activity35.商务服务业business services36.销售服务业trade services37.基础实施服务业infrastructure services38.社会服务业social/personal services39.公共管理服务业public services 40.电子零售业electronic retailing41.商店结账终端point-of-sale terminal42。公司总部corporate headquarters43.财务收益、盈利financial rewards44.多种形式服务an assortment of services45.分销、销售渠道distribution channel46.建筑承包商building contractors47.运输成本transportation costs48.非商店零售non-store retail sales49.商品直销the direct sales of the merchandise50.纵向整合vertical integration51.目标销售catalog sales52.年销售额annual sales 53.零售贸易retail trades54.（备有）现货products available

55.Consumers are more and more knowledgeabledemanding better value and service.(消费者越来越会买东西)

56.Retailing is becoming a high-tech business.(正在变成一种高科技企业)

57.Computer programs analyze the data and then automatically transmit orders to the retailers.(分析数据并自动把定货指令传给零售商)

58.Retail managers must make complex decisions in selecting target markets, locating stores, determining what merchandise and service to offer.(选择目标市场，确定店址，决定提供何种商品和服务)

59.Dell computer views direct-mail retailing skills as the key to its success.(把直接邮购零售技术视为其成功的关键)

四、判断正误

1、A manageris a person who plans,organizes,directs,and controls the allocation of human ,material,financial,and information resources in pursuit of the manager’s individual goals.(F)

2.While achieving the organizational goals, managers must perform moretasks by themselves.(F)

3.Effective managers must pay attention to what goes on both inside and outside their organizations.(T)

4.The job of managers is to help the organizations achieve specific goals,but usually they donot create any goals.(F)

5.In a small orgain ,nization,there is usually only one level of management.As an organization grows, more levels of management are needed.(T)

6.Middle managers receive broad, general strategies and policies from top managers and translate them into specific goals and plans for first-line managers to implement.(T)

7.Top managers are responsible for directing and cooedinating the activities of first-line managers and middle managers.(F)

8.Middle managers spend more time on planning and organizing than first-line managers.(F)9，A wholesaler is the final business in a distribution channel that links manufactureers with consumers.(F)

10.Breaking bulk is to keep inventory so that products will be available when consumers want them.(F)

11,Vertical integration means that a firm preforms only one level of activity but organizing the other firms in the disyribution channel.(F)

12.Retailing is one of the nation’s largest induetries in terms of employment.(T)

13.relationship-oriented leaders are more effective when the situation is highly unfavourable.(F)

14.the set of formal tasks and formal reporting relationship provides a framework for horizon control of the organization.(F)

15.unity of command means that each employee is held accountable to not only one supervisor.(F)

16.staff authority means that people in management positions have formal authority to direct and control immediate subordinates.(F)

17.decentralization means that decision authority it located near the top of the organization.(F)

第六章

选词

1.As top manager of the company,if you do not assign line-managers’responsibility to the plan,you will reach no goal.2.Theinspector was interested in ereythingpertaining to quality appraisal.3.One of the most important points to make achievements in business is toenergize front-line workers.目标管理management by objectives 一次性计划a single-use plan常备计划a standing plan应变计划a contingency plan企业目标corporate goals计划时间范围planning time horizon业绩评估系统performance appraisal system应急预算emergency budget灵活性与适应性flexibility and adaptability安全认定系统system of safety recognition基层部门监督者line supervisor表彰信a letter of commendation

英译

development an action制定行动计划 develop safety training session开安全生产培训课/办····班 develop a line of thought 展开思路 develop front-line employees培养一线工人 develop an interest inmanagement对管理产生develop the national economy 发展国民经济develop the company’s business扩展公司业务develop one’s idea（详细）阐述观点develop a new device研制一个新装置develop the region in the west China开发建设中国西部地区

第七章

填词

The subordinates refused tocomplywith the manager’s demand because it’s not at all practical。

A good manager is person who can harness individual talents to a common end。

No one can make the business go smooth only by issuingorders。

An unbroken line of authority that links all individuals in the organization and specifies who reports to whom is named as chain of command。

Delegation is the process managers use to transfer authority and responsibility to positions below them in the hierarchy。

Tall structure is a kind of management structer characterized by an overall narrow span of management and a relatively large number of hierarchical levels。

Flat structer is a management structure characteriged by an overall broad span of control and relatively sew hierarchical levels。

Formalization is the written documentation used to direct and control employees。

英译汉

Deploy resources有效的使用资源hierarchical levels层级span of managers’ control经理的管理职权范围effective coordination有效的协调vertical control of the organization组织机构的纵向管理an automobile assembly line 汽车组装(流水)线 chain of command指令链delegate authority分权meet customers’ needs满足消费者的需求line department 业务部门staff department职能部门issue orders发布命令

第八章

填词

Subordinates should have some say in the management of the business。

The employees in Jack’s company have regular access to the boss to air their opinions。

Participatory democracy is something that subordinates enjoy in management decision-making。

英译汉

Position power 职位权利 legitimate power法理权利 reward power奖赏权利 coercive power惩罚权利 personal power个性化权利 expert power专业技能权利 referent power禀性相关权利 charismatic leadership个人魅力型领导 autocratic leader独断/专断型领导democratic leader民主型领导authoritarian management极权型管理centralizeauthority集权

第十四章

汉译英

1市场营销组合marketing mix 市场细分研究segmentationresearch 市场导向marketing orientation目标市

场target marketing描述功能descriptive function诊断功能diagnostic function预测功能predictive function生产导向活动production-oriented exercises前控管理proactive management后控管理reactive management市场信息反馈过程marketing intelligence feedback process市场营销系统marketing system

1.If they want their business to run well , managers should develop a long-run marketing strategy。（制定长期

市场营销策略）

2.Some organization haven’t conducted much marketing research，which causes them lose the market share。

（失去市场份额）

3.Heavy coupon users are most likely to redeem the coupons.（用赠券兑换产品）

4.The companies who increase their market share are those who are really understand and meet consumers’

need.(了解并满足消费者需求)

5.It makes much difference for a firm to improve the bottom line.(改善盈利状况)

填词

1.three years ago，the board of directors made that decision to computerize the whole company including all

the branches。And now this is paying dividend

2.the marketing research enables the firm to make their promotion more efficient and their consumers more

acquainted with the brands，retail outlets , etc.3.As CEO, Mr.Smith always ignores the side issues and addresses himself to the main problems in

management。

4.Mr.Carter always takes a pragmatic approach to problems.That’s the very reason why he was appointed to

the post of sales director.判断

1.Market research is the primary tool for exploring new opportunities in the marketplace.(T)

2.To describe the historic ales trend and consumers’ attitudes toward a product and its advertising is the

diagnostic function of marketing research.(F)

3.Few organization will prosper in today’s environment without a focus on quality，continual improvement，and customer satisfaction.(T)

4.Steady customers are hard to serve because they understand the modus operandi and make fewer demands

on employees’ time.(F)

5.Applied research hopes to provide further confirmation to an existing theory or to learn more about a

concept or phenomenon.（F）

第十五章

汉译英

人力资源管理human resource management竞争优势competitive advantage员工投诉系统employee grievance system达到企业目标meet the organization’s objective全权负责have sole responsibility for 业绩评估体系performance appraisal system招聘与筛选recruitment and selection灵活工作时间制flexible scheduling成本有效性cost effectiveness 成本领先战略cost leadership strategy 产品差别化product differentiation 岗位培训on-the-job training 纪律执行程序disciplinary procedures 激励计划incentive plan

填词

1.An HR professional plays a role in establishing NRM procedures,developing|choosing HRM methods,monitoring|evaluating HRM practices and advising|assisting managers on HRM-related matters.2.An organization must gain and maintain an edge over its competitor in order to succeed.3.Line manager might do something like interviewing job applicants,recommending salary increases and

settling grievance issues.4.Product differentiation occurs when a firm produces a product or service is preferred by buyers.

第二篇：山东财经大学工商管理专业英语

英语专业术语

1.process management ：is and appropriately capital of utilizing human the to achieve resources the firm”s goals and objectives.2.marketing to see that the right product is ：isresponsibleavailable customers, to time ,in the right place ,and at at the the right right the right price.3.Financeacquiring：is the processof planning business the ,controlling use of ,and accomplish ”funds the in goals order and to a objectives effectively and efficiently.of the business 4.Strategy managem：refers to top develop ent”s competitive advantage so that and plans sustain to the fulfilled.organization”s mission is 5.Strategic is includes a broader managementterm that：analysis of the environment in top management”s which operates prior to formulating a the organization strategy for control of the strategy.implementation ,as well as the plan and 6.Commoditization ：refers to firms have distinguishing their the increasing difficulty products those of their rivals.and services from 7.Mass refers to customizationthe ability：to individualize service product specific buyer needs.offerings to meet and 8.Economies of scale decline product or service that occurs in unit costs ：of the a as production increases.the absolute volume of 9.The production era characterized ：was use organizational techniques that of machines by increased and new vastly of goods that could be made.increased the amount 10The characterized sale era ：was customers by ,in part were by a because reluctant belief that so many to companies for their attention.were competing 11.the view the marketing activity of individual than selling era ：saw that as a large of sales the representative

“overcoming of buyers.”the objections 12.era the company ：marketing in the company era marketing ,overall business developed strategy is participation by the marketing with extensive departmeng marketing and the use of the company research decide to how help to better serve customers.简答题：

1.what functions of business? are the five key 1)management;2)Marketing;3)Accounting 4)Finance;

5)Information systems 2.function?

what is marketing’s Marketing is responsible to see available that the customer,at to right the product right is the right place,and at the right the right time,in price.3.what are the theoretical frameworks management?

of strategic 1)industrial organization 2)Resource-based 3)Contingency theory

4.what resources can be used competitive advantage? for sustained If resources are to be used for sustained advantage-----to enjoy strategic a firm‟s competitive benefits ability over time---those an extended period of be resources must to valuable,rare,not subject without perfect imitation,and substitutes.valuable

strategically relevant resources contribute are those that firm‟s efficiency.rare effectiveness significantly to the possessed competitors,and by resources and only are imperfectly a few imitable fully duplicated by rivals.resources cannot be 5.what the is the influence management? internet on strategic of 1)movement toward information symmetry

2)Internet channel as distribution 3)Speed

4)Interactivity

5)Potential for cost reductions and cost shifting.6.what that changed the context of are two key trends strategic management? 1)commoditization the increasing difficulty refers firms to have products distinguishing their those of their rivals.and services from 2)Mass to product the ability customization,refers and service to individualize offerings to meet specific buyer needs.7.what marketing are the five eras Perreault and McCarthy? identified by of 1)the simple trade era 2)The production era 3)The sales era

4)The era

marketing department 5)The era

marketing company 8.what are the”4Ps”in marketing activities? 1)Product 2)Place 3)Price

4)Promotion

9.when is personal selling of great importance?

In product general,if complex,the is high,the the cost of a poor uses choice risk and benefits is of product is great,or making of the a the product understand,then ate difficult selling personal to most activities may be the promotion important part of the by the seller.effort coordinated 10.what are the two kinds of sales promotions?

1)trade promotions promotions manufacturers used are sales by incentives to firms to provide in the channel increase of distribution firms toward retail outlets.in the moving activity the of to product those 2)Consumer sales promotions promotions targeting are end-user of the product.翻译句子：第一单元：

1.There are primarily two that bear 与我们的讨论有关的定义主要upon our discussion.有两个。

2.Business is a process.商管理是一个过程。

工3.Business are also systems.企业也是系统。

4.We hedge on issue because possess an individual could materials,production

the raw capabilities,and end provide the and product therefore for personal exist as use a business of one.我们之所以避开这个话题，是因为个人也可以拥有原材料、生产能力、并提供最终产品供个人使用，因此也可以作为一个企业存在。5.Each established relationship processes by one is labor,departmentalization,and :divasion or more of delegation.每一种关系得建立都需要通过一个或更多的过程来实现：如劳动力的分配、结构良好的组织将清晰地定义部门化和授权。职能、信息流渠道和控制手段。6.In this rple they provide the inducement of success for the company.这种角色定位使他们成为敦促公司成功的重要因素。

7.All ensure activities are done to needs and want are satisified that the customer‟s adequately.所有的市场活动都要确保客户的需求得到充分地满足。8.Without information,the success of the accurate business is by random chance.业的成功是偶然的。没有准确的信息，企第三单元：

1.An organization‟s appreciation all of its members relate their strategy of helps the work closely assignments more organization to the direction of that manner.direction and in a influence positive 对组织战略的理解有利于全体成员把他们的工作任务同组织方向更紧密地结合起来，并以积极主动的方式去影响组织方向。

2.Reassess organization‟s mission andd the its previous two steps.goals in light of the 根据前两个步骤重新评估一下组织的使命和目标。

3.Even theseactivities though can each be linked of to strategic a distinct stage process,in management in the uncommon practice,it is not to occur simultaneously.for each of them 即使每个活动都与战略管理过程中的一个特定阶段相联系，实际上，它们同时发生也是常有的事。

4.The intended gap strategies can be attributed to and between realized the unforeseen organizational environmental or information available that events,better was not was improvement formulated when the strategy in ,or top an managenment assessits environmrnt.„s ability to 造成预定的战略与已实现的战略之间的差距的可能有不可预见的环境或组织事件，制定战略时无法得到更好的信息，或者是在评估环境时高层管理部门的能力有所改善。5.Today,strategic

management field,drawing upon a variety of is an eclectic theoretical frameworks.现在，战略管理是一个选修领域，吸收了各种各样的理论框架。6.Theories development and retention of aside,the competitive central advantage is management process.to the strategic 撇开理论，企业如何发展并保

持其竞争优势是战略管理过程的核心任务。

7.Strategic future-oriented decisions are ramifications ,and necessitate with longterm long term commitment.战略决策要着眼于未来，有长期的分支，需要长期的付出。8.While manke it is decisiins,most “winoften-win possible to involve ”steategic some degree alternatives,at of trade-offs between short run.least in the 尽管做出很有可能的，但是大部分的决“双赢”的战略决策是策包含某种程度的折衷，至少在短期内是这样的。

9.In decisions fact ,most steams result form stratehic the inputs,decisions,and of many pople.actions of 事实上，绝大多数的战略决策是来源于多种信息流、决策和许多人的行动。

10Following Internet information provides this example,the to a wealth educate of consumers in this regard.据此，互联网从这个角度出发提供了丰富的信息去指导顾客。第五单元：

1.The middlemen during this era operations.might have far-flung 中间人的活动范围都比较大。此外，这个时期的 2.As in the industrial revolution to Europe thdevelop and at the the end US began of the 19eracentuey,the simple trade production era.gave way to the 当兴起的时候，美国开始发展起19世纪末，工业革命在欧洲来，这时产品时期也取代了简单的贸易时期。

3.The era saw the view of selling as marketing department a the larger activity repre-sentative

individual than that sales of “overcoming of buyers.”the objections 市场营销部门时代认为销售是一个更全面的活动，而非个体销售代表征服客户的活动。4.While it may be true that businessin the way in the first four eras of the US have led business ease companies that activity,it all or is not the among the first in America even most to enter are the marketing company era..尽管美国工商企业在工商活动的前四个时代也许真正处于领先地位，但是并非美国所有的或甚至大多数公司都是首批进入市场营销公司时代。

5.It more is in the context of how businesses operate in an complicated view this of increasingly global competitive and can now environment,that offer a definition we of marketing.正是在人们对企业如何在竞争日益激烈的全球环境中运作的观点更加复杂的背景下，我们现在可以定义市场营销。

6.A product is the good or service company created sale that is offered by the organizations at a profit to for customers.产品就是由公司制造，并且以

or individual other 赢利为目的，销售给组织或个体客户的商品和服务。

7.Beyond choosing is a the location decision however of coordinating the necessity activities of to service location.buyers at a particular 然而，除了选择一个合适的地

点，协调某一特定地点给顾客提供相应的服务也是必要的。8.Sales promotions are believed timing of a trial or purchase of to influence the a product.人们认为营业推广可以影响消费者试用或购买产品的时间进程。

9.Marketing has as a profession selling evolved activity to a highly form complex simple underlying needsand wants of of discovering the potential buyers and coordinating efforts communication buyers.by the seller to those 作为一种职业，市场营销已经从个人销售阶段发展到更复杂的行为阶段，它不但可以发现潜在购买者的深层次需求，并且可以使卖方在与买方沟通的过程中不断调整战略（翻译技巧）5*21、.Owing we cannot to heavy fresh business with at present.Please players later.us for the place your order EVD 由于订单过多，我方目前不能EVD播放2United States.3.她获准赴美 councilor.、Hehas 他当选议员been electeda.4greatest、She is regarded as one of the 她可说是全世界最伟大的摔跤wrestlers in the world.选手之一

5、This place is called „Heaven‟.这个地方有“天堂”之称

6、As a result, goods circulate Though people may act themselves, guides “them ” 去发家致富，但“看不见的手”harder than the self-reliant Japan.as poor Some countries, relatively such insulated.India, have been partly

8flocking、Overseas businessmen are country into that developing for further business 铝是一种轻型金属。is a light

metal.10请开灯。、Please（lightturn 是名词）on the

light.11the、The trade volume varies as 争的持续而波动。war goes on.外贸额随战12are still smaller.、Small as atoms are, electrons 电子更小（as引导让步状语从 原子虽小，但句）

13that、The 那位数学家得出的解式是正确mathematician solution arrived is correct.at by 的。

14、The solution arrived at by that manager is 位经理得出的结论是正确的。correct.那 15makes their products more fresh、The treatment solution and 他们的产品色泽鲜艳，经久耐durable.处理液剂使得用

16the、The digital camera is one of developments in recent years.most sensational 数码相机是近年来最为轰动社 会的成就之一

17being built.、A heavy steel rolling mill is 一座大型轧钢厂正在建设之中。（heavy引申译为“大型的”，属于形容词意义的引申）

18、The major problem in manufacture contamination is the control of materials.and foreign 生产制造过程中的一个主要问题是控制污染和杂质。（foreign materials引申译为“杂质”）19attention、In their work they pay much theory to the combination of 作中十分注意理论联系实际。with practice.他们在工 20needs、The operation of a machine some knowledge of its performance.得机器的性能。操作机

器需要懂21international、To sum up experience in the countries trade with other great importance.conscientiously is of 认真总结与他国在国际贸易中的经验十分必要。

22is、是我们获取热能的一种方法。burning One of our ways to get heat fuels.燃烧燃料

23、They are quite content with the and statistical data on exports 满足于去年的进出口数据imports of last year.他们24of、very clean by ultrasonic waves.that The irregularly shaped parts machine can be washed 用超声波可以把这台机器中的形状不规则部件洗的十分干净。

25cooperation、The countries is over due to the war.between 20-year the long two 两国之间20年之久的合作关系因战争而结束。

26that、Vworld and people should be and the alues differ from beliefs in former stress how the the latter emphasize how the world and people in it operate.价值观和信仰的区别在于，前者强调世界和人类（的未来）应该如何，而后者则强调世界及其之中的人们（当今）是如何运作的。

27supply、At a positively of constant commodity price, the is profits.proportional to its 价格不变，商品的供给量与其所获得利润成正比例。

28operation、Heis a stranger to the computer.of the electronic 操作十分陌生 他对电子计算机的29study of the idea that money is a、We have made a careful social 收入是社会尺度的观点。ruler.我们仔细研究了

30about the sales promotion of our、The description they make products competition..is usually the 他们为促销我们产品所做的描述，通常是为了竞争。31written translation requires some、The improvement of English ABC knowledge.改善英语笔译能力需要了解一

些基础知识。32construction.、Some power plants are under 63在兴建之中。

几座发电厂正mechanism、The advantage 33use of in the reform.has been of made market 充分利用了市场机制的优势。改革已经fullcountry、It three took decades that developing to catch 64、In case of shortage of iron up developed country.with the middle level of a and 赶超发达国家的平均水平用去would steel, various 了这个发展中国家30年的时difficulties undergo industries extreme 间

development..in their 如果缺少钢铁，各类工业的发

34、It is well known that culture 展就会遇到巨大困难。

acts differently in various setting.众所周知，在不同的背景中文65化的作用不尽相同。

our、A lot of natural resources in 35exploited.country have 资源尚未得到开发。我国有许多自然not been

weighs、The horsepower.about average 柴油机每匹马力15 diesel pounds engine per 66shouting、People and pushing, screaming pulling, are 的平均载重量是15磅。

36walking down the street.人们推推搡搡、高喊尖叫，向

at、街道另一头走去。速的时候经济性更好。a The car is more economical constant speed.汽车在均

state、It the is of ideas great importance in the essay to

accurately.述十分重要论文观点的准确叙

38showed the 30-year or so reform、The economic indexes has been a success.经济指数显示30

余年的改革是至今是成功的39trade volume of China、A continuous increase in the has from led to a continuous ’s exports countries some of the major demand increase developed in the value of China中国出口贸易额度的持续增’s currency.加，已导致了一些主要发达国家不断要求中国货币升值。40continuous、Below expansion 4oC, water instead is in of continuous contraction.水在4度以下，是在不断地膨胀，而非不断地收缩。

41note、It is our great pleasure to developing vigorously.that our space industry is 我们很高兴的看到我国航天工业正在蓬勃发展。

42is、sellers characterized The economic environment 境的特点是买方、卖方和竞争and competitors.by 经济环buyers, 者。

43caused、The failure of the firm was 家公司因管理不善而破产。by poor management.这44and nourishing.、The beverage 这种饮料既提神is refreshing 又有营养。

45far、That developed country is own more reunification internal preoccupied problems with its challenging America than it of for is global with leadership.那一发达国家全神贯注于其内部统一问题而无暇顾及如何向美国的挑战，以争夺全球领导地位。

46、Be careful, the building must have a solid foundation.筑物的基础要坚实。

注意，建47customs、Ethnic groups differ in their 风俗习惯不尽相同and habits.各民族的48、Of all the metals the best conductor copper.are silver, gold and 好的导体。银、金、铜是金属中最

49have、The renovation of this lathe the increase.been made 这台机床经过了革production on 新，使得生产不断增加。

50with、Something has gone wrong of the data-processing system 息处理系统出了毛病。this computer.这台电脑的信

51、The importance of values in economical given due attention.activities must be 必须适当关注价值观念在经济活动中的重要性。

52widely、These in their approaches efficiency differ after practical 证明，这些方法的效率大不相operation.实地操作后同。

53energy wasted owing to friction.、There is a large amount of 由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。

542008 Olympic Games covers an、The stadium built for the area of 10,000 square meters.这座为2008年奥运会修建的体育馆的面积为10000平方米。

55high、These tourist 质量很高。in quality.products are

这些旅游产品的56safety、Some improvements on this device have been made, and results.this has produced better 这种安全装置已经有了改进，因而产生了更好的效果。

57earth、About ’s surface is covered with three fourths of the water.的地方是被水覆盖。地球表面大约有

3/458living standards made them able、The increase in people’s to considered buy many as things luxuries that in were the past.人们的生活水平提高了，人们买得起许多过去被人们认为是奢侈品的东西 59cooking、Two widely used methods of are steaming and stewing.泛使用的烹饪方法。蒸和炖是两种广

60produced by Americans in 1954.、The world’s first robot was 美国人在1954年生产出了世 界上第一个机器人。

61products、High-quality turned out in our country.of various electronic types 生产各种类型的高质量电子产 我国are 品。

62、There are 56 ethnic groups and 1.3 中国有56billion 个民族和people 13in 亿人口。China.

第三篇：专业英语

我国经济和科学技术正在高速发展，随着我国机械行业实力的不断提升，中国正在加速产品与设备的更新与改造，我国与其他国家在各技术领域也正在实现进一步的合作，许多企业引进了很多进口设备，大量资料是英文原版的。因此，学生将来在工作岗位上能否读懂这些资料就是摆在面前的一个严峻的问题，特别是在生产实际中碰到现场实际问题的时候，很可能需要查阅原版英文资料或与相关专家用英语交流专业技术来谋取解决途径，所以机械工程专业英语的掌握就变得越来越重要。

一、学习机械专业英语面临的主要问题

1.缺乏足够的重视，认为没必要

许多学生对专业英语重视不够，认为自己以后在工作岗位上一般用不上，学起来又不容易，不想花功夫去学习和加强专业英语方面的能力，即便有专业英语课程也是抱着及格万岁的思想，敷衍了事。其实，随着社会的发展，各种工作岗位对人才的要求越来越高，即使作为一名操作工，也有很大可能要面对纯英文的说明书、加工图纸等专业文献，更无须说将来担任管理和领导岗位对专业英语的需求了。

2专业基础知识不扎实

专业基础不扎实、专业知识的缺乏是专业英语学习和翻译的一大障碍。只有既懂外语又懂专业的人才能适应全面的对外开放，4.无法适应专业英语本身的特点

专业英语一般内容较为枯燥，阐述的是原理概念，结构严谨，不注重文字修饰，重在客观事实；专业词汇多，逻辑性强，理论推导多，有独特的文体形式和表达方式。在学习开始阶段，我感觉很难适应。

二、大学生学好机械专业英语的方法

1.把握专业知识

必须将机械专业知识与英语知识相结合。缺乏专业知识，翻译专业文献就没有了根基，成了无本之末。也许自己在学习过程中就会对翻译出来的东西拿捏不稳，或者自己都不明白，更不能保证对错了。所以，学生必须加强开设本课程前的相关专业知识的学习，为本课程的学习扫清这方面的阻碍，减轻负担。也有学生反映，专业英语学完以后，英语和专业两方面都有所巩固和加强，所以学生要做的仍旧是树立信心，保持良好积极的心态。

2.积累专业词汇和专业术语

在专业英语的学习过程中，学生既要巩固基础词汇，也要学习专业词汇，更要注重基础词汇的习惯用法、含义和在专业英语中的特殊用法、含义，同时，学生还需要在识记专业词汇的同时，掌握一定量的词根、词缀［7］。提高专业英语资料的阅读能力必须扩大词汇量，掌握一定量的专业词汇。如果词汇量掌握得不够，阅读时就会感到生词多，障碍大，不但影响阅读的速度，而且影响理解的程度，从而不能进行有效的阅读，还容易使人产生挫败感。而学生要想扩大词汇量，就必须在阅读的同时进行识记，并扩大阅读范围。

3培养浓厚兴趣

培养对英语的兴趣至关重要。“兴趣是最好的老师”，兴趣是学习英语的巨大动力，有了兴趣，学习就会事半功倍。我们都有这样的经验：喜欢的事，就容易坚持下去；不喜欢的事，是很难坚持下去的。而兴趣不是与生俱来的，需要培养。必须要用正确的态度对待英语学习，用科学的方法指导学习。多让自己去尝试，通过努力让自己体会成功的愉悦。

三、结语

用英语进行专业交流是学习机械工程专业英语的最终目的。由于翻译过程是个创造性的、从生疏到熟练的过程，只有具备刻苦的精神、严肃认真的学习态度和一定的英语水平、专业水平和汉语表达水平，才能充分理解原专业文献的含义，把握原文的想要表述的实质内容，运用种种表达手段和翻译技巧，用准确流畅的符合汉语言习惯的语言生动地再现原文。所以，为把自己培养成为复合型、有发展后劲的高技能人才，大学生必须把握机械工程专业知识，培养专业英语的学习兴趣，积累专业英语学习方法和基础知识，加强英文原始专业文献的阅读，扩大知识面，迅速而切实地提高自己的专业英语的应用能力，为将来更好地适应高素质工作岗位和进一步发展的需要打下良好的基础。

第四篇：专业英语

土木工程翻译实例----现场质量控制样件概述 On-site Quality Control Samples

The Specialist contractor shall erect the first area of each type of the Works and offer these to the Project Manager as on-site quality control samples.The standard of workmanship for the Works shall be to an agreed standard established by the construction of the On-site Quality Control Samples.The Project Manager shall review and comment on the On-site Quality Control Samples.Should the specialist contractor wish to continue with installation of any of the Works before the Project Manager has reviewed and commented on the On-site Quality Control Samples, he shall do so at his own risk.The Project Manager may require parts of the sample to be dismantled to allow inspection of concealed details.Upon acceptance, the on-site control samples shall remain as part of the installed permanent Works.The Project Manager shall reject workmanship that falls below the accepted standard and shall require the specialist contractor to remove it and re-install it to the acceptable standard.现场质量控制样件

专业分包商应首先安装每种类型工程的第一个区域并将它作为现场质量控制样件提供给项目经理。把已通过审批的现场质量控制样件的施工标准作为工程的工艺标准。项目经理应对现场质量控制样件进行审查和评论。如果分包商想在以上步骤完成之前继续进行任何工程的安装，一切风险将由其自行承担。项目经理可以要求部分地拆除样件以检查隐蔽工程的详细节点。工程验收之后，现场质量控制样件仍然应作为永久工程的一部分。项目经理可以拒绝没有达到验收标准的工艺并要求专业承包商将其去除同时按照验收标准重新安装。

我的土木工程翻译----材料来源及其证书(摘于合同文件)

Compliance with Standards

Unless otherwise described, all materials shall conform to the appropriate current European or British Standard Specifications.The Specialist contractor shall provide the Project

Manager, on request, with guarantees, or certificates of conformity, from the prime material manufacturers and suppliers proving that the materials to be used do in fact conform to such specifications.These guarantees or certificates shall also confirm that the materials are suitable and appropriate for their intended use within the Works and will satisfy this Contract Document.遵从规范

除非有特别的说明，所有的材料均应符合相应的现行欧洲或英国规范。专业承包商应该按照要求把从原材料厂家和供应商那里获得的保证书或认证书递交项目经理用以证明即将使用的材料着实符合这类规范。这些保证书或认证书也应该确认这些材料在工程中的用途适当且合理，同时符合合同文件。

Sources of Materials

In accordance with the schedule of submissions, the Specialist contractor shall provide for the Project Manager’s review a list of the proposed materials and their sources.He shall also provide documents from the sources as evidence of their ability to carry out the tasks

expected of them, and written confirmation that the materials they are supplying are suitable and appropriate for their intended use and will satisfy this Contract Document.The Specialist contractor shall obtain the total quantity of each material from the same manufacturer.The Specialist contractor shall obtain materials from established and reputable

manufacturers, particularly those who are prepared to assist him with the design process, through to the fabrication and final installation on site.材料的来源 根据递交计划表，专业承包商应把含有提议使用材料的名称及其来源信息的列表递交项目经理审阅。专业承包商还应提供从材料供应商那里获得的相关文件以证明他们有能力完成其任务,以及书面确认用以证明这些材料在工程中的用途适当且合理，同时符合合同文件。

专业承包商应获得每种材料从同一个生产商购买的总数量。

专业承包商使用的材料应向知名的生产商购买。特别是他们完全能够从设计、装配到现场安装整个过程中给与承包商支持。

土木工程翻译----白令海峡大桥的简介摘录

第一次知道白令海峡大桥是在上大学的时候桥梁课老师梁力给我们播放了《Discovery》中一集专门介绍它的视频，我被它的壮观，雄伟所震撼，今天突然想到了这座“坚强”撼世之桥，特意把它的资料找了出来，并把其中一小段翻译出来和大家一起分享。

Bering Strait bridge

白令海峡大桥的简介摘录

Technical challenges技术挑战

The route would lie just south of the Arctic Circle, subject to long, dark winters and extreme weather(average winter lows 20°C with possible lows approaching 50°C).Maintenance of any exposed roadway would be difficult and closures frequent.Even maintenance of enclosed roadways and pipelines could also be affected by winter weather.Ice breakup after each winter is violent and would destroy normal bridge piers.Specially shaped massive piers along the ocean floor would be needed to keep the bridge stable.The Confederation Bridge between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick addresses similar concerns on a much smaller scale.桥的路线正好位于北极圈的南端,它受到了漫长黑暗的冬季和极限天气的影响(冬天的平均温度低至20°C而且最低的温度甚至可能达到50°C)。任何暴露在外的路面部分的维护工作都是很困难进行的，所以不得不频繁地将其关闭。即使是关闭的路面和管线的维护也将受到冬季气候的影响。在冬天过后冰的消融也会是危险强烈的并且会对普通的桥墩造成毁灭性的破坏。这就需要沿着海床布置具有特殊形状的大桥墩以保证桥的稳定性。位于爱德华王子岛和新布朗斯威克之间的联邦大桥就面临着类似的问题，只不过它受影响的范围要小得多。

The United States and Canada use the British and now world standard gauge(4 feet, 8.5 inches wide)rails, while Russia uses Russian broad gauge(5 feet wide)tracks, a

break-of-gauge, and this would have to be addressed.A dual-gauge track network has been proposed, as those are used in some areas of Australia, whose rail network is split into different gauges.A cheaper solution is variable gauge axles or bogie exchange, as used at several places in the world already.美国和加拿大的铁路采用英国的也是现在的世界标准轨距（4英尺，8.5英寸宽），而俄罗斯的铁路采用俄罗斯宽轨距（5英尺宽），需要说明的是这样就形成了具有不同轨距的铁路。一个具有双轨距的铁路网方案被提了出来，这种方案正在澳大利亚某些地区使用，他们的铁路网就为存在不同的轨距。一个造价更低的解决方案就是使用变轨距车轮或转向车，这种方案已经在世界多个地方使用了。

土木工程翻译---施工安全

1、水平安全绳之设置，应依下列规定办理：

a、采用￠8.3钢丝绳，两端各用三个U型卡扣紧固在建筑物或构筑物牢固位置。

b、相邻两支柱间的安全绳限系挂一条安全带。

c、每条安全绳可系挂安全带之条数标示于绳锚锭端。

2、垂直安全绳之设置，应依下列规定办理： a、安全绳之下端应有防止安全带锁扣自尾端脱落之设施。

b、一条安全绳限供一名工人使用。

c、劳工作业或爬升位置之水平间距在一米以下者，得二人共享一条安全绳。

d、所有垂直安全绳应垂伸至地面/已完成楼板。

e、完成检验的安全带或安全绳皆应贴上下表所示的当月合格颜色标签，以利大家轻易分辨已完成检验的合格安全带。

f、在吊篮内施工，安全带必须系挂在安全绳自锁器上，不得系挂在除安全绳以外的任何地方。

g、施工人员应配备工具箱，将所用小附件装箱存放，小工具必须拴绳使用，防止高空坠落伤及人、物。临边物

料的摆放不得随意放置，要距离楼板边缘至少1米以上的安全位置，防止风吹或人碰落楼下，伤及人、物。h、摆放如玻璃、箱体等大件物体时，必须有安全保护措施，如大尺寸规格的玻璃（2.4平方米以上的）要求对

称摆放在玻璃架子两侧，并用绳子捆绑牢固，成箱的玻璃尽量集中存放，玻璃箱倾斜垫牢，并用木板将各木箱相连接，以免倒塌。

i、现场设置急救箱，在高温季节给工人发放防暑降温物品。

我的译文：

1.The setup of horizontal safety rope should comply with the followingprovisions:

a.￠8.3 wire rope should be applied.Three U-shaped claspsshould be used one both

ends to tighten onto the stable places on the buildingor structure.b.Only one safety belt could be tied on the safety rope between two adjacentstrut rods.c.The number of safety belt allowed to be tied should be marked on the head ofthe

rope’s anchor.2.The setup of vertical safety rope should comply with the following provisions:

a.At lower end of the safety rope, there should be facilities to prevent the fastener of safety

belt from falling off from the caudal end.b.One safetyrope should only be used by on worker.c.When horizontal distance between the operation or climbing position of workers iswithin one meter, one safety rope should be shared by two workers.d.All the vertical safety rope should draw down to ground/completed floor.e.The followingstick in colors should be stuck onto safety belts or safety ropes after test todisplay test passing of current month.In this way, qualified safety belt aftertest would be easy to recognize.f.During operation in basket, safety belt must be tied onto the self-lock of the safetyrope;tying onto any places besides safety rope is prohibited.g.Builder should be equipped with tool box.Small accessories should be kept in the boxand fastened to rope when in use to prevent from being dropped from height andhitting people or objects.Material and supplies at the edge of construction area should not be placed at will;more than one meter’s distance from the edgeof the floor is considered safe location for placing;in this way, droppingcaused by wind or man and hitting people or objects could be avoided.h.when big objects such as glass or boxes are placed, safety protection measures must becarried out.For example, glass of big dimensions(above 2.4 square meters)should be placed onto the two sides of the glass shelf with symmetry, and boundand fastened with rope.Glass in boxes should be placed together at one placeas much as possible.Boxes of Glass should be well padded to prevent fromslant.Wood-blocks should be used to joint all boxes to prevent from collapse.i.First-aidbox should be placed at construction site.Workers should be given heat controlarticles in high temperature season.

第五篇：专业英语

http://zaixianfanyi.com/google.php#hj

194页：了解什么归入类别嵌入计算，它足以说明什么不是嵌入式设备的要求。嵌入的设备的寿命非常不同于通用机器的3 年的逐渐过时循环。有些设备是几乎一次性的：平均日本celluar电话在少于一年被替换。在oppsite极端，基础建设的设备例如电话交换机在30年的日程表贬值。这些寿命差异产生具体的影响，可升级性和向后兼容性。少量嵌入设备有升级要求。例如，积极汽车热衷者更改自己的车里的芯片，但是这些通常是只读光盘，不是处理器。大多数消费者项将被替换，不会升级。

Backward compatibility is seldom an embedded requirement,as software does not migrate from one device to another.An interesting exception is game consoles:to maintain compatibility,later console chips must be capable of being exactly as fast as the early versions despite changes in underlying process technology.In consoles,backward compatible is often implemented by putting a complete copy of the previous-generation console in one small corner of the next-generation die.Bacause many embedded designs need not be backward compatible with previous implementations,designers are free to switch designs with each product generation.Consequently,there is less emphasis on the distinction between architecture and implementation.If a new version of a chip is slightly incompatible but much better than its predecessors,designers may still be willing to use it.因为软件并不从一个设备迁移到另一个，向后兼容性很少是嵌入式的要求，一个有趣的例外是游戏控制台：要维护兼容性，尽管最新控制台芯片在基础工艺技术上有所改变，但是它一定是可胜任的是象早版本一样快速地确切。往往通过将上一代控制台的完整副本放在一个小角落里的下一代模向后兼容。因为许多嵌入式的设计需要，不能与以前实现向后的兼容，设计师可以自由切换的每一代产品的设计。因此，有少强调体系结构与实施之间的区别。如果稍有不兼容，但比其前任的芯片的新版本，设计师仍可能愿意使用它。