外企面试敲门砖

第一篇：外企面试敲门砖

外企面试敲门砖：“宝洁经典八大问”及参考答案（中英）--------by 徐优 来源： 江财HiAll的日志

以下这些题目选自宝洁八大题，但是它们实际上具有非常普遍的代表性，基本包含了外企公司所要考核的全部内容。如果读者感兴趣的是一家比较著名的外企公司，或者是一家相当不错的国内公司，请务必仔细准备下面这八大题目。1.Describe an instance where you set your sights on a high/demanding goal and saw it through completion.描述一个例子，证明你给自己确立了一个很高的目标，然后完成了这个目标。

问题分析： 考查意图： 制订高目标的勇气 + 完成高目标的执行力。关键词： demanding goal + saw it through.所以，在描述的时候要着重描述这个任务为什么这么demanding，有些什么具体的困难，你是怎么样一步一步去克服的。

回答示范：

(1)(What)Designed a show to celebrate the Anniversary of Tianjin University, and won 3rd Prize out of 18 teams.(2)(Situation & Key Word: demanding)On the anniversary night, there was a huge celebration party, where songs, dances and dramas were played.Each school should design five shows, and our class volunteered to design one.It was a demanding goal as it was very close to the end of the term when most students were busy preparing for final exams.(3)(Task)As a sophomore student I was in charge of my class performance, which was a drama.I had to deal with the pressure from study, my classmates’ disinterest in acting, and my role as the king in the drama.(4)(Actions，Key Words: how I saw it through)

First, as there were only 20 students in my class, I distributed at least one task to each student;either a role, or making tools or costumes.Second, since at the end of the term each member was busy with study, the rehearsal schedule should be reasonable and periodic.All team members cooperated well because of the low frequency and short duration of each rehearsal.Third, music and scenery were added into rehearsal in order to get close to the circumstances of the party.In addition, I emphasized the value of time and ordered every actor to respect other partners.(5)(Result)In the end, our performance was very successful.Not only did I act the “king” wonderfully, but also got good marks on the final exam.2.Summarize a situation where you took the initiative to get others to complete an important task, and played a leading role to achieve the results you wanted.描述一个例子，你团结了一群人共同努力，并为取得成功起到了带头作用。

问题分析： 考查意图： 领导才能，关键词： took the initiative, get others to complete, leading role。所以，你在描述的时候要重点描述自己吸引他人参与、团结并鼓励他人、借助他人力量、带领他人这个过程。

回答示范：

(1)(What)I organized a group to sing English choir on Choir Eve, visited all the d

ormitories in our university and sent Christmas gifts on behalf of our English Association.(2)(Task)To broaden the students’ understanding of Western culture.(3)(Key words)took the initiative & leading role

i.Suggested the idea to the Chairman of our English Association and got his approval.ii.Asked each member of our association to offer at least three suggestions on each of the questions below:

* What songs to play?

* Who could join the choir?

* Where should we perform?

iii.Combined the other team members’ suggestions with my idea and made a decision on the questions above.iv.Organized the rehearsals, reminded the singers of each rehearsal time and place with short messages, because our singers were indeed busy and they could forget.v.Made each rehearsal as lively as possible to make the singers feel the atmosphere of Christmas, and thus motivate them to sing with emotion.(4)(Result)Many students said that they were happily surprised by our activity and they hoped we would hold such activities next Christmas.And some said they would love to join our association to learn the beautiful choir.3.Describe a situation where you sought out relevant information, defined key issues, and decided on which steps to take to get the desired results.描述一个例子，你找到相关信息，确定重点事项，然后决定了采取哪些步骤来获得满意的结果。

问题分析： 考查意图： 分析—判断—决策能力。关键词： seek out relevant information, define key issues, decide on the steps。面试官希望了解你分析处理一件事情的全过程。和刚才一个题目考查如何争取别人的协助是完全不同的。所以，你在描述的时候要重点描述你做整个事情的经过，而不是和什么人一起做。

回答示范：

(1)(What)I organized the first activity of the Management School English Association.(2)(Situation)As the association is newly founded, not many students show interest in our activities, and we lack efficient ways of helping the existing members to improve their English.(3)(Task)We decided to make some improvements in our association, in order to help more than two hundred freshmen and sophomores with their English while publicizing our group.(4)(Actions: 利用原文的Key Words)

i.Seek out relevant information:

* What kind of entertainment was popular among students that also offered chances for them to learn English most effectively?

* Which teacher was suitable for this position?

* When were our members available?

* Which place was convenient for a large attendance?

* Other related factors, such as the availability of facilities and the layout of the spots.ii.Key issue: What are the weak points of the students’ English abilities? Vocabulary? Listening? Speaking? Grammar? Writing?

iii.Decide on the steps to take:

* Administer a questionnaire to find out the weak points of the students’ English abilities.* Work out some activities with teachers to improve the weak points.* Administer another questionnaire to evaluate the popularity of our activities and choose the top 3 to launch.* Launch the top 3 activities.(5)(Result)The Top 3 activities—Fun Vocabulary Recitation, Friends Mock Show, Devil English Corner—proved highly successful, and we hosted double the number students in our later activities.4.Describe an instance where you made effective use of facts to secure the agreement of others.描述一个例子，证明你用事实去说服别人。

点评： 考查意图： 以事实说服他人的能力。关键词： facts, secure agreements。所以，你的描述应该非常直截了当，先把大家的不同意见列出来，以及他人为什么不同意； 然后逐条以事实进行说服。

回答示范：

(1)(What)I advanced a plan to found an English Garden in collaboration with the English association in a neighboring university.(2)(Situation)When I was a member of the English association in our university, I realized that the activities we organized lacked uniqueness and couldn’t effectively help the students improve their English.Our neighboring university is just a five-minute walk away from us.(3)(Task)I proposed the idea to the President of the Association that we found an English Garden in cooperation with the English association in the neighboring university.(4)(Actions)

i.(Key Words: disagreement)The disagreements I met included:

* our school authority may dissent.* The high cost, and we didn’t have enough human resources to carry out this project.* There were too many English corners;another one was unnecessary.ii.(Key Words: facts)The facts I made use of:

* Our dean approved this proposal.* Our partner was willing to provide financial assistance, and our members volunteered to design the details of the plan and implement it.* A poll showed that the current English corners did not meet the students’ requirements and lacked uniqueness.(5)(Result)Others were convinced and we successfully founded the English Garden.It’s run once a week now, each meeting attracts over a hundred students.5.Give an example of how you worked effectively with people to accomplish an important goal.描述一个例子，证明你有效地与人合作，共同完成了一件重要的事情。点评： 考查意图： 团队合作能力。关键词： worked effectively with people。所以，你的描述应该很清晰： 我做什么+别人做什么。

回答示范：

(1)(What)Our team won the 2nd Prize in the Military Songs Competition held in our university.(2)(Situation)In total 20 teams joined the competition, each team represented a class.(3)(Task)I was in charge of the project.We decided to make our team’s performance unique in order to win a prize.(4)(Actions & Key Words)worked effectively with people

i.Design: I cooperated with my colleagues to plan the climax of the performance, the musical accompaniment of the songs and the whole arrangement of the narrative poem.As three members in our team were good at guitar, I encouraged them to come up with some ideas about how to use a guitar in the military songs.ii.Rehearsal: I worked together with those who were in charge of the lights, sounds and scenes to create the perfect artistic effect.iii.On stage: I reminded my fellows with gestures and eye expressions.Also, I helped a singer to cope with an emergency.(5)(Result)Our military team won the second prize in this competition.6.Describe a creative/innovative idea that you produced which significantly contributed to the success of an activity or project.描述一个例子，你提供了一个创新的想法，使得某一个活动或者项目取得了成功。

问题分析： 考查意图： 创新能力。关键词是creative idea，significantly contributed。所以，你的描述要包括你的创新意识、创新依据、有了创新的想法之后如何去实现它，以及这个创新想法起到了多么重要的作用。

回答示范：

(1)(What)I suggested that we set the topic to be “Sell Yourself” for the annual speech contest in our school.(2)(Situation)Each year our school holds a speech contest, the topic is randomly chosen by the teachers, for example, how to protect the environment, the importance of honesty, and so on.Students are not very excited about these topics.(3)(Task)I am quite interested in participating in speech contests, but I’d like them to be different, more exciting and more useful.So I decided to offer some suggestions to our school.(4)(Actions)

i.I proposed three topics: Sell Yourself;Where I’ll be in 3 Years;Be Competitive.All focus on future job hunting and career development, which I believe are attractive topics to most students.ii.I surveyed other students and got the information that Sell Yourself seemed better, because it gave us a chance not only to say something, but possibly to sing and dance in addition to just speak.(5)(Result)My proposal was used in the Speech Contest, which was enjoyed by the students.Over 500 students came to watch the speech contest, double the previous audience size.And the participants said the topic gave them a good opportunity to show off and become more confident.7.Provide an example of how you assessed a situation and achieved good results by focusing on the most important priorities.描述一个例子，说明你如何评估形势，并且把精力放在最重要的事情上，然后取得了比较好的结果。

问题分析： 这个问题的关键词是assessed a situation, focused on the priorities，考查的是你分析事情和找到问题关键点的能力。所以，你的描述应该是着重于自己的分析过程。回答示范：

(1)(What)I once solved the problem of lack of inventory in our store in an hour.(2)(Situation)Four stores do the promotion at the same time and our store is one of them, the largest one.The sales assistant on the previous day forgot to report that the inventory wasn’t enough and I just realized it when I arrived in the morning.(3)(Key Words: my assessment of the situation)The four promoting stores were not very far from each other, and they opened at different times.It was possible to fetch some stock from another store and make up for it later.(4)(Key Words: the priorities)To satisfy the stocking demand of the store which had the largest number of customers.(5)(Actions)I reported to the manager and offered my suggestion.He accepted it.(6)(Result)Everything went all right.The inventory in our store was sufficient, and the other store was restocked later before lunchtime.8.Provide an example of how you acquired technical skills and converted them to practical application.描述一个例子，说明你如何获得了技能，并且把这些技能转化成实际应用。

问题分析： 这个问题的关键词是convert technical skills to practical application，真正的考查意图是你的“学习能力”。

回答示范：

(1)(What)I learnt how to arrange the questionnaire forms in a scientific way and use them in the survey of a new beer.(2)(Situation)In the investigation of customer opinions about the taste of a new kind of beer, I found that the questionnaire form was out of date and limited the freedom of responses.(3)(Actions)

a)I consulted my boss and a good friend who works in a professional marketing research company and learnt a new way of arranging questionnaire forms.b)I designed two new forms, and my boss chose one of them.(4)(The result)With the help of the converted form, our company obtained more objective and useful information.

第二篇：外企的敲门砖--英文求职信

The reason why I stand here confidently is that I have a warm and democratic family.My patents, who are my first teachers, are different from others.They gave me a relaxing childhood.My mom, a teacher in university, influences me deeply with her view of life.She gives me a lot of freedom and supports most of my decisions.But she is also strict with my fault.She is a successful woman.Not only does she work well, but also have good manners in public which I think very important for me.My dad is a knowledgeable man who can answer my questions mostly and always takes interesting examinations with me.Thanks to them , I had an exciting childhood that had fewer lessons and more games than many kids in China.Of course, this timeboth of themagree with me to apply ASSIST and help me a lot.without them, I would notbe so confident.I want to be an exchange student in America alone..In the family I’m a baby forever, but school life changes me a lot..I am in good health since I was a child, because I do lots of exercises with my father.I am good at football as well, which I g more than 8 years.I got many good grades in the sports meeting at school.Once in middle school, I have got a silver medal in a short distance race.I do a good job with the exercise so that I’m chosen to be the example of the exercise on the stage of playground both in my former and present school。.Now I’m a member of the Cheer Leading and plans to takes part in a body mechanics on Nov.11th 2006.I believe we can get a good grade there.Not only sport but also art is my interest.I help the leader in class organize Singing Festival and Art Festival which is hold in the end of every year.The dance named the persian Cat which I took part in got the first wards in last Art Festival.Maybe this time there will be more wonderful programs in Art Festival.Self people：XXX

第三篇：外企面试

Hello, everyone.Today is my great honor to share something with all of you about the interview to foreign enterprise.As we are students from foreign language department, we are all plan to apply for the foreign enterprise.If you really want to get the offer, you had better prepare for the interview.Before you prepare for it, you got to know that what the content of interview is.The interview includes 3 rounds.The interviewer of the first round will be from the human resources department.The content of the interview is about your personal information.The most important part is self-introduction.When you are doing your self-introduction, you have to pay attention on the 3P principles: positive, personal, pertinent.Positive means that you have to show your confidence during your self-introduction.Personal describes that you have to show your own feature, or character.Do not copy from the website, but to add your own things in your self-introduction.Pertinent is real, to show the real you.On the basis of fact, you give the interview a true you.The second round will be interviewed by the chief manager of the department.The interviewer will ask you something about the business or the job you apply for.In this regard, you need to use your advantages to conquer your interviewer, such as your professional skills, your achievements in the past, your working experiences.Try to use numbers to certify that you are the best for this job.Go on, you are lucky and enter into the third round, and you can meet the president of this enterprise, who is always from foreign country.He or she likes to ask you something about the spirit of the company, the culture of the enterprise, your personality, your quality, and the salary and the welfare.At this part, you are close to the success.You had better to try your best to say something to please the president.For example, he asks the question, what will make you feel a sense of achievement? You have to answer like this, do my best job for your company.All in all, the fundamental elements in the interview which you need to show are your adaptability, your spirit of group, your strong sense of responsibility and your professional skills.And do not forget to keep smile during the interview.At last, I hope what I share with you today can be useful to you.Best wishes for us.Hunt a good job.Thank you.

第四篇：外企面试

外企面试技巧揭秘

1、我们为什么要聘用你（测试你的沉静与自信）给一个简短、有礼貌的回答：“我能做好我要做的事情”、“我相信自己，我想得到这份工作”。

2、为什么你想到这里来工作（这应该是你喜爱的题目）因为你在此前进行了大量的准备，你了解这家公司。组织几个原因，最好是简短而切合实际的。

3、这个职位最吸引你的是什么（这是一个表现你对这个公司、这份工作看法的机会）回答应使考官确认你具备他要求的素质。

4、你是否喜欢你老板的职位回答当然是“yes，如你不满意，可补充：“当我有这个评测能力时”，或“有这样一个空缺时吧”。

5、你是否愿意去公司派你去的那个地方如果你回答“no，你可能会因此而失掉这份工作，记住：你被雇用后你可以和公司就这个问题再行谈判。

6、谁曾经给你最大的影响选一个名字即可，最好是你过去的老师等，再简短准备几句说明为什么。

7、你将在这家公司呆多久回答这样的问题，你该持有一种明确的态度，即：能待多久待多久，尽可能长，“我在这里继续学习和完善自己。”

8、什么是你最大的成就准备一两个成功的小故事。

9、你能提供一些参考证明吗你该准备好一些相关的整洁的打印件，并有现在的电话和地址。

10、从现在开始算，未来的五年，你想自己成为什么样子？或者：告诉我，你事业的目标回答一定要得体，根据你的能力和经历。

11、你有和这份工作相关的训练或品质吗说明要短，举两三个最重要的品质，要有事实依据。

12、导致你成功的因素是什么回答要短，让考官自己去探究，比如只一句话：“我喜欢挑战性工作。”

13、你最低的薪金要求是多少（这是必不可少的问题，因为你和你的考官出于不同考虑都十分关心它）你聪明的做法是：不做正面回答。强调你最感兴趣的是这个机遇和挑战并存的工作，避免讨论经济上的报酬，直到你被雇用为止。

14、你还有什么问题吗你必须回答＂当然。你要准备通过你的发问，了解更多关于这家公司、这次面试、这份工作的信息。假如你笑笑说“没有”（心里想着终于结束了，长长吐了口气）那才是犯了一个大错误。这往往被理解为你对该公司、对这份工作没有太深厚的兴趣；其次，从最实际的考虑出发，你难道不想听话听音敲打一下考官，推断一下自己入围有几成希望？这里有一些供你选择的问题：

1、为什么这个职位要公开招聘？

2、这家公司（这个部门）最大的挑战是什么？

3、公司的长远目标和战略计划您能否用一两句话简要为我介绍一下？

4、您考虑这个职位上供职的人应有什么素质？

5、决定雇用的时间大致期限要多久？

6、关于我的资格与能力问题，您还有什么要问的吗

到外企面试的“八项注意”

面试是每一个现代人找工作时都必须迈过的一道坎。如今，有不少人想去外企求职，但又苦于不清楚面试时应该注意哪些问题，而不敢成行。本文特意细数了外企面试官的八大忌讳，希望对大家有所帮助。

一忌迟到失约

迟到和失约是面试中的大忌。这不但会表现出求职者没有时间观念和责任感，更会令面试官觉得求职者对这份工作没有热忱，印象分自然大减。守时不但是美德，更是面试时必须做到的事。因此，应提前10至15分钟或准时到达。如因有要事迟到或缺席，一定要尽早打电话通知该公司，并预约另一个面试时间。另外，匆匆忙忙到公司，心情还未平静便要进行面试，自然表现也会大失水准。

二忌数落别人

切勿在面试时当着面试官数落现任或前任雇主和同事的不是。这样做，不但得不到同情，只会令人觉得你记仇、不念旧情和不懂得与别人相处，反而更会招来面试官的反感。三忌说谎邀功

面试时说谎，伪造“历史”，或将不属于自己的功劳“据为己有”，后果可大可小。即使现在能瞒天过海，也难保谎言将来有被揭穿的一日。因此，面试时应实话实说，虽可扬长避短，却也不能以谎话代替事实。

四忌准备不足

无论学历如何高，资历如何好，工作经验如何丰富，当面试官发现求职者对申请的职位知之不多，甚至连最基本的问题也回答不好，印象分自然大打折扣。面试官不但会觉得求职者准备不足，甚至会认为他们根本无志于在这方面发展。面试前应做好充分的准备工作。五忌长篇大论

虽说面试是推销自己的时间，不过，切勿滔滔不绝、喋喋不休，面试官最怕求职者长篇大论，说个没完没了。其实，回答问题，只须针对问题重点回答。相反，有些求职者十分害羞，不懂得把握机会表现自己，无论回答什么问题，答案往往只有一两句，甚至只回答“是、有、好、可以”等，这也是不可取的。如果性格胆小害羞，则应多加练习，以做到谈吐自如。六忌语气词过多

使用太多如“呢、啦、吧”等语气词或口头禅会把面试官弄得心烦意乱。语气词或口头禅太多会让面试官误以为求职者自信心和准备不足。

七忌过多谈论前任工作

不管你在前任工作做得如何，都不要过多谈起。一般来说，你只要说明你做过类似的事，有相关经验即可，不必说工作的成效。如果你做得很好，为什么要离开？如果做得很差，那你个人的能力肯定有问题，总之不管怎么样说，都可能会招来面试官的反感。

八忌欠缺目标

面试时，千万不要给面试官留下没有明确事业目标的印象。虽然一些求职者的其他条件不错，但无事业目标就会缺少主动性和创造性，给企业带来损失。面试官倒情愿聘用一个各方面表现虽较逊色，但具有事业目标和热忱的求职者

巧妙回答面试尴尬提问

你的薪酬要求是什么？

须知，除非你是对方急需的人才，一般地，让你去“面试”的单位是不会与你在此有很大的谈判余地的，也就是说，你只能按照其薪酬标准行事。故此，没有必要大谈特谈你的薪酬理想，而只消说说你过去的薪酬水平，并一定要说明换工作是要付出代价的，这对你个人来说也是有成本概念的，如果你过去的薪酬水平较高，在此并不指望开始时就能保持与过去相一致，而要经过工作的实践来检验；另一方面，也应说明各单位都有自己的规矩，入乡随俗

是基本的礼貌和程式，这样，既回避了相对敏感的问题，也体现了你的修养和对对方的尊重。你如何看待本单位？

有的应聘者，在遇到这样的问题时，总是显得很焦急，颇有想一蹴而就的欲望，在回答问题，侃侃而谈什么“贵单位是我的理想所在”、“这个单位条件好，有发展前途”、“这是个举世闻名的企业”等，可要知道，你现在去应聘的单位再好也未必适合你于此谋生择业。因此，一味地赞颂是不明智的，只会使对方产生反感，认为你花拳秀腿没有真本事，溜须拍马阿谀奉承却未见有实实在在的内容。其实，无论你此前对该单位是否有所了解，客观地说一说你的观感和印象，是有益的；而当你要说到对方的弊端或缺陷时，不要一味否定，而后缀以“若在××方面再加以注意也许会有较大的改善”会让人觉得你有观察力，又有宽宏大量的气度和改善面貌的欲望和能力，这是会受欢迎的。

你如何看待你所应聘的岗位？

通常，各个岗位在责任、权利、利益、分工、合作、技能、技巧等方面，都有明显的要求，而这往往是区别于其他岗位的，每个岗位都有其对员工的特殊性，在专业化日益增强的今天，“万金油”式的人越来越不被看好。所以，你切不可说“我能干这也能干那”，而应明晰在管理的半径、层面、空间上是有着很大差别的。有人往往在此时急求事功，在未详细了解岗位的具体要求情况下仓促应允，以为自己什么都干得了，这不明智，而且容易招致面试方反感。该岗位需要的所有内容，正是面试者想从你这里听到的，你也只需照此行事即可。你如何证明自己是最优秀的？

这是一个不大好回答的问题，你说自己是最优秀的，会被认为是夜郎自大，而你说自己不是最优秀的，又会被认为是缺乏自信心，你回避不答，则可能被认为是没有考虑或是对面试方不够尊重。这时，你最好回答“以我的职业素养，所受过的良好教育，以及此前在××行业、××企业从事××工作的经验的背景，能够胜任此工作，并能在不久后脱颖而出，为单位的发展尽力”，来应对此问题，显示你的应变能力和良好的谈判（或谈话）技巧。你有何业余爱好？

如果一个人下班后就知道柴米油盐，那么他应该是个家务型的人，在如今的紧张生活中，大概被看做是缺乏情趣和格调的人，也是个与众格格不入难以沟通的人。这种人不大重视情操的培养与陶冶，习惯于单位—家庭的线性生活方式，可过于倾慕在业余生活上的人，也会有太爱吃喝玩乐不务正业的嫌疑。设想，如果你看足球比赛时经常向场内投掷酒瓶子，可能没有人会说你是个社会安全因素。因此，在回答这类问题时，应该不温不火，既要显示自己的情调与修养，又能展现自己的事业心，以此为原则说明实际的情况。

你的住处离单位距离如何？

这也许是在看你对待上班时间以及需要加班时的想法。如果这真是你理想中的单位，而你的住处离此单位又较远，应该在回答上体现出遵守单位规定的作息时间，按时上下班，如需要经常加班则可以想办法住得近些，不会影响工作也不会给单位增添麻烦。

第五篇：简历是面试的敲门砖

不管是职场新人面试进入职场，还是职场老人跳槽换新工作，都离不开简历。简历是职场面试中给HR的第一印象。职场简历是职场面试的敲门砖。日常工作中，你对职场简历有没有注意起来呢？今天跟小编来了解一下吧。

职场简历在面试当中作用非常大。简历是有讲究的，简历内容也是有所讲究的。简历能够体现出你之前的工作经历，能够从简历中了解到你的个人性格特点，兴趣爱好，专业技能等。职场面试中简历的地位不可小觑。

通常的职场面试当中，很多新人都是从一些小微企业或者创业型的公司跳槽出来，想要到一些大型的公司，那么简历上就得下点功夫了。写好简历很重要。都知道小微企业或者创业型的公司的工作分工，几乎都是一个人身兼数职，不知道自己哪方面特长技能比较突出，这些小微企业出来的人才通常是抗压能力比较强的。求职者要把自己突出的，掌握比较熟练的技能发挥出来，提现到简历里面。

如果想要跳槽到一些大公司，那么简历中要注重团队意识。要很快的融入到企业，了解企业文化，工作经验对大型企业来说尤为重要。简历中自己不足的地方尽量避免写出来。如果是应届毕业生的话，没工作经验，可以写实习经验。

简历中也要注重把自己的姓名、联系方式突出出来，自己熟练掌握的技能要显眼，一寸照片也要放上。在写项目经验的时候，简历填写的时候把工作中突出的业绩可以写出来。这样才会让HR眼球一亮，才有机会让HR跟你取得联系。

一份好的简历既能体现自己的价值，也能博得HR的关注。所以简历制作的时候一定要用心，切勿只是一味的等HR联系你，你再去口头表达自己的专业技能。因为有时候口头表述，因为自己的紧张，影响到思路的发挥，导致面试失败。

所以在写简历的时候，一定要静下心来，理好思路，把自己的简历完善好。当然简历中切记造假，如果你没有该方面的技能，写的十分突出，等到面试的时候也会被淘汰，而且给HR留下不好印象。所以简历要实事求是的写出来，发挥自己的长处，规避自己的缺点。