1环境与工程引论英文版

第一篇：1环境与工程引论英文版

In this book the term environment will generally refer to the physical environment that surrounds us.This includes the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the lands, oceans, rivers, and forests that cover the earth.To an increasing extent it also includes the buildings, highways, and modern infrastructure of the urban settings in which a growing proportion of the word’s population resides.The state of this physical environment directly and indirectly affects the viability of all living things on the planet—the people, plants, birds, fish, and other animals that we care about.The welfare of these living things motivates most environmental concerns.（在这本书中术语环境通常会将转交我们周围的物质环境。这包括我们呼吸的空气，我们喝的水和土地、海洋、河流和覆盖地球的森林。在一个日益增加的程度上它还包括建筑、公路和现代的基础设施，越来越多的词的人口所驻留的城市设置。此物理环境状况的直接和间接影响地球上所有的生物的生存 — — 人、植物、鸟、鱼和我们所关心的其他动物。这些生物的福利激励大多数环境问题。）

Engineers are primarily involved in problems related to technology development and deployment.These include designing, developing, and building the cars, computers, television sets, and other consumer products that people enjoy.Engineers also design and build all the

manufacturing processes, industrial technology, and transportation infrastructure needed to extract, transport, and refine raw materials;and distribute the goods and services of modern societies worldwide.In order to predict the consequences of technology deployment, engineers, along with scientists, also are involved in the study of how pollutants are transported and transformed in the environment.Thus, in the broadest sense, engineers are concerned with—and often responsible for—a wide range of activities that directly or indirectly contribute to environmental change.（工程师们主要从事技术开发和部署相关的问题。这些包括设计、发展，建设汽车、计算机、电视机和其他人享有的消费产品。工程师还设计和生成所有工序、工业技术和提取，运输，并改进原料 ； 所需的运输基础设施 和分发的产品和服务的全球范围内的现代社会。为了预测技术部署的后果，工程师沿科学家，也是所涉及的污染物传输和转换在环境中的研究。因此，在广义的工程师们关注 — — 和通常负责 — — 广泛的活动，有助于环境变化的直接或间接。）

Anything that engineers design and build—be it a refrigerator, car, chemical plant, or circuit board—has to be made out of something, and the choice of that “something” will directly affect the environment.After all, material has to come from somewhere, and

eventually it all tracks back to the environment.（工程师设计和生成的任何东西 — — 是一个冰箱、汽车、化工装置或电路板 — — 已作出了的东西，与选择“东西会直接影响环境。毕竟，材料有来自地方，和最终其所有轨道都回环境。）Not only the choices of materials, but also the quantities needed, are important variables that engineers can influence.Thus, knowing something about how the use of different materials may affect environmental quality is important for all engineering disciplines.Two key questions to keep in mind when selecting materials are “Can I use alternative materials that are environmentally preferable?” and “Can I use less material without compromising function or reliability?”

（选择的材料，不仅需要数量是工程师可以影响的重要变量。因此，了解有关如何使用不同的材料可能影响环境质量的东西是重要的所有工程学科。选择材料时要记住的两个关键问题是“我能使用是无害的替代材料？”和“我能用而不会影响函数或可靠性的资料较少吗？）”

This source of environmental impacts is perhaps the most pervasive and most important of any that engineers deal with.Energy is vital for life and for an economy, and the quantities and types of energy that a society uses directly affect environmental quality.（此源对环境的影响的也许是最普遍和最重要的任何工程师处理的。能源是重要的生活，一个经济体系，数量和类型的一个社会直接使用的能源会影响环境质量。）

Energy use encompasses everything from the heating and cooling of homes and buildings, to the electricity that runs modern computers and appliances, to the gasoline and other fuels that power our transportation system.The manufacturing processes discussed earlier all require energy to perform their tasks.Most of the word’s energy today comes from fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—and when these fuels are burned or converted to electricity the environment is affected, as you will see in Chapter 2.Nuclear power leaves a different kind of environmental legacy, and even renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, biomass, solar energy, and wind power are not without their adverse environmental consequences.（能源使用我们的运输系统包括一切从加热和冷却的房屋和建筑物运行现代计算机和电器，汽油和其他燃料，这项权力的电力。前面讨论过的制造过程都需要执行其任务所需的能量。大部分词的能量今天来自矿物燃料 — — 油、煤和天然气 — — 当这些燃料是烧，或转换为电力环境受到影响，正如您将看到第 2 章中。核电叶一种不同的环境的遗产和甚至可再生能源喜欢水

电、生物量、太阳能及风力发电并非没有其不良的环境后果。）

A good rule of thumb is that any engineering improvement that reduces the energy required for a particular service will be beneficial for the environment.Thus a desktop computer designed to use 400 watts of power instead of 800 watts, or a car that gets 30 miles per gallon(mpg)instead of 20 mpg, will be environmentally friendlier.Switching from one energy from to another—e.g., from gasoline-powered cars to electric-powered cars—is a lot trickier to deal with.As we shall see in later chapters, the environmental consequences may involve trade-offs that are different to evaluate.（一个好的经验法则是任何工程的改善，减少了所需的特定服务的能源将会对环境有利。因此台式计算机使用 400 瓦，而不是功率的 800 瓦或一辆汽车，获取 30 英里每加仑(瑞驰)的 20 瑞驰，而不是功率的设计将是功率的环境友好的。切换到种，从汽油为动力的电动汽车车从一个能源 — — 是要处理很多棘手。我们将在后面的章节中看到，造成的环境后果可能涉及权衡不同的评估。）

The clean air act procedure for establishing national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants proved to be quite cumbersome with the result that standards for only eight HAPs were established between 1970 and 1990.In the 1990 clean air act amendments, congress revised the procedure, specifically listing 189 chemicals as hazardous air pollutants(Table 2.3).Any industrial process emitting more than 10 tons per year(tpy)of any one of these substances, or more than 25 tpy of any combination of HAPs, is required to use “maximum available control technology”(MACT)to reduce air toxic emissions by the year 2000.Additional measures must be taken if the EPA determines that an unacceptable level of risk still remains after MACT is applied.What’s function of stratospheric ozone?

第二篇：清明节与环境英文演讲稿

The relation between tomb-sweeping day and the enviorment.Good morning boys and girls,Today l want to talksomething about the relation betweentomb-sweeping day and the

enviorment.As we all know,the

tomb-sweeping day is a traditional festival in china,it's a time to remember the dead.and

during the festival,people from all over the world went home to sacrify their deceased ancestors,family members or friends.in

order to show their respect andfilial piety for their dearly departed,they often burn hell notes,set off firecrackers or burn incensethe

ideaof remembering the dead intheir minds is worthy to be carried forward,but the way to show it is not a smart one.it's known toall that environment pollution is becoming more and more serious.when we burn something, harmful gases will be released into atmosphere,andit will pollute the air.Everyone knows that none of us can benifit from the polluted air.so we should find a new way to sacrify the dead.for instance,offering some flowers instead.There are all kinds of flowers in market,and different flower have different meaning,we can ch

oose any of those flowers to express our emotions to the dead.In my opinion,it's sure a smart way to sacrify the dead.don't you think so?

that's all thank you!

第三篇：经济与环境英文小论文

The thesis is about the conflict between economy and the environment.Nowadays, the flourish of economy brings great impacts on the environment, and that is a complicated problem which needs to be solved.Since the first industrial revolution, some countries have achieved their economic goals at the expense of destroying the environment.Unfortunately, developing countries are eager to follow the same old disastrous road in order to improve the life standard of their citizens.In 2009, the United Nations Climate Change Conference tried to mediate this problem between developed countries and developing countries.This conference put forward that the developed countries and developing countries shall share the responsibility for damaging the environment.There will be less natural resources for the future generations because they are consumed at a large amount.According to Chinanews, the annual consumption of natural resources will amount to 140 billion tons by the year 2050 which is out of the earth’s bearable load.In that situation, human will be a kind of smug and use the mighty high technology to synthetize different things instead of the natural ones.So it is possible that people in future will have to live in a boring world which is constructed by high technology materials.The conflict between economy and environment has remained for many years, but people can try to establish a harmony relationship between them.It is for human’s benefit to protect the environment while developing the economy.Esther

第四篇：环境科学与工程专业英语

一、单词/词组（考试时要求：中译英/英译中）环境科学：environmental science

环境工程：environmental engineering

定量环境科学：quantitative environmental science 定性环境科学：qualitative environmental science 衰减再生：decay and recycling

新陈代谢率：metabolic rates

外来物质：foreign matter

研究和发展：Research and Development

一次大气污染物：primary air pollutant 二次大气污染物：secondary air pollutant

氧含量：Oxygen content

点源：point sources

沥青残留物：asphaltic residue

酸雨：acid rain

设备维护：facilities maintenance

废物最小化：waste minimization

正常浓度：normal concentration

胡乱收集：magpie collection

需氧量：oxygen demand/the amount of oxygen required 闭合回路：closed-loop

微生物：microbe/microorganisms

揭示大的差别;expose the considerable gaps

空气质量监测：air-quality monitoring

氧化剂：oxidizer

石油精炼:petroleum refining

活性炭：activated carbon

质量控制：quality control

海轮：ocean liner

挥发性化学物质：volatile chemicals

沙漠化：desertification

火山喷发：volcanic eruption

间歇源：intermittent sources

衡量浓度：trace concentrations

氯化物和硫化物：chlorides and sulphates

风化：wind erosion

不完全燃烧：incomplete combustion

化石燃料：fossil fuels

液滴：liquid droplets

SO3:sulfur trioxide

for managerial and administrative reasons行政管理上的原因stacks of generating stations许多发电站

Roman empire罗马皇帝

Cloaca maxima 古罗马的大排泄沟

Wate phosphorous 亚磷的（三价磷）

phosphorous acid亚磷酸

phosphoric磷的（五价）

carbonates，bicarbonates碳酸盐，碳酸氢盐

carbohydrates碳水化合物，主要含氢和碳

TOC(total organic carbon)总有机碳

COD(chemical oxygen demand)化学需氧量

BOD(biological oxygen demand)生化需氧量

Biodegradable organic可生物降解的有机物

BOD5BOD的测试标准化

rborne diseases 水传染的疾病

epilimnion 表层水hypolimnion深水层thermocline热变形层

become depleted of oxygen 缺氧

二、重点句子翻译

UNIT2

1.Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。

2.System,according to Webster dictionary

is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”

系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物;比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙”。

3.Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化。

4.Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process.资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。

Waste minimization:The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of.废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。

5.Recycling :The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process.回收：作为一个商业产品的代替品，或

作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。

6.Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers.污染的防止：污染可能在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生。

7.Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization Techniques废物回收/废物最少化技术(包括以下几点)

●product changes产品改变 ●process changes过程改变

●equipment modifications设备改造 ●operating practices操作训练

●recycling and reuse回收和再利用

8.What is air pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air thatcontains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration toharm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials.什么是空气污染 ？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。

9.There are two major types of air pollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染。

10.A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occursin a harmful concentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。

11.A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。

12.Organic matter.Proteins and carbohydrates constitute 90 percent of the organic matter in domestic sewage.在生活污水中蛋白质和碳水化合物构成百分之90的有机质。）

三、课后的NOTES部分（UNIT1、2、3、8、12、13）

Unit1

1)Care and impartiality in gathering and recording date, as well as independent

verification, are the cornerstones of science.在数据收集与记录过程中仔细认真、无偏见和独立核实是科学的基石。

2)When the collection and organization of date reveal certain regularities, it may be

possible to formulate a generalization or hypothesis

当对数据收集和整理披露了某些规律时，可能归纳出概况或假设。

3）the two types of logic are qualitative and quantitative logic.两类逻辑学分别为定性和定量逻辑学。

4）theories,and in particular,mathematical theories,often enable us to bridge the gap between experimentally controlled observations and observations made in the field.理论，尤其是数学理论，通常使我们可以弥补（缩小）实验过程观察的结果与该领域理论推导的结果间的差距。

5）environmental engineering is manifest by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation,notably in the provision of

safe,palatable,and ample public water supplies.环境工程是在解决环境卫生问题过程中，具有代表性的，提供安全、可口与充足的公共供水过程，用正确的工程思想与合理的实施显现出来。

1)APS materials,inc,generated two hazardous wastes,1-1-1 trichloroethane and methanol from cold solvent degreasing operations associated with their plasma spray deposition process.美国物理协会材料公司在其等离子体喷雾沉淀工艺的冷溶剂脱脂操作过程中会产生出两种危害性废物，即1,1,1-三氯乙烷和甲醇。

2)AT&T美国最大的电话电信公司

3)CFC=chlorofluoro carbon 含氯氟烃

4)Sloppy housekeeping practices such as leaking tanks，valves，or pumps may cause process chemicals to spill requiring cleanup and disposal.随意马虎的内部管理习惯，例如储罐、阀门或泵的泄漏，都会导致工艺过程中化学品的溅漏而需要采取净化和处理措施。

Unit8

1）the geographic location of some heavily populated cities，such as Los Angeles and Mexico city，makes them particularly susceptible tofrequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城的地理位置，使得它们经常特别易受空气流动停滞和污积物增加的影响。

2）by themselves，measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants，because threshold levels，synergy，and biological magnification are also determining factors

测量的浓度自身并未告诉我们有关污染物造成的危害的信息，因为临界浓度，协同作用和生长放大效应都是决定因素。

1）most boating associations now urge their members never even to take anything disposable and plastic to sea and encourage ocean liners to follow suit.目前大多数船协会敦促他们的会员再也不要把废弃的物质和塑料扔到海里，并鼓励航海轮船也这样做。

四、课文填空：UNIT13的第一部分（1、Pollution of streams and rivers）PoHution of Streams and Rivers

When sewage is discharged into a freshwater stream，the stream becomes pollution。This does not mean that the oxygen content drop instantaneously。But the potential for oxygen depletion exists wherever there is sewage。The measure of this potential is the BOD, which rises as soon as the sewage goes in。Now follow the water downstream from “Polutionville.” There processes are going on, all at the same time.Process1.The bacteria are feasting on the sewage.because of this action，the amount of sewage in the water is decreasing，so the BOD is going down。

Process2.As the bacteria consume the sewage，they also use dissolved oxygen，so that concentration，too，start to decrease。

Process3.some of the lost oxygen is being replenished from the atmosphere and form photosynthesis by the vegetation in the stream。

For the first 50km or so downstream, the natural ability of the river to recover its oxygen（process3）simple cannot keep up with the feasting bacteria（process2），so the dissolved oxygen concentration goes down。The fish begin to die，but it is not the sewage that is killing them。（In fact，the sewage provides food.）Instead，the fish die from lack of oxygen，beginning when the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below about 4mg per liter，depending on the particular species。

The fish kills start about 15km downstream from the introduction of the raw sewage。In time，as the sewage is used up by bacteria，the BOD goes down(process1)，the consumption of oxygen also slows down，and the natural ability of the river to recover（process3）becomes predominant。The river then begins to repurify itself。About 90km downstream the fish begin to survive again，and at about 140km the oxygen content has increased to its former，unpolluted level。

Of course，if additional sewage is discharged before recovery is complete，as shown in the illustration at 160km，the river becomes pollution again。When sources of pollution are closely spaced，pollution becomes practically continuous。Rivers in such a condition，which unfortunately can be found near densely polluted areas all over the world，support no fish，are high in bacterial content（usually includingpathogenic organisms），appear muddily bluegreen from choking algae，and，in extreme cases，stink from putrefaction and fermentation。

第五篇：建筑环境与设备工程

建筑环境与设备工程

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建筑环境与设备工程

专业简介：建筑环境与设备工程（暖通空调工程）专业主要培养从事暖通空调（包括供热、通风、空调、城市热力网、建筑给水排水及消防工程等）的设计、研究、管理和开发工作的高级工程技术人才。

通过本专业的培养教育，毕业生将具有扎实的自然科学基础，良好的人文科学基础理论及外语、计算机应用能力，并掌握建筑环境与设备工程技术的基础理论，具有对各种建筑环境设备系统进行设计、施工调试和运行管理的能力。

主干课程：流体力学、工程热力学、传热学、流体输配管网、热质交换原理与设备、建筑环境学、供热工程、通风空调、建筑热源、空调冷源等。

就业方向：毕业生可从事工程设计与施工、安全生产与监督、物业设备运行与管理、建筑设备监理等工作。可在政府部门、城市规划和市政管理部门及环保部门从事技术与管理(供热、供水和供气)工作；在高等院校、科研机构从事教学、科研工作；在专业设计院所从事设计、研发工作；在中外资企业从事设备研发、技术支持、工程施工等工作。

学制：四年

授予学位：工学学士