第一篇：-12-1-6英语演讲稿Chapter6
Chapter6.Not allow precious moments of my life to slip through my fingers
During one late and cold stormy night, it was raining cats and dogs.And two monkeys were getting drenched from head to toe.The elder of the two monkeys found a big leaf for them to hide under.The young monkey said through his chattering teeth, “I’m so cold and I’m going to freeze to death.” So they decided to build a nice warm house,.The next morning, when the rains had stopped, they both decided to postpone building the house until the next day.Because of the two monkeys procrastination, the house was never built.The monkeys’ laziness helped me realize my own bad habits and saying “ I can do it tomorrow” would only allow precious monuments of my life to slip through my fingers.Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, and today is the present, a gift to live life to the fullest with no regrets.参考译文：
不要让时光从你的指尖划过
在一个寒冷的傍晚，下着瓢泼大雨。有两只猴子从头湿到了脚。老猴子找到了一片大树叶避雨。小猴子打着寒战说：“真是太冷了。”他们终于决定修建一座温暖的房子过冬。第二天早晨雨停了，他们把计划拖到了后天。日子就这样一天一天地过去了。由于两只猴子的拖拉，他们的房子一直没能建成。
这两只懒惰猴子的故事，使我认清了自己的一个坏习惯。“我明天再去做“只能使宝贵的时光从指尖划过。昨天已是过去，明天还是未知。只有把握住今天，才能生活得充实而有意义。
第二篇：英语语言学教案Chapter 9
Sanmenxia Polytechnic
A New Concise Course in Linguistics
Chapter 9 Language and culture
Objectives After this period, the students are supposed to understand the relations between language and culture.2 master the following notions: culture, Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, cultural overlap and diffusion and intercultural communication.Key points and Difficulties
The definition of culture The relationship between language and culture Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Linguistic evidence of cultural differences Cultural overlap and diffusion Intercultural communication Teaching presentation 1 Revision 1）Ask the students to answer the following questions；
（l）What is register? How does it affect our choices of linguistic forms?（2）What are the differences between diglossia and bilingualism?（3）How do social factors influence the use of language? Check homework.2 Definitions of culture
(1)Culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and languages that characterize the life of the human community.(2)In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs of customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.(3)Types of culture: Material Culture: concrete, substantial and observable.Spiritual Culture: abstract, ambiguous, and hidden.What has been grown and brought up with(through beliefs, traditions, education and other institutional mechanisms);Culture changes slowly with the development of the society.3 The relationship between language and culture
(1)Language expresses cultural reality and embodies cultural identity.(2)Culture affects its people‟s imagination or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in their life.(3)Culture is a wider system that completely includes language as a subsystem.Linguistic competence is one variety of cultural competence and speech behaviour is one variety of social behavior.The relation of language to culture is that of part to whole.(4)Since the knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people‟s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in the language of the people, it is extremely difficult to separate the two.On the one hand, language as an integral part of human being, permeates and embodies cultural reality.On the other hand, 三门峡职业技术学院
新编简明英语语言学教案
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A New Concise Course in Linguistics
language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture, and the changes in language uses reflect the cultural changes in return.3 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(1)Edward Sapir(/səˈpɪər/;January 26, 1884 – February 4, 1939)was a German-born American anthropologist-linguist and a leader in American structural linguistics.His name is borrowed in what is now called the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.He was a highly influential figure in American linguistics, influencing several generations of linguists across several schools of the discipline.(2)Benjamin Lee Whorf(April 24, 1897 in Winthrop, Massachusetts – July 26, 1941)was an Americanlinguist.Whorf is widely known for his ideas about linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language influences thought.An important theme in many of his publications, he has been credited as one of the fathers of this approach, often referred to as the “Sapir–Whorf hypothesis”, named after him and his mentor Edward Sapir.Originally educated as a chemical engineer, he took up an interest in linguistics late in his life, studying with Sapir at Yale University.In the last ten years of his life he dedicated his spare time to linguistic studies, doing field work on Native American languages in the United States and Mexico.He managed to become one of the most influential linguists of his time, even while still working as a fire inspector for the Hartford Fire Insurance Company.He published a grammar of the Hopi language, studies of Nahuatl dialects, Maya hieroglyphic writing, and the first attempt at a reconstruction of Uto-Aztecan.He also published many articles in the most prestigious linguistic journals, many of them dealing with the ways in which he saw that different linguistic systems affected the thought systems and habitual behaviour of language users.；
(3)Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, through their studies of American Indian languages, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave.The interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.(4)The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak version.While the strong version believes that the language patterns determine people‟s thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former influence the later.(5)The study of the linguistic relativity or SWH has shed two important insights: A.There is nowadays a recognition that language, as code, reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think B.More than in Whorf‟s days, however, we recognize how important context is in complementing the meanings encoded in the language.“The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc [English Socialism], but to make all other modes of thought impossible.It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought--that is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc--should be literally unthinkable, at least as far as thought is dependent on words.Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect method.This was done partly by the invention of new words and by stripping such words as remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all secondary meanings whatever...A person growing up with Newspeak as his sole language would no more know that „equal' had once had the secondary meaning of ”politically equal,“ or that „free' had once meant ”intellectually free,“ than, for 三门峡职业技术学院
新编简明英语语言学教案
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A New Concise Course in Linguistics
instance, a person who had never heard of chess would be aware of the secondary meanings attaching to „queen' or „rook.' There would be many crimes and errors which it would be beyond his power to commit, simply because they were nameless and therefore unimaginable.” The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis theorizes that thoughts and behavior are determined(or are at least partially influenced)by language.If true in its strongest sense, the sinister possibility of a culture controlled by Newspeak or some other language is not just science fiction.Since its inception in the 1920s and 1930s, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has caused controversy and spawned research in a variety of disciplines including linguistics, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and education.To this day it has not been completely disputed or defended, but has continued to intrigue researchers around the world.Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf brought attention to the relationship between language, thought, and culture.Neither of them formally wrote the hypothesis nor supported it with empirical evidence, but through a thorough study of their writings about linguistics, researchers have found two main ideas.First, a theory of linguistic determinism that states that the language you speak determines the way that you will interpret the world around you.Second, a weaker theory of linguistic relativism that states that language merely influences your thoughts about the real world.Edward Sapir studied the research of Wilhelm von Humboldt.About one hundred years before Sapir published his linguistic theories, Humboldt wrote in Gesammelte Werke a strong version of linguistic determinism: “Man lives in the world about him principally, indeed exclusively, as language presents it to him.” Sapir took this idea and expanded on it.Although he did not always support this firm hypothesis, his writings state that there is clearly a connection between language and thought.From “The Status of Linguistics as a Science”(1929)Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression in their society.It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection: The fact of the matter is that the „real world' is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group.No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality.The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached...Even comparatively simple acts of perception are very much more at the mercy of the social patterns called words than we might suppose...We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation.As the underlined portions show, Sapir used firm language to describe this connection between language and thought.To Sapir, the individual is unconscious to this connection and subject to it without choice.Benjamin Lee Whorf was Sapir's student.Whorf devised the weaker theory of linguistic relativity: “We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe...”(1940/1956).He also supported, at times, the stronger linguistic determinism.To Whorf, this connection between language and thought was also an obligation not a choice.From “Science and Linguistics”(1940/1956): “We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face;三门峡职业技术学院
新编简明英语语言学教案
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A New Concise Course in Linguistics
on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds–and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way–an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language.The agreement is, of course, an implicit and unstated one, but its terms are absolutely obligatory;we cannot talk at all except by subscribing to the organization and classification of data which the agreement decrees.” Both Sapir and Whorf agreed that it is our culture that determines our language, which in turn determines the way that we categorize our thoughts about the world and our experiences in it.For more than fifty years researchers have tried to design studies that will support or refute this hypothesis.Support for the strong version has been weak because it is virtually impossible to test one's world view without using language.Support for the weaker version has been minimal.Yet this hypothesis continues to fascinate researchers.Problems with the hypothesis begin when one tries to discern exactly what the hypothesis is stating.Penn notes that the hypothesis is stated “more and less strongly in different places in Sapir's and Whorf's writings”(1972:13).At some points, Sapir and Whorf appear to support the strong version of the hypothesis and at others they only support the weak version.Alford(1980)also notes that neither Sapir nor Whorf actually named any of their ideas about language and cognition the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.This name only appeared after their deaths.This has lead to a wide interpretation of what researchers consider to be the one and only hypothesis.Another problem with the hypothesis is that it requires a measurement of human thought.Measuring thought and one's world view is nearly impossible without the confounding influence of language, another of the variables being studied.Researchers settle for the study of behavior as a direct link to thought.If one is to believe the strong version of linguistic determinism, one also has to agree that thought is not possible without language.What about the pre-linguistic thought of babies? How can babies acquire language without thought? Also, where did language come from? In the linguistic determinist's view, language would have to be derived from a source outside the human realm because thought is impossible without language and before language there would have been no thought.Supporters of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis must acknowledge that their study of language in the “real world” is not without doubt if their language influences how they categorize what they seem to experience.Penn writes, “In short, if one believes in linguistic relativity, one finds oneself in the egocentric quandary, unable to make assertions about reality because of doubting one's own ability to correctly describe reality”(1972:33).Yet another problem with the hypothesis is that languages and linguistic concepts are highly translatable.Under linguistic determinism, a concept in one language would not be understood in a different language because the speakers and their world views are bound by different sets of rules.Languages are in fact translatable and only in select cases of poetry, humor and other creative communications are ideas “lost in the translation.” One final problem researchers have found with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is Whorf's lack of empirical support for his linguistic insights.Whorf uses language nuances to prove vast differences between languages and then expects his reader to infer those differences in thought and behavior.Schlesinger attacks Whorf's flimsy thesis support: “...the mere existence of such linguistic diversities is 三门峡职业技术学院
新编简明英语语言学教案
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A New Concise Course in Linguistics
insufficient evidence for the parallelist claims of a correspondence between language on the one hand and cognition and culture, on the other, and for the determinist claim of the latter being determined by the former”(1991:18).Schlesinger also fails to see the connection between Whorf's linguistic evidence and any cultural or cognitive data.“Whorf occasionally supplies the translations from a foreign language into English, and leaves it to the good faith of the reader to accept the conclusion that here must have been a corresponding cognitive or cultural phenomenon”(1991:27).One infamous example Whorf used to support his theory was the number of words the Inuit people have for „snow.' He claimed that because snow is a crucial part of their everyday lives and that they have many different uses for snow that they perceive snow differently than someone who lives in a less snow-dependent environment.Pullum has since dispelled this myth in his book The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax(1991).He shows that while the Inuit use many different terms for snow, other languages transmit the same ideas using phrases instead of single words.Despite all these problems facing the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, there have been several studies performed that support at least the weaker linguistic relativity hypothesis.In 1954, Brown and Lenneberg tested for color codability, or how speakers of one language categorize the color spectrum and how it affects their recognition of those colors.Penn writes, “Lenneberg reports on a study showing how terms of colors influence the actual discrimination.English-speaking subjects were better able to re-recognize those hues which are easily named in English.This finding is clearly in support of the limiting influence of linguistic categories on cognition”(1972:16).Schlesinger explains the path taken in this study from positive correlation to support for linguistic relativity: “...if codability of color affected recognizability, and if languages differed in codability, then recognizability is a function of the individual's language”(1991:27)Lucy and Shweder's color memory test(1979)also supports the linguistic relativity hypothesis.If a language has terms for discriminating between color then actual discrimination/perception of those colors will be affected.Lucy and Shweder found that influences on color recognition memory is mediated exclusively by basic color terms–a language factor.Kay and Kempton's language study(1984)found support for linguistic relativity.They found that language is a part of cognition.In their study, English speakers' perceptions were distorted in the blue-green area while speakers from Tarahumara–who lack a blue-green distinction–showed no distortion.However, under certain conditions they found that universalism of color distinction can be recovered.Peterson and Siegal's “Sally doll” test(1995)was not intended to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis specifically, but their findings support linguistic relativity in a population who at the time had not yet been considered for testing–deaf children.Peterson and Siegal's experiment with deaf children showed a difference in the constructed reality of deaf children with deaf parents and deaf children with hearing parents, especially in the realm of non-concrete items such as feelings and thoughts.Most recently, Wassman and Dasen's Balinese language test(1998)found differences in how the Balinese people orient themselves spatially to that of Westerners.They found that the use of an absolute reference system based on geographic points on the island in the Balinese language correlates to the significant cultural importance of these points to the people.They questioned how language affects the thinking of the Balinese people and found moderate linguistic relativity results.There are, on the other hand, several studies that dispute the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.Most of these studies favor universalism over relativism in the realm of linguistic structure and function.For example, Osgood's common meaning system study found that “human beings the world over, no matter what their 三门峡职业技术学院
新编简明英语语言学教案
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A New Concise Course in Linguistics
language or culture, do share a common meaning system, do organize experience along similar symbolic dimensions”(1963:33)In his universalism studies, Greenberg came to the conclusion that “agreement in the fundamentals of human behavior among speakers of radically diverse languages far outweighs the idiosyncratic differences to be expected from a radical theory of linguistic relativity”(1963:125).Alford's interpretation of Whorf shows that Whorf never intended for perception of the color spectrum to be used to defend his principle of linguistic relativity.Alford states, “In fact, he is quite clear in stating that perception is clearly distinct from conception and cognition, or language-related thinking”(1980).Even Dr.Roger Brown, who was one of the first researchers to find empirical support for the hypothesis, now argues that there is much more evidence pointing toward cognitive universalism rather than linguistic relativity(Schlesinger 1991:26).Berlin and Kay's color study(1969)found universal focus colors and differences only in the boundaries of colors in the spectrum.They found that regardless of language or culture, eleven universal color foci emerge.Underlying apparent diversity in color vocabularies, these universal foci remain recognizable.Even in languages which do not discriminate to eleven basic colors, speakers are nonetheless able to sort color chips based on the eleven focus colors.Davies' cross-cultural color sorting test(1998)found an obvious pattern in the similarity of color sorting behavior between speakers of English which has eleven basic colors, Russian which has twelve(they distinguish two blues), and Setswana which has only five(grue=green-blue).Davies concluded that the data showed strong universalism.Culture influences the structure and functions of a group's language, which in turn influences the individual's interpretations of reality.Whorf saw language and culture as two inseparable sides of a single coin.According to Alford, “Whorf sensed something „chicken-and-egg-y' about the language-culture interaction phenomenon”(1980).Indeed, deciding which came first the language or the culture is impossible to discern.Schlesinger notes that Whorf recognized two directions of influence–from culture to language and vice versa.However, according to Schlesinger, Whorf argues that “since grammar is more resistant to change than culture, the influence from language to culture is predominant”(1991:17).Language reinforces cultural patterns through semantics, syntax and naming.Grammar and the forms of words show hierarchical importance of something to a culture.However, the common color perception tests are not strongly linked to cultural experience.Schlesinger agrees: “Whorf made far-reaching claims about the pervasive effects of language on the mental life of a people, and all that experimental psychologists managed to come up with were such modest results as the effect of the vocabulary of a language on the discriminability of color chips”(1991:30).In 1955, Dr.James Cooke Brown attempted to separate language and culture to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.He suggested the creation of a new language–one not bound to any particular culture--to distinguish the causes from the effects of language, culture, and thought.He called this artificial language LOGLAN, which is short for Logical Language.According to Riner, LOGLAN was designed as an experimental language to answer the question: “In what ways is human thought limited and directed by the language in which one thinks?”(1990).Today with the help of the Internet, many people around the world are learning LOGLAN.Riner appears positive in the continuing work with LOGLAN to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: 三门峡职业技术学院
新编简明英语语言学教案
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A New Concise Course in Linguistics
“As far as we can yet know, LOGLAN can accommodate precisely and unambiguously the native ways of saying things in any natural language.In fact, because it is logically rigorous, LOGLAN forces the speaker to make the metaphysical(cultural, worldview)premises in and of the natural language explicit in rendering the thought into(disambiguated)LOGLAN.Those assumptions, made explicit, become propositions that are open for critical review and amendment–so not only can the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis be tested, but its details can be investigated with LOGLAN”(1990).Further research and linguistic development is necessary to find out if LOGLAN will defend or dispute the theory of linguistic relativism.Other aspects of this hypothesis which warrant further research include another look at Peterson and Siegal's study involving deaf children, and Lucy's suggestion of a new theoretical account of language and thought.In Peterson and Siegal's study there are revealed two naturally occurring groups–deaf children of hearing parents and deaf children of deaf parents--which allow for a within culture test of linguistic relativity(Skoyles 1999).Their results offer direct evidence that language molds thought.Additional research in this area with specific testing of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in mind could prove successful.Also, Lucy states that all linguistic relativity proposals claim that language has some influence on thoughts about reality.He further suggests that “a theoretical account needs to articulate exactly how languages interpret experiences and how those interpretations influence thought”(1997:291).In his introduction to Whorf's body of work, John Carroll suggests a reason why so much attention and controversy surround the theory of linguistic relativism.Carroll states, “Perhaps it is the suggestion that all one's life one has been tricked, all unaware, by the structure of language into a certain way of perceiving reality, with the implication that awareness of this trickery will enable one to see the world with fresh insight”(1956:27).The world is getting smaller with the diffusion of computers and new communications technology.Interaction between members of different cultures is becoming easier and more prevalent.On a global scale, the hypothesis could be taken as a possible rationalization why foreign nations fail to communicate successfully.Awareness of linguistic relativity, however, should lead to a better understanding of cultural diversities and help to bridge intercultural communication gaps.4 Linguistic evidence of cultural differences
(1)Greetings and terms of address(2)Thanks and compliments(3)Color words(4)Privacy and taboos(5)Rounding off numbers(6)Words and cultural-specific connotations(7)Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors 5 The significance of cultural teaching and learning
Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture.When learning a foreign or second language, we should not only learn the mere imitation of the pronunciation, grammar, words and idioms, but also learn to see the world as native speakers do, that is to say, learn the ways in which the foreign language reflects, the ideas, customs, and behavior of that society, learn to understand their “language of the mind”, or acculturation.Cultural overlap, diffusion and intercultural communication
三门峡职业技术学院
新编简明英语语言学教案
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A New Concise Course in Linguistics
(1)Cultural overlap refers to the identical part of culture between two societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings.For example, the superior tends to refer to himself or herself by means of kinship terms, such as
“Have daddy/mummy/teacher told you that?”
(2)Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, this phenomenon is known as cultural diffusion.One typical example of cultural diffusion is the appearance of loan words.The practice of observing holidays of foreign origins and accepting concepts from other cultures.The attitude towards cultural diffusion(esp.cultural imperialism owing to linguistic imperialism)Linguistic imperialism is a kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the worldwide expansion of one language.(3)Intercultural or cross-cultural communication is communication between people from different cultures(their cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.)In cross-cultural communication, we need to pay special attention to the significant differences regarding social relations and concept of universe from different perspectives such as language, food, dress, attitude towards time, work habits, social behavior and religious belief that can cause frustrations in communications and contacts.7 Homework
1)Revision exercises on page139.2）Have you ever find any instances or examples of cultural imperialism in the present China? What are they? And what are the causes or reasons behind them? 3)How do deal with language imperialism and nationalism? 8 Bibliography
1.戴炜栋、何兆熊主编：《新编简明英语语言学教程》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002 2.Saussure, F.de.Course in General Linguistics, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.3.Hockett, C.F.A Course in Modern Linguistics, New York: Macmillan, 1958.4、胡壮麟，《语言学教程》[M]，北京大学出版社，2001年。
5、凌征华，《英语语言学》[M]，湖南人民出版社，2006年。9 Reflection
三门峡职业技术学院
新编简明英语语言学教案
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第三篇：物流管理英语Chapter 7教案
Chapter 7
International Logistics
教学目的和要求：
1、Gain an understanding of the characteristics of international logistics
2、Get an overview of components of international logistics management
3、Get the basic knowledge of trade terms and international insurance
4、Be familiar with various international logistics intermediaries
教学重点：
1、The characteristics of international logistics
2、Components of international logistics management
3、Trade terms and international insurance
4、Various international logistics intermediaries
教学过程：
1.New Words and Expressions
2.International Trade and International Logistics
The movement of goods across national boundaries
1)Historical Development of International Logistics
International logistics evolved into the art and science of determining eminently concrete aspects of business arrangement, from transportation and packaging, to warehousing and inventory management.2)Definition of International Logistics
International logistics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the flow and storage of goods, services and information from the point of origin to a point of consumption(revised to between, since there is reverse logistics)located in a different country.International logistics is actually about moving and exchanging goods across borders to promote world economic development and optimal allocation of world resources by utilizing international logistics network, facilities and technology based on the principle of international division of labors and collaboration and international practices.The ultimate objective is to get the right goods or services to the right place located in a different country, at the right time, lowest cost, minimum risk, and in the desired condition, by selecting the best way and method, while making the greatest contribution to the firm and the world as a whole.3)Features of International Logistics
a)Difference in environment, higher risks
b)Complex ways of transport
c)Advanced information system
d)Standardization requirement
4)Government’s Interest in International Logistics
a)Economic importance
Cost of insurance and transport always accompany import and export, and they are service imported or exported.b)National defense concerns
Transportation gave countries ability to project power domestically, regionally, and globally.It strengthened the economy by promoting trade that further improved the military powers.c)Government support for its international carriers
Developing countries use their own carriers as a rate equalizer to avoid being exploited by the more developed countries and keep abreast of transport technology.Cabotage technically does not involve international trade but it should be mentioned.It is a worldwide practice and it means the each nation reserves for its own carriers the exclusive rights to carry domestic traffic.3.Components of International Logistics Management
1)International Transportation
International transportation is eminently more complicated, involving different modes of transportation, different carriers, different transportation documents, and much greater transit times.Its inherent risks and hazards are also much more significant. Transport regulation
The purpose of regulation is to ensure that transportation services are provided adequately and that users of these services are protected from excessive prices or unfair practices. Cargo preference
Preference cargos are the single most important incentive for U.S.-flag operators in the international trade to remain under U.S.registry.The cargo preference laws provide a vital base of cargo to help offset foreign-flag advantages. Nondiscrimination
Nondiscrimination is a legal concept designed to protect competition and fair business practice.In terms of international transportation, it means two things.A carrier cannot charge different prices for similarly situated shippers, and they cannot refuse service to any shipper. Cabotage
Shipping cargo between two points in the same country is known as cabotage. Equipment balance
When there is the same amount of cargo going in both direction of a trade lane(trade balance), there will be the same amount of equipment going in both directions of that trade lane, this is called equipment balance.2)International Insurance
a)The principal perils
Free From Particular Average(F.P.A.) With Average(W.A.) All Risks
b)Exclusions
Loss or damage caused by the intentional act or fault of the Insured Loss or damage falling under the liability of the consignor Loss or damage arising from the inferior quality or shortage of the insured goods prior to the attachment of this insurance Loss or damage arising from normal loss, inherent vice or nature of the insured goods, loss of market and/or delay in transit and any expenses arising therefrom Risks and liability covered and excluded by the Ocean Marine Cargo War Risks Clauses and Strike, Riot and Civil Commotion Clauses of this Company
c)Commencement and termination of cover
This insurance attaches from the time the goods hereby insured leave the warehouse or place of storage named in the Policy for the commencement of the transit and continues in force in the ordinary course of transit including sea, land and inland waterway transits and transit in lighter until the insured goods are delivered to the consignee’s final warehouse or place of storage at the destination named in the Policy or to any other place used by the Insured for allocation or distribution of the goods or for storage other than in the ordinary course of transit.d)Duty of the insured
It is the duty of the Insured to attend to all matters as specified hereunder, failing which the Company reserves the right to reject his claim for any loss if and when such failure prejudice the rights of the Company. The Insured shall take delivery of the insured goods in good time upon their arrival at the port of destination named in the Policy.In the event of any damage to the goods, the Insured shall immediately apply for survey to the survey and/or settling agent stipulated in the Policy.If the insured goods are found short in entire package or packages or to show apparent traces of damage, the Insured shall obtain from the carrier, bailee or other relevant authorities certificate of loss or damage and/or shorthanded memo.Should the carrier, bailee or the other relevant authorities be responsible for such shortage or damage, the Insured shall lodge a claim with them in writing and, if necessary, obtain their confirmation of an extension of the time limit of validity of such claim. The Insured shall, and the Company may also, take reasonable measures immediately in salvaging the goods or prevention or minimizing a loss or damage thereto.The measures so taken by the Insured or by the Company shall not the considered respectively, as a waiver of abandonment hereunder, or as an acceptance thereof.In case of a change of voyage or any omission or error in the description of the interest, the name of the vessel or voyage, this insurance shall remain in force only upon prompt notice to this company when the Insured becomes aware of the same and payment of an additional premium if required The following documents should accompany any claim hereunder made against this Company: Original Policy, Bill of Lading, Invoice, Packing List, Tally Sheet, Weigh Memo, Certificate of Loss or Damage and/or Shortland Memo, Survey Report, Statement of Claim If any third party is involved, documents relative to pursuing of recovery from such party should also be included.Immediate notice should be given to the Company when the Cargo Owner’s actual responsibility under the contract of affreightment “Both to Blame Collision” clause becomes known.
e)The time of validity of a claim
The time of validity of a claim under this insurance shall not exceed a period of two years counting from the time of completion of discharge of the insured goods from the seagoing vessel at the final port of discharge.3)Packaging
4)Terms of Payment
International means of payment are more involved, with the risks of nonpayment and currency fluctuation calling for specific strategies that are never used in domestic transactions.Non-payment risk is higher in international transactions for: less credit information is available lack of personal contact: no way to evaluate the character of the importer collections are difficult and expensive no easy legal recourse: there is no court with jurisdiction over international disputes mistrust
a)Cash in Advance
In a Cash in Advance transaction, the exporter requests that the customer provide payment in advance, before the shipment of the goods can take place.Payment is usually made with an electronic SWIFT fund transfer from the customer’s bank to the exporter’s bank. Buyers in an area of instability Buyer has bad credit Exchange rate control Goods are made to order Buyer’s market
b)Open account
The exporter just sends an invoice to the importer along with the shipment and trusts the customer to pay within a reasonable amount of time.Just opposite to Cash in Advance.c)Documentary collection
It is a process by which an exporter asks a bank to “safeguard” its interests in the foreign country by not releasing the documents(B/L)until the importer satisfies certain requirements, most often paying the exporter(D/P)or signing a financial document(a draft)promising that it will pay the exporter within a given amount of time(acceptance)(D/A).d)Letters of credit
A L/C is a conditional payment commitment of the bank in addition to commercial credit that it will pay the “beneficiary” upon the presentation of certain documents.The exporter and the importer agree on a sale under “Letter of Credit” terms. The importer/buyer applies for an LC from bank. The importer’s bank(issuing bank)issues a LC and sends it to the exporter’s bank(notification bank) The Notification bank notifies the exporter that an L/C was issued, and it is OK to ship the goods to the importer.The notification bank should check a number of things: L/C is drawn on a legitimate bank, content meets requirement, irrevocable L/C. The exporter ships the goods and gives documents to Notification bank. The Notification bank checks that the documents match the requirements of the LC, and sends them to the Issuing bank.Issuing bank verifies that the documents match the requirements of the LC and notifies the importer that everything is in order. The issuing bank pays seller and buyer pays issuing bank.5)Trade Terms
EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CPT CIP DES DEQ DAF DDU DDP
6)Customs and Customs Clearance
a)What does Customs do
National security is a broad area that refers mostly to military threats. Revenue collection by customs is the source of funds for the country.
Managed trade and competitiveness refer to policies to promote the nation’s economy. Gray making importing, also known as parallel importing, refers to the practice of importing a product contrary to the wishes of the producer, who normally has their official distributor. Protecting national interests is the catchall for any goal the nation wishes to pursue.b)How does Customs operate
Entry restriction-certain products may be completely restricted from entry, or only under certain conditions.Rates-duties vary dramatically.Most are simply a nominal tax, while other are intended to discourage imports of a certain product.Information-Customs requires that certain information be provided on imports and exports.Government data on economic trends is collected this way.Another reason for submitting information is to control the import/export of some products.7)Inventory Management
Major international inventory issues are longer performance cycle, more in-transit inventory, border crossings, more complex location decisions, more shrinkage and more safety stock.4.International Logistics Infrastructure
1)Free Trade Zone
A Free Trade Zone is, for Customs purposes, still “outside” of the country;goods can be shipped to the FTZ without being subject to duty and quotations.Once in the FTZ, the goods can be transformed, assembled, repackaged, and so on.If the goods are re-exported, they never pay duty in the host country in which the FTZ is located;if they are sold in the host country, it is only after leaving the FTZ that they have to pay duty.The main reasons for using FTZ
Delay tariff Avoid tariffs before shipment Processing Correct mistakes Sell
Merchandise in a FTZ may be stored, repackaged, repaired, tested, relabeled, displayed as well as manufactured, assembled, salvaged and destroyed.2)Ports
A port is the intersection of different modes of transport.Factors that influence the competitiveness of ports:
Location in relation to markets Location in relation to its competitors Inland connections Infrastructure and technology Accessibility to the trade lane Management
Most ports are run by a commission assigned by a local or regional government, called port authority.Types of port authorities:
Landlord port: the landlord port is one in which the port owns and manages infrastructure, and private parties mange everything else. Tool port: the port also owns the superstructures, but private parties rent assets through concessions or licenses. Service port: the service port is where the port has completed ownership and management. Privately owned port
5.International Logistics Intermediaries and Logistics Alliances
Intermediaries refer to many companies or individuals that facilitate trade.Some of them work for shippers, some for carriers, and some for consignees.Sometimes these arrangements become more elaborate, such as alliances.1)Main International Logistics Intermediaries/Facilitators
International Logistics Intermediaries function as third-party logistics providers, firms that provide outsourced or “third party” logistics services to companies for part, or sometimes all of their supply chain management functions.Third party logistics providers typically specialize in integrated operation, warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled and customized to customer’s needs based on market conditions and the demands and delivery service requirements for their products and materials.Types of International Logistics Intermediaries or facilitators:
International freight forwarder is an individual or a company that books or otherwise arranges space for shipments between countries via common carriers. Customs brokers are private individuals, partnerships, associations or corporations licensed, regulated and empowered by Customs to assist importers and exporters in meeting national requirements governing imports and exports. Non-vessel Operating Common Carriers(NVOCC)buy space from carriers and resell them.NVOCCs essentially act as if they were a carrier, but they do not own or control any of the ships, planes, etc. Export Trading Company(ETC)and Export Management Company(EMC)assist companies in marketing their product in other countries.2)International Logistics Alliances
In logistics, at least as much as any other industry, there has been a strong trend toward alliances in order to promote efficiency.Criteria of a good match:
Individual excellence Importance Interdependence Investment Information Integration Institutionalization Integrity 11
第四篇：物流管理英语Chapter 6教案
Chapter 6
Information Technology in a Supply Chain
教学目的和要求：
1、Understand the importance of information and information technology in a supply chain
2、Know at a high level how the supply chain drivers use information
3、Describe the various SC-related information technologies and information systems that have been developed over the past several decades
4、Understand the major applications of supply chain information technology and the processes that they enable
5、Discuss the impact of information technology on supply chain management in the future
教学重点：
1、The importance of information and information technology in a supply chain
2、How the supply chain drivers use information
3、The various SC-related information technologies and information systems that have been developed over the past several decades
4、The major applications of supply chain information technology and the processes that they enable
5、The impact of information technology on supply chain management in the future
教学过程：
1.New Words and Expressions
2.The Role of IT in a Supply Chain
Information is a key supply chain driver because it serves as the glue that allows the other supply chain drivers to work together with the goal of creating an integrated, coordinated supply chain.Information is crucial to supply chain performance because it provides the foundation on which supply chain processes execute transactions and manages make decisions.IT consists of the hardware, software, and people throughout a supply chain that gather, analyze, and execute upon information.Information is the key to the success of a supply chain because it enables management to make decisions over a broad scope that crosses both functions and companies.Information is a key ingredient not just at each stage of the supply chain, but also within each phase of supply chain decision making—from the strategic phase to the planning phase to the operational phase.1)Facility
Determining the location, capacity, and schedules of a facility requires information on the trade-offs among efficiency and flexibility, demand, exchange rates, taxes, and so on.2)Inventory
Setting optimal inventory policies requires information that includes demand patterns, costs of carrying inventory, costs of stocking out, and cost of ordering.3)Transportation
Deciding on transportation networks, routings, modes, shipments vendors requires information including costs, customer locations, and shipment sizes to make good decisions.4)Sourcing
Information on product margins, prices, quality, delivery lead times, and so on, are all important in making sourcing decisions.5)Pricing and revenue management
Te set pricing policies, one needs information on demand, both its volume and various customer segment’s willingness to pay, as well as many supply issues such as the product margin, lead time, and availability.3.Brief History of Information System Connectivity
The development of SC information systems closely follows the inside-outside development approach.The development of these systems began with a very narrow focus on inventory and has gradually expanded to encompass other areas of the organization, progressively building on the structure of previous applications.Economic order quantity(EOQ)and reorder point(ROP)systems were followed by material requirements planning(MRP)systems, which helped determine when orders should be placed for various components to avoid stockouts and excess inventory.Distribution requirements planning(DRP)systems, which extended MRP thinking to the distribution network, helped determine the correct amount of products to produce as well as the correct locations to which to ship finished goods.These systems were followed by just-in-time(JIT), quick response(QR), continuous product replenishment(CPR), and efficient consumer response(ECR)systems that helped better match buyers’ demands with the production and delivery of suppliers.These systems naturally grew into other systems such as vendor-managed inventory(VMI), where organizations are responsible for managing the inventory levels of their customers.Customer relationship management(CRM)systems complemented these systems, helping companies track and analyze customer behavior.CRM systems also enabled managers to evaluate the effect of specific sales and marketing efforts.The term customer relationship management(CRM)encompasses all strategies, methodologies, tools, and other technology-based capabilities that help an enterprise organize and manage its customer relationships.The focus of CRM is on providing optimal value to customers through pre-sale interactions, sales processes, and post-sale interactions.4.The Supply Chain IT Framework
From an enterprise’s perspective, all processes within its supply chain can be categorized into three main areas: processes focused downstream, processes focused internally, and processes focused upstream. Customer relationship management(CRM)
Internal supply chain management(ISCM)
Supplier relationship management(SRM)
1)Customer Relationship Management
The CRM macro process consists of processes that take place between an enterprise and its customers downstream in the supply chain.The goal of the CRM macro process is to generate customer demand and facilitate transmission and tracking of orders.Weakness in this process results in demand being lost and a poor customer experience because orders are not processed and executed effectively. Marketing
Sell
Order management
Call/service center
2)Internal Supply Chain Management
ISCM is focused on operations internal to the enterprise.ISCM includes all processes revolved in planning for and fulfilling a customer order. Strategic planning
Demand planning
Supply planning
Fulfillment
Field service
3)Supplier Relationship Management
SRM includes those processes focused on the interaction between the enterprise and suppliers that are upstream in the supply chain.The major SRM processes are the design collaboration, sourcing, negotiation, buy, and supply collaboration processes.4)The Transaction Management Foundation
5.Supply Chain IT in Practice
Select an IT system that addresses the company’s key success factors.Every industry and even companies within an industry can have very different key success factors.By key success factors, we mean the two or three elements that really determine whether or not a company is going to be successful.It is important to select supply chain IT systems that are able to give a company an advantage in the areas most crucial to the success of the business. One way to help ensure success of IT projects is to design them so that they have incremental steps. Use IT systems to support decision making, not to make decisions.Think about the future.Although it is more difficult to make a decision about an IT system with the future in mind than the present, it is very important that managers include the future state of the business in the decision processes.6.The Future of IT in the Supply Chain
Most likely to occur: SC executives expect an increased demand for on-line technical information, an increased integration role for the purchasing functions of organizations, the elimination of human intervention in the procurement-through-payables transaction process, an improvement in efficiencies as a result of Web-based systems, and the continued use of Internet/Web-based links with suppliers. Least likely to occur: Based on what SC executives believe is unlikely to happen, we can draw the following conclusions:
Web-based tools will not erode the leverage advantages of larger buyers
Industry-sponsored e-markets will not become primary sourcing tools
Reverse auctions will not account for more than 20 percent of the spend
Neutral e-markets are less likely to be utilized than industry sponsored e-marketplaces
Strategic alliances/relationships will not become less important as a result of e-commerce
1)ERP Ⅱ
SC-wide information connectivity 2)E-Marketplaces
One unique application of the Internet has been the creation of e-marketplaces.In terms of SCM, e-marketplaces can add value by helping companies identify new resources of supply or new customers.They can also help facilitate transactions between buyers and suppliers by being mediator between the various parties.3)Radio frequency technology
RFID tags have the potential to deliver a completely new level of transparency to supply chains and their customers.4)Electronic on-line bidding events: the reverse auction
Reverse auctions are when suppliers bid for a buyer’s business.These auctions result in a downward pressure on the price of the product or service being sold.Electronic reverse auctions are simply auctions that take place over the Internet or some other electronic technology.
第五篇：Chapter 5 主持词
Chapter 5 主持词（Chairman’s Speech)
大型会议主持的基本流程是：主持人简短的开场白，介绍出席的主要嘉宾，在每个嘉宾演讲者演讲前对他做简单的介绍，结束会议。每个会议因规模、时间长度、内容等原因对主持人的要求各不相同，但是一些基本原则是通用的。
1、主持人有责任保证整场会议的讨论是在友善、公平而热烈的气氛下进行的。
2、主持人介绍演讲嘉宾、演讲内容或者讨论话题的语气必须保持客观中立，但信息要充分。在讨论开始之前主持人应阐明讨论的目的，但切记表达个人意见，以防影响讨论的客观性。
3、主持人应尽量少发言，但要活跃会议的气氛，把更多的时间留给不同的与会者提问和发表意见。
4、主持人的提问应该以激发讨论的积极气氛为目的，避免自问自答。
5、鼓励提问者多提启发性的问题（Open question),而非封闭性的问题（Close question,也就是那些只需用“是”或者“不是”作答的问题）。
6、当讨论遇到僵局时，主持人应通过一些启发性问题，或者总结性的话语来推动讨论的继续进行。
7、主持人应适时地做阶段性总结。会议接近尾声时，主持人再对整场会议或者讨论做一番总结和评价。
实用句型
开场白
67、Good afternoon,distinguished guests,ladies and gentlemen.68、On behalf of our company I would like to give a warm welcome to the two Heads of Governments.我代表公司向两国政府首脑致以热烈欢迎。
69、For us here it is our honor and privilege to host this event.作为这次活动的主办方，我们感到非常荣幸。
70、May I have your attention,please?请大家安静。
71、My name is Mary Ross,and it’s my honor to serve as master of ceremonies for the 4th annual meeting.我叫玛丽·罗斯，很荣幸成为第四届年会的司仪。
72、It is my honor and pleasure to preside over the opening ceremony of the International Conference.我感到很高兴也很荣幸能够主持这次国际会议的开幕式。
73、I would like to congratulate Duncan University on the occasion of its 17th founding anniversary celebration.我向邓肯大学建校17周年庆典表示祝贺。
74、On this occasion,I would like to express my best wishes for the success of this conference.借此机会，我衷心祝愿这次大会圆满成功。
75、Let me take this opportunity to express my appreciation to Mr.Blackwell.请允许我借此机会向布莱威尔先生表达我的感激之情
76、It gives me great pleasure to open today’s conference,which is being held by NHS.很高兴由我来宣布NHS举办的大会开幕。
77、I would therefore like to welcome you to Berlin,to Germany.欢迎你们到德国柏林。
78、I extend a warm welcome and hope you engage in fruitful discussions.非常欢迎你们，并且希望你们积极参与讨论并取得满意成果。
79、Good morning to you all,and thanks to Greenwich University for their invitation to me to address this Conference.大家早上好，感谢格林尼治大学邀请我为这次会议作词。
80、Conference such as this enhance the ability of all who participate to serve their clients in
accordance with the highest of professional standards.像这样的大会有助于提高所有与会者的专业水平，增强他们服务客户的能力。
81、Thank you very much for the invitation to attend,give a keynote address and officially open this conference.非常感谢你们邀请我出席、主持并为这次会议致开幕词。
82、It is a great pleasure for me to briefly address you at the beginning of this very important conference.我很荣幸能在这个重要会议开始之前简短说几句。
宣布开幕
83、I am pleased to declare this conference open.我很高兴地宣布，会议正式开始。
84、I hope you all enjoy your time here.I can now declare this conference open.希望你们在此度过愉快时光，我现在宣布大会开幕。
85、On behalf of NHS I declare the Conference open.我代表NHS宣布，大会开始。
86、Now the press conference can start.记者招待会现在开始。
87、I now declare the Conference open and wish it every success.我现在宣布大会开始，并预祝它圆满成功。
88、Now，the floor is open.大会现在开始。
介绍嘉宾和演讲者
89、We are very honored to have with us Mr.White.我们很荣幸怀特先生也出席了这次会议。
90、Many distinguished guests are in attendance,including MPs, senators,ambassadors and professors.在座的许多贵宾包括国会议员、参议员、大使和教授。
91、Ladies and gentlemen,I take great pleasure in introducing our guest Mr.Livingston.先生们，女士们，我很高兴为您介绍我们的嘉宾利文斯顿先生。
92、I am pleased to introduce our speaker,Dr.John Smith.我很高兴为您介绍我们的演讲者约翰·史密斯博士。
93、Pleased join me in giving a warm welcome to Dr.John Smith.让我们热烈欢迎约翰·史密斯博士。
94、Let’s give a big hand to Dr.John Smith.让我们用热烈的掌声欢迎史密斯博士。
95、I feel greatly honored to have Mr.A and Mr.B as our distinguished guests.我感到非常荣幸，邀请到A和B先生作为我们的嘉宾。
96、Let us welcome our honor guests for this evening,Mr.Green,CEO of ABC Company„让我们欢迎今晚出席的贵宾：ABC公司总裁格林先生„„
97、First of all,I’d like to introduce our distinguished guests present at this meeting who are:首先，我介绍一下出席这次会议的嘉宾：
98、I will now give the floor to our first speaker.现在有请我们的第一位演讲者。
99、So we’ll get things started right away with our first speaker.让我们马上欢迎第一位演讲者。100、It is my pleasure to introduce Governor Huang who will speaker to you first.很高兴请来我们的第一位演讲者黄省长。
101、I have the honor to invite Dr.Dent to deliver a speech.我很荣幸地邀请丹特博士发表演讲。102、Please help me welcome Mr.Donald.欢迎唐纳德先生发言。
103、Please join me in welcoming Mr.Murdoch.让我们欢迎默多克先生发言。
104、Our speaker this morning is well known to us.我们对今天上午的演讲者都非常熟悉。105、We know him as„and„But how many of you know that he has a hobby of raising turtles?我们都知道他是„„但你们当中又有几个知道他还是养龟爱好者。
106、Let’s hear what Jack has to say about biofuel.让我们听听杰克对生物燃料的看法。
107、Our May,2008 presenter will be our very first speaker from the last annual meeting.去年年会的第一位发言人将是我们今年5月的演讲者。
108、So I would like to go straight on with our next speaker,David Siemens,who is the managing director of ABC Inc.马上让我来介绍下一位演讲者：ABC公司的执行董事戴维·西蒙斯先生。109、I am pleased to introduce our next speaker,John.很高兴为您介绍我们下一位发言人„„
110、It’s now my pleasure to introduce our next speaker,Mr.Bob King.接下来的演讲者是鲍勃·金先生。
111、Our next speaker needs no introduction.He is „„我们的下一位发言人不需要我多介绍。他就是„„
112、Now I’d like to introduce Morris to share his thoughts on soaring oil price.现在有请毛瑞斯跟我们分享他对油价上涨的想法。
113、So without further delay,President Lee.马上有请李主席（为我们讲话）。
答问环节的主持
114、I think they deserve your gratitude and a round of applause.请用热烈的掌声向他们表示我们的谢意。
115、I could go on,for a very long time,and I would enjoy doing so.我可以一直说下去，而且我很乐意这样做。
116、But there is a large number of people here and I think they ought to have a chance to exchange with you as well..但现场还有许多朋友，我认为也应该给他们一些机会跟您交流。117、So I am going to throw the debate to the floor.现在我让现场听众来发言。
118、I now invite questions for Mr.King from the audience.我现在想请听众向金先生提问。119、Please note that we have only about fifteen minutes,so try to keep your questions brief.请注意我们有15分钟时间，请大家尽量把问题说得简短些。
120、So who would like to ask the first question?谁来提第一个问题呢？
121、I am going to do them in groups of three and hopefully we can get through a couple of sets before the Prime Minister and the Home Secretary have to leave.我打算把问题分成三个一组来回答，希望我们能赶得及在首相和内务部长必须离开之前多回答几组问题。
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