《异类》读书笔记[5篇范文]

第一篇：《异类》读书笔记

《异类》读书笔记范文

当品读完一部作品后，相信大家的收获肯定不少，让我们好好写份读书笔记，把你的收获和感想记录下来吧。怎样写读书笔记才能避免写成“流水账”呢？下面是小编为大家收集的《异类》读书笔记范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

重新来看《异类》，我就第一部分机遇的前2章“马太效应”和“10000小时法则”整理一篇读书笔记。作者并不是简单的将成功归纳为天赋、勤奋、运气，而一言蔽之，而是对成功者的成长年龄、经历和成长环境挖得很深，我的理解为一个成功者需要刚好在幸运的年龄碰到10000小时这个机遇。

正如第一章作者说能进入顶级球队的`球员肯定比你我都具备运动天赋，如果你的这段10000小时的经历可能因为你的年龄小几个月的原因而比别人起步晚一些，而错过了领先优势，正是这种领先优势造就了天才们辉煌的成就。

换句话说，成功者就是获得这些特殊机遇的人，他们因此最终取得了更大的进步；富有者因取得了更多的减税优惠从而变得更富有；成绩优异的学生因获得了更优秀的老师的指导，更多的关注，从而取得更好的成绩；冰球对9岁至10岁间的孩子中年纪稍大者获得了更多的指导和训练，从而变得更优秀，在社会学领域来说，所谓成功就是“优势积累”的结果。

孙子兵法说：天时、地利、人和，三者不得，虽胜有殃。成功之路上，天时地利人和为三要素，涵盖了成功之路的一切，天时是成功之路的伯乐、机遇；地利是成功之路的环境、条件；人和是成功之路的综合实力。

无论是比尔。乔伊，还是比尔·盖茨都在他们幸运的年龄碰到了计算机行业刚好起步，计算机编程刚好是他们的兴趣爱好，又处在单纯的年轻时候，时间足够，让他们在这个特长方面能够训练自己10000小时。从心里学家的角度，天赋的作用其实很小，而后天努力的作用其实很大。

将冰球明星、甲壳虫乐队、比尔·乔伊和比尔·盖茨的故事串起来，我们便能拼出通向成功更加完整的路径。先在肯定他们的深具天赋、才华横溢的同时，但是，使他们如此出色的不是他们的非凡才能，而是他们的非凡的机遇。如果甲壳虫没有在汉堡的历练，比尔·盖茨没有读湖滨学校的机遇，他们不可能成为“异类”，本书所有列举的“异类”都是某种独特机遇的受惠者。

第二篇：[读书笔记]《异类》读后感1500字(fwsir推荐)

[读书笔记]《异类》读后感1500字

金海亮

第一遍看这本书是刚毕业的时候，那个时候刚出来工作，特别不适应。虽然在设计公司特别苦和累，但是心中依然对未来充满希望。那时候即将考研，自信必上，觉得小小的设计公司不过是我的暂栖之地。所以那次看这本书就像看故事书，一读而过，并没有留下什么值得回味的思考。

工作了三个月后，渐渐发现，每天日夜循环，感觉单调乏味，找不到意义，看不到希望。于是重新想起此书。

在大多数人的观念里，成功就是高智商加勤奋，毕竟爱迪生也总结道：成功等于天才加汗水。而本书中给出的成功模式总结起来就是：成功=社会（机遇，文化）+家庭（见识，实践智力，社会资源）+个人（智商，勤奋）。

看完这个结论，想起了今年北京状元采访中说的话，想起几年前的文章《寒门再难出贵子》，并重新读了一遍。阅完三者，感觉脊背发凉，深感自我实现之难，阶级跨越之难。深恐自己此生碌碌无为。

1.关于社会

简而言之是文中的机遇。在论述这个因素时，作者举的例子是加拿大冰球队队员，甲壳虫乐队，比尔盖茨，奥本海默，乔弗洛姆等。现挑几个典型的说说。世人（意识到机遇的重要性的人）大多认为，比尔盖茨是抓住了机遇才在科技浪潮中脱颖而出，乔弗洛姆是抓住了机遇才使世达律师事务所闻名于世。但是在他们成功之前，他们并没有看到有什么机遇，然后去把握机遇取得成功；也就是说，比尔盖茨初中起就学编程，乔弗洛姆毕业后开律师事务所都是遵循自己的兴趣或者说原本的生活状态（即没有意识到机遇后的转变）。只是最后在同行业中成功的是他们，所以就说是他们抓住了机遇。其实在每个变革的来临时，人们依然遵循既有的生活方式做着自己的事，但是在这个变革中（美国经济的转型期，计算机革命，律师行业变革），总有少部分人成功，不是这个人就是那个人，反正会有那么一定数量的人。而且只能是一小部分人成功。于是这部分人被说是抓住了机遇。而他们的成功确实是碰到了一系列的机遇，但是并不是他们抓住的。

结论便是，机遇是成功的因素中个人无法把握的。

再说文化，从书中的“大韩航空失事的族裔理论”以及“稻田与数学”这两个例子来看，文化比机遇更加无法控制。可能稍微幸运的是，文中的例子都是拿群体分析，或是拿特例分析，并不具备个体上的意义，也不是普世原理。

2.关于家庭

关于家庭条件，这方面在某种意义上似乎可以说依然是机遇，因为你无法选择出生在怎么样的家庭中。从你出生到你成长的这段时间，你的家庭条件是不太可能发生跃迁的，如果发生了，那也算作是碰到了机遇。

父母的言传身教时时刻刻都在塑造你的人格、品行、见识，也是你的实践智力的最主要来源，而家庭经济条件则决定了你能上什么样的学校、什么样的培训班、去哪里旅游等等。其中最重要的是实践智力，用原文的话说就是该在什么时候向什么人说什么话，怎么样说才能达到最佳效果。这种实践智力仿佛完全是家庭环境决定，至少在意识到这个问题之前。

在意识到实践智力、人格品质等因素在成功中的重要性后，这几个方面是可以有意识的改变的，虽然说很难。意识到这个问题之前这些因素都是在家庭的潜移默化中成长的，意识到之后则可以有意识的做出自我改变。

结论：家庭方面的因素，除经济因素之外，()其他的几项在意识之前无法控制、无法把握，在意识到之后可以在一定程度上控制和把握。

3.关于个人

在个人方面主要是智商和勤奋两大要素。先说智商，智商的重要性不言而喻，在同等条件下，智商高的人学习能力和理解能力都比智商低的人强，特别是在智商差距较大的情况下。但是智商有门槛效应，当智商达到某个临界值时，智商在成功的作用中就骤减。

仅谈智商，则其不可控。但勤奋是可控的，这本书中那么多理论，就这个10000小时理论比较鼓舞人心，因为即使是比尔盖茨、乔布斯、莫扎特等名人在成名之前都经过10000小时临界值的训练，虽然不是完全依靠自己。但是在意识到关于勤奋方面的10000小时理论的重要性之后，假如说不考虑时机和时间的话，勤奋也是可控的。

综上所述，结论如下：成功=机遇，文化传承，智商（不可控）+实践智力，社会资源（半可控）+勤奋（可控）。

阶级弱势群体如何自处，如何获得发展？这个问题作者并未论述，但是看完本书后觉得这个问题很重要。在无解的情况下，唯有多点勤奋和行动，少点空想。

第三篇：《异类》读后感

读完之后感觉特别悲观呢，家庭出身不好，所以人生有固定的路子，这不就是妈妈之前说的命吗。之前母亲常说的就是要人命，你信命吗？我从来都是回答，我不信命，我相信命运掌握在自己手中。活了30年，我也只能承认，我自己只掌握了部分的命运。但是我如果可以成为作家、知名医生、知名政府官员，会是很难的。我只能做一个还算不错的白领，能在北京买房，那我也就改变了命运了，起码我的孩子的命运被改写了。

可是人生短短百年，而且前25年都是在懵懂中度过的，我怎么能利用这么短的时间来改变从农村家庭出身的背景呢?

我的职业生涯也有了瓶颈，我不知道该如何提升自己？我的方向在哪里？我如果去读MBA，会不会被人认为是华而不实，一个普通的农民孩子花那么多钱去镀金值得吗？如果是一个书香门第的孩子去读MBA那是非常正常的，一点都不浮夸，但是如果是我去读，就显得浮夸了。性价比高吗？我读完后会得到什么呢？

我的家庭，我出生的地方，大部分的决定了我会接受什么样的教育，遇到什么样的人，从事什么样的工作，最终过上什么样的生活。

但是我还是不甘心的，我希望可以改变自己的命运，我希望我可以过得比别人好，也希望给父母带来好的生活。不过现在我如果能过好自己的日子就已经很不错了。

总之，读完这本书，很丧气。

也更加坚定了，要留在北京买房子。

第四篇：异类读后感英文版

Alien“ is a book that can change the future, as long as you want to believe that the future can be changed.Malcolm Gladwell, ”outliers“ place of shock is it subverts the most people to success, the understanding of how successful, of the differences between the human and the human thinking.The preface tells the mystery of Cetto, where people live and live longer, the secret is not diet, not exercise, nor is it a gene or a position.But in Roseto, Rosetta trustee like each other sect, a very close relationship between family and neighbors, community here, everyone is equal.The book lists the Canadian ice hockey players, Joey Bill, the Beatles, Bill Gates, et al.Each person has a unique reason(that is, the author of the book), each person's failure also has a variety of reasons(more than you can imagine).But this is only for a specific group of meaningful evaluation, you can not from the success of the people who have some common points, but also can not from the failure of the body to find common, every one is a case, so only from the case to learn from experience and lessons.The three elements of success in the book are: environment, personal effort, opportunity.The authors cite a variety of examples to prove their point of view.In our current culture, the concept of environment is rarely considered, because the history of the river can be analyzed from the environmental changes, but in the specific individual, for the environment you almost no ability to change.Born in twenty-first Century will be doomed to face the tide of information, perhaps one thousand years later, the society is more developed, the success is easy.Maybe one thousand years ago, the society is very simple, only successful expedition.But these are history, for individuals, you can only accept their own environment.If you happen to be born in the 1950S, then you are close to a lot of success, because the 50's was born in college, just in time to catch up with the computer's dawn 70's, only in this industry has just entered, can experience 80 years of rapid growth and 90's brilliant, and then stand at the forefront of the 21 world information era.The author of the United States is now the scientific and technological circles of these big brothers, more than 50 years was born, very lucky to be born in a good environment, which makes them more likely to succeed.And in the ten years before and after ten years of people, not too early to miss the opportunity is too late to catch up with this opportunity.In short, the success of the essential environmental factors, you can do nothing.This is life”.The second point refers to the individual efforts, the very good understanding, the core idea is “ten thousand hours theory”, that is, if you want to succeed or become an expert in a field, then at least ten thousand hours of professional training before.This idea is a lot of things online, there are a special book to introduce the theory of ten thousand hours, here to recommend a blog to do a reading of the.In this paper, or lists of the gates before success through a variety of ways to learn some computer knowledge(mainly as an opportunity to speak), as well as the Beatles success before in Hamburg hard experience performance, are these daily practices that led to them when the chance comes with the accumulation of their own success.Cite the case of a side, if you from an unknown beginners to become expert in a field, assuming that you have a good opportunity to look good in this work, that work 8 hours a day, excluding other factors, then almost needs four years to scrape up enough of the 10000 hours.This is very lucky to finish the training, if it is an amateur activity or a hobby, the author gives the estimate time is ten years.Here is just to compare myself, because I am also from the zero to contact product manager this position, before also know nothing, then you can simply do a comparison, four years later, if I do not like the calculation of the field of experts。

Third points, opportunity.In fact, the author of the opportunity to enlarge the proportion of success, and the reality is that this opportunity is really an uncertain factor.Perhaps because of a minor reason, a NB characters in a lifetime will be destroyed, and then can not fly.It may also be because of a minor reason, a person on the unexpected success, and glory.A lot of people are in some of the small things that look completely small things on a little bit of accumulation, leading to a step by step to success, the author here is the case of Gates(the world's richest man is a big influence, three examples are all Gates).How because the rich at home, the school open, will encounter a step toward success.In fact it bluntly, you still can't control and opportunities so unreal things, can only say that try to do a good job in their own bale, really got the chance to brave to fight for, as can not succeed it is another matter.There is no opportunity and who can not guess.Well, in fact, this is life“。

After watching three points, may be pessimistic about the discovery, success in addition to the ten thousand hours a little bit better control, the rest of the whole look, see the face, which is called what? The book of changes? Ha-ha In fact, the author is only an analysis of the factors of success of others, inferred.What is not scientific, according to our Chinese traditional thinking, life is not to change, you can only do their own.At least three factors are related, and if the author deduced that the three factors were all in life, we could be lying on the bed waiting for the opportunity to fall on his face.We often speak insincerely that success is outstanding person gifted, however, when you open the success of history to query will found that is definitely not so simple.Instead, we found that successful people are often influenced by the blessing of the special opportunities, they also tend to be able to seize the opportunity, and tireless work, in support of all aspects of society, their unremitting struggle finally one day to get a return, their success is not starting from scratch, but their successful World Hui gift gift, in other words, their success and not have what others don't know the secret, no!Success has certain rules, if we can understand these rules, then us many problems difficult to solve, can be solved.1.Living environment is very important Compare memories is the story of Boko Neate, the tailor and hawkers, came to the big city to buy clothing, can learn as a modern economy the case, he was almost unconscious learning market survey, learn the production process, learn how to with the pride of the Yankees to deal with, but also to learn how to understand popular culture in order to be able to deeply understand the trends.So say, brothers, you are now in what kind of environment is very important!You think, a farm worker, is also very busy, but the production of crops are loaded, you do not know what their next step is sold out, after what kind of channels to what the supermarket to buy? All don't know.So he has no future to change!But if you work in a small shop, like Boko Neate, even though the salary is very low, the environment is bad, and so on, but you can learn from the success of many things, you can know how to build their own business.The book cites many of the factors behind the success of the case, the original father of the Internet and the father of Java Joey, Bill Gates, Bob Alan, Jobs, Packard......So many IT big brothers, the original just met a good opportunity!@ So, sometimes, you have to be good at choosing.Some hard work seems to have no end, but the outlook is not a dark, when Bill Gates first in the lake school beat keyboard, is also the same feeling, when the battle band in Hamburg's line of 7 hours per night, the concert is not back, so that when they encounter opportunities, will seize the opportunity, when a hard work has lost all sense of time, it is a prison work.2.Success is the opportunity of the times.Star firm case.The world's largest law firm-Star law firm founder Fromm, is an example of that.Before 1980, because of low profits and reputation, large law firms will not take over ”enterprises malicious mergers and litigation“, which became unable to find work Fromm's resting place, with the development of the world, 1980, after the business become all litigation lawyer industry in the highest part of the profits Skadden, ARPS thus formed huge development.It can be said, all of a sudden, the industrial revolution broke out, and devoted in this field the tens of thousands of hours of effort of Shida, ready this preparation.For Fromm, he spent 20 years time to prepare and hone their own, in the face of adversity end he did not complacent, because they know.It is not that they become smarter than other lawyers, but in the decades to hone skills, suddenly become extremely valuable!3.IQ can be ignored.Terman, of Stanford University in America's 25 million pupils IQ test, found the 1470 IQ between 140-200 students.This is one of psychology's most famous research, because the result was a surprise!Them as a group, called the Terman.After the second test up to 50 years, is not only the track and record every time progress, and selfless help, including their job recommendation and research students apply for admission, as well as their growth to provide advice and consultation.However, what is the final result? None of these people had a brilliant achievement, and, on the whole, their success rate and the average level of the public, there is no difference!Instead, it was not included in the test group, the three Nobel prize winners!The story of Oppenheimer and Brant.Brent is a famous people in the United States, to the high IQ and extremely smart famous, from the rupture the boy's family because very common final twice was removed from the University, he worked as a crew of construction workers all workers, relying on self-taught, but not published anything or done something important.Oppenheimer is another extreme examples, it has the Brant does not have a kind of ability, this book called ”practical intelligence,“ and that is to persuade others, overcome difficulties, to solve the problem.Oppenheimer graduate tutor to hate periods because of poison to kill the teacher, was found out......This is not important, important is at his disposal, the final disposition is on probation.Candidates for the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer no advantage, average intelligence, age is small, no qualifications, lack of academic background, but he was able to convince the person in charge of the program...In fact, many of the successful cases, IQ is often extremely exaggerated.The final conclusion is that IQ is a threshold, as long as the threshold, there is no difference.4.Cultural heritage From Harlan area of savage fighting, Korean air crash frequently, to rice cultivation in China, illustrates the important role culture plays in the development of some things, Malcolm this section describes, with a very wide field of vision, from the West are oriental culture indeed point to this problem, culture lead to different communication and ways of doing things, which led directly to the success or failure of some of the things.Worth considering is that here, bring the cultural heritage of China's continuing efforts to be recognized, reference to the successful experience of New York of the Kipp schools here, just a replica of the domestic education, interesting, right? Different from other schools in New York, KIPP students get up before six points, they are more than 7 points to get to the school began a day of basic training, this time the children of other schools may still sleep, they encourage good grades, with strict rules and avoid excessive freedom, they are more than 50% of the school day, they work to write 11 or even more......Very familiar with it? This is not our current education mode? However, the school's test results are among the best in the United States, the ability to test is not? But not to consider these, this ”success“ is actually our eastern culture to influence the learning model, which can be seen as a cultural ideology of the ”success“ of the impact of it? 5.To learn to make all the advantages of fermentation brewing!If a person is smart, ambitious and hard working, then he is likely to succeed.But the truth is far more complicated than this, not casually to achieve success, environment, opportunity.Also depends on your ability to foresee the environment, the ability to adapt to the environment and the ability to grasp the opportunity.In some cases we can see the importance of following factors, such as the nineteenth Century tycoon who was born in 1930, is a successful lawyer, born in 1955, is the successful IT chiefs were born,(check all the IT you know brother will understand), this time, the opportunity comes, coziness bring early the results of the current generation of the industry is still, these newcomers are constantly rushing struggle in the success of the road, this is the first advantage, if your parents teach you the meaning of work, this is the second advantage, and now, you were born at the right time, change is welcome a new wave, this is the third advantage, enough, this time, as long as you are more clever and seize the full excavation, these factors will be under the active blend you, become a wonderful Combination, you're on the way to success!Finally, as the book said, ”the heterogeneous, they are the product of history and environment, is the opportunity and accumulation of crystallization".We need to understand that the so-called heterogeneous, never what is different.

第五篇：读《异类》有感

读《异类》有感

（一）田胖

《异类》是这本书我是在地铁途中匆忙看完的，对细节已忘得差不多，只记得讲各种故事，讲述方法类似于纪录片，核心的思想就是量变的积累影响质变。

（1）10000万小时的成长理论

人的成功离不开时代的大背景，在时代的洪流推动下，个人的兴趣、素质、能力迎合了时代洪流，并且在时代发生变化前，积累了可以胜任的能力，做好了准备。

这种准备就是在特定领域积累10000万个小时的锻炼。无论是创业者经历几次失败，还是打工者按部就班做了几年基础工作，一定是按循序渐进积累10000万小时。时间的积累可以带来认识、能力的升华。所以在人生的竞争中，一朝一夕、一城一地的得失并不重要，关键是是否有质的提升。

我工作5年了，22天/月*12月/年*8小时/天*5年=10560小时，但对财务领域还是一知半解，反思一下，第一是专业领域的集中度不够，第二就是专业实操经验少。第三，最主要还是自制力不够。反思一下，我还有一个黄金5年，希望能做一点量变影响质变的事情来。

（2）略超前半步的成功

如果是九月份作为入学的起点，超级运动明星（成功主要是实力，不是刷脸）的生日往往集中在九月、十月。而比较少集中在七月、八月。如果是三月份是入学的起点，成功者多数集中在四月、五月。原因是他们入学的时候比同时入学的人成熟一些，起点略高一点点，在面临竞争时自然而然超前半步，会形成被重视、给的机会多，受的锻炼多，进步飞快，于是超前半步的起点往往在后面形成比较大的优势。

在生意场上，在职场中，莫不如此，做的比同类好10%,赢得先机优势，开始小的差距通过先天优势累计也会形成大的竞争优势。

（3）环境的影响

一个小镇，由于一件小事，形成了家族、部落矛盾，造成了血拼。这种仇恨犹如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》一样，家族的矛盾就影响了后代个人成长的环境，这种环境慢慢积累形成了质变，于是这个地方出生的人就形成了残酷、冷漠的性格。环境是可以影响人的，一个人在充满欢乐的环境下成长，在信任、鼓励环境下成长，他就乐观。一个人在争吵中长大，在谩骂下生活，他就自卑、暴戾。而一种性格一旦在环境中慢慢形成，其实就是影响后面几代人。

作为有了孩子的家长，我也在思考，怎样才能给孩子一个充满爱、信任、鼓励的环境。这种环境的营造其实就是对自己欲望的克制，是对自己的一举一动，一言一行点点滴滴的修行，而不是刻意营造。

（4）错误的累计

作者研究了飞机失事的原因，绝大多数原因不是特别大的失误，而是非常不起眼的小失误，这种失误特别小，以至于不能引起重视，因为单纯的一、两个失误是不会导致飞机出事的。但是一两个小错误，加上周围恶劣环境、加上精神不集中，加上判断的差错，加上紧张和表达与周围人沟通不畅，这种失事就成了大概率事件。

对照日记本翻，也确实能发现这种规律，就是做了几件比较顺的事情之后，容易出现不好的事情，这是个预警，如果我重视了，标注了，后面不会有大错，如果没有引起重视，就一定会有比较大的错误。

既然量变带来质变，就要相信积累的力量，相信坚持的力量。就要“勿以恶小而为之勿以善小而不为”,就要“雄关漫道真如铁，而今迈步从头越”.读《异类》有感

（二）不一样的成功启示录

领导给推荐了《异类》这本读物，花了一些时间终于读完了。本书定位在讲述一种不一样的成功启示录，通过很多篇幅在证明，个性作用，并非个人成功的决定因素。当然作者做到了，只是可以再概括来说，就是“天时地利人和”.本书并没有讲如何成功，他给人更多的感触是，通过这些成功给我们哪些启示，书中有很多观点，给我留下很深印象。

1、马太效应：凡是有的，还要加给他，叫他有余；没有的，连他所有的也要夺过来。换句话说，获得特殊机遇的人，他们最终取得更大的进步；富有的因为减税而更富有，成绩优异的因为获得更多老师指导而更优异；冰球队孩子中年纪稍大者因获得更多指导和训练而变得更优秀。这在社会学领域叫做“优势积累”.个人对这些社会学接触的太少了，但这种现象的确存在。比如如果你是警察，你破获的案子越多，人们越愿意给你更重要的案子让你破。于是通过优势积累，你越来越具有破案的优势了。对于一个公司，当你全身心扎入某个领域时，你在这个来领域越来越有建树。对我们个人而言，不要一味的依据木桶原理，补充自己的短板，而是更好的发挥自己的优势，让自己更具有竞争力。

2、10000小时法则：人们眼中的天才之所以卓越非凡，并非天资超人一等，而是付出了持续不断的努力。只要经过1万小时的锤炼，任何人都能从平凡变成超凡。要成为某个领域的专家，需要10000小时，按比例计算就是：如果每天工作八个小时，一周工作五天，那么成为一个领域的专家至少需要五年。

我想这也是本书核心观点之一。成功没有捷径，没有与生俱来的天才，也不存在劳苦命。领导让我们看本书，也是更看重这一观点，我在做自己的产品10年之久，没有成为该领域专家实在惭愧，其实还是积累不够，没能量变引发质变。不过，这10年来，在公司里学到的东西很多，除软件开发本身外，到后期的项目管理、部门管理；从对该产品没有概念，到对核心算法研究；从以前只到过几个地方，认识一方人，到去了10几个省份，接触了不同的人。这些变化都是随着公司的成长在成长的，但是领域很多，方向很多，所以不是没有成功的机会，而是精力分散，努力不足。所以最好找出自己的优势方向，钻研下去。

3、“弗洛姆”的启示：因出身问题，被“白鞋公司”拒之门外，于是做起了“白鞋公司”不值得一提的企业收购案子。但十几年过去，这个领域变得炙手可热时，他们早已成为这个领域的专家。

弗洛姆的成功有那么多因素导致的。如果不是出身问题，可能他会加入白鞋公司，如果不是后来并购案增多时局改变，他仍然在一个小公司接各种案子，但历史恰恰让他成功了。

记得刚刚加入公司时，市场上很多人对我们的产品没有概念，更谈不上认可。而我们公司一直在坚持着。当市场打开时候，我们已经准备好了。这不也是很好的例子么。所以说，公司发展到现在，有自身努力的结果，也有时运成分在里面。

4、令人满意的工作：自主性、复合性、付出与回报的关联性是任何一份称得上令人满意工作所具备的属性。

无论是在创业还是管理，能把握好这些都很难，但的确非常有效，因为这些是人们做事的内驱动力。从管理上看，自主性就是充分放权，让员工真正感觉到自己就是企业的主人，在为自己做事，这样即使在身心疲惫，也会为那一点点成功而努力追求；复合性就是将工作与意志力和想象力结合，就是工作中具有创造性和挑战性；付出与回报关联性就是劳有所得，个人努力能得到认可。能赚多少钱并不是使我们快乐的最终源泉，使我们快乐的源泉是这份工作在多大程度上能让我们实现自我。

5、飞机失事的族裔理论，作者原意是说飞机失事与不同族裔文化差异有关，如航班飞行员之间、及飞行员与塔台间通话，对权利距离指数的认识不同。在这个故事里，我更倾向从这个角度去看，空难的很多时候是一系列人为的小失误、机械的小故障累加的结果。

我们做产品也一样，当用户说不好用时候，可能不是某一个功能不好用，也不是某一个bug引起用户感觉不好。而是众多“小失误”引起用户体验不好所致的。乔布斯的苹果会红，还是因为他不懈努力和精益求精。

6、稻田文明与数学：因为语言结构的差异，意味着亚洲儿童学习数数要比美国儿童快；因为环境不同西方农业采用“机械导向型”而中国和日本则使用“技术导向型”.文化不同引发人们行为方式不同，亚洲人更具有努力工作的精神品质。稻田文明就是通过努力工作，在巨大不确定性和贫穷中寻找人生的真正价值。

我目前还没有那么大的视角去审视这种文化差异，但对努力工作的精神还是非常认可。正如比尔盖茨还是孩子时候就沉迷于电脑；甲壳虫乐队花数千小时在汉堡练习演出；弗洛姆在机会降临前，已经在不入流的并购诉讼生意上打拼多年。我们需要提前准备着，这样当机会来临时才能抓得住，成为那个时势造就的“异类”.最后，如书上所说，“异类，他们都是历史与环境的产物，是机遇与积累的结晶”.我们需要了解，所谓的异类，从来就不是什么异类。