传统骑士文学的异类

第一篇：传统骑士文学的异类

传统骑士文学的异类《堂吉诃德》

又一个偶然又必然的机会，在预习《外国文学》时发现课本第三章的第二节介绍的是塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》，不禁有些暗喜，因为早在中学时代就有听老师提起过《堂吉诃德》这部小说，只是苦于一直没条件阅读，也是因为自身的惰性使然吧。于是，我马上有滋有味地看了起来。可是，我却没能看懂它在讲什么，我不甘心，就回宿舍用电脑搜了原著的电子版出来看，结果，我还是不太懂，只能等老师讲解。后来，上完课，看完相关视频，我终于有点读懂了，所以，我就有话想说了。

首先，读一部作品我们都会习惯性的先了解一下创作背景的，那么我们就来看看它的创作背景。《堂吉诃德》于1605年出版，而十六世纪的西班牙是个激荡人心的时代，西班牙成为称霸欧洲的强大帝国，但其强盛非常短暂，很快便丧失了海上霸主的地位。在国内，封建贵族与僧侣还保持着特权，各种苛捐杂税繁多，使得贫富分配不均的现象更为突出，阶级矛盾日益激化。书中堂吉诃德在游侠生活中的遭遇揭露了社会的黑暗，抨击了教会的专横，揭示人民的困苦。作品第四章中，堂吉诃德在游侠之初发现，一个粗壮的农夫把一个十五岁左右的男孩绑在树上，脱光了他的上衣，用皮鞭抽打。堂吉诃德冲上去把孩子解救下来，可当他走后，男孩得到的是主人更加凶残的毒打。由于统治阶级的残酷压迫，当时的西班牙下层人民生活贫苦，盗贼横行，统治者对反抗者采用的刑罚往往极力严酷。在第六十章中，在前往巴塞罗那的路上，堂吉诃德和桑丘夜晚露宿在树林里，发现了一些被吊在树上的人，于是，他告诉桑丘：“这一带抓到逃犯和强盗，往往把二三十个一起挂在树上吊死。估计这儿里巴塞罗那不远了。”统治阶级的骄奢淫逸和下层民众的贫苦在作品中形成了鲜明对照。作品下卷关于公爵城堡的描写集中揭露了贵族阶级的腐朽实质：公爵夫妇闲得无聊，不惜耗费巨资以捉弄堂吉诃德主仆解闷。而劳动人民正处在水深火热中，过着地狱般的生活。桑丘就是因为贫困才不得不跟堂吉诃德外出冒险的。

虽然作者塞万提斯逝世至今已经有三百九十六年了，但其辛辣的讽刺，巧妙的艺术构思，引人发笑的夸张以及它包含的深刻的哲理，仍然吸引着广大的读者。《堂吉诃德》乍看似乎荒诞不经，实则隐含作者对西班牙现实深刻的理解。《堂吉诃德》原名《奇情异想的绅士堂吉诃德·台·拉·曼却》，作者在序言中申明：“这部书只不过是对于骑士文学的一种讽刺”，目的在于“把骑士文学的盘”完全摧毁。但事实上，这部作品的社会意义远远超过了作者主观意图的对骑士文学的讽刺和攻击。作者以史诗般的宏伟规模，以农村为主要舞台，出场以平民为主，人数近700多人，在这广阔的社会背景中，绘出一幅幅各具特色又相互联系的社会画面，尖锐地、全面地批判了这一时期封建西班牙的政治、法律、道德、宗教、文学、艺术以及私有财产制度，使它成为一部“行将灭亡的骑士阶级的史诗”，一部伟大的现实主义文学名著。书中主要描写一个瘦弱的没落贵族堂吉诃德因迷恋古代骑士小说，竟像古代骑士那样用破甲驽马装扮起来，以领居家挤奶的姑娘为自己美赛天仙的心上人，再以矮胖的农民桑丘·潘沙做侍从，三次出发周游全国进行游侠活动。但因为他的战术荒诞可笑，因而闹了不少笑话，处处碰壁受辱，好心不得好报。终被打成重伤或被当作疯子遣送回家，揭露了十六世纪末到十七世纪初正在走向衰落的西班牙王国的各种矛盾，谴责了贵族阶级的荒淫腐朽，展现了人民的痛苦和斗争，触及了政治、经济、道德、文化和风俗等诸方面的问题。

中国翻译家杨绛认为，这部作品成功的最根本原因是作者创造了堂吉诃德和桑丘这两个典型性的人物形象。堂吉诃德的形象是一个多层面、多维度的立体，作为一种典型，它蕴含和揭示了许多本质的东西，而这些本质的东西往往是贯通历史的，具有着超越时空的普遍性。我们看一下他是怎么出场的：我们的绅士快五十岁了，体格很强健，他身材瘦削，面貌清癯，他读骑士小说入了迷，发了狂，立志要当骑士，去行侠猎奇，把书里面的那些游侠骑士的行事一一照办。他的盔甲是硬纸拼起来的，备了一匹自取名为驽马辛难得，还给自己取了个不愧于骑士身份的名字：堂吉诃德，之后又确定了一个村姑作为心上人，称其为“杜尔西内娅·台尔·托波索”。后来，他又说服了邻居作为骑士必不可少的侍从：“没什么脑子”，体型矮胖的农夫，桑丘·潘沙。这样的出场，我们看到了一个单纯无知、幼稚天真的小老头，他把一切看得很简单，对现实的认识也很简单，认为只要单枪匹马就能扫尽世间所有不平。世间的复杂，人心的丑恶他完全不了解。所以当他从地主的皮鞭下解救牧童的时候，丝毫没有想到会给牧童带去更大的灾难。因此，他的好心、他的行侠仗义也总是制造笑话。堂吉诃德是一个被嘲弄的骑士，但在小说中，他也是作为真正骑士的高度品德原则的体现者而现的。他坚信自己的理想最美、最好，是真理、是正义。他怀着锄强扶弱、济世救人的宏图大志，去和他认为是恶的东西斗争。例如，他攻打风车，因为他把风车当恶魔；他大战羊群，是因为要解救正在受难的骑士；就是他惩罚财主富农而使小雇工遭到皮肉之苦一事，也是出于一片善良之心。可以说，在他的一系列怪诞行为中，都包含着他对被奴役的人民的同情，包含着他对封建统治强权的反抗。他认为：“天叫我生在这铁的时代，是要我去恢复那金子的时代。”因此他自觉地去扫除暴行，承担艰险，完成自己的使命。他这一路行侠，干了很多荒唐事，体现了他大胆鲁莽，敢作敢为的特点。他有一套理论来为自己辩护：“我知道鲁莽和懦弱都是过失，勇敢和美德是这两个极端的中折，不过宁可勇敢过头而鲁莽，也不要勇敢不足而懦弱。挥霍比吝啬更接近慷慨的美德，鲁莽也比懦弱更接近真正的勇敢。”他的行为甚至比他的理论还要进一步，没有什么“巨人”、“魔怪”使他裹足不前，也没什么自然力量是他后退害怕，毫不畏惧冲向风车，面不改色打开狮笼向狮子挑战，这些惊人的壮举只有堂吉诃德才做得出来。然而，由于不估计自己的力量而为盲干，他勇敢过头的行动，往往只能以失败告终。

平常，堂吉诃德只要一谈到骑士道就神志迷糊，荒唐可笑。但是，只要不涉及骑士道的时候，他头脑清醒、明白事理，谈吐非凡，时时流露出人文主义者的真知灼见。他一路的谈话内容范围广泛，见解高明独到。除了对骑士小说了如指掌，对古希腊罗马文学、对圣经、对艺术理论也有精深的研究。同时，他在现实生活也不是完全无知，相反是常常一语道出生活的真谛。巴西琉新婚之时，堂吉诃德告诉他：“饥饿和贫穷是爱情的大敌”奉劝巴西琉先生从事正当营生，他擅长的那些玩意儿只能博得虚名，赚不了钱的。并且，他教导即将上任的桑丘，要关心穷人的疾苦，要办事公正，执法仁慈，不要徇私纳贿。堂吉诃德认为做文官的应该廉洁，做武官的应该勇敢，绝不可临阵逃脱；认为只应该在正义的战争中使用武力，战争的目的是为了和平。他还主张破除封建等级观念，认为王侯和平民的地位经常变换。王侯不争气，也会一代代衰落，而平民由于自身的努力，可以一步步上升，直到王侯。人的贵贱，不在地位或血

统，而在于个人品德的高尚或低劣。而人的品德靠个人自己努力，是内在的，不是外加的。这个人物的性格具有两重性：一方面他是神志不清的，疯狂而可笑的，但又正是他代表着高度的道德原则、无畏的精神、英雄的行为，对正义的坚信以及对爱情的忠贞等等。他越疯癫，造成的灾难也越大，几乎谁遇到他都会遭到一场灾难，但他的优秀品德也越鲜明。桑丘本是为当“总督”而追随他，后看到无望仍不舍离去也正为此。堂吉诃德是可笑的，但又始终是一个理想主义的化身。他对被压迫者和弱小者给予无限的同情。从许多章节中我们都可以找到他以热情的语言歌颂自由，反对人压迫人、人奴役人。也正是通过这一典型，塞万提斯怀着悲哀的心情宣布了信仰主义的终结。这一点恰恰反映了文艺复兴时期旧的信仰解体，新的信仰尚未提出的信仰断裂时期的社会心态。

堂吉诃德的侍从桑丘·潘沙也是一个典型人物形象。桑丘是一个以侍从身份出现的西班牙贫苦农民的典型。他是作为反衬堂吉诃德的形象而创造出来的，他的形象从反面烘托了信仰主义的衰落这一主题。堂吉诃德充满幻想，桑丘则事事从实际出发；堂吉诃德是禁欲主义的苦行僧，而桑丘则是伊壁鸠鲁式的享乐派；堂吉诃德有丰富的学识，桑丘是文盲；堂吉诃德瘦而高，桑丘胖而矮。他，桑丘·潘沙是一个农民，有小私有者的缺点，然而到真正把他放在治理海岛（实际上上是一个村）的位置上时，他又能够秉公办事，不徇私情，不贪污受贿。后来由于受不了贵族们的捉弄离了职。他说：“我赤条条来，又赤条条去，既没有吃亏，也没有占便宜，这是我同其它总督不同的地方。”朱光潜先生在评价堂吉诃德与桑丘这两个人物时说：“一个满脑子虚幻理想、持长矛来和风车搏斗，以显示出骑士威风的堂吉诃德本人，另一个是从美酒佳肴和高官厚禄中享受人生滋味的桑丘。他们一个是可笑的理想主义者，一个是可笑的现实主义者。但是，堂吉诃德属于过去，桑丘却属于未来。随着资产阶级势力的日渐上升，理想的人就不是堂吉诃德，而是桑丘了。”堂吉诃德不是基于细节真实的毕肖描摹的卓越的典型形象，而是具有极大的夸张性、荒诞性，因而也带有一定的象征意义和寓言色彩的艺术形象。然而，透过这种荒诞正揭示了一种普遍性的状况：在现实社会中，大到国家（有报道说911后的美国就像塞万提斯笔下的堂吉诃德）小到我们每个人，都似乎有堂吉诃德的影子：堂吉诃德耽于幻想，脱离实际，缺乏起码的现实感，这种弱点在不同时代、不同国度、不同阶级阶层、不同修养阅历的人身上或多或少的存在着。

最后，我想借用尼日利亚著名作家奥克斯的一段话作为结束：他曾颇动感情的说：“人生在世，如果有什么必读的作品，那就是《堂吉诃德》。”是的，不可不读，自古以来。理想和现实是左右着人类的一个不可协调的矛盾体。而《堂吉诃德》正是利用文学形式将这对矛盾揭示的深刻而生动，淋漓尽致，是每个人都感受到，果真如此，这样一部传统骑士文学的异类。

第二篇：选修课教案 第一讲 骑士文学（本站推荐）

选修课教案

第一讲

骑士文学

一、时间范围

公元前476年前后，由于西罗马帝国内部社会生产力的发展，各种社会矛盾的加深，其奴隶制生产关系迅速走向解体。特别是由于地处北方的蛮族连续不断地多年南侵之后，西罗马帝国终于在公元476年被条顿人所灭亡，从此欧洲开始了封建化的进程并进入了封建社会的发展阶段。

二、欧洲封建社会的分期：

1、早期（公元5－11世纪）—形成期

2、中期（公元12－14世纪）—兴盛期

3、晚期（公元14－17世纪中叶）—衰落期

早期、中期——中世纪文学

晚期 —近代文学

三、中世纪欧洲社会与文学的基本特点

1、社会特点：

（1）思想文化领域由基督教神学统治一切。恩格斯指出：“中世纪只知道一种意识形态，即宗教和神学。”宗教教条同时就是政治信条，《圣经》中的词句在法庭上具有法律效力。（2）基督教会鼓吹神权至上，宣扬禁欲主义，推行蒙昧主义，否定世俗生活，排斥异教文化，以神学说教美化封建统治，使广大人民忍受剥削压迫而不加反抗。中世纪欧洲文学大多打上神学烙印。

2、骑士文学

特点：世俗文学。

时间范围：十一到十三世纪（1096—1270）。

形成原因：由于骑士制度的确立、骑士阶层社会地位的提高，产生了他们自己的精神生活和道德准则。他们突破基督教的出世观念和禁欲主义，要求现世享乐，向往世俗的爱情，追求个人英雄主义的骑士荣誉和侠义的扶弱除强的骑士精神以及温雅知礼的骑士风度等。骑士文学就是这种精神特征的集中反映。

四、浪漫与优雅；忠诚与尚武

— 西方骑士精神的精髓

1、骑士的形成：

骑士首先是武士。与他们有关的重装骑兵战术、封君封臣关系以及相应的一套道德规范（骑士精神）构成骑士制度。11世纪在西欧军事史上是一个重要的时期，以马刺、长矛、重盔甲和马上冲刺为特征的重装骑兵战术开始在战场上占主导地位。

2、由于封建等级制度是因土地的层层分封而形成的，各级封君与封臣之间都互有义务。所以，封臣即附庸只承认自己直接受封的领主为封主，而对自己封主的封主却没有臣属关系。所以，中世纪的西欧出现了“我的附庸的附庸不是我的附庸”的现象。这种复杂的关系，在封建主之间“造成一团乱麻般的权利和义务”，使封建主之间不断发生争夺和混战。

信条：忠君、护教、行侠、尚武

3、骑士精神：

风度：举止优雅、彬彬有礼

道德标准：个人荣誉高于一切

八种美德：怜悯、谦卑、荣誉、诚实、牺牲、英勇、灵性、公正。所谓骑士精神，就其实质而言，可谓是一种“冒险精神”，它表现为：对于正义事业和爱情，进行奋不顾身和孤注一掷地追求、庇护和斗争。

4、骑士文学：骑士的典雅爱情、骑士传奇

“无望之爱”——特里斯丹与绮瑟

5、骑士特征：

无所畏惧、乐于冒险、追求爱情

效忠宗教，但不奉行禁欲主义  十字军东征（The Crusades，拉丁文：Cruciata，1096-1291）是一系列在罗马天主教教皇的准许下，由西欧的封建领主和骑士对地中海东岸的国家发动的持续了近200年的宗教性战争。由于罗马天主教圣城耶路撒冷落入伊斯兰教徒手中，十字军东征大多数是针对伊斯兰教国家的，主要的目的是从伊斯兰教手中夺回耶路撒冷。东征期间，教会授予每一个战士十字架，组成的军队称为十字军。十字军东征一般被认为是天主教的暴行。尽管如此，十字军东征使西欧直接接触到了当时更为先进的拜占庭文明和伊斯兰文明。这种接触，为欧洲的文艺复兴开辟了道路。

6、关于亚瑟王的传说：

传说与11～13世纪日趋形成的见义勇为和保卫宗教的理想密切相关。每一个战士倘若要做成功的十字军士兵，倘若要追寻耶稣基督举行首次弥撒时所用的圣杯，都应该以亚瑟王的武力为效法对象。亚瑟王传说，是西元十二世纪，由遍历欧洲的吟游诗人开始传颂的。

公认的集大成作品为15世纪左右的《亚瑟王之死》

7、是的，是白天了；但那人又怎样？

因为你要从我的身边起床？

我们为什么要起床——因为曙色朦胧？

我们为什么要躺倒——因为夜色来临？

爱情，无视黑暗，把我们带到这里，尽管光明，也应该使我们继续在一起。光明没有舌头，但到处是目光，如果它不仅仅能看，也能讲，这也许是它能讲的最糟的东西，那就好吧，我情愿留下不去，我是这样地爱我的名誉和心，我离不开那有着我的心和名誉的人。„„„„

8、骑士传奇，也称为骑士叙事诗，兴旺于法国北方，其主要内容是写士为获得荣誉、保护宗教、或为了赢得贵妇人的爱情而到处冒险，同妖魔鬼怪或异教徒斗争，十字军东征时，各民族混聚在一起，互相传述奇闻传说，遂使一些骑士冒险故事越过了国界，同一主题的作品出现在许多民族文学之中。

依据骑士传奇的题材来源可分为三个系统：一是不列颠系统，指以古代克尔特人的亚瑟王与圆桌骑士为中心的故事诗；二是拜占庭系统，指在拜占庭流传的以希腊晚期传说为题材的拜占庭故事诗；三是古代系统，即模仿古代希腊罗马文学作品的叙事诗。

9、中世纪骑士文学对后世影响深远。在19世纪浪漫主义文学盛行时期，很多诗人作家都从中汲取养分。尽管骑士文学中包含了种种宗教和封建礼法的因素，但曲折离奇的故事情节、神话般的浪漫情愫仍使得这些文学作品本身对后世的西方文学产生了深远的影响。

第三篇：《异类》读后感

读完之后感觉特别悲观呢，家庭出身不好，所以人生有固定的路子，这不就是妈妈之前说的命吗。之前母亲常说的就是要人命，你信命吗？我从来都是回答，我不信命，我相信命运掌握在自己手中。活了30年，我也只能承认，我自己只掌握了部分的命运。但是我如果可以成为作家、知名医生、知名政府官员，会是很难的。我只能做一个还算不错的白领，能在北京买房，那我也就改变了命运了，起码我的孩子的命运被改写了。

可是人生短短百年，而且前25年都是在懵懂中度过的，我怎么能利用这么短的时间来改变从农村家庭出身的背景呢?

我的职业生涯也有了瓶颈，我不知道该如何提升自己？我的方向在哪里？我如果去读MBA，会不会被人认为是华而不实，一个普通的农民孩子花那么多钱去镀金值得吗？如果是一个书香门第的孩子去读MBA那是非常正常的，一点都不浮夸，但是如果是我去读，就显得浮夸了。性价比高吗？我读完后会得到什么呢？

我的家庭，我出生的地方，大部分的决定了我会接受什么样的教育，遇到什么样的人，从事什么样的工作，最终过上什么样的生活。

但是我还是不甘心的，我希望可以改变自己的命运，我希望我可以过得比别人好，也希望给父母带来好的生活。不过现在我如果能过好自己的日子就已经很不错了。

总之，读完这本书，很丧气。

也更加坚定了，要留在北京买房子。

第四篇：《异类》读书笔记

《异类》读书笔记范文

当品读完一部作品后，相信大家的收获肯定不少，让我们好好写份读书笔记，把你的收获和感想记录下来吧。怎样写读书笔记才能避免写成“流水账”呢？下面是小编为大家收集的《异类》读书笔记范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

重新来看《异类》，我就第一部分机遇的前2章“马太效应”和“10000小时法则”整理一篇读书笔记。作者并不是简单的将成功归纳为天赋、勤奋、运气，而一言蔽之，而是对成功者的成长年龄、经历和成长环境挖得很深，我的理解为一个成功者需要刚好在幸运的年龄碰到10000小时这个机遇。

正如第一章作者说能进入顶级球队的`球员肯定比你我都具备运动天赋，如果你的这段10000小时的经历可能因为你的年龄小几个月的原因而比别人起步晚一些，而错过了领先优势，正是这种领先优势造就了天才们辉煌的成就。

换句话说，成功者就是获得这些特殊机遇的人，他们因此最终取得了更大的进步；富有者因取得了更多的减税优惠从而变得更富有；成绩优异的学生因获得了更优秀的老师的指导，更多的关注，从而取得更好的成绩；冰球对9岁至10岁间的孩子中年纪稍大者获得了更多的指导和训练，从而变得更优秀，在社会学领域来说，所谓成功就是“优势积累”的结果。

孙子兵法说：天时、地利、人和，三者不得，虽胜有殃。成功之路上，天时地利人和为三要素，涵盖了成功之路的一切，天时是成功之路的伯乐、机遇；地利是成功之路的环境、条件；人和是成功之路的综合实力。

无论是比尔。乔伊，还是比尔·盖茨都在他们幸运的年龄碰到了计算机行业刚好起步，计算机编程刚好是他们的兴趣爱好，又处在单纯的年轻时候，时间足够，让他们在这个特长方面能够训练自己10000小时。从心里学家的角度，天赋的作用其实很小，而后天努力的作用其实很大。

将冰球明星、甲壳虫乐队、比尔·乔伊和比尔·盖茨的故事串起来，我们便能拼出通向成功更加完整的路径。先在肯定他们的深具天赋、才华横溢的同时，但是，使他们如此出色的不是他们的非凡才能，而是他们的非凡的机遇。如果甲壳虫没有在汉堡的历练，比尔·盖茨没有读湖滨学校的机遇，他们不可能成为“异类”，本书所有列举的“异类”都是某种独特机遇的受惠者。

第五篇：异类读后感英文版

Alien“ is a book that can change the future, as long as you want to believe that the future can be changed.Malcolm Gladwell, ”outliers“ place of shock is it subverts the most people to success, the understanding of how successful, of the differences between the human and the human thinking.The preface tells the mystery of Cetto, where people live and live longer, the secret is not diet, not exercise, nor is it a gene or a position.But in Roseto, Rosetta trustee like each other sect, a very close relationship between family and neighbors, community here, everyone is equal.The book lists the Canadian ice hockey players, Joey Bill, the Beatles, Bill Gates, et al.Each person has a unique reason(that is, the author of the book), each person's failure also has a variety of reasons(more than you can imagine).But this is only for a specific group of meaningful evaluation, you can not from the success of the people who have some common points, but also can not from the failure of the body to find common, every one is a case, so only from the case to learn from experience and lessons.The three elements of success in the book are: environment, personal effort, opportunity.The authors cite a variety of examples to prove their point of view.In our current culture, the concept of environment is rarely considered, because the history of the river can be analyzed from the environmental changes, but in the specific individual, for the environment you almost no ability to change.Born in twenty-first Century will be doomed to face the tide of information, perhaps one thousand years later, the society is more developed, the success is easy.Maybe one thousand years ago, the society is very simple, only successful expedition.But these are history, for individuals, you can only accept their own environment.If you happen to be born in the 1950S, then you are close to a lot of success, because the 50's was born in college, just in time to catch up with the computer's dawn 70's, only in this industry has just entered, can experience 80 years of rapid growth and 90's brilliant, and then stand at the forefront of the 21 world information era.The author of the United States is now the scientific and technological circles of these big brothers, more than 50 years was born, very lucky to be born in a good environment, which makes them more likely to succeed.And in the ten years before and after ten years of people, not too early to miss the opportunity is too late to catch up with this opportunity.In short, the success of the essential environmental factors, you can do nothing.This is life”.The second point refers to the individual efforts, the very good understanding, the core idea is “ten thousand hours theory”, that is, if you want to succeed or become an expert in a field, then at least ten thousand hours of professional training before.This idea is a lot of things online, there are a special book to introduce the theory of ten thousand hours, here to recommend a blog to do a reading of the.In this paper, or lists of the gates before success through a variety of ways to learn some computer knowledge(mainly as an opportunity to speak), as well as the Beatles success before in Hamburg hard experience performance, are these daily practices that led to them when the chance comes with the accumulation of their own success.Cite the case of a side, if you from an unknown beginners to become expert in a field, assuming that you have a good opportunity to look good in this work, that work 8 hours a day, excluding other factors, then almost needs four years to scrape up enough of the 10000 hours.This is very lucky to finish the training, if it is an amateur activity or a hobby, the author gives the estimate time is ten years.Here is just to compare myself, because I am also from the zero to contact product manager this position, before also know nothing, then you can simply do a comparison, four years later, if I do not like the calculation of the field of experts。

Third points, opportunity.In fact, the author of the opportunity to enlarge the proportion of success, and the reality is that this opportunity is really an uncertain factor.Perhaps because of a minor reason, a NB characters in a lifetime will be destroyed, and then can not fly.It may also be because of a minor reason, a person on the unexpected success, and glory.A lot of people are in some of the small things that look completely small things on a little bit of accumulation, leading to a step by step to success, the author here is the case of Gates(the world's richest man is a big influence, three examples are all Gates).How because the rich at home, the school open, will encounter a step toward success.In fact it bluntly, you still can't control and opportunities so unreal things, can only say that try to do a good job in their own bale, really got the chance to brave to fight for, as can not succeed it is another matter.There is no opportunity and who can not guess.Well, in fact, this is life“。

After watching three points, may be pessimistic about the discovery, success in addition to the ten thousand hours a little bit better control, the rest of the whole look, see the face, which is called what? The book of changes? Ha-ha In fact, the author is only an analysis of the factors of success of others, inferred.What is not scientific, according to our Chinese traditional thinking, life is not to change, you can only do their own.At least three factors are related, and if the author deduced that the three factors were all in life, we could be lying on the bed waiting for the opportunity to fall on his face.We often speak insincerely that success is outstanding person gifted, however, when you open the success of history to query will found that is definitely not so simple.Instead, we found that successful people are often influenced by the blessing of the special opportunities, they also tend to be able to seize the opportunity, and tireless work, in support of all aspects of society, their unremitting struggle finally one day to get a return, their success is not starting from scratch, but their successful World Hui gift gift, in other words, their success and not have what others don't know the secret, no!Success has certain rules, if we can understand these rules, then us many problems difficult to solve, can be solved.1.Living environment is very important Compare memories is the story of Boko Neate, the tailor and hawkers, came to the big city to buy clothing, can learn as a modern economy the case, he was almost unconscious learning market survey, learn the production process, learn how to with the pride of the Yankees to deal with, but also to learn how to understand popular culture in order to be able to deeply understand the trends.So say, brothers, you are now in what kind of environment is very important!You think, a farm worker, is also very busy, but the production of crops are loaded, you do not know what their next step is sold out, after what kind of channels to what the supermarket to buy? All don't know.So he has no future to change!But if you work in a small shop, like Boko Neate, even though the salary is very low, the environment is bad, and so on, but you can learn from the success of many things, you can know how to build their own business.The book cites many of the factors behind the success of the case, the original father of the Internet and the father of Java Joey, Bill Gates, Bob Alan, Jobs, Packard......So many IT big brothers, the original just met a good opportunity!@ So, sometimes, you have to be good at choosing.Some hard work seems to have no end, but the outlook is not a dark, when Bill Gates first in the lake school beat keyboard, is also the same feeling, when the battle band in Hamburg's line of 7 hours per night, the concert is not back, so that when they encounter opportunities, will seize the opportunity, when a hard work has lost all sense of time, it is a prison work.2.Success is the opportunity of the times.Star firm case.The world's largest law firm-Star law firm founder Fromm, is an example of that.Before 1980, because of low profits and reputation, large law firms will not take over ”enterprises malicious mergers and litigation“, which became unable to find work Fromm's resting place, with the development of the world, 1980, after the business become all litigation lawyer industry in the highest part of the profits Skadden, ARPS thus formed huge development.It can be said, all of a sudden, the industrial revolution broke out, and devoted in this field the tens of thousands of hours of effort of Shida, ready this preparation.For Fromm, he spent 20 years time to prepare and hone their own, in the face of adversity end he did not complacent, because they know.It is not that they become smarter than other lawyers, but in the decades to hone skills, suddenly become extremely valuable!3.IQ can be ignored.Terman, of Stanford University in America's 25 million pupils IQ test, found the 1470 IQ between 140-200 students.This is one of psychology's most famous research, because the result was a surprise!Them as a group, called the Terman.After the second test up to 50 years, is not only the track and record every time progress, and selfless help, including their job recommendation and research students apply for admission, as well as their growth to provide advice and consultation.However, what is the final result? None of these people had a brilliant achievement, and, on the whole, their success rate and the average level of the public, there is no difference!Instead, it was not included in the test group, the three Nobel prize winners!The story of Oppenheimer and Brant.Brent is a famous people in the United States, to the high IQ and extremely smart famous, from the rupture the boy's family because very common final twice was removed from the University, he worked as a crew of construction workers all workers, relying on self-taught, but not published anything or done something important.Oppenheimer is another extreme examples, it has the Brant does not have a kind of ability, this book called ”practical intelligence,“ and that is to persuade others, overcome difficulties, to solve the problem.Oppenheimer graduate tutor to hate periods because of poison to kill the teacher, was found out......This is not important, important is at his disposal, the final disposition is on probation.Candidates for the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer no advantage, average intelligence, age is small, no qualifications, lack of academic background, but he was able to convince the person in charge of the program...In fact, many of the successful cases, IQ is often extremely exaggerated.The final conclusion is that IQ is a threshold, as long as the threshold, there is no difference.4.Cultural heritage From Harlan area of savage fighting, Korean air crash frequently, to rice cultivation in China, illustrates the important role culture plays in the development of some things, Malcolm this section describes, with a very wide field of vision, from the West are oriental culture indeed point to this problem, culture lead to different communication and ways of doing things, which led directly to the success or failure of some of the things.Worth considering is that here, bring the cultural heritage of China's continuing efforts to be recognized, reference to the successful experience of New York of the Kipp schools here, just a replica of the domestic education, interesting, right? Different from other schools in New York, KIPP students get up before six points, they are more than 7 points to get to the school began a day of basic training, this time the children of other schools may still sleep, they encourage good grades, with strict rules and avoid excessive freedom, they are more than 50% of the school day, they work to write 11 or even more......Very familiar with it? This is not our current education mode? However, the school's test results are among the best in the United States, the ability to test is not? But not to consider these, this ”success“ is actually our eastern culture to influence the learning model, which can be seen as a cultural ideology of the ”success“ of the impact of it? 5.To learn to make all the advantages of fermentation brewing!If a person is smart, ambitious and hard working, then he is likely to succeed.But the truth is far more complicated than this, not casually to achieve success, environment, opportunity.Also depends on your ability to foresee the environment, the ability to adapt to the environment and the ability to grasp the opportunity.In some cases we can see the importance of following factors, such as the nineteenth Century tycoon who was born in 1930, is a successful lawyer, born in 1955, is the successful IT chiefs were born,(check all the IT you know brother will understand), this time, the opportunity comes, coziness bring early the results of the current generation of the industry is still, these newcomers are constantly rushing struggle in the success of the road, this is the first advantage, if your parents teach you the meaning of work, this is the second advantage, and now, you were born at the right time, change is welcome a new wave, this is the third advantage, enough, this time, as long as you are more clever and seize the full excavation, these factors will be under the active blend you, become a wonderful Combination, you're on the way to success!Finally, as the book said, ”the heterogeneous, they are the product of history and environment, is the opportunity and accumulation of crystallization".We need to understand that the so-called heterogeneous, never what is different.