第一篇:第二学期笔译课件
一.Process of Translation Process: Preparation → Working → Checking Preparation:
Read the original text several times → master the general meaning in the original text →
pay attention to its detailed description or statement.Working:
Including understanding and expression(first understanding → then expression)Checking:
Translators should concentrate themselves on the versions including every used words, complement the lost contents and correct the wrong or unproper versions and check whether the version is smooth and correct or not … 二.Syntactic handling in Chinese – English translation
The dominent content in Chinese sentences is the main idea, not subject,----emphasis on “parataxis”.1.Determine the subject There are five following principles: 1)Necessarily Accord with English Language Usage and Cultural Custom Nations of Using English 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作,建立发展贸易关系。
----Customers from various regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.2)Necessarily Accord with the Westerners’ Thinking Mode 她从来没有想到他是个不诚实的人。
----It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.3)Subject Should Be a Prominent Part in a Sentence 到去年年底,我们已同有关国家签订了100多项目建设合同和协议。
----By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with countries conceming for the construction of more than 100 projects.4)Subject Must Accord with the Logical Retion in a Sentence 我们浙江还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造、房地产开发等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。
----Our zhejiang Province has also formulated a series of preferential policies to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development.我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
----We have won one victory after another for our cacuse.5)Subject Must Accord with the Need of the Context 中国的妇女今天社会地位和平等权利来之不易。
----Women did not gain their social status and their rights easily.2.Choice of Predicate
1)State of Predicate Doesn’t Change without Person
快点过来吧!
Come here quickly!
安静下来!
Quiet down!
2)Chinese Predicate Verbs Don’t Show the Time Sequence, They Can Show the Time
Sequence Only the Added Words Showing Different Time Conception 本公司全体同仁竭诚为世界服务。
----This corporation will whole-heartedly serve various circles.该机(录放机)是市场紧俏商品,既是音响又是精美的高档家具。
----This product has sold well since it entered the market, not only as an exquisite sounder, but also as a piece of high-grade furniture.3)In Chinese, Nouns, Adjectives, Numerals and Preposition-phrases May Be Directly Used as Predicates 他今年23岁。
----He is twenty-three this year.鲁迅,浙江绍兴市。
----Lu Xun was from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.北京的秋天最美。
----Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing.总经理今天不在公司。
----The chief manager is not in company today.4)In Chinese, an Expression May Be a Predicate
他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直。
----The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.南京这个地方,我认为比西安好。
----I think Nanjing is better than Xian.5)Chinese and English Have Five Patterns(1)Subject +
Predicate +
Precticative(2)Subject + Predicate
(3)Subject + Predicate + Object(4)Subject + Predicate + Object +
Object Complement(5)Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object +
Direct Object
6)Chinese Predicate Verbs Are Most Used as Active Way
那项工作已经完成了。
----The task has already been finished.在记者招待会上,人们问了他许多问题。
----He was asked a lot of questions at the press conference.7)The Chosen Predicate Must Be in Keeping with its Subject in Persons and numerals
乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。
----The prosperity of township enterpribes is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.当前,我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。
----Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.Chapter 1
C-E Lexical Comparison and Translation Translation includes “understanding and conveyance”.It is very difficult to well master “the hard nut to crack”----polysemant, which brings about a certain difficulty to translation and conveyance.Section 1
一、Choice of the Meaning of a Word in the Light of the Explanation in the Dictionary.Generally speaking, a dictionary would spread out many explanations of a word.A translator should quickly choose an exaxt, appropriate explanation from all explanations if being able to apply a dictionary flexibly.When looking up a word from a dictionary, a translator should judge by the main idea of a sentence and by narration around a sentence and then determine whether the explanation stand to reason or not.E.G.1.经济问题在主席讲话中占了很大的部分。
The economy featured very largely in the President speech.2.海南岛的主要特色就是它的气候和风景。
The main features of Hainan Island is its climate and scenery.featre(n.v.)
特色,特性,特征,事物的特点,自然景色,面部器官,相貌,专题报道,占突出地位;
3.今天我非常高兴地宣布,我们的准备工作已经完成,协议开始生效。
Today I am delighted to announce that our joint preparations are complete and the agreement comes into effect.announce 把„„公诸于世,宣布,宣告,通报„„的到达(出席),预示,预兆,当„„播音员,当报幕员,二、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to the Context
The meaning to a word is closely related with the context.The same word, when used in different contexts or fields of discourse(business, law, medicine, education, politics, industry, agriculture, etc.)has different meanings.So a British Linguist, Firth said “Each word is a new word in a new context.” “加强”的译法: E.G.1.加强了政治互信,扩大了共同利益,为亚洲经济发展增加了新的动力。
All countries have enhanced political mutual trust and expanded common interests, adding a new boost to Asia’s economic development.enhance v.增强,增大,使更好,加强,提供(质量)
2.我们加强在交通、能源、电信、贸易、投资、旅游、环境、人力资源、农业等领域合作。
We have conducted cooperation in such areas as transportation, energy, telecommunications, trade, investment, tourism, environment, haman resources and agriculture, etc.conduct v.管理(方式),处理(方式),经营(方式),实施(方式)3.我们应该加强基础设施建设。
We should set up infrastructure building.set up
设立,竖立,架起,升起,装配,开业,加强
4.我们应该加强医疗卫生体系建设,提高人民群众健康水平是各成员面临的共同任务。
We should face the task of improving the medical system and people’s health.improve
v.加强 改善,改进,提高,(耕种,盖房,修路等)提高(地产价)5.我们应该加强禽流感、艾滋病等重大传染病的防控合作。
We need to intensify cooperation on the prevention and control of avian flu HIV / AIDS and other major communicable diseases.intensify v.加强,增强,强化,加强对„„防护力量
6.中国的发展主要依靠自己的努力,同时,也需要加强对外合作,特别是同邻居的合作。
China will mainly count on itself, but it also needs better cooperation with the outside, particularly with its neighbors.better adj.更好的,更令人满意的,更有效的,更有益的 7.我们应该致力于加强与周边国家的伙伴关系。
We should further commit ourselves to cementing partnership with our neighbors.cement v.巩固,加强,团结,粘合,胶合
“建设”的译法 E.G.1.国家建设
national reconstruction 2.国防建设
the building of national defense build:创立,创建,创业,建设发展,营造 3.城乡建设
urban and rural development 4社会主义现代化建设
socialist modernization drive Drive:冲击,运动
5加强文化建设
strengthen cultural development efforts 6加强廉政建设
strengthen efforts to ensure clean government 7加强制度建设
improve the regulatory system 8 加强军队思想政治建设
strengthen ideological and political work among servicemen 9.加强青少年思想道德建设
cultivate ideals and ethics among young people 10.加强国防和军队建设
strengthen(modernize)national defense and build up the armed services(forces)build up:逐步建设,逐步建立,增强 11.基础设施建设成就显著
the infrastructure improved remarkably improve:改进,改善,12.交通建设空前发展
transport developed on an unprecedented scale 13.民主政治建设不断加强
Democracy has been improved steadily.Improve:改善,改进
14.国家创新体系建设积极推进
Significant progress was made in establishing China’s innovation system.establish:建立,建造,创立,确立
“意见”的译法
1.两位领导就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。
The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.2.他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。
They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.3.党员应该虚心听取群众的意见。
Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.Opinions:见解,观点,舆论,评价
4.大家对这一做法很有意见。
Everyone complaint against such a practice.5.他们在会上闹起了意见。
They had a dispute at the meeting.6.你应该听从医生的意见。
You should follow the doctor’s advice.7.他们就此问题取得了一致的意见。
They reached a consensus on the issue.t
三、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to Collocations Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation.That is, they have different collocative meanings.One problem with collocation in translation is: what is a good collocation in English may not be so when the collocation is translated into Chinese, or vice versa, for example, it is perfectly all right in English to say “a handsome car”, but “英俊的车子”would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese readers.Thus in C – E translation a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.“水平”的译法
1.生活水平
living standard 2.文化水平
cultural level 3.领导水平
one’s art of leadership 4.水平贸易
horizontal trade 5.水平仪
spirit level
“正式”的译法
1.正式列入记录
be officially placed on record 2.正式成员
a regular(full)member 3.正式开幕
formality opened 4.正式党员
full member of the Party 5.正式访问
official(or formal)visit 6.正式会谈
formal talks 7.正式声明
official statement
四、Choice of the Meaning of a Word Conforming to the Logic Without Considering of Literal Meaning.1.坚持以人为本
always be people-oriented / Human factors come first 2.绿色通道
landscaped roadways(landscaped:美化好的环境,景观)3.偷税漏税
tax evasion 4.优先安置
hiring preference(hiring:借,租用,preference:偏爱,优先选择)5.人才市场
human resources pool 6.招商
trade and investment promotion
7.奖励工资制度
a bonus wages system 8.标准汇率
DefinitiveConversionRate
(Standard Rate)
9.开始谈正题
get down to business 10.马马虎虎
after a fashion 11.擅自使用
make free with 12.崭露头角
come to the front 13.充分发挥自己的才能
to fulfill oneself(fulfill:使满意,使完整,使完备,完成)14.博得全场喝彩
bring down the gallery 15.近水楼台
a favourable position 16.举足轻重
hold the balance
Section 2
Diction in Translation We should try to help Chinese students recognize the difference between Chinese and English by means of the comparative study and know the knows but the whys.一、Chioce of the Meaning of a Word According to Semantic Scope E.G.1.根据你的建议,我们应该办大厂了。
We should go in for(run)industry in a big way in accordance with your suggestion.2.他们在教室打扫卫生。
They are giving the classroom a good(general / spring / through)clean(ing).3.如果你那样做,就大错特错了。
If you do it like that, you’ll be completely(gravely / seriously)mistaken(be absolutely wrong / make a big mistake / make a major blunder / commit a very gross error / all wet.)
Section 3
Diversity in Translation Some sentences, expressions, idioms and words which appear repeatedly without changing their meanings are vividly translated by using language with rich and varied and appropriate form.That is diversity in translation.一、Diversity in translating Chinese words “积极”的译法 E.G.1.积极利用国外资源
make effective use of overseas resources 2.积极推进大型煤矿建设
vigorously carry forward the renovation of large coal mines 3.积极推进社会公益类科研院所改革
push forward the reform of non-profit research institutes 4.积极推进改革,扩大对外开放
press ahead with reforms and open wider to the outside world 5.积极探索管理国有资产的有效形式
energetically explore effective ways to manage state assets 6.积极的财政政策
proactive fiscal policy 7.积极支持他的事业
unfailing support of his cause “化”的译法 E.G.1.广泛使用农业信息化
to apply IT extensively to agricultural development 2.促进政府管理信息化
to promote IT for gevernment administration 3.推动社会信息化
to promote IT for social development 4.科研成果市场化,产业化
gear scientific and technological achievement to the market and apply them in production(gear:使适应,调适,使处在良好的运转状态)5.中国经济逐步市场化
continue the gradual marketization of the Chinese economy
二、Diversity in Translating Chinese Idioms “全神贯注”的译法 E.G.1.他全神贯注地阅读英文小说。
He has concentrated his attention on reading English novel.2.约翰正在全神贯注地研究市场经济。
John has been absorbed in the market economy.3.我们小组正在全神贯注地讨论这道数学难题。
Our group members have been engrossed in discussing this mathematical question.4.我们正在全神贯注地听校长报告。
We are preoccupied with listening to the president’s report.5.她在全神贯注地思考问题。
She is thinking of a problem with rapt attention.6.他全神贯注地听着。
He was all ears.7.下棋需要全神贯注。
Chess requires great concentration.“无动于衷”的译法 E.G.1.玛丽对任何事情都是无动于衷。
Mary has been aloof and indifferent in any matters.2.他听了这消息无动于衷。
He heard the news quite unmoved.3.他表面上显得无动于衷。
In appearance, he looks untouched.4.杰克在需要帮助的人面前总是显得无动于衷。
Jack is always unconcerned about the people who need to help.5.他对我的忠告无动于衷。
He turned a deaf ear to my advice.“大惊小怪”的译法 E.G.1.谁告诉你们了?你们这样大惊小怪的。
Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing? 2.还是随便一点吧,不必大惊小怪的。
Anything will do, don’t fuss.3.奶奶病着呢,别大惊小怪的。
Our grandma is ill,don’t kick up such a shindy.4.大家听了说:“我当是谁呢,这样大惊小怪的,没必要吧。”
When others heard this they commented, “We thought it was someone who mattered, but this isn’t worth making such a fuss about.”
Chapter 2 General Skills of Lexical Translation Section 1
Reciprocity Translation We will tend to find the same words and expressions or idioms in the versions as words, expressions or idioms in the meaning in the original language in translation to express the equivalent meaning ,which is called equality translation.1.“false friend”
That is to say, “false friend” look alike, acutually it is mutually different.Translators should be good at dsguishing them to avoid making mistakes in translation.Read the tables 2.1 – 4,P.35 –36.2.Reciprocity’s Expression
Translators should avoid “false friend” showing in translation.However, there exist a lot of reciprocity expressions, of which word’s reciprocity proportion is much high, while the reciprocity proportion of idioms, proverbs and expressions is relatively rare, even if there is great difference between English and Chinese.Reciprocity Words: E.G.桌子(n.)desk / table
房间
(n.)room
展览(v.)exhibit
开放(v.)open
改革(n.)reform
发展(v.)develop
创新(v.)renovate
不断地(adv.)successively
所以(conj.)so Idioms and Proverbs: E.G.逢山开路,遇水搭桥
cut paths through mountains and build bridges across rivers 有福同享,有难同当
share joys and sorrows(share weal and woe)浑水摸鱼
fish in troubled water 破釜沉舟
burn one’s boat 视而不见
turn a blind eye to 称心如意
be after one’s own heart 谈虎色变
turn pale at the mention of
the tiger 天翻地覆
heaven and earth turning
upside down 甜言蜜语
sweet words and honeyed
phrases 听天由命
submit to the will of heaven 外强中干
outwardly strong but inwardly
weak 外柔内刚
soft outside but hard inside 万事大吉
everything is just fine 万般无奈
have no alternative 适者生存
survival of the fittest 骑虎难下
He who rides a tiger is a fraid to
dismount 水能载舟也能覆舟 The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.光阴似箭
Time flies.时者金也
Time is money.树大招风
Tall trees catch much wind.克己恕人
Forgive others but not yourself.任重道远
a weighty mission;to have a
bumpy and rocky road ahead
欲速则不达
More hast, less speed.小巫见大巫
The moon is not seen when
the sun shines.以权谋私
to abuse one’s power for
personal gains
真金不怕火Pure gold does not fear
furnace.自信是成功的第一秘诀
Self-trust is the first secret of success.勤劳是快乐之父
Labor is often the father of pleasure.最忙的人有最多的时间
Busiest men find the most time.Section 2
Addition Translation Addition means supplying necessary words which are lack in the original text in translation due to different laws between English and Chinese in using diction and making sentences.Addition includes two aspects: grammatical need and semantic and rhetoric need, making the version grammatically correct, semantically clear, rhetorically sound, logically acceptable.1.Grammatical Need
There is an obvious different in morphology, syntax and grammar between English and Chinese.E.G.: There are inflections in English, while there are no inflections in
Chinese.There are a lot of used connectives, prepositions and relative pronouns, etc., in English, while in Chinese a sentence element runs through together by internal relations, not surely using connectives or prepositions and relative pronouns, or using them rarely.1)Addition of Articles
(1)我省第二季度的进出口贸易总额有了较大幅度的增长。
There has been a big increase in the total volume of imports and exports in our province.(2)他在越秀外语学院任教英语。
He works as an English teacher at Zhejiang Yuexiu Foreign Language College.(3)今天作“国际互联网络系统”报告的人是位电脑软件工程师。
Today the report on “Internet System” is made by a computer software engineer.(4)全民族的思想道德素质,科学文化素质和健康素质明显提高,形成比较完
整的现代国民教育体系,科学和文化创新体系,全民健身和医疗卫生体系。
The ideological and ethical standards,the scientific and cultural qualities, and the health of the whole people will be enhanced notably, which has formed a sound modern national educational system, scientific, technological and cultural innovation systems as well as nationwide fitness and medical and health systems.2)Addition of Prepositions
(1)我们为你们取得的每一个胜利感到欢欣鼓舞。
We rejoice at every victory you win.(2)岁月不待人。
Time and tide wait for no man.(3)正当聚精会神看书的时候,一不速之客来访。
While absorbed in reading, she was called on by an unexpected visitor.(4)自80年代以来,国际互联网迅速普及
和广泛应用绝不是偶然的,它是“信息爆炸”时代的必然产物。
That the “Internet” has been rapidly popularized and widely used has been by no means accidental since eighties.It is the inevitable product in the era of “information explosion”.3)Addition of Pronouns
(1)安居乐业是老百姓的共同愿望。
It is the common desire of the people to live and work in peace and contentment.(2)活到老,学到老。
One is never too old to learn.(3)一个星期没有洗澡,一身臭汗。
I am smelling of seven-day----old sweat.(4)等完成任务再相见。
Let’s meet after we complete the task.(5)推动农产品生产、加工和销售的有机结合。
We should push to integrate the production, processing and marketing of
agricultural products.(6)他用手蒙住脸,好像是为了不想见她。
He covered his face with his hands as if not to want to see her.(7)他把全部身心都倾注到为所在的社区服务中去了。
He has devoted himself entirely to the service of his community.(8)即使没有花,花瓶本身就很美。
The vase itself is beautiful even without flowers.4)Addition of Pronouns as an Object
(1)交出试卷之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方。
Before handing in your examination paper, you should read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.(2)他越是掩盖他的错误,就越会暴露。
The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.5)Addition of Verbs
(1)他们意气风发。
They are in high spirits.(2)他们喜形于色。
They became with joy.(3)我对他敬而远之。
I stood aloof from him.(4)这篇文章浅显易懂。
This article is easy to read and understand.6)Addition of Connectives
(1)发展体育运动,增强人民体质。
Promote physical culture and build up the people’s health.(2)我们的工作一不为名,二不为利。
We worked neither for fame nor for personal gain.(3)我要在这里待到我工作结束时为止。
I shall stay here until I’ve completed my work.2.Addition for Semantic and Rhetorical Need 1)Addition of Semantic Meaning Implying in the Original
(1)要在不到10年中实现小康目标,任务是很艰难的,因为中国人口多,底子薄,各地发展不平衡„„
Given China’s huge population, low economic starting level and uneven development in different parts of the country, a relatively comfortable standard of living will not be easy to reach before the next decade…
(2)公园里有专门的英语角,老老少少会定期聚在一起操练。
In public parks there are special English corners where English learners, old and young gather at regular time to practise their spoken English.(3)哼!你别看我耳朵聋,----可我的心并不聋啊!
Hem!Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehension.2)Addition of Generalization Words
(1)不管刮风下雨还是酷热严寒,都不能阻止这个工程的进展。
Wind or rain, extremely hot or bitter cold----these can’t stop the project making good progress.(2)别忘了是你娘一把屎一把尿地把你拉扯大的。
Don’t forget it is your mother who has taken great pains to bring you up.3)Addition of Explanatory Words
(1)他们俩组建了一个“丁克”家庭。
They form a Dink family----double income, no kids.(2)我们努力实现中国四个现代化。
We strive to realize the four modernizations----of industry, agriculture, defense, science and technology.Section 3
Omission Omission means deleting unnecessary and self-evident elements in sentences from the original so that the version becomes presice and clear.1.Omission of Words Conveying a
Category.Some Chinese words;“task” “situation” “work” etc, which usually have concrete meanings translated naturally, but some categories of words without concrete meanings may be omitted.E.G.1)改革开放扭转了经济停滞不前的局面。
Reform and opening-up reserved the stagnation of national economy.2)他担任了鲁迅作品的翻译任务。
He has taken up / undertaken the translation of Luxun’s works.3)出口物质不得超过限定范围。
The export is not permitted to exceed its limit.4)中国在全国范围内开展污染防治工作和环境保护活动。
China is carrying out nationwide pollution control and environmental protection.5)会议中,双方集中讨论了保护知识产权的问题。
During the talk, their discussion centered around the protection of intellectural properties rights.6)今年上半年进出口计划的执行情况,也是很好的。
Our import-export in the first half of this year has gone very well.2.Omission of the Repeated Words E.G.1)出现问题也容易纠正和改正。
When problems emerge, they can be easily put right.2)中国共产党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求,代表中国先进文化的前进方向,代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。
Our Party must always represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces;the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the
fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.3.Omission of the Flashy Modifiers without substance E.G.1)我们需要从其他国家进口先进工艺设备。
We need to import advanced industrial equipment.2)我们要大力发扬求真务实,勇于创新的精神。
We must carry forward and promote the spirit of practicality, truth-seeking and courage in innovation.3)鼓励国内外投资者到中西部投资。
Encourage both Chinese and overseas investments in the central and western regions.4.Adjust Syntactic Structure and Omit Some Words E.G.1)„„我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的,信念是坚定的,步骤是稳定的,方式是渐进的,取得的成就是巨大的。
…… that we are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and that we have achieved tremendous success.2)新世纪赋予我们美好的期待和希望,新世纪激励我们付出更多才智去建设人类更美好的家园。
The new century has raised high hopes in our hearts, inspiring us to devote more talent and wisdom to the building of a better home.Section 4
Combination In Chinese-English translation, now that synonyms being used together convey the same meaning, translators can combine them together to be translated
----combination.Repetition of different words with the same meanings----synonym’s repetition, which is very universal in Chinese, Chinese is particular about balance and seeks symmetry especially in translation of “four-character expressions”.E.G.花言巧语
fine words
精疲力竭
exhausted
吞吞吐吐
stumbling
破釜沉舟
burn one’s boat
生动活泼
lively
光辉灿烂
brilliant
丰功伟绩
great achievements
心灰意冷
to feel disheartened
干净整洁
clean and tidy
互敬互爱
to respect each other and
love each other
断章取义
to quote out of context
植树造林
afforestation
风调雨顺
good weather for the crops
Section 5
Conversion Conversion means that some words from the original sentences are converted into other words according to the version’s normal way in translation, which is a basic translation.In conversion, Chinese nouns, verbs, adjectives can be used as subject, predicate, object and predicative.Generally speaking, conversion can not violate the original meaning and be conducive for the smooth version.1.Conversion of Chinese Verbs
Using verbs in Chinese is very frequent, sometimes several verbs are used together in a sentence;while in English, a verb is used in a sentence in which it is served as predicate.Therefore in translation it is very difficult to avoid the conversion of Chinese verbs.E.G.1)学习语言很艰苦,成为一名有名的语
言学家需要很长的时间。
The study of language is very hard, and it takes long time to become a famous linguist.2)我一直得到你的帮助,心里着实感激不尽。
I am very grateful to you for all the help you’ve given me.3)这首老歌使我想起了自己的孩提时代。
The old song is suggestive of my childhood.2.Conversion of Chinese Nouns E.G.1)他的目标是要成为一个成功的小说家。
He aims to be a successful novelist.2)我们培养的学生都应该是德、智、体全面发展。
All the students who we train should develop morally, intellectually and physically.3)如果旅馆都满客了,我们可以给你提供住处。
We can house you if the hotels are full.3.Conversion of Chinese Adjectives or Adverbs E.G.1)我们感到解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。
We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.2)那消息很快传遍全世界。
The news quickly spread throughout the world.3)我们政府对留学国外的学生很关心。
Our government shows great concern for the Chinese students abroad.4)他们热烈欢迎这位著名的科学家。
They give this famous scientist a warm welcome.5)独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.6)她急切地希望看到她的老师。
She has a strong desire to see her teacher.Section 6
Translation by Changing
ExpressionWay There is a great difference in cultures between Chinese and English, which surely embodies these two languages, we sometimes have to convert embodying way in translation due to their cultural and customary differences in order to accord with the custom of target language.Substitution----substitution is a means of representing the given information in a new context, and also means changing a word in the word-meaning, and changing a sentence pattern syntactically, and avoids repetition and it is a means of connecting context.1.Substitution of Nouns
E.G.1)最令人讨厌的习惯或许就是随地吐痰。
Probably the most upsetting habit is that of spitting.2)甲:请问,我能要一杯清咖啡加糖吗?
乙:也给我一杯清咖啡加糖。
A: Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please.B: Give the same, please.3)这是我厂的关键车间,设备比较齐全的。这些机械设备的上方,我们还装配了冷却通风设备,供暖设备以及通讯设备。
This is the key workshop in our factory.Here we have comparativety complete equipment, cooling-fan installations, heating devices and communications facilities are also equipped over those machineries.2.Substitution of Verbs E.G.1)我同你一样不知道。
I do not know any more than you do.2)我希望周五做完作业,不过如果你忙的话,星期六完成也行。
I’d like finishing your homework by Friday, but Saturday will do if you are busy.3)彼得加入我们的小组,我不知道戴维是不是会加入我们组。
Peter is joining our group, I am not sure whether David will do so or not.4)我答应了给他买票,我一定要买到票。
I promised to get a ticket for him and I will do so.Section 7
Translation of Appraisal Some words contain the meaning of appraisal, words can be categorized into “commendatary sense, derogatory sense, and neutral sense” according to the words feeling color.Appraisal is surely translated into the version with some
feeling color, and pay attention to different feeling colors in words in differently cultural background.E.G.1)他热衷于个人名利。
He is always hankering after personal fame and gains.2)他热衷于足球。
He is fond of playing football.3)我们应该把无业人员培训成生产者。
We should train the unemployees into producers.4)我们应该加强合作。
We should enhance our mutual cooperation.5)中国的经济是一个大问题。
China’s economy is a great question.Classroom Exercises: 1.在2011年,浙江人均收入约18000元,上海人均收入约19800元。
2.中国有许多风俗习惯,在西方人看来,这些习惯是颇为费解的。
3.你既然答应来参加晚会,就应该来参加晚会。
Chapter 3
Translation of Noun’s Abstract and Concrete Translation of ideas abstract and Concrete Nouns Abstract translation means translating the concrete or the conparative concrete nouns into the abstract or the comparative abstract nouns.Generally, nouns in Chinese tend to use concrete ideas, namely, Chinese prefers to use concrete or specific words and employs a “down-to-earth”style”, expressing abstract ideas often by intaphores similes, allegories or other devices for making a thing plain, while in English, this method of abstracct diction is found in the frequent use of abstract nouns.E.G.----雨无情地下个不停,我感到厌倦。
I was fed up with the relentless determination of the rain.----管理体制需要改革,这已越来越清楚了。
The singns of the time point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration.Section 1
Translation of Noun’s Abstract Ideas 1.Examples for Translation of Noun’s Abstract
1)两袖清风
clean hands
2)半斤八两
six of one and half a dozzen of the other
3)沧海一粟
a drop in the ocean
4)空中楼阁
castle in the air
5)远见卓识
far-sightedness
6)君子协定
a gentleman’s agreement
7)暴雨如注
rain cats and dogs
8)一贫如洗
as poor as a church mouse
9)试金石
touchstone 2.Examples for Translation of Idiom’s Abstract
1)沸沸扬扬
bubbling and gurgling
2)当机立断
decide quickly
3)措手不及
be caught unprepared / be caught unawares
4)初露锋芒
display one’s talent for the first time
5)倾家荡产
lose a family fortune / be reduced to poverty and ruin
6)穷山恶水
barren mountains and unruly rivers / barren hills and untamed rivers
7)声势浩大
great in strength and impotus / powerful and dynamic
8)手舞足蹈
dance for joy The abore-mentioned idioms have concrete image 3.Examples for Translation of the Abstract Nouns or Idioms in the Sentence E.G.1)他老是磨磨蹭蹭,马马虎虎,脾气又是惊人的好,我们都拿他没办法。2)他们的乐观主义精神令我们大为感动。3)目前公司的经营情况已经有所好转。
4)我国社会主义工业化建设及其成就,正在日益促进他们这种积极性。5)我们要敢于同各种无纪律,无效率的现象作斗争。6)会谈中,双方集中讨论了保护知识产权方面的问题。
1)With his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humer, we were sorely perplexed.2)Their optimism moved us greatly.3)At present, the business in our company is turning for the better.4)Their enthusiasm is being constantly heightened by China’s socialist industrialization and its achievement.5)We should dare to combat indiscipline and inefficiency.6)During the talks, their discussion has been centered around protection of intellectual property rights.Section 2
Translation of Noun’s Abstract Ideas Examples for Translation of Noun’s Concrete Ideas
1)轻松的事情
a piece of cake
2)粗茶淡饭
bread and cheese
3)他出身在富贵之家
He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.4)收音机的声音
the squeaking of the radio
5)公共汽车声
the thumping of the bus
6)鸟鸣和这溪水的流水声,在春风里轻轻地回荡。
The bird-song and the babbling of the streams danced lightly in the spring breeze.Classroom Exercises: 1.目前,我国的经济情况已经有所好转。
2.会议中,两个公司集中讨论了共同利益方面的问题。3.杰克是一个很难处理的人。
Chapter 4
Translation of Verbs Section 1
Stative Translation of Dynamic Verbs Verbs have their dynamic and static characteristics, the former conveys a motion an action, and a change, while the static verbs convey a state, sense perception or a recognition.In translation, some dynamic verbs maybe translated into static verbs, when translating verbs in Chinese, translators put them into English by using nouns, adjectives, prepositions and adverbs, etc.E.G.我叫学生们立即回到教室。
----I want students back to the classroom at once.我们坚决反对美国制裁伊朗。
----We are determined to be against American government punishing Iron.33
1.Chinese Verbs Converted into English Nouns
1)希望你们考虑一下我们的意见。
2)他们不顾一切困难和挫折,坚持战斗。
3)这份报告虽然很长,但不切要领,我看不懂。
4)我们知道,掌握一门外语是不容易的。
1)I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into comideration.2)They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.3)Although the report is very long, it is beside the point and beyond my comprehension.4)We know that the mastery of a foreign language is not easy.2.Chinese Verbs Are Translated into English Prepositions or Preposition-phrases
English prepositions with the richmeanings have the flexible collocation with the different meanings.1)他带着好几个项目来中国投资。
2)他顶着斜雨风行走。
3)这本杂志在出版和编辑的全过程都力求完美。
1)He comes to China to invest with a few of projects.2)He walked against a slanting rain.3)The whole magazine is produced and edited in the pursuit of excellence.3.Chinese Verbs Translated into English-adverbs It means that a dynamic is changed into static verb, which the motion sentences in the original change into static sentences.1)这学期的所有课程都已经结束了。
2)这个协议作废了。
1)All courses of this term has been over.2)This agreement is off.4.Chinese Verbs Are Translated into
1)我们非常满意目前的生活。
2)他总是嫉妒别人的成就。
3)很多人都熟悉绍兴这个城市。
4)他正埋头写那本书。
1)We are very content with our life at present.2)He is always envious of the achievements other made.3)Shaoxing city is familiar to many people.4)He was engaged on that book
.34
第二篇:大学英语专业汉译英第二学期笔译课件
一. Process of Translation Process: Preparation → Working → Checking Preparation:
Read the original text several times → master the general meaning in the original text → pay attention to its detailed description or statement.Working:
Including understanding and expression(first understanding → then expression)Checking:
Translators should concentrate themselves on the versions including every used words, complement the lost contents and correct the wrong or unproper versions and check whether the version is smooth and correct or not …
二. Syntactic handling in Chinese – English translation The dominent content in Chinese sentences is the main idea, not subject,----emphasis on “parataxis”.1.Determine the subject There are five following principles:
1)Necessarily Accord with English Language Usage and Cultural Custom Nations of Using English 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作,建立发展贸易关系。
----Customers from various regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.2)Necessarily Accord with the Westerners’ Thinking Mode 她从来没有想到他是个不诚实的人。
----It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.3)Subject Should Be a Prominent Part in a Sentence 到去年年底,我们已同有关国家签订了100多项目建设合同和协议。
----By the end of last year, contracts and agreements
were signed with countries conceming for the construction of more than 100 projects.4)Subject Must Accord with the Logical Retion in a Sentence 我们浙江还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造、房地产开发等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。
----Our zhejiang Province has also formulated a series of preferential policies to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development.我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
----We have won one victory after another for our cacuse.5)Subject Must Accord with the Need of the Context 中国的妇女今天社会地位和平等权利来之不易。
----Women did not gain their social status and their rights easily.2.Choice of Predicate
1)State of Predicate Doesn’t Change without Person
快点过来吧!
Come here quickly!
安静下来!
Quiet down!
2)Chinese Predicate Verbs Don’t Show the Time Sequence, They Can Show the Time Sequence Only the Added Words Showing Different Time Conception
本公司全体同仁竭诚为世界服务。
----This corporation will whole-heartedly serve various circles.该机(录放机)是市场紧俏商品,既是音响又是精美的高档家具。
----This product has sold well since it entered the market, not only as an exquisite sounder, but also as a piece of high-grade furniture.3)In Chinese, Nouns, Adjectives, Numerals and Preposition-phrases May Be Directly Used as Predicates 他今年23岁。
----He is twenty-three this year.鲁迅,浙江绍兴市。
----Lu Xun was from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.北京的秋天最美。
----Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing.总经理今天不在公司。
----The chief manager is not in company today.4)In Chinese, an Expression May Be a Predicate
他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直。
----The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.南京这个地方,我认为比西安好。
----I think Nanjing is better than Xian.5)Chinese and English Have Five Patterns(1)Subject +
Predicate +
Precticative(2)Subject + Predicate
(3)Subject + Predicate + Object(4)Subject + Predicate + Object +
Object Complement(5)Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object +
Direct Object
6)Chinese Predicate Verbs Are Most Used as Active Way
那项工作已经完成了。
----The task has already been finished.在记者招待会上,人们问了他许多问题。
----He was asked a lot of questions at the press conference.7)The Chosen Predicate Must Be in Keeping with its Subject in Persons and numerals
乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。
----The prosperity of township enterpribes is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.当前,我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发
展。
----Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.Chapter 1 E-C Lexical Comparison and Translation Translation includes “understanding and conveyance”.It is very difficult to well master “the hard nut to crack”----polysemant, which brings about a very difficulty to translation and conveyance.Section 1
一、Choice of the Meaning of a Word in the Light of the Explanation in the Dictionary.E.G.1.经济问题在主席讲话中占了很大的部分。The economy featured very largely in the President speech.2.海南岛的主要特色就是它的气候和风景。The main features of Hainan Island is its climate and scenery.featre(n.v.)
特色,特性,特征,面部器官,相貌,专题报道,占突出地位;
3.今天我非常高兴地宣布,我们的准备工作已经完成,协议开始生效。
Today I am delighted to announce that our joint preparations are complete and the agreement comes into effect.announce 把„„公诸于世,宣布,宣告,通报„„的到达(出席),预示,预兆,当„„播音员,当报幕员,二、三、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to the Context
The meaning to a word is closely related with the context.The same word, when used in different contexts or fields of discourse(business, law, medicine, education, politics, industry, agriculture, etc.)has different meanings.So a British Linguist, Firth said “Each word is a new word in a new context.”
“加强”的译法: E.G.1.加强了政治互信,扩大了共同利益,为亚洲经济发展增加了新的动力。
All countries have enhanced political mutual trust and expanded common interests, adding a new boost to Asia’s economic development.2.我们加强在交通、能源、电信、贸易、投资、旅游、环境、人力资源、农业等领域合作。
We have conducted cooperation in such areas as transportation, energy, telecommunications, trade, investment, tourism, environment, haman resources and agriculture, etc.3.我们应该加强基础设施建设。
We should set up infrastructure building.4.我们应该加强医疗卫生体系建设,提高人民群众健康水平是各成员面临的共同任务。
We should face the task of improving the medical system and people’s health.5.我们应该加强禽流感、艾滋病等重大传染病的防控合作。
We need to intensify cooperation on the prevention and control of avian flu HIV / AIDS and other major communicable diseases.6.中国的发展主要依靠自己的努力,同时,也需要加强对外合作,特别是同邻居的合作。
China will mainly count on itself, but it also needs better cooperation with the outside, particularly with its neighbors.7.我们应该致力于加强与周边国家的伙伴关系。
We should further commit ourselves to cementing partnership with our neighbors.“建设”的译法 E.G.1.国家建设
national reconstruction
2.国防建设
the building of national defense 3.城乡建设
urban and rural development 4.社会主义现代化建设
socialist modernization drive 5.加强文化建设
strengthen cultural development efforts 6.加强廉政建设
strengthen efforts to ensure clean government 7.加强制度建设
improve the regulatory system 8,加强军队思想政治建设
strengthen ideological and political work among servicemen 9.加强青少年思想道德建设
cultivate ideals and ethics among young people 10.加强国防和军队建设
strengthen(modernize)national defense and build up
the armed services(forces)11.基础设施建设成就显著
the infrastructure improved remarkably 12.交通建设空前发展
transport developed on an unprecedented scale 13.民主政治建设不断加强
Democracy has been improved steadily.14.国家创新体系建设积极推进
Significant progress was made in establishing China’s innovation system.“意见”的译法
1.两位领导就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。
The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations
and issues of common concern.2.他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。
They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.3.党员应该虚心听取群众的意见。
Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.4.大家对这一做法很有意见。
Everyone complaint against such a practice.5.他们在会上闹起了意见。
They had a dispute at the meeting.6.你应该听从医生的意见。
You should follow the doctor’s advice.7.他们就此问题取得了一致的意见。
They reached a consensus on the issue.四、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to Collocations Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation.That is, they have different collocative meanings.One problem with collocation in translation is that, very
often, what is good collocation in English may not be so when translated into Chinese, or vice versa, for example, it is perfectly all right in English to say “a handsome car”, but “英俊的车子”would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese readers.Thus in C – E translation a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.“水平”的译法
1.生活水平
living standard 2.文化水平
cultural level 3.领导水平
one’s art of leadership 4.水平贸易
horizontal trade 5.水平仪
spirit level
“正式”的译法
1.正式列入记录
be officially placed on record 2.正式成员
a regular(full)member 3.正式开幕
formality opened 4.正式党员
full member of the Party 5.正式访问
official(or formal)visit 6.正式会谈
formal talks 7.正式声明
official statement
四、Choice of the Meaning of a Word Conforming to the Logic Without Considering of Literal Meaning.1.坚持以人为本
always be people-oriented / Human factors come first 2.绿色通道
landscaped roadways 3.偷税漏税
tax evasion 4.优先安置
hiring preference 5.人才市场
human resources pool 6.招商
trade and investment promotion 7.奖励工资制度
a bonus wages system 8.标准汇率
Definitive Conversion Rate 9.开始谈正题
get down to business 10.马马虎虎
after a fashion 11.擅自使用
make free with 12.崭露头角
come to the front 13.充分发挥自己的才能
to fulfill oneself 14.博得全场喝彩
bring down the gallery 15.近水楼台
a favourable position 16.举足轻重
hold the balance
Section 2 Diction in Translation We should try to help Chinese students recognize the difference between Chinese and English by means of the comparative study and know the knows but the whys.一、Chioce of the Meaning of a Word According to Semantic Scope E.G.1.根据你的建议,我们应该办大厂了。
We should go in for(run)industry in a big way in accordance with your suggestion.2.他们在教室打扫卫生。
They are ghiving the classroom a good(general / spring / through)clean(ing).3.如果你那样做,就大错特错了。
If you do it like that, you’ll be completely(gravely / seriously)mistaken(be absolutely wrong / make a big mistake / make a major blunder / commit a very gross error / all wet.)
Section 3
Diversity in Translation Some sentences, expressions, idioms and words which appear repeatedly without changing their meanings are vividly translated by using language with rich and varied and appropriate form.That is diversity in translation.一、Diversity in translating Chinese words “积极”的译法 E.G.1.积极利用国外资源
make effective use of overseas resources 2.积极推进大型煤矿建设
vigorously carry forward the renovation of large coal mines 3.积极推进社会公益类科研院所改革
push forward the reform of non-profit research institutes 4.积极推进改革,扩大对外开放
press ahead with reforms and open wider to the outside world 5.积极探索管理国有资产的有效形式
energetically explore effective ways to manage state assets
6.积极地财政政策
proactive fiscal policy 7.积极支持他的事业
unfailing support of his cause “化”的译法 E.G.1.广泛使用农业信息化
to apply IT extensively to agricultural development 2.促进政府管理信息化
to promote IT for gevernment administration 3.推动社会信息化
to promote IT for social development 4.科研成果市场化,产业化
gear scientific and
technological achievement in production 5.中国经济逐步市场化
continue the gradual marketization of the Chinese economy
二、Diversity in Translating Chinese Idioms “全神贯注”的译法 E.G.to the
market and apply them
1.他全神贯注地阅读英文小说。
He has concentrated his attention on reading English novel.2.约翰正在全神贯注地研究市场经济。
John has been absorbed in the market economy.3.我们小组正在全神贯注地讨论这道数学难题。
Our group members have been engrossed in discussing this mathematical question.4.我们正在全神贯注地听校长报告。
We are preoccupied with listening to the president’s report.5.她在全神贯注地思考问题。
She is thinking of a problem with rapt attention.6.他全神贯注地听着。
He was all ears.7.下棋需要全神贯注。
Chess requires great concentration.“无动于衷”的译法 E.G.1.玛丽对任何事情都是无动于衷。
Mary has been aloof and indifferent in any matters.2.他听了这消息无动于衷。
He heard the news quite unmoved.3.他表面上显得无动于衷。
In appearance, he looks untouched.4.杰克在需要帮助的人面前总是显得无动于衷。
Jack is always unconcerned about the people who need to help.5.他对我的忠告无动于衷。
He turned a deaf ear to my advice.“大惊小怪”的译法 E.G.1.谁告诉你们了?你们这样大惊小怪的。
Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing? 2.还是随便一点吧,不必大惊小怪的。
Anything will do, don’t fuss.3.奶奶病着呢,别大惊小怪的。
Our grandma is ill,don’t kick up such a shindy.4.大家听了说:“我当是谁呢,这样大惊小怪的,没必要吧。”
When others heard this they commented, “We thought it was some one who mattered, but this isn’t worth making such a fuss about.”
Chapter 2 General Skills of Lexical Translation Section 1
Reciprocity Translation We will tend to find the same words and expressions from the source-language as words, expressions or idioms in the meaning from the original language, to express the equivalent meaning in translation.1.“false friend”
That is to say, “false friend” look alike, acutually it is different each other.Translators should be good at dinguishing them to avoid making mistakes in translation.Read the tables 2.1 – 4,P.35 –36.2.Reciprocity’s Expression
Translators should avoid “false friend” showing in translation.However, there exist a lot of reciprocity expressions, of which word’s reciprocity proportion is much high, while the reciprocity proportion of idioms, proverbs and expressions is relatively rare, even if there is great difference between English and Chinese.Reciprocity Words: E.G.桌子(n.)desk / table
房间
(n.)room
展览(v.)exhibit
开放(v.)open
改革(n.)reform
发展(v.)develop
创新(v.)renovate
不断地(adv.)successively
所以(conj.)so Idioms and Proverbs: E.G.逢山开路,遇水搭桥
cut paths through mountains and build bridges across rivers
有福同享,有难同当
share joys and sorrows(share weal and woe)
浑水摸鱼
fish in troubled water
破釜沉舟
burn one’s boat
视而不见
turn a blind eye to
称心如意
be after one’s own heart
谈虎色变
turn pale at the mention of the tiger
天翻地覆
heaven and earth turning
upside down
甜言蜜语
sweet words and honeyed phrases
听天由命
submit to the will of heaven
外强中干
outwardly strong but inwardly weak
外柔内刚
soft outside but hard inside
万事大吉
everything is just fine
万般无奈
have no alternative
适者生存
survival of the fittest
骑虎难下
He who rides a tiger is a fraid to dismount
水能载舟也能覆舟
The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.光阴似箭
Time flies.时者金也
Time is money.树大招风
Tall trees eatch much wind.克己恕人
Forgive others but not yourself.仁者无敌于天下
No one in the world can challenge the benignant man.欲速则不达
More hast, less speed.小巫见大巫
The moon is not seen when the sun shines.三思而后行
Look before you loap.真金不怕火炼
Pure gold does not fear furnace.自信是成功的第一秘诀
Self-trust is the first secret of success.勤劳是快乐之父
Labor is often the father of pleasure.最忙的人有最多的时间
Busiest men find the most time.Section 2
Addition Translation Addition means supplying necessary words which are lack in the original text in translation due to different laws between English and Chinese in using diction and making sentences.Addition includes two aspects: grammatical need and semantic and rhetoric need, making the version grammatically correct, semantically clear, rhetorically sound, logically acceptabe.1.Grammatical Need
There is a obvious different in morphology, syntax and
grammar between English and Chinese.E.G.: There are inflections in English, while there are no inflections in Chinese.There are a lot of used connectives, prepositions and relative pronouns, etc., while in Chinese a sentence elements run through together by internal relations, not surely using connectives or prepositions and relative pronouns, or using them rarely.1)Addition of Articles
(1)我省第二季度的进出口贸易n总额有了较大幅度的增长。
There has been a big increase in the total volume of imports and exports in our province.(2)他在越秀外语学院任教英语。
He works as an English teacher at Zhejiang Yuexiu Foreign Language College.(3)今天作“国际互联网络系统”报告的人是位电脑软件工程师。
Today the report on “Internet System” is made by a computer software engineer.(4)全民族的思想道德素质,科学文化素质和健康素质明显提高,形成比较完整的现代国民教育体
系,科学和文化创新体系,全民健身和医疗卫生体系。
The idedogical and ethical standards, the scientific and cultural qualities, and the health of the whole people will be enhanced notably, which has formed a sound modern national educational system, scientific, technological and cultural innovation systems as well as nationwide fitness and medical and health systems.2)Addition of Prepositions
(1)我们为你们取得的每一个胜利感到欢欣鼓舞。
We rejoice at every victory you win.(2)岁月不待人。
Time and tide wait for no man.(3)正当聚精会神看书的时候,一不速之客来访。
While absorbed in reading, she was called on by an unexpected visitor.(4)自80年代以来,国际互联网迅速普及和广泛应用绝不是偶然的,它是“信息爆炸”时代的必然产物。
That the “Internet” has been rapidly popularized and widely used has been by no means accidental
since eighties.It is the inevitable product in the era of “information explosion”.3)Addition of Pronouns
(1)安居乐业是老百姓的共同愿望。
It is the common desire of the people to live and work in peace and contentment.(2)活到老,学到老。
One is never too old to learn.(3)一个星期没有洗澡,一身臭汗。
I am smelling of seven-day----old sweat.(4)等完成任务再相见。
Let’s meet after we complete the task.(5)推动农产品生产、加工和销售的有机结合。
We should push to integrate the production, processing and marketing of agricultural products.(6)他用手蒙住脸,好像是为了不想见她。
He covered his face with his hands as if not to want to see her.(7)他把全部身心都倾注到为所在的社区服务中去了。
He has devoted himself entirely to the service of his community.(8)即使没有花,花瓶本身就很美。
The vase itself is beautiful even without flowers.4)Addition of Pronouns as an Object
(1)交出试卷之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方。
Before handing in your examination paper, you should read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.(2)他越是掩盖他的错误,就越会暴露。
The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revenled them.5)Addition of Verbs
(1)他们意气风发。
They are in high spirits.(2)他们喜形于色。
They became with joy.(3)我对他敬而远之。
I stood aloof from him.(4)这篇文章浅显易懂。
This article is easy to read and understand.6)Addition of Connectives
(1)发展体育运动,增强人民体质。
Promote physical culture and build up the people’s health.(2)我们的工作一不为名,二不为利。
We worked neither for fame nor for personal gain.(3)我要在这里待到我工作结束时为止。
I shall stay here until I’ve completed my work.2.Addition for Semantic and Rhetorical Need 1)Addition of Semantic Meaning Implying in the Original
(1)要在不到10年中实现小康目标,任务是很艰难的,因为中国人口多,底子薄,各地发展不平衡„„
Given China’s huge population, low economic starting level and uneven development in different parts of the country, a relatively comfortable standard of living will not be easy to reach before the next decade…
(2)„„思悠悠,恨悠悠,恨到归时方始休,月明人倚楼。„„
My thought stretches endlessly,My grief wretches endlessly,So thus my husband comes to me,Alone on moon----lit balcony.…
(3)哼!你别看我耳朵聋,----可我的心并不聋啊!
Hem!Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehesion.2)Addition of Generalization Words
(1)不管刮风下雨还是酷热严寒,都不能阻止这个工程的进展。
Wind or rain, extremely hot or bitter cold----these
can’t stop the project making good progress.(2)别忘了是你娘一把屎一把尿地把你拉扯大的。
Don’t forget it is your mother who has taken great pains to bring you up.3)Addition of Explanatory Words
(1)他们俩组建了一个“丁克”家庭。
They form a Dink family----double income, no kids.(2)我们努力实现中国四个现代化。
We strive to realize the four modernizations----of industry, agriculture, defense, science and technology.Section 3
Omission
Omission means deleting not indispensabe and self-evident elements in sentences from the original so that the version becomes presice and clear.1.Omission of Words Conveying a Category.Some Chinese words “task” “situation” “work” etc, which usually have concrete meanings,are translated naturally, but some category words without concrete meanings may be omitted.E.G.1)改革开放扭转了经济停滞不前的局面。
Reform and opening-up reserved the stagnation of national economy.2)他担任了鲁迅作品的翻译任务。
He has taken up / undertaken the translation of Luxun’s works.3)出口物质不得超过限定范围。
The export is not permitted to exceed its limit.4)中国在全国范围内开展污染防治工作和环境保护活动。
China is carrying out nationwide pollution control and environmental protection.5)会议中,双方集中讨论了保护知识产权的问题。
During the meeting, their discussion centered around the protection of intellectural properties rights.6)今年上半年进出口计划的执行情况,也是很好的。
Our import-export in the first half of this year has gone very well.2.Omission of the Repeated Words E.G.1)出现问题也容易纠正和改正。
When problems emerge, the can be easily put right.2)中国共产党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求,代表中国先进文化的前进方向,代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。
Our Party must always represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces;the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.3.Omission of the Modifiers Flashy and without substance E.G.1)我们需要从其他国家进口先进工艺设备。
We need to import advanced industrial equipment.2)我们要大力发扬求真务实,勇于创新的精神。
We must carry forward and promote the spirit of practicality, truth-seeking and courage in innovation.3)鼓励国内外投资者到中西部投资。
Encourage both Chinese and overseas investments in the central and western regions.4.Adjust Syntactic Structure and Omit Some Words E.G.1)„„我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的,信念是坚定的,步骤是稳定的,方式是渐进的,取得的成就是巨大的。
… That we are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and that we have achieved tremendous success.2)新世纪赋予我们美好的期待和希望,新世纪激励我们付出更多才智去建设人类更美好的家园。
The new century has raised high hopes in our hearts, inspiring us to devote more talent and wisdom to the building of a better home.Section 4
Combination
In Chinese-English translation, now that synonyms are used togetherto convey the same meaning, translators can combined together to be translated----combination.Repetition of different words with the same meanins----synonym’s repetition, which is very
universal in Chinese.Chinese is particular about balance and seeks symmetry especially in translation of “four-character expressions” E.G.花言巧语
fine words
精疲力竭
exhausted
吞吞吐吐
stumbling
破釜沉舟
burn one’s toat
生动活泼
lively
光辉灿烂
brilliant
丰功伟绩
great achievements
心灰意懒
to feel disheartened
干净整洁
clean and tidy
互敬互爱
to respect each other and love each other
断章取义
to quote out of context 植树造林
afforestation
风调雨顺
good weather for the crops
Section 5
Conversion Conversion means that some words from the original sentence are converted into other words
according to the version’s normal way in translation, which is a basic translation.In conversion, Chinese nouns, verbs, adjectives can be used as subject, predicate, object and predicative.Generally speaking, conversion can not violate the original meaning and be conducive for the smooth version.1.Conversion of Chinese Verbs
Using verbs in Chinese is very frequent, sometimes several verbs are used together in a sentence;while in English, a verb is used in a sentence in which it is served as predicate.Therefore in translation it is very difficult to avoid the conversion of the Chinese verbs.E.G.1)学习语言很艰苦,成为一名有名的语言学家需要很长的时间。
The study of language is very hard, and it takes long time to become a famous linguist.33
2)我一直得到你的帮助,心里着实感激不尽。
I am very grateful to you for all the help you’ve given me.3)这首老歌使我想起了自己的孩提时代。
The old song is suggestive of my childhood.2.Conversion of Chinese Nouns E.G.1)他的目标是要成为一个成功的小说家。
He aims to be a successful novelist.2)我们培养的学生都应该是德、智、体全面发展。
All the students who we train should develop morally, intellectually and physically.3)如果旅馆都满客了,我们可以给你提供住处。
We can house you if the hotels are full.3.Conversion of Chinese Adjectives or Adverbs E.G.1)我们感到解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。
We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.2)那消息很快传遍全世界。
The news quickly spread throughout the world.3)我们政府对留学国外的学生很关心。
Our government shows great concern for the Chinese students abroad.4)他们热烈欢迎这位著名的科学家。
They give this famous scientist a warm welcome.5)独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.6)她急切地希望看到她的老师。
She has a strong desire to see her teacher.Section 6
Translation by Changing Embodying Way There is a great difference in cultures between Chinese and English, which surely embodies
these languages, we sometimes have to convert embodying way in translation due to their cultural and customary differences in order to accord with the custom of the target language.Substitution----substitution is a means of representing the given information in a new context, and also means changing a word in the word-meaning, and changing a sentence pattern syntactically, and avoids repetition and is a means of connecting the context.1.Substitution of Nouns
E.G.1)最令人讨厌的习惯或许就是随地吐痰。
Probably the single most upsetting habit is that of spitting.2)甲:请问,我能要一杯清咖啡加糖吗?
乙:也给我一杯清咖啡加糖。
A: Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please.B: Give the same, please.3)这是我厂的关键车间,设备比较齐全的。这些机械设备的上方,我们还装配了冷却通风设备,供暖设备以及通讯设备。
This is the key workshop in our factory.Here we have comparativety complete equipment, cooling-fan installations, heating devices and communications facilities are also equipped over those machineries.2.Substitution of Verbs E.G.1)我同你一样不知道。
I dont know any more than you do.2)我希望周五做完作业,不过如果你忙的话,星期六完成也行。
I’d like finishing your homework by Friday, but Saturday will do if you are busy.3)彼得加入我们的小组,我不知道戴维是不是会加入我们组。
Peter is joining our group, I am not sure whether David will do so or not.4)我答应了给他买票,我一定要买到票。
I promised to get a ticket for him and I will do so.Section 7
Translation of Appraisal Some words contain the meaning of appraisal,and the words can be categoried into “commendatary sense, derogagatory sense, and neutral sense” according to the words feeling color.Appraisal is surely translated into the version with some feeling color, and pay attention to different feeling colors in words in differently cultural background.E.G.1)他热衷于个人名利。
He is always hankering after personal fame and gains.2)他热衷于足球。
He is fond of playing football.3)我们应该把无业人员培训成生产者。
We should train the unemployeesrain into producers.4)我们应该加强合作。
We should enhance our mutual cooperation.5)中国的经济是一个大问题。
China’s economy is a great question.38
第三篇:外语类英语专业笔译课件7
外语类英语专业笔译课件7.txt举得起放得下叫举重,举得起放不下叫负重。头要有勇气,抬头要有底气。学习要加,骄傲要减,机会要乘,懒惰要除。人生三难题:思,相思,单相思。本文由chiidu贡献
ppt文档可能在WAP端浏览体验不佳。建议您优先选择TXT,或下载源文件到本机查看。Translation Techniques(2)
Division, Paraphrase, Repetition
Teaching Plan
Teaching Contents: Translation skills Teaching Aims: To know more translation techniques and then put them into practice Teaching Focus: division, paraphrase, repetition Teaching Methods: Student-centered(group work, then class work).分译法
英汉两种语言的表达方式在很多地方大相径庭。英语常常用一个词或短语表达一层意思,而汉语 一般用包含动词的小句表达一层意思。英语里状 语大多在动词后面,后置定语用的很多,有关系 代词、关系副词、分词和像that那样可以引导多种 从句的连词,因而一句话里常常是一个从句(或 短语)套一个从句(或短语),一连套许多从句(或短语),可仍然层次分明,逻辑清楚,而汉 语则往往用若干小句表达一句话的意思。
树状 VS.竹状 竹状
分译法
从句法上看,在翻译时,我们可以把英语的一句 话中的一个词、一个短语或一个从句译成汉语中 的几个词或几个短句,同时可以把这句话中的主 语、谓语、定语、状语等成分译成汉语中的不同 成分。这种译法称之为分译法(Division)。分译 法不仅可用于拆译长句,也可用于拆译短语,甚 至可以拆译单词。
分译法
▲单词分译,就是将句中的某一个单词分译开来。
这类分译又可以分为五类: 1.单词词义分译
2.单词搭配分译 2.单词搭配分译 3.灵活对等分译 3.灵活对等分译 4.突出语言重点 4.突出语言重点 5.修辞需要词语分译 5.修辞需要词语分译
分译法
1.单词词义分译 单词词义分译
英语有些单词的语义呈综合型,即一个词内 集合了几个语义成分。译成汉语时,不易找 到合适的对等词,很难将其词义一下全部表 达出来。这种情况下,汉译可采用分析型,即“扩展”型的方法分析原语,将其语义成 分分布到几个不同的词语上,例如:
分译法
1)She inspected the table for dust with her finger.她用手指抹抹桌子,看看有没有灰尘 抹抹桌子 灰尘。她用手指抹抹桌子,看看有没有灰尘。2)She twirled mechanically a ribbon of her cap around one of her fingers.老是把帽子上的一条缎带在一个手指上绕过来,把帽子上的一条缎带在一个手指上绕过来 她老是把帽子上的一条缎带在一个手指上绕过来,过去。绕过去。3)That little pink-faced chit Amelia with not half any sense, has ten thousand pounds and an establishment secure.爱米丽亚那粉红脸儿的小不点儿,爱米丽亚那粉红脸儿的小不点儿,还没有我一半懂 一应俱全。倒有一万镑财产,住宅家具奴仆一应俱全 事,倒有一万镑财产,住宅家具奴仆一应俱全。分译法
2.单词搭配分译 单词搭配分译
英语中有些词语间的搭配关系,汉译时要打破 原文的结构,按照汉语习惯,将有关词语
分别译 出。例如: 1)She treated that lady with every demonstration of cool respect.她对于那位夫人不冷不热,不错规矩。她对于那位夫人不冷不热,不错规矩。2)She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.她心地善良,待人和气,性格温柔,举止高雅,她心地善良,待人和气,性格温柔,举止高雅,为人大方。为人大方。
分译法
1)The town boasts a beautiful lake.镇上有个美丽的湖,人人以此为自豪。(主谓搭配分译)2)His wealth enables him to do everything.他有钱,什么事都能干。(主谓搭配分 译)3)But his armies had outrun their supplies.但是他的军队前进太快,给养供应不上。(动宾搭配分译)
分译法
4)His announcement got a mixed reaction.他的声明引起了反应,不过有好有坏。(定 语与中心词的搭配分译)5)I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch.我抚摸着白桦光滑的树表,久久爱不释手。(状语与中心词的搭配分译)6)They relentlessly tear at the flowers they see.他们见花就摘,毫不爱惜。(状语与中心词的 搭配分译)
分译法
3.灵活对等分译 灵活对等分译
英语中有些单词,如果按其在句中的位置机械地 译成汉语,往往容易造成意义不够明确,遇到这 类情况,应采用灵活对等分译,不拘泥于形式对 应,尽量使译文读者对译文的反应等值于原文读 者对原文的反应。例如: Our little romantic friend formed visions of the future for herself.我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想,憧憬着美丽的未来。
如果逐字译成“我们浪漫的小朋友憧憬着未来”,并不 能算错,但意思却不甚明了,因为“浪漫”一词在汉语里 含意较多。此处为“想入非非”,所以分译成“一脑袋幻 想”较为明确。既突出了人物性格,又避免了翻译腔。
分译法
4.突出语言重点 突出语言重点
有时逐字翻译虽然也能使语句通顺,但都不如 分译更能传达句内所含的语义重点。例如: „there was in the old library at Queen’s Crawley a considerable provision of works of light literature of the last century, both in the French and English languages„ 在女王的克劳莱大厦的书房里,有不少18世纪 的文学作品,有英文的,也有法文的,都是些 轻松的读物„„
分译法
5.修辞需要词语分译 修辞需要词语分译
有时将单词分译是为达到某种修辞效果,如: 1)And in their disputes she always returned to this point, “Get me a situation — we hate each other, and I am ready to go.”
从此以后他们每拌一次嘴,她就回到老题目,说道: “给我找个事情,我愿意走,反正咱们你恨我我嫌你。”
2)Not that the parting speech caused Amelia philosophize, or that it aimed her in any way with a calmness, the result of argument, „
倒并不是(平克顿小姐的)临别赠言使爱米丽亚想的通 丢的开,因此心平气和,镇静下来„„
重复法
重复法在英译汉中的应用 汉语有个明显的特点,也是英语所少见的,就 是同义词语的重复。这种重复在汉语修辞上称为反复,为的是突出某个意思,强调某种感情,以加强读者 的印象。但是在许多情况下,并非出自修辞需要 修辞需要,而 修辞需要 是语言本身所固有 语言本身所固有的。在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原 语言本身所固有 文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实地表达原 文意思。这种反复使用某些词语的翻译方法就叫重复 法。一般说来,重复法有三个作用:一是为了明确,重复法有三个作用: 重复法有三个作用 一是为了明确,二是为了强调,三是为了生动。二是为了强调,三是为了生动。
重复法
(一)为了明确
1.名词的重复 .
(1)重复作宾语的名词)(2)重复作表语的名词(3)重复英语前置词短语中所省略的名词
2.动词的重复 3.代词的重复 3.代词的重复
重复法
(一)为了明确
1.名词的重复(1)重复作宾语的名词
1)We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.我们应学会如何分析问题、解决问题。2)I had experienced oxygen and / or engine trouble.我曾碰到过,不是氧气设备出故障,就是引擎出故障,或两者都出故障。
重复法
(2)重复作表语的名词
1)Every single woman I ever know is a puzzle to me, as, I have no doubt, she is to herself.我所认识的每一个女人对我来说都是一个谜,而且我 毫不怀疑,她自己对她本人也是一个谜。2)This has been our position — but not theirs.这一直是我们的立场――而不是他们的立场。3)Peter is your enemy as much as he is mine.彼德既是你的敌人,又是我的敌人。
重复法
(3)重复英语前置词短语中所省略的名词,重复使用前 置词是英文的一大特点,并常常将第二个,第三个前置 词前的名词省略,翻译成汉语时则往往要把此名词重复,以代替英语中的前置词。1)Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.无知是羡慕的根源,也是恐惧的根源。2)A government of and by and for exploiting class cannot possibly survive.一个为剥削阶级所占有,由剥削阶级所组成并为 剥削阶级服务的政府是不可能存在下去的。
重复法
2.动词的重复 2.动词的重复 英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语,在 英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语,译文中往往要重复这个动词。译文中往往要重复这个动词。
1)People forget your face first, then your name.人们首先忘记你的容貌,接着又忘记你的名字。2)This requires care and, for difficult problems, great experience.这就需要细心,而且对许多难题来说,还需要丰富的经 验。
重复法
3)They talked of the things they longed for — of meat and of hot soup and of the richness of butter.他们谈到了他们所渴望的那些东西――谈到了肉类,谈到了热汤,谈到了黄油的丰富营养。4)He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences,nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength.他不再梦见风涛,不再梦见惊人的遭遇,也不再梦 见大鱼、搏斗和角力。
重复法
3.代词的重复 代词的重复
英文用代词替代前文所述的人或物,因此代词 在英文句子里出现频繁。汉语则不然,往往要重 复名词,代词的使用不像英文那么多。中文句子 里的代词用多了,反倒意思搞不清,这也是个有 趣的现像,例如She said she would spend her money.这个句子,倘若译成“她说她要花她的钱”,读 者就会引起误会,很可能以为她要去花另一个人 的钱,所以译文应为“她说她要花自己的钱”。因此,英语中用代词的地方,翻译时往往可按汉 语习惯重复其所代替的名词。
重复法
1)Ignoring a problem does not solve it.对于一个问题置之不理,并不能解决问题。2)But there are clues, and they seem to bear out my earlier suspicion.但是有蛛丝马迹可寻的,这些蛛丝马迹似乎都足以证实 我最初的揣测。3)When her eyes looked up, they were very large, odd, and attractive.她抬起眼晴的时候,眼睛显得很大,很特别,很动人。4)He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败,超越失败,并且 藐视别人的失败。
重复法
英 语 中 强 势 关 系 代 词 或 强 势 关 系 副 词 whoever, whenever, wherever等等,翻译时常使用重复法处 等等,等等 理。5)Whoever works hard will be respected.谁工作努力,谁就会受到尊重。6)Wherever severe oppression existed, there would be revolution.哪里有残酷的压迫,哪里就有革命。7)Come over to see me whenever you are free.你什么时候有空,就什么时候来找我。
重复法
为了使译文明确具体,除了上面谈到的一些重复手 段外,还有一种情况:英语原文没有重复,汉译时 英语原文没有重复,英语原文没有重复 采用一种在内容上而不是在形式上的重复手段。采用一种在内容上而不是在形式上的重复手段。8)He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.他想给他们增加些援助,增添些武器,增派些人员。9)He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.他既精于飞行,又善于导航。
重复法
(二)为了强调
英语句子中往往重复关键的词,以使读者留下 深刻的印象,英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复 手段。(1)英语原文中有词的重复,译成汉语有时可 英语原文中有词的重复,以保持同样的重复(2)英文原文中有词的重复,译成汉语有时可 英文原文中有词的重复,以用同义词重复之
重复法
(1)如果英语原文中有词的重复,译成汉语有时 如果英语原文中有词的重复,可以保持同样的重复 1)Work while you work, play while you play.该工作时就工作,该玩时就玩。
2)It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society.生于社会,不能脱离社会。
3)Year after year and century after century the moon goes through its cycles.一年又一年,一个世纪又一个世纪,月亮盈亏变化,周而 复始。
重复法
(2)英文原文中有词的重复,译成汉语有时可以 英文原文中有词的重复,用同义词重复之 1)Easy come, easy go.来得容易去得快。2)No pains, no gains.不劳无获。3)During their stay in Beijing, they visited some old friends of theirs, visited Beijing University and visited the Great Wall.他们在北京逗留期间,拜访了几个老朋友,参观了 北京大学,游览了长城。
重复法
(三)为了生动
出于译文行文上的考虑,有时虽然英文原文中 没有词的重复,但译者在推敲、校正和润饰译文行 文的过程中,有意识地采取一些重复手段,使译文 更加生动。1.运用两个四字词组 1.运用两个四字词组 2.运用词的重迭 2.运用词的重迭 3.运用四字对偶词组 3.运用四字对偶词组
重复法
1.运用两个四字词组
经常出现四字词组是汉语的一大特点。四字词组比较 精练,念起来顺口,有节奏感,如运用恰当,可使文字生 动活泼,增强修辞效果。为了使译文符合忠实、通顺的标 准,译者有时可酌情运用两个同义或近义的四字词组,这 也是一种重复。重复的词组或词语,不仅能给译文增添神 采,还会使读者倍感亲切。
重复法
1)He showed himself calm in an emergency situation.他在情况危急时,态度从容,镇定自若。
2)The questions were evidently unexpected to the slowwitted spokesman, who instantly found himself tongue-tied.这些问题显然使得这位头脑迟钝的发言人感到意外,他立 刻显得张口结舌,哑口无言。
3)Instead we continued to embellish the cover story, walking blindly into his trap.而事实不然,我们却仍然对那个掩盖真相的假情况添油加 醋,大肆渲染,从而盲人骑瞎马地陷入了他布置的圈套。
重复法
2.运用词的重迭
1)The toasts were flat.祝酒辞平平淡淡。2)I wasn’t evasive in my reply.我的回答并不躲躲闪闪。3)A slanting sunlight dappled the grass.斜阳把草地照得斑斑驳驳。4)The farm buildings and the wheel-house were all dim and bluish.农场房屋和水车护架都模模糊糊,呈现着浅 蓝色。
重复法
3.运用四字对偶词组
汉语中有不少对偶词组,汉语中有不少对偶词组,在这个四字中前后两对 字形成对偶,往往具有相同或类似的含义,字形成对偶,往往具有相同或类似的含义,所以 也是一种重复。也是一种重复。英译汉时我们可酌情采用此类四 字对偶词组,使译文显得生动活泼。字对偶词组,使译文显得生动活泼。
重复法
rumors calm grotesque prosperous 流言蜚语 镇定自若 奇形怪状 繁荣昌盛重复法
gratitude ingratitude vivid careless in chaos street gossip eternal glory to great contributions
感恩戴德 忘恩负义 生动活泼 粗心大意 乌烟瘴气 街谈巷议 永垂不朽 丰功伟绩重复法
1)The trial, in his opinion, was absolutely fair.据他看来,这次审判是绝对公平合理的。2)She is an awful fool of a woman.她是一个非常愚昧无知的女人。3)She told him of John’s fancy.她把约翰的胡思乱想告诉了他。
释义法
1)We should never warm snakes in our bosoms.我们决不能姑息坏人。
2)Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.不过过早乐观(真正的困难还在后头呢)。
3)His newly employed woman servant was extremely lazy and ate a lot, no more than a white elephant.他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇,饭量倒是不小,真是一个无 用而又累赘的东西。
4)It’s hard to get along with a man blowing hot and cold.同反复无常的人没法相处。
5)By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband.释义法
6)我不敢肯定我能赢得这个荣誉,这还是未到手的东西。
I’m not sure whether I can win the honor.It’s a birth in the bush.7)这是他们两人之间的事情,你去插一脚干嘛。
That’s a business of their own.Why should you get involved in it?
8)别人家里鸡零狗离的事你都知道得这么全,真是个顺风耳。
You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families.You are really well informed.9)她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。She volunteered to the teaching post in this primary school.本TXT由“文库宝”下载:http:///wenkubao
第四篇:小班第二学期教学内容安排课件资料
小班第二学期教学内容安排:2015、2
2-3月份 活动目标:
1、能围绕图片内容讲述不跑题,感受作品的情感基调以及人物特点。
2、复习空间方位:上、下、前、后,能以自身或客体为中心,辨别物体正确的运动方向。认识长方形、梯形并知道其特征,能在周围环境找出相应图形。
3、认识“〉”(渐弱符号),通过感受歌曲力度的变化,体会歌词所展示的情景;学习用线条和图案表现物体的基本结构和主要特征,提高对色彩的运用能力。
4、初步养成爱劳动,爱护环境的习惯,感受生活的美和乐趣;培养幼儿参与体育活动的兴趣,能听信号进行简单队列变化,学会做新操。
5、了解蚊子和蜗牛的基本特征及生长环境,有兴趣探索动物世界的奥秘,培养幼儿初步的环保意识。
6、认识种植的基本工具和步骤;使用小工具自由玩沙,注意安全;通过观察,对自己的手有一定的认识,养成良好的卫生习惯。
7、懂得一些自我保护方法和安全常识,提高幼儿解决问题的能力,激发自信心。
8、引导幼儿运用拼搭、收缩、错位、平铺、拓展的拼搭技能进行拼搭活动。活动内容:
语言:《逛花街》、《小猪盖房子》、《春天的电话》、《春天》、《你问我答》、《我进步了》
数学:区分向上、向下、向前、向后 认识正方形、长方形、梯形、快乐小兔、有趣的长方形、小狗拼图、音乐:《这是什么》(猜猜唱唱)<一>、《这是什么》(唱唱演演)<一>、《什么动物出来玩》(韵律活动)、《小花猫和小老鼠》(歌唱)<一>、《小花猫和小老鼠》(做做唱唱)<二>、《生日树》(画画跳跳)、《数字歌》(唱唱认认)<一>、《数字歌》(唱唱演演)<二>、《动物合唱队》(歌唱)<一>、《动物合唱队》(唱唱演演)<二>、《啤酒桶波尔卡》(欣赏)。
美术:《红包生肖—牛》(欣赏)、《七星瓢虫》(油画棒画)、《房子》(油画棒画)、《汤圆与盘子》(泥工)、《小眼睛看世界》(油画棒画)、《鸡蛋花》(棉签画)、《彩色的树》(油画棒画)、《小扇子》(折纸)、《河里的鱼》(蜡笔画)、《青蛙》(油画棒画)、《金鱼》(粘贴添画)、《地球妈妈》(主题画)、《表情》(线条画)、《菊花香》(棉签水粉画)
健康:安全教育、《小小清洁工》、《我变美了》、《小小种植角》、学新操、队形队列、玩沙、《小小消防员》、《交通安全教育》
科学:《小蚊子》、《蜗牛》、《我的手》、《鸟的嘴巴》、《可爱的蜘蛛》、社会:《独自在家时》、《动物是我们的朋友》、《大家来植树》、《拍球比赛》
积木建构游戏:结实墙(小班活动课程p10)镂空墙(小班p13)阳台上的花盆(邦宝p6)楼梯(邦宝p7)转角墙(邦宝p9)围墙(邦宝p10小班p16)
4月份 活动目标:
1、感受诗歌优美的语言韵味,学习正确运用动词、形容词进行讲述,提高幼儿语言概括的能力。
2、认读1—10,能根据提供的物品点数,粘贴数字,并正确运用1—10的正逆顺序。
3、能用回答的形式演唱歌曲,唱准附点,尝试分组选择不同乐器进行合奏练习;学习涂出渐变颜色的技巧,发展撕、粘贴的动手操作能力,巩固团圆和压扁的泥工技能。
4、教幼儿随曲线慢跑,发展幼儿跑的能力,练习双脚立定跳远,提高弹跳能力,增强身体素质。
5、了解部分动物的外部形态、特点及生活习性。
6、了解清明节的由来,感受清明节与其他节日在气氛上的不同。
7、知道树木的作用以及树林被破坏的危害,简单了解树木与人类、环境的关系。
8、能正确自我认识、评价,培养幼儿不轻易放弃、克服困难的个性。
9、学习运用对齐拼搭、加固拼搭技能构建出不同规模的梁桥。综合运用各种拼搭进行立体物构型的建构技能。
活动内容:
语言:《猜猜我有多爱你》、《动物小船》、《报花名》、《河岸上》《我们有好看的书》《小动物进城》
数学:认读1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10 音乐:《香粽子》(想想唱唱)<一>、《香粽子》(唱唱演演)<二>、《小看戏》(打击乐)、《滑稽的脚先生》(歌唱)<一>、《滑稽的脚先生》(唱唱演演)<二>、《走路》(歌唱)<一>、《走路》(唱唱演演)<二>、《音阶歌》(唱唱认认)<一>、《音阶歌》(唱唱认认)<二>、《手腕转动》(歌唱)<一>、《手腕转动》(唱唱编编)<二>、《蝴蝶找花》(韵律活动)
美术:《帆船》(意愿画)、《蜗牛》(蜡笔画)、《梅花》(手指点画)、《沙滩上的螃蟹》(油画棒画)、《水果篮子》(意愿画)、《房子与树》(蜡笔画)、《菠萝》(粘贴添画)、《小鹿》(蜡笔画)、《火车》(蜡笔画)、《菠萝叶子》(粘贴)
健康:《爱洗澡》、《不干净吃了得病》、《回家了》、《我敢说》、哑铃操、《争取胜利》、《摘星星》、《抛球和接球》、《防溺水教育》
科学:《动物避暑》、《老虎和猫》、《乌鸦喝水》、《妈妈的菜篮》、《可爱的豆芽宝宝》、《米饭哪里来》、社会:《清明时节雨纷纷》、《勇敢的孩子》、《著名的音乐家》、《碰疼别人了》
积木建构游戏: 河堤(邦宝p23)梁桥(小班p28)小汽车(邦宝P25小班P35)小龙舟(邦宝P26小班P38)5月份 活动目标:
1、能仔细观察画面细节,推测角色关系和结局;感受诗歌有趣的情感,学习故事的艺术语言。
2、初步学会图形之间的转换关系,复习图形分类,学会区分厚薄、粗细,养成良好的观察力和思维力。
3、学习从弱拍起的歌曲,感受旋律的变化,并尝试用简单的方式把自己的感觉表达出来;发展初步的构图能力,逐步养成专注细致 的绘画习惯,感受画面的明暗对比。
4、知道摔倒后保护自己的方法,懂得遵守交通规则,学会安全出行;锻炼手眼的协调能力,发展幼儿的平衡、跳跃能力,培养幼儿的创造力。
5、知道水产食物和耕种食物的概念,学会区分不同的食物,产生对食物探索的兴趣。
6、知道国旗、国徽的特征和表示的意思,激发热爱祖国的情感。
7、初步了解交通工具的演变过程。
7、综合运用及选择特殊积木进行构型的技能。让幼儿学会分析模型的构成组块采用各种技能逐层拼搭。
活动内容:
语言:《微笑》、《有趣的伞》、《门板上的画》、《悯农》、《聪明的鱼妈妈》、《它少了什么》、《一只蛤蟆一张嘴》、数学:图形关系、图形点数、比厚薄、比粗细、数图形、小小书店、看看谁最棒、接水管
音乐:《线条的音乐画》(听听做做)<一>、《线条的音乐画》(听听画画)<一>、《只怕不抵抗》(打击乐)、《凼凼转》(歌唱)<一>、《凼凼转》(唱唱演演)<二>、《谁是小熊》(韵律活动)、《建筑之歌》(歌唱)<一>、《建筑之歌》(唱唱编编)<二>、《北京的金山上》(打击乐)、《会跳舞的发条玩具》(歌唱)<一>、《会跳舞的发条玩具》(唱唱演演)<二>、《老鹰捉小鸡》(韵律活动)
美术:《中国娃娃》(线条画)、《虾》(蜡笔画)、《车》(装饰画)《小兔》(蜡笔画)、《可爱的小蜜蜂》(油画棒画)、《蜻蜓和花》(手指点画)、《萝卜》(蜡笔画)、《樱桃》(油画棒)、《荔枝》(粘贴)、《生日蛋糕》(蜡笔画)、《大公鸡》(油画棒画)、《一串红》(手指点画)、《花瓶与花》(擦画)、《愿望花》(油画棒画)、健康:《摔倒了怎么办》、《这样做对吗》、《生病以后》、《要遵守交通规则》、《送信》、《玩软管》、《老虎捉猴子》、《看谁投得高》、《防震减灾教育》、《远离噪音》、《回家了》
科学:《美丽的荷花》、《纸的秘密》、《它们吸水吗》、《水的秘密》、《观察物体》
社会:《我爱国旗、国徽》、《学做天气记录》、《城市美容师》、《从古至今话交通》
积木建构游戏:小飞机(邦宝P27小班P45)小鸭(小班p60)长颈鹿(小班P48)小鸡(小班p56)
6-7月份 活动目标:
1、感受古诗押韵简洁、朗朗上口的口语特点;独立看书时能看懂每幅图的大意,对文学作品感兴趣。
2、能按照物体的两个特征对物体进行分类,学会按照二项规则排序。
3、能用肢体动作表现对旋律与节奏的感受,分清以自我为中心的不同方向,能与舞伴的动作保持一致;感受陶瓷艺术的风格及特征,懂得用多种线条表现帽子的外形及花纹图案。
4、增加对夏天天气特征的认识,了解防暑降温的方法;养成爱劳动的好习惯,增强自我服务的意识;学习玩高跷,锻炼平衡能力和 手脚协调能力,初步学会倒退走,发展幼儿跑的能力。
5、通过观察对材料能否吸水及物体的沉浮有一定的了解,理解力的作用及摩擦力,在探究活动中喜欢思考,善于合作。
6、学习正确处理同伴间的矛盾和冲突,初步学会有意识地控制自己的情绪和愿望,知道犯错后要勇于承认。
7、学会观察物体,能区分冷热水,体验与同伴合作、交流的乐趣。
8、能正确理解“=、≠”的含义。
9、了解岭南地区风格各异的民居及其用途。
10、学会选择材料进行逐层拼搭的建构技能。学会综合运用各种技能进行逐层建构。
活动内容:
语言:《好朋友》、《爱的礼物》、《我能飞》、《爱吃水果的牛》、《你喜欢冬天还是夏天》、《头上长西瓜》
数学:分类、二项规则排序、帽子商店、帽子商店、小熊分气球、图形迷宫、串项链、认识“=、≠”、“=、≠”的运用
音乐:《朋友舞》(歌唱)<一>、《朋友舞》(唱唱跳跳)<二>、《小麻雀》(编编玩玩)、《听音乐找画面》(听听找找)、《跳跳糖》(歌唱)<一>、《跳跳糖》(唱唱玩玩)<二>、《金蛇狂舞》(听听玩玩)、《理发店》(歌唱)<一>、《理发店》(唱唱编编)<二>、《悄悄话》(歌唱)<一>、《悄悄话》(唱唱演演)<二>、《小白船》(欣赏)
美术:《天气》(线条画)、《荷花》(蜡笔画)、《潮州木雕》(欣赏)、《帽子》(意愿画)、《做面条》(泥工)、《佛山陶瓷》(欣赏)、《猫咪相片》(线条画)、《熊猫》(蜡笔画)、《向日葵》(手工)、《我爱运动》(蜡笔画)、《公车》(装饰画)、《蜗牛》(撕贴)
健康:《炎热的夏天》、《剥毛豆荚》、《穿裤子》、《走高跷》、《灵活的汽车》、《塑料圈的游戏》、《捕小鱼》、《防食物中毒教育》、《下雨了》、《爱护小脚丫》、棒操、科学:《会浮的东西》、《力的作用》、《摩擦力》、《冷水和热水》、《水的净化》、《预防溺水》
社会:《端午节》、《玲玲哭了》、《不做任性的孩子》、《图书是我撕破的》、《我爱省会—广州》、《岭南民居》
积木建构游戏: 金鱼(小班p63)小乌龟(小班p67)拱桥(邦宝p34)小邮轮(邦宝p36小班p41)大型客机(邦宝p32)帆船(邦宝p31)
第五篇:笔译工作总结
翻译工作总结与体会 从业以来,仅就笔译而言,做得还算进退自如。当初兴趣使然,毅然决然半路出家做了翻译,现在想来,有些冲动和冒险,但应该说这是一次正确的选择。走到今天,除了机遇外,应该还有其必然性。我拟从一个非语言专业译者的角度谈谈自己对翻译工作的理解和认识。
一、选准方向,打好基础
有些人认为,只有外语专业的才能做好翻译,翻译就是翻译文学作品。在世界经济文化交流日益频繁的今天,这种看法显然是不全面的。从翻译需求来看,主要还是实用类翻译,如科技、财经、法律等。具体到某一翻译类别,如果没有深厚的经验积累或者相应的专业知识,想胜任愉快是不太可能的。所以我建议翻译新手在从业伊始就应该结合自己的兴趣、特长、专业背景等,选择一个翻译主攻方向。经营某类翻译久了,不仅质量有保障,速度也能上得去,从成本效益角度来看,是相当划算的。
以我相对熟悉的法律翻译为例,我中英文法律文本的阅读量至少达到百万字的数量级。阅读可以帮助我了解法律概念、原理,不同法律文本的风格,甚至对法律推理也有所了解。有了阅读积累,应对实际工作的时候,就能比较轻松自如。对我来说,翻译工作最难的部分不在实际做翻译,而在做知识储备。一方面,我想加强对某一法律领域(如仲裁/诉讼)的了解,做到翻译时心中有数,不会稀里糊涂;另一方面,我要根据公司业务的发展,阅读相关材料。这种准备工作量之大,有时令人心生畏惧。
我心目中最理想的翻译人才模式是 专业知识+语言能力,我甚至觉得现在的翻译硕士教育也应该有一定的针对性。比如说,如果培养方向以财经为主,则可以考虑开设基本的财经、金融双语课程。
二、学会研究,体现专业
我们阅读中文文本时,如果遇到不太理解的词语、概念,可以跳过去,甚至整段整段地跳,或者知道个大概就可以了。但是,要将中文译成英文,遇到这种情况,就算想跳也不能跳,否则还要翻译做什么?翻译的价值从何体现?这时翻译就要做研究。不是简单地查一查字典、搜一搜网络,而是要准确理解相关词语的确切内涵,必要时甚至要阅读相关的英语语篇,了解它在具体语境中的运用。研究的层次不局限于词语,还可以上升到语篇。比如,我就在互联网上找过十个版本左右的英文保密协议,找过多个版本的英文起诉状,研究它们语篇风格和实质内容的异同。
有时听人感慨说,翻译到了一定阶段,就会遭遇瓶颈。我认为,解决这一问题的办法就是不断学习和研究。举例来说,如果时事新闻汉译英的时候遇到困难,我们可以阅
读国内外的多种相关报刊杂志,一定可以找到多种可供借鉴的译法,并通过比较,判断出最优译法。
三、注重细节,精益求精
翻译工作最终体现为译入语的字字句句,甚至标点符点上。在细节方面(特别是标点符号和空格),本地化翻译做得非常好,我觉得可以向全行业推广。
同一原文,不同译文,如何分出译文的优劣高下?假设两个译者的水平非常接近,有时候,一两个关键词的处理,就能看出译者下了多大功夫。比如,approval作为可数名词,在一定语境下是表示“批准件”的,甚至可以结合具体交易细化为“批件”、“批文”或“批函”。又如review,律师review一个文件,可以说是“审阅”;审计师review一个账目,实际上是在“复核”;上司对下属做performance review,实际是对下属的工作表现做“评价”。再如,一定语境下,issue到底是“签发”还是“颁发”?approve到底是“批准”还是“核准”?考虑到动作主体、搭配习惯等,应该还是存在最优译法的。
四、题外话
常听见同行抱怨,说翻译不被理解,不受重视。我以为解决之道在于,一方面,翻译从业者要主动向业外人士解释说明翻译工作的难处,为自己、为行业争取理解、赢得尊重;另一方面,也是更重要的,我们要做好自己的工作,让人知道,专业翻译做出来的东西就是专业,成为一个专业翻译并不容易,需要付出很多。篇二:工作总结-翻译岗
工 作 总 结
自2014.5.19号入职xxxx以来,不知不觉已有6月有余,时光如梭,距离2014年岁末已半月有余。回首这半年,有工作时的忙碌,也有与同事合作时的愉快,更有来自直接领导的敦敦教导与关怀。在这半年多里,我不仅在公司里学到了全新的东西,也从同事及领导身上学到了珍贵的做事态度与作人原则,让人铭记。他山之石,可以攻玉。反观自我,也总结了些不足之处,有待改进从而提高自己。现将这半年以来的工作,主要总结如下:
一、参加各项培训
进入公司以后,参加了各项培训,包括安全培训,反恐培训等。尤其在后者的实地反恐培训中,我以积极的心态与高昂的热情去面对,在培训中不畏艰难,不惧炎热,最终顺利地通过了考核。通过安全培训,我深深感受到安全对于每一个人,对于一个项目,甚至对于整个公司来说都是至关重要、缺一不可的。所以,对于任何人,无论身在何处,“安全第一”的概念始终需要放在第一位。
二、翻译各种资料
根据项目需要及工作中的具体要求,目前翻译工作及内容主要如下:各部门与业主间来往信函,控制计划部的周月报,施工质量部的施工与质量控制方案,采购部的技术采购文件及招标文件,设计部图纸与技术文件的审核,uop设计方相关设备技术方案的中译,合同及保险文件的翻译等,同进进行同事间翻译文件的互审工作。
翻译工作最终体现为译入语的字字句句,甚至标点符点上,尤其在细节方面(特别是标点符号和空格)。在翻译工作中,我始终以精益求精的态度,一丝不苟的精神地对待每一个语句。某些不懂或者较难的语句,则字斟句酌,反复推敲每一字,直到满意为止。同一原文,不同译文,通过反复斟酌,尽可能地选择更加贴切的译法。
三、扩大学习范围
通过切身的经验,才知道翻译工作最难的部分,不在实际做翻译,而在知识储备。因为之前的工作,并不是完全与翻译有关,有些文件的翻译,从专业角度而言,显得有些不足,也有些懵懂,为工作带来困难。为了能完成所分配的翻译任务,需做好充分的准备。凡事预则立,不预则废。就目前的翻译需求而言,涉及了石油化工,海关清关,合同保险,采购等等。具体到某一翻译类别,如果没有深厚的经验积累或者相应的专业知识,想顺利完成翻译工作是不太可能的。所以,这要求自己不得不增加专业知识,扩大专业范围。所以,工作之余,我大量地阅读了相关的知识,扩充了相关的词汇。
除了专业学习外,在作人做事方面,我也加强了学习。来到xxxx项目后,我能够积极地参与公司组织的各项学习活动,在工作当中学,向同事学,从未放弃学习的任一时机。唯有学习,才能发现自己的不足。在公司倡导向xxxx同志学习的过程中,我看到了一位优秀的石油人,在自己的工作岗位上兢兢业业,做出了非凡的事迹。从xxxx同志的身上,我受到深刻的鼓舞,并立志向xxxx同志学习,学习他一丝不苟的钻研态度,还要学习他无私无畏的奉献精神。
四、学习规章制度
来哈萨克之前及之后,在公司里与项目上,通过公司内专家的亲身教学与通过邮件发来的文件,我逐渐学习了公司的各项规章制度,内控文件,以及pk项目相关资料等。每一次教学,我都细而聆听;每一个文件,我都仔细阅读。无有规章,不成方圆。大到国家,小到公司,概莫例外。
通过全面的学习,我深刻地领悟到:制度是根本,执行是保障。作为公司的一员,我们应义无反顾,服从并执行制度,直至达到完成工作的目标。我们应坚决贯彻公司各种规章制度,自觉遵守公司的纪律,维护公司的利益,拥护公司的发展,体现出高度的敬业精神,唯有这样,公司才能在激烈的竞争中屹立不倒。
五、对待不足之处
每次翻译过后,通过同事间互审,以提高翻译质量。某些细微的差错,显现了我在工作中的细心程度,还有所欠缺;平时的工作中,只想着提高自己的业务知识能力,而忽视了理论方面的主动学习,忽略了与部分同事间良好关系的建立,从而使得部分工作中产生被动,降低了工作效率。
工作中的不足,让我警醒,让我认识到人无完人,不能有丝毫懈怠之情。应不断改进,提高自我工作意识及工作效率,努力做好工作中的每一件事情。
最后,感谢公司为我提供这个平台,让我在xxxx项目上通过工作与努力,不断成熟与进步。在公司领导的正确带领下,在各位同事的无私帮助下,渐渐让我在这个岗位上能实现自己的价值。相信在以后的日子里,我会在这个平台上尽我所能,为公司的更加辉煌尽一份力量!
2014年12月10号篇三:笔译总结摘抄
笔译总结摘抄
转载:网上找到的《北京外国语大学高级翻译学院2008级学生笔译总结摘抄》
1、虽然必须承认学习的时候很痛苦,但是真的要结束了,倒也颇有些不舍。心中有些担心,没有了老师的教导和鞭策,自己在未来的工作中是否能够保持严谨的精神,我们对待未来的工作是否还能够做到精益求精?但是,我是有信心的,老师传授给我们的理念和方法,都是让我们叹服的,我们不会遗忘,更不能遗忘。我们当中任何一个同学都不能说,以后不会从事笔译的工作,它是外事工作中相当重要的一环,也是口译工作良好的补充,更是体现功底的舞台。我们要如何能够无愧于“北外高翻”的称号呢?只有将老师传授给我们的东西贯彻到底,甚至推广出去。
2、周蕴仪学姐在给我们做过的一次讲座上说过,翻译的过程像谈恋爱,对它会又爱又恨,恨极了恨不得甩在一边再不去理它,爱极了又难割难舍,欲罢不能。这个总结很有点浪漫主义色彩,她在鼓励我们像爱恋人一样去爱翻译。如果要我讲的话,我更觉得爱翻译要像爱自己。因为自己是什么样,翻译就会体现为什么样。拿到一篇文章时,自己决定下功夫去读去理解,译文会体现出你是准确的;自己决定尽己所能用心写作,译文会体现出你是投入的;自己决定边边角角都照顾到,译文会体现出你是缜密的。翻译经过什么人的手,就会带有什么人的性格。我之所以说爱翻译要像爱自己,一来是因为每一份作品都是一面镜子,照到的是自己,二来是因为人不会放弃自己。在翻译受挫时我们不能心存懈怠,就像我们永远都不放弃自己。爱翻译要像爱自己。
3、在笔译过程中,虽然我们要受到原文作者文字内容的限制,但是一个能动的译者可以充分发挥自己的能动性,将一篇原文“变厚”,然后再浓缩“变薄”。而这“变厚”和“变薄”的过程就是译者深度学习过程,也是译者不断提高翻译的职业精神和译者的我塑造过程。
4、growing old is mandatory;growing up is optional.其实大多数时候,翻译也是optional的,只有译者来要求自己是精益求精,还是蒙混过关。成长是一个痛并快乐的过程,但很多时候是痛的越多,快乐的也越多。翻译也是如此,痛苦是翻译的必经过程,但是我们也正是在这一次次的痛苦中成长起来的。
不过既是翻译,就是语言间的转换。要做好翻译,即使翻译方法掌握的再好,没有对两种语言高超的驾驭能力,也是不太可能的。所以在学习方法的同时,最重要的还得进一步巩固和提高汉语、英语水平,这样才不愧是一个土生土长的中国人,也才不愧是学了十几年英语的“专业人士”!
5、纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行。翻译本身是一个痛苦的过程,译文也许只是短短的几段文字,但译者却必须做大量的调查论证,但在痛苦的同时又为自己解决了一个个的问题而欣喜。态度决定一切,我们在翻译方面才刚刚起步,只要始终抱着客观求实的态度,每一次的翻译实践都会使我们的能力得到提高。
6、翻译即如琢玉,是个由粗及细不断雕琢的过程。只有准确谨慎地剖开材料表层,一点点去掉无用之材,才能真正展现其光彩夺目的内里。
7、我做翻译时一般有三个步骤,即宏观把握、细节处理、整体修改。
8、一般而言,译者习惯汉英对照着翻译和反复推敲,以便保持译文与原文的统一性,不至于偏离原文作者的意思。但缺点在于译者容易先入为主,一直以中文的思维来写英文,常常会忽略许多不符合思维的地方。因此经过反复校对之后,还应删掉原文,单纯从译入语的角度审视译文是否合格。
9、“高山仰止,景行行止。虽不能至,心向往之”,翻译是项永远无法达到完美的事业,但正因如此,译者永远走在成长的路上,以有限的精力探索无限的语言世界。这种无限可能,想来应该是翻译的魅力所在了,所以作为痛并快乐的译者,也算是大幸。
10、我最大的收获便是懂得了“鱼”与“渔”之分,掌握了打鱼的工具、技巧和步骤,不再贪恋到手的小鱼。尽管译文依然达不到老师的要求和自己的标准,但是当面对一篇糟糕的文章时,我已经知道怎样用掌握的工具理清每一句的含义,再尽己所能用译入语表达出来。我想对一位译者而言其他都还可以慢慢提高,这种方法才是最重要的。回望过去一年的历程,想到今后一年不用再纠结于各种难缠的有中国特色的文章,不禁如释重负,但更多的是惋惜再少有机会能听您指导,也许会少很多醍醐灌顶的机会。以后的人生旅途中我会努力坚持您的翻译理念,并在可能时传给其他人,造福大众。唠叨至此,要发自肺腑地说一声:“谢谢您”。2、11、翻译是人类最复杂、最困难的活动之一。它涉及人的认知审美、语言文化素养、对翻译的认识等诸多因素[1]。翻译好比写作,但却是一项甚至比写作更难的再创造过程,要求译者不仅有过硬的英汉双语功底,还要对所要翻译的文章背景要足够的了解、运用各种工具进行大量的研究和论证。只要拥有了对文章的了解,才能把握作者的真正意图,才能做好翻译的本职工作——传递信息,做沟通的桥梁。
12、翻译不是机械的字词对照,译者也不是机器。我越来越感觉:翻译工作就像是“牛吃下去的是草,挤出来的是奶”一样。如果不能把原文的“草”细细嚼碎,反复琢磨,认真消化,又怎能产出顺滑美味,营养丰富的奶(这才是真正的“达”)。有时喝牛奶的人(译文的读者)如果觉得奶不好,很少有人怀疑元凶是没有营养的草,更多的人会责备奶牛没做好自己的本职工作。从“草”到“奶”,不仅仅是形态的变化,就像从原文到译文,并不仅仅是换了语言的外衣,更是两种文化的思维方式、社会传统、审美习惯,论述风格的碰撞和互动。作为学生的我们,一年前才刚被李老师(奶牛饲养员)领进了门,给的草形态各异,唯一的相同之处就是没一个美味,没一个好消化的。这也是李老师的良苦用心——外面的世界哪能都是嫩嫩的青草,不锻炼出刚强的胃,怎么能产出合格的奶。未来的路要靠自己走,未来的草要自己吃。师傅领进门,修行在个人。虽然这句话已经被重复了很多遍,但是真理是颠扑不破的。
13、只要过程合格,产品就更有可能合格。
14、随意删除原文的内容是译者的大忌。我并没有把我删掉的内容置之不顾,而是在后面的内容中时时地观察,这段被删的内容是否跟下文有联系,若有我则必须重新考虑。
15、想当个认真的翻译也不容易啊!
16、关于具体词语的翻译,我通过此次翻译作业得到的最大体会是需要做三重工作,依次为确认1.某词在源语语境中究竟是何含义、是否合适,2.是否存在对等的译入语表达,3.该译入语表达在译入语的语境和文章上下文中是否合适。
17、总的来说,做一篇翻译是非常辛苦的事情。从语言文字功底到知识背景,处处都在考察我们的能力。每次做完一遍翻译,都感觉自己元气大伤。不过,做完翻译之后的成就感也是其它所不能替代的。翻译是一个不断磨练、不断超越的过程。一篇翻译并不是说一次做完就了事了,它是在一次次修改中逐渐完善起来的。作为译者,我也在一次又一次的修改中不断提高自己。笔译课虽然结束了,但是笔译学习仍是漫漫长路,还得在今后不断努力。
18、做好一篇翻译,需要理解、分析、调查和表达多种能力,是对作者语言和判断能力的综合考验。但每次翻译最深刻的感觉就是,译者英语水平是基础,也是最关键的因素。因此,翻译水平的提高是脚踏实地的,不可能一蹴而就。一个翻译工作者就是要活到老,学到老。
19、一直以为,翻译过程是“痛并快乐着”。痛苦的是,译者要本着原文的意思和思路来构建译文,而不是随性的写作,天马行空,是受限制的发挥和重组。这其中要涉及对作者意图的探究和把握,还要对原文
提供的信息进行大量研究求证,辨其真伪后去伪存真。所以大部分“痛苦”体现在对原作者写作内容的揣摩和批判上,然后通过对译文的撰写和修改,达到让读者群理解和体会的目的。而所谓的“快乐”除了在完成上述工作后的如释重负,以及成功地架起作者与读者之间畅达沟通的桥梁之外,还有一个方面就是随着译者求证过程的深入,一个又一个未知的领域之门在你面前慢慢开启,让你可以顺着门缝向里好奇的张望,你可以选择推开门走进去,一探究竟;但如果你的好奇心已得到满足,那索性就此打住,关上门离开,因为你已欣赏到里面的风景,足矣!因而,令我十分享受的是,翻译是一种在工作中就可以享受到不同学科和行业知识成果使译者快速增长见识的职业。
20、把翻译看作改建工程,将中国式的庙宇(中文)改造成西方的教堂(英文),整个过程包括批判,拆除,清理和重建。
21、老生常谈的还有语言锤炼问题。批判思维比较容易培养,只要能怀着认真执着的态度,加上大量细致的考证和分析,就能有所突破。但对译入语的把握却没有这么简单,即使在寻找到平行文本后获得一些启发,但那解决的也许只是词语或句子的问题,而整篇文章的布局和结构,包括风格和文体,如何译的准,译的好,使各个层面都能表现出来,却不是一蹴而就的。需要平时的累积和训练。
22、笔译比口译更费时,更耗力,对译者的要求也更高。口译因为有时间压力,所以对译文质量的要求不是很高,更看重的是平稳流畅与否,以及信息量,不需要使用华美隽永的词语,不需要搭建复杂精妙的结构,所以以前听一位资深口译员说过,如果把口译的译文记录下来,那这个文本是不能见人的。而笔译就不一样了,要精雕细琢才行。因为译者往往不是该领域的行家,所以小到一个字,一个词,大到一段话,一篇文章,都要有质疑的精神,并在这种精神的指导下,展开调查与考证。翻译非文学类文章,尤为艰难,为了确保专业性和精准度,不得不在下笔之前做大量的调查和研究,将自己打造成该领域的准专家。
23、翻译的过程好比排雷的过程,看每一个字、每一个词的时候都要慎之又慎,要一个一个将地雷找出来。
24、翻译是一种创作的过程,事实上,翻译的担子并不比原作者轻,在原文不明了的时候翻译还要承担起调查、论证、阐明的任务。这是一个既费体力又费脑力的过程,但是就像艺术家创作出经典的作品一样,翻译通过不懈的努力与探索也终究可以踏入艺术的殿堂。正所谓书上有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟。翻译上的成就也只能依靠译者孜孜不倦的探索与研究。
25、最让我郁闷的是,自己理解了原文,但是由于表达的贫乏,很难准确并且生动的表达出自己所要的感觉。再一次感觉到,英文写作的功底会直接影响翻译的水平。这也是为什么我存在句式安排、选词等等问题的原因。关键还得把自己的英文基础打扎实。
26、作者的观点不用改。错误发现了,要改。没有发现,不改,也不是译者的责任。译者的责任,是把作者想表达出来的意思,表达得更清楚。在这个过程中,如果发现错误,可以向作者指出或改正。
27、翻译既是一门艺术,又是一门科学,既需要像科学工作者那样仔细调查、小心求证,又需要拥有艺术家那样的激情和灵感。翻译说来简单,只要理解了原文,再用另外一种语言表达出来即可。然而,翻译的理解不同于普通读者的理解,目的不是获取信息,而是对原文进行全方位的剖析,非“掘原文三尺”而不罢休。翻译的表达也不同于写作的表达,鲁迅就说过,翻译比写作更难。写作时不会的可以绕过,翻译却不行。更何况表达的载体并非母语。
28、翻译其实和演员很像,都是在不断变换着身份和心境,去揣摩体会他人的情感和意图。演员通过表情、眼神、肢体语言等形式再现角色,而翻译则是依靠遣词造句、布局谋篇。阅读平行文本就是为了酝酿情绪,体会native speaker在谈论这样的问题、表达这样的情感时是如何运用句子结构、如何起承转合的。
29、总之一句话,一篇翻译做完,心中必然“坦坦荡荡”,不怕别人质疑。要做到这一点,必须付出大量的劳动和心血,不厌其烦地调查研究、阅读平行文本,反复思考、字斟句酌。有时为了找到一个最合适的词,吃饭想、走路想、甚至睡觉都要想,颇有些“为伊消得人憔悴,衣带渐宽终不悔”的执著。而我也始终相信,只要付出就一定会有回报。翻译和写作一样,除非自己亲历亲为,否则看得再多也始终停留在大脑的表层,不会真正成为自己的东西。
译者未必有学者的权威,或是作家的声誉,但其影响未必较小,甚或更大。译者日与伟大的心灵为伍,见贤思齐,当其意会笔到,每能超凡入胜,成为神之巫师,天才之代言人。此乃寂寞之译者独享之特权。——余光中
31、要具备良好的语言水平,必须提高对语言的敏感度,做个有心之人,并进行广泛涉猎。语言功底提高了,许多东西就水到渠成,译者自然就会少些愁眉紧锁的时刻,多些妙手偶得的惊喜。有了良好的翻译态度,才能高屋建瓴,不流俗于做“翻译匠”的工作,朝着“翻译大师”的大道走进。
33、有人说,如果把写作比成自由舞蹈,翻译就是戴着手铐脚镣在跳舞,而且还要跳得优美。因为原文的创作不受语言形式的限制,而翻译既要考虑对原文的忠实,又要按译文的语言规则来表达原文的思想。从这个意义上讲,翻译并不比创作容易,有时甚至更难。难度越大,其艺术性就越高。翻译是一门永无止境的艺术,它的艺术美已经远远超出了语言的范畴。
34、汉英翻译中常常出现理解上的偏差,从而影响了译文的准确性。由此可见,汉语的表达能力和对汉语的理解能力的大小直接影响了翻译质量的好坏。在翻译中,我愈加感到汉语功底对翻译的重要性。英语的语言能力也不可忽视,译文应流畅,内容准确,在查资料的过程中,通过大量阅读外刊,及外网上的原版文章,有助于培养能够跟进一步向读者的表达习惯靠拢,从而提高翻译能力。最后,也是最重要的,是要扩大知识面,老师曾经说过,翻译学到一定程度,受限的不是不会运用翻译技巧,而是背景知识不够,译者知识面的宽窄决定了其翻译质量的高低和速度的快慢。
35、经过这一年的学习与实践,我总结要想做出一篇高质量的译文是需要质疑精神的。在阅读原文的时候,要在每一段每一句后面都画上一个问号,看看原文中是否有需要求证的词汇或短语、原文逻辑是否清晰、表达是否精炼等,然后再思考怎样的译文才能最好的传达原文的意思。这样做一开始可能会降低翻译速度,但是经过一段时间的训练,译者会逐渐培养出一种“敏感度”,即读过原文后可以较快地判断出是否有需要改动、删减的地方,想必这样就既能保证翻译的速度,又能得出较上乘的译文了。
36、翻译是一个理解、求证、表达的过程。在此过程中译者要与不见面的作者和读者进行对话,了解原文的背景和目的,将作者的思想准确、通顺地传递给读者。非文学语篇的翻译要求译者在对原文进行解构和重构时,特别注意信息的准确、逻辑的严密和表达的严谨。这就需要译者进行深入广泛的调查研究,接近或达到作者的理解水平,充分发掘作者原语语境下所要表达的意义,以符合习惯及规范的目标语表达出来。
37、然做完了,但仍感到还有诸多遗憾,这主要是和译者自身的语言水平相关。由于水平有限,译文尚有很多不足之处,与高质量的翻译相比,在驾驭文章及遣词造句的能力上仍然有待突破。译路漫长,虽然每次翻译都不完美,但每次都尽力有所提高,这也是作为译者的追求和乐趣所在。
38、学了一年的笔译和口译之后,对翻译最深的体会就是,翻译是一个需要耐得住寂寞的职业,所谓“板
凳要坐十年冷”。做翻译的时候要静心分析理解原文,进行调查取证,要耐心斟酌字句,考虑篇章结构,写完还要虚心向同学请教,完善不足之处。有时候会翻的很挣扎很痛苦,在翻译过程中感叹自己才疏学浅,感叹知识的空白面太多。翻译是一个需要不断学习的职业,似乎一旦投身这一职业,就要不断地追赶每个所涉及领域发展的脚步。当然,翻译也有翻译的乐趣。尤其是在调查取证的时候证实自己翻译过程中的猜想的时候,那种喜悦的心情是无法用语言表达的。每次在听过老师讲评之后,学到了新知识,也会感到无比愉悦,觉得自己在通往一个合格译员的道路上又迈进了一步。一个合格的译员要对自己严格,对工作严谨,永远自己跟自己较劲,没有最好,只有更好。
39、我的汉英翻译才刚刚掌握了一些基本的方法。在这一年的学习中,培养出了我对原文的质疑态度和加深对原文理解的意识,了解了动笔之前做准备工作的重要性。译者决不能想当然,不能轻信作者,也不能轻信从别处获得的信息。译文应当是独立的文本,有自己的生命力。但译文到底能有多独立还必需取决于译者的批判性阅读和思考。翻译中要善于借助多种资源和工具,进行查证,保证译文的准确。把握了正确的信息,还要保证语言的流畅、优美、地道,这需要多年的锤炼,非一朝一夕能成。在英文水平不高的情况下,则更需要多利用英英词典、搭配词典和google等工具。虽然这一门课程结束了,但汉英翻译方面需要学习的内容还有很多很多,学习的过程远未结束。现在在我的身上也还存在着许多的不足之处,需要在未来的学习和工作中按照老师所教的态度和方法,继续努力,才有可能成为一个合格的译者。
40、理解高于一切。
41、对于作者的观点,不用修改。支持性数据,也不用核实。只是在检查原文逻辑和调查术语时,偶然发现原文错误,再与作者协商。否则,译者会担负无限责任。
42、英文学到现在十一年了,也常常感到绝望。好在古人也说“学然后知不足”,意识到“知识的圆圈之外还有那么多空白”,总比做一只井底之蛙来得好。而在漫漫翻译路上我所要做的只有两件事:一是继续较真,不偷懒,不做胡适笔下的“差不多先生”;二是夯实语言基本功,厚积薄发,“问渠那得清如许,为有源头活水来”。
43、翻译不光是个技术活,还是个体力活。
44、首先是作为一名翻译应有的职业道德。我们要对自己说的话,写的字负责任。特别是在做笔译的时候,要记住自己是在为作者和读者服务,要使自己的译文兼具准确性和可读性。其次,我学会了利用网络这个工具,从在线词典到搜索工具,有大把的资料和平行文本供我们参考,当然这也就意味着,我们在翻译的时候,需要做更多的工作,查更多的资料。第三,我还学到了很多新鲜实用的翻译理念,包括简明英语,中文的断句,句子的节奏和韵律,还有对主要信息和次要信息的处理等等。我很清楚,自己目前的翻译水平还亟待提高,革命尚未成功,同志仍需努力!翻译是个很辛苦的工作,翻译技艺需要长时间的磨练才会日渐纯熟。笔译课虽然结束了,但是我不会停止对笔译的学习。最后,我想谢谢老师这一年来对我们的谆谆教诲。
45、译者和作者的关系:扯不断,理还乱。
46、如无他人翻译,自己翻译的将来就会作为标准,所以更需谨慎。符合语法,符合英语表达习惯就行。
47、真正的交流只能在充分理解对方文化的前提下才能实现。翻译只是在没有办法的情况下才迫不得已进行的事情,其目的是实现一定程度上的交流。也就是说,翻译是不得不存在的“恶”。翻译之所以有“恶”的一面是因为它永远无法实现完全信息对等的交流,就算信息对等了,由于外语读者不具备原语文化方面的背景也会出现误读和误解,所以说翻译有时甚至会阻碍正确的交流。篇四:笔译实践心得体会
笔译实践
院系名称:外语学院
专业年级:英语f1101 姓名:王欢
学号:201119010209 心得体会
在做这次笔译实践题目之前,关于笔译我是完全不了解的。在我的感觉中笔译相对于口译而言应该算是比较简单的,但是在做完全部题目之后我就彻底改变了原有的这种认知,原来看起来简单的事情并不定就像表象上呈现出的那样容易做到。表面看来笔译能够看着文本逐字逐句翻译,貌似很简单,只要把文本内容真实的翻译出来就可以达到要求了。实际上则不然。这学期我们有一门专业课就是关于英汉翻译的。课堂上老师曾经讲述过关于翻译的历史、理论、要求等一系列相关知识,所以在简单翻阅这次翻译之后,我觉得看似简单的题目确实需要投入大量的精力才能较好地完成任务。在翻译过程中我发觉自己存在以下几点问题:
1、对某些专业术语了解甚少。例如第一篇the high-tech student中出现的gopher program,generic2 database,moby dick,等等,类似这样的词汇我就需要上网查阅相关资料才能进而推测了解作者想要借此来表达怎样的意思。再如a roller-coaster ride in the stock market中,关于股市的一些专用名词,dow and nasdaq,cnbc等也是这样。
2、对统计数字的描述能力较差。如何用不同的描述性词汇来体现数字的增长和下降及其各自升降的幅度,如何准确把握那些不同用词之间细微的差别,较好地描述数字变化,这对我来说是比较困难的。此次翻译题目中出现的仅仅只是一些已经被数字化的统计数据,但是要用合适的词汇来体现尚且不简单,倘若是给出bar chart, pie chart, line chart等这一类图标来自行描述其内容,就会更加困难了。题目中出现数字最多的莫过于描述汶川大地震的这一部分了。各种数字,表示年月的,表示伤亡人数、经济损失的,以及各个地区经济损失所占的不同比例,这对我来说无疑是亟待加强训练的部分。
3、关于某些长句翻译起来较困难。长句出现最多的就是最后一篇题目描述“我”的文本。这片文章涉及不同领域大家的杰出作品及其艺术特色,各式各类的建筑,建筑中体现出的精湛的技巧,还有各种被写入经典的景物,所有的描写都交织在一起,翻译起来很容易找不到方便。摸不清头绪,到底哪里才是开始,应该如何结束。在翻译课上老师曾经说过长句的翻译技巧,要先根据谓语动词进行切分,之后再根据逻辑顺序进行重新组合,之后才能慢慢进行翻译,听起来就很繁琐的程序。我一直在试着这样做,却发现这要求太难达到了,而且每次被提问翻译总是被说翻译的一塌糊涂。关于长句,我可能还要经历一段很艰难的路程。
虽然完成所有题目有点困难,但是我觉得收获还是很不小的。这是第一次这么耐心的昨晚这么多翻译题目,最大的感触就是那些翻译工作者们真的是好辛苦,之前还以为翻译是我们英语专业发展的目标。事实上也是,但是这项工作并不是所有人都能胜任的,这也是我的真实感触之一。总结一下,收获可以归纳为以下几点:
1、一定程度上开阔了知识面,提高了自己的专业能力。虽然这次实践题目只有几个,但是各个题目都具有的一定的代表性。这些题目涉及科技、经济、文学、报道等各种题材的不同内容,对于我们这样的初学者算是一个挑战但是同时也是一个很好的锻炼自己的机遇。初次涉猎翻译领域就得到这样的锻炼,既让我们看到了自己的不足之处,又给自己之前的知识积淀找到了一个合适的展现平台,对于一个语言学习者无疑是一次很好的机会。
2、增加了对专业的认知。在刚入学的时候每每都被别人问到你们英语专业出来的是不是只能做翻译,这句话给我的最初印象就是英语翻译既然这么容易做,那我学这个专业不就一点竞争力都没有了,可是自己亲身时间之后才知道翻译并不是每个人都能做来的,只要好好学专业,任何专业都是好专业。与其抱怨,不如从现在开始就好好努力,这样才能不给以后留下遗憾。虽然大多数英语专业的同学不一定在以后的就业中选择与英语相关的工作,但是就心理上而言,对翻译的进一步了解对于增强专业认知度,增强自信是很有益的。
3、进一步学习专业的欲望被激发,学习兴趣得到进一步的提高。就我自身而言,我是一个有点好胜,在任何事情上都不甘落后的一个人。从翻译这几篇题目中,我发现了自己原来学习中的许多漏洞:态度不够端正;不够勤奋;涉猎面较窄,等一系列亟待改正的不足之处。今天看杂志的时候看到有关近几年来一直很热门的“同声传译”,文章讲了同声传译员的工作量之大,难度之高。虽然笔译跟同声传译有所区别,但是同属于翻译行业,需要学习者高标准严要求的原则肯定是一样的。算算自己每天中学习时间所占的比例,我不禁感到很羞愧,按照这样的努力程度我只能距离最初的目标渐行渐远。虽然作为一名英语专业的大三生,但是我们在英语这条道上要走的路还很长。
笔译实践任务虽然算是完成了,但是从这次完成任务的进程中,我对自己的英语素养及其知识水平有了一个较为客观地认识,总的来说此次任务我是受益匪浅。虽然我的目标不是走翻译这条路,但是不可否认的是翻译的过程中确实能掌握到包括其他领域在内的更多的知识,这些知识不管你以后做什么都会有所帮助。所以在以后的学习生活中,我一定会再接再厉,努力做到扬长避短,争取经过不懈努力之后,在不就得将来也能在翻译方面有所成就。不求最好,只求更好,我坚信只要有努力就会有收获。篇五:翻译工作岗位个人工作总结
翻译工作岗位
=个人原创,绝非网络复制,欢迎下载= 转眼之间,一年的光阴又将匆匆逝去。回眸过去的一年,在×××(改成翻译岗位所在的单位)翻译工作岗位上,我始终秉承着“在岗一分钟,尽职六十秒”的态度努力做好翻译岗位的工作,并时刻严格要求自己,摆正自己的工作位置和态度。在各级领导们的关心和同事们的支持帮助下,我在翻译工作岗位上积极进取、勤奋学习,认真圆满地完成今年的翻译工作任务,履行好×××(改成翻译岗位所在的单位)翻译工作岗位职责,各方面表现优异,得到了领导和同事们的一致肯定。现将过去一年来在翻译工作岗位上的学习、工作情况作简要总结如下:
一、思想上严于律己,不断提高自身修养 一年来,我始终坚持正确的价值观、人生观、世界观,并用以指导自己在×××(改成翻译岗位所在的单位)翻译岗位上学习、工作
实践活动。虽然身处在翻译工作岗位,但我时刻关注国际时事和中-央最新的精神,不断提高对自己故土家园、民族和文化的归属感、认同感和尊严感、荣誉感。在×××(改成翻译岗位所在的单位)翻译工作岗位上认真贯彻执行中-央的路线、方针、政-策,尽职尽责,在翻译工作岗位上作出对国家力所能及的贡献。
二、工作上加强学习,不断提高工作效率 时代在发展,社会在进步,信息技术日新月异。×××翻译工作岗位相关工作也需要与时俱进,需要不断学习新知识、新技术、新方法,以提高翻译岗位的服务水平和服务效率。特别是学习翻译工作岗位相关法律知识和相关最新政策。唯有如此,才能提高×××翻译工作岗位的业务水平和个人能力。定期学习×××翻译工作岗位工作有关业务知识,并总结吸取前辈在×××翻译工作岗位工作经验,不断弥补和改进自身在×××翻译工作岗位工作中的缺点和不足,从而使自己整体工作素质都得到较大的提高。回顾过去一年来在**(改成翻译岗位所在的单位)翻译工作岗位
工作的点点滴滴,无论在思想上,还是工作学习上我都取得了很大的进步,但也清醒地认识到自己在×××翻译工作岗位相关工作中存在的不足之处。主要是在理论学习上远不够深入,尤其是将思想理论运用到×××翻译工作岗位的实际工作中去的能力还比较欠缺。在以后的×××翻译工作岗位工作中,我一定会扬长避短,克服不足、认真学习×××翻译工作岗位相关知识、发奋工作、积极进取,把工作做的更好,为实现中国梦努力奋斗。
展望新的一年,在以后的**(改成翻译岗位所在的单位)工作中
希望能够再接再厉,要继续保持着良好的工作心态,不怕苦不怕累,多付出少抱怨,做好翻译岗位的本职工作。同时也需要再加强锻炼自身的翻译工作水平和业务能力,在以后的工作中我将加强与翻译岗位上的同事多沟通,多探讨。要继续在自己的工作岗位上踏踏实实做事,老老实实做人,争取为**(改成翻译岗位所在的单位)做出更大的成绩。