第一篇:英语论文结论部分写作特点总结
英语论文写作
论文结论部分(Conclusion)写作特点总结
Conclusion
Conclusion是作者对所研究课题进行的总体性讨论,具有严密的科学性和客观性,反映本研究课题的价值,同时对以后的研究具有指导意义。
Conclusion与Introduction遥相呼应,因为Introduction部分介绍了本课题的研究目的,那么Conclusion要告诉读者这些目的是否达到,在研究中做了哪些工作,取得了什么结果,这些结果说明了什么问题,有何价值和意义,研究过程中存在或发现了哪些问题,原因是什么,建议如何解决等。
Conclusion的具体内容通常包含以下几个部分:(1)概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。
(2)比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论,得出了什么结论,研究结果有何实用价值,有何创造性成果或见解,解决了什么实际问题,有何应用前景等。(3)与他人的相关研究进行比较。
(4)本课题的局限性、不足之处,还有哪些尚待解决的问题。(5)展望前景,或指出进一步研究的方向。Conclusion通常使用现在时态
Result和Conclusion 本次选取5篇文章,第一篇,论文中的主要Result已在第2部分和第三部分中叙述,在Conclusion又重新总结了一下。
第二篇,论文中的主要Result写在 Conclusion中。
第三篇,论文中的主要Result写在第3部分(3.CASE STUDIES AND RESULTS)中,Result和Conclusion是分开的。
第四篇,论文中的主要Result已第4部分的(IV.Results and Discussion)中进行叙述,Result和Conclusion是分开的。
第五篇,论文中的主要Result已第4部分的(4.Results and discussion)中进行叙述,Result和Conclusion是分开的。
第1篇
题目:An overview of NACA 6-digit airfoil series characteristics with reference to airfoils for large wind turbine blades
IV.Conclusions
The two-dimensional aerodynamics characteristics of the NACA 63 and 64 six-digit series of airfoils measured in the NASA LTPT have been investigated, with a view to verify RFOIL calculations at high Reynolds numbers.The following conclusions can be drawn:
-The zero-lift angle of the NACA 64-618 airfoil needs to be adjusted with-0.4 degrees.-The zero-lift angle of The NACA 63-615 needs to be corrected with-0.87 degrees in the smooth case and with +1 degree in case of wrap around roughness.-The maximum lift coefficients predicted with RFOIL match the LTPT data well at Re=3x106, but under predict the Cl,max at Re=6x106 by 3.5 % , up to 6.5% at Re=9x106.-It is uncertain if the established differences in lift between experiment and calculations are caused by a constant bias in the measurements or by the fact that the RFOIL code fails to predict the right level of maximum lift.-RFOIL consistently under predicts the drag coefficient.The difference is about 9% for a wide range of airfoils and Reynolds numbers
-NACA standard roughness causes a reduction in the lift coefficient of 18% to 20% for most airfoils from the NACA 64 series
-The zero-lift angle of airfoil NACA 64-418 with wrap-around roughness needs a correction of +0.54 degrees.-Wind tunnel experiments and side-by-side tests in the field with one clean rotor need to be done to be able to better predict the effects of roughness.写作特点:
内容:第1句,概括了文章的的主要研究内容。第2句至第8句逐条的列出了文章的得出结论。
使用了被动语态,The two-dimensional aerodynamics characteristics of the NACA 63 and 64 six-digit series of airfoils measured in the NASA LTPT have been investigated have been investigated.主要时态为一般现在时态
第2篇
题目: HIGH-LIFT ENHANCEMENT USING ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL
V.CONCLUSIONS The high-lift performance of an airfoil with a single-element flap is enhanced significantly using an active flow control system consisting of spanwise fluidic actuators that are integrated near the separation point.Spanwise arrays of spanwise-oscillating or non-oscillating jets issue tangentially to the local surface from a miniature downstreamfacing surface step.Jet actuation leads to flow attachment of varying streamwise extent that depends on the jet momentum coefficient and the formation of a low pressure domain near the juncture between the main body and the flap.As a result, lift is increased substantially, by as much as CL = 1.40, 1.22 and 1.04 at Rec = 6.7∙105, 8.3∙105 and 1.0∙106, respectively, for α = 4º.In the present experiments, three spanwise rows of fluidic jets are placed in the vicinity of the juncture and operated in various combinations leading to significant increases in lift.The upstream(x/c = 0.59)and middle(x/c = 0.61)actuators, which are closest to separation(x/c = 0.62)are most effective, while the downstream actuator(x/c = 0.64)only produces a significant lift increment when operated in conjunction with one of the other actuators.The degree of flow attachment increases with jet momentum coefficient and simultaneous operation of multiple actuators can increase the lift increment further even when the flow is attached.Actuation results in a strong suction peak near the juncture(Cp ~ −7.5)and also leads to increases in suction on the main body of the airfoil and near the leading edge.The lift increment is measured over a range of angles of attack(0º < α < 12º)and is accompanied by an increase in lift-induced pressure drag and an increase in nose-down pitching moment.It is shown that the high-lift performance can be improved significantly by design modifications of the surface interface between the jet actuators and the surrounding flow.In particular, modifying the jet orifices from a “stepped” to a “recessed” configuration enhances the interaction of the jets with the cross flow, resulting in increased lift for a given momentum coefficient, particularly at lower levels of C.The recessed design also reduces the loss in lift caused by the presence of the orifices and the attached flow exhibits significantly stronger suction peaks near the flap juncture and the leading edge.At C = 0.36% the upstream actuator yields CL = 0.57 and 0.79 for the stepped and recessed configurations, respectively, and operating the combination of upstream and middle actuators at C = 0.36% each yields CL = 0.78 and 0.92, respectively.The effect of the actuator jets on the attached flow is characterized using PIV measurements of the flow field over the flap and additional high-magnification measurements in the vicinity of the actuators.In the absence of actuation, the flow separates near the juncture between the flap and the main body(x/c = 0.62), forming a recirculating domain over the flap and a detached vorticity layer.Actuation leads to complete flow attachment through the trailing edge with significant acceleration of the flow within the attached boundary layer downstream of the actuators and outside of the boundary layer along most of the flap.At C= 1.6% an interaction domain containing a cross-stream velocity peak(~2.3 times the maximum speed of the jet under quiescent conditions)is formed along the flap between the actuator jet and the free stream flow that is particularly apparent using the recessed configuration.这篇文章的结论部分很特殊,统计的结果为565个单词,包含了4个段落。
第1段概括了文章的主要研究内容(active flow control system),第2段到第4段主要说明了文章的研究方法(experiment,PIV),以及一些具体的结果。
主要时态为一般现在时态
第3篇
题目: REPRESENTATION METHOD EFFECTS ON GENETIC ALGORITHM IN 2-D AIRFOIL DESIGNVIBRATIONAL
4.CONCLUSION In this article, Bezier and Parsec representation methods are tested in two different flow conditions;subsonic and transonic flows.In the fist test case both representation methods are compared via VGA optimization tool under the subsonic flow conditions.The comparison between Bezier and Parsec representation methods is shown in Fig.8.This plot emphasizes the superiority of Parsec representation method.In the second test case both representation methods are compared via VGA optimization tool under the transonic flow conditions.The comparison between Bezier and Parsec representation methods is shown in Fig.11.This plot emphasizes the superiority of Bezier representation method.From these cases it is concluded that Parsec method is more global and more efficient than Bezier method in subsonic flows.However, Bezier method is more flexible than Parsec method within transonic flows.本篇文章相比于上篇文章内容上比较简短:统计结果为134个单词,包含1个段落 第1句,概括了文章的的主要研究内容。第2句至第7句回顾了文章中的两个算例。第8 句说明了本文方法的优越性,最后一句说明了本文方法的不足。主要时态为一般现在时态
句型: In this article, The comparison between is shown in Fig.8.From these cases it is concluded that However,第4篇
题目: Unsteady Flow Simulation of a High-Lift configuration using a Lattice Boltzmann Approach
V.Conclusions Simulations of a generic high-lift geometry were carried out using the Lattice Boltzmann based code PowerFLOW with the framework of the 1st AIAA CFD High Lift Prediction Workshop held in 2010.The results shown here were the only unsteady simulations among all workshop participants and show excellent agreement of drag and lift forces as well as cp distributions for all workshop cases.Good predictions in the region of maximum lift were a particularly distinguishing feature of the Lattice Boltzmann simulations, indicating the importance of unsteady simulations in correctly capturing strongly separated flow structures.The slight over-prediction of cL,max observed for the baseline case was shown to be largely attributable to the absence of slat and flap brackets in the simulations.Adding these brackets(Case 3 of the workshop)shows a significant reduction of lift in particular at the higher angle of attack, bringing the simulation results to almost perfect agreement with measured results.The effect of changing flap angles was also well captured by the simulations.The position of laminar-to-turbulence transition was set for most of the simulations presented here based on published experimental results since the method used for the current study uses a wall model rather than fully resolving the boundary layer.Fully turbulent simulations were carried out for selected configurations and showed a significant reduction of lift.In addition to the workshop cases a study of wind tunnel blockage effects is shown here.Adding walls in the simulation corresponding to the dimensions of the wind tunnel led to a change of predicted forces consistent with the corrections applied to the experimental results.Computational times required for the unsteady simulations were generally in the same order of magnitude or even slightly below as the RANS simulations presented by other workshop participants, confirming the high level of efficiency of the unsteady Lattice Boltzmann method.Overall, this method was shown to be an interesting and viable alternative to the predominantly used RANS methods for the simulation of high-lift wings.本篇文章的结论也相对较长,统计结果为329个单词,包含4个段落 第1段概括了文章的的主要研究内容。
第2段对文章中的使用的计算方法中的laminar-to-turbulence transition进行了说明。第3段文章中的使用的计算方法中的一点(Adding walls in the simulation)进行了说明。第4段对文章的计算效率进行了说明。进一步说明文章方法的优越性。
主要时态为一般现在时态
第5篇
题目: Design of a new urban wind turbine airfoil using a pressure-load inverse method
5.Conclusions A pressure-load inverse design method was successfully applied to the design of a high-loaded airfoil for application in a small wind turbine for urban environment.The pressure distribution of the designed blade section shows a smooth increase of the blade pressure-load, defined as the pressure difference between the upper and the lower sides of the section, from the leading edge up to 20% of the axial chord.From 20% up to 80% of the axial chord, the pressure-load is almost constant and it reduces smoothly toward the trailing edge.The experimental testing of the new blade section, as an isolated airfoil, confirmed the high maximum lift and a moderate drag.Future developments will consider the application of the current design method with an optimization of the thickness distribution for viscous flow.Due to the specification of the blade load, this methodology will reduce the drag without changing the lift.本篇文章的结论相对比较简洁,统计结果为149个单词,包含1个段落 第1句概括了文章的的主要研究内容。第2句至第4句对文章方法进行了再次说明 第5句进行了展望
第6句提到本文方法的优越性。主要时态为一般现在时态
第二篇:英语论文撰写结论
Writing Conclusions Conclusions are shorter sections of academic texts which usually serve two functions.The first is to summarise and bring together the main areas covered in the writing, which might be called “looking back”;and the second is to give a final comment or judgement on this.The final comment may also include making suggestions for improvement and speculating on future directions.In dissertations and research papers, conclusions tend to be more complex and will also include sections on significance of the findings and recommendations for future work.Conclusions may be optional in research articles where consolidation of the study and general implications are covered in the Discussion section.However, they are usually expected in dissertations and essays.Summarising the content This paper has given an account of and the reasons for the widespread use of X....This essay has argued that X is the best instrument to....This assignment has explained the central importance of X in Y.This dissertation has investigated....Restatement of aims(research)This study set out to determine....The present study was designed to determine the effect of....In this investigation, the aim was to assess....The purpose of the current study was to determine....This project was undertaken to design....and evaluate....Returning to the hypothesis/question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that....Summarising the findings(research)This study has shown that....These findings suggest that in general....One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that....It was also shown that....This study has found that generally....The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study....The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.This study/research has shown that....The second major finding was that....The results of this investigation show that....The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that....X, Y and Z emerged as reliable predictors of....Multiple regression analysis revealed that the....Suggesting implications The evidence from this study suggests that....The results of this study indicate that....The results of this research support the idea that....In general, therefore, it seems that....Taken together, these results suggest that....An implication of this is the possibility that....The findings of this study suggest that....Significance of the findings(research contribution)This work contributes to existing knowledge X by providing....The X that we have identified therefore assists in our understanding of the role of....These findings enhance our understanding of....This research will serve as a base for future studies and....The current findings add substantially to our understanding of....The current findings add to a growing body of literature on....The study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of....The methods used for this X may be applied to other Xs elsewhere in the world.The present study, however, makes several noteworthy contributions to....The empirical findings in this study provide a new understanding of ….The findings from this study make several contributions to the current literature.First,…
The present study provides additional evidence with respect to ….Taken together, these findings suggest a role for X in promoting Y.The present study confirms previous findings and contributes additional evidence that suggests....Significance of the findings with a qualification Whilst this study did not confirm X, it did partially substantiate....Despite its exploratory nature, this study offers some insight into....Although the current study is based on a small sample of participants, the findings suggest that ….Notwithstanding these limitations, the study suggests that ….Limitations of the current study(research)Finally, a number of important limitations need to be considered.First,....A number of caveats need to be noted regarding the present study.The most important limitation lies in the fact that....The current investigation was limited by....The current study was unable to analyse these variables.The current research was not specifically designed to evaluate factors related to....The current study has only examined....The project was limited in several ways.First, the project used a convenience sample that....However, with a small sample size, caution must be applied, as the findings might not be transferable to....The sample was nationally representative of X but would tend to miss people who were....A limitation of this study is that the numbers of patients and controls were relatively small.Thirdly, the study did not evaluate the use of....However, these findings are limited by the use of a cross sectional design.The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations.First, these data apply only to ….An issue that was not addressed in this study was whether….One source of weakness in this study which could hare affected the measurements of was that....Several limitations to this pilot study need to be acknowledged.The sample size is.....The main weakness of this study was the paucity of ….Recommendations for further work(research)This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.Further work needs to be done to establish whether....It is recommended that further research be undertaken in the following areas: Further experimental investigations are needed to estimate....What is now needed is a cross-national study involving....More broadly, research is also needed to determine....It is suggested that the association of these factors is investigated in future studies.Further research might explore/investigate....Further research in this field/regarding the role of X would be of great help in....Further investigation and experimentation into X is strongly recommended.A number of possible future studies using the same experimental set up are apparent.It would be interesting to assess the effects of....More information on X would help us to establish a greater degree of accuracy on this matter.If the debate is to be moved forward, a better understanding of....needs to be developed.I suggest that before X is introduced, a study similar to this one should be carried out on....These findings provide the following insights for future research:....Considerably more work will need to be done to determine....Future trials should assess a full selective decontamination regimen including More research is needed to better understand when implementation ends and....It would be interesting to compare experiences of individuals within the same … A further study could assess ….A future study investigating X would be very interesting.The issue of X is an intriguing one which could be usefully explored in further Future research should therefore concentrate on the investigation of ….More research is required on....Large randomised controlled trials could provide more definitive evidence.Implications/recommendations for practice or policy These findings suggest several courses of action for....An implication of these findings is that both X and Y should be taken into account when....The findings of this study have a number of important implications for future practice.There is, therefore, a definite need for....There are a number of important changes which need to be made.Another important practical implication is that....Moreover, more X should be made available to....Other types of X could include : a), b).....Unless governments adopt X, Y will not be attained.This information can be used to develop targetted interventions aimed at....A reasonable approach to tackle this issue could be to....Taken together, these findings do not support strong recommendations to....
第三篇:英语论文写作
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。
摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分
①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;
②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;
③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。
二、常见句型
常见的摘要句型有:
1)This paper deals with...2)This article focuses on the topics of(that,having,etc)...3)This eassy presents knowledge that...4)This thesis discusses...5)This thesis analyzes...6)This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on...8)This article gives an overview of...9)This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10)This paper includes discussions concerning...11)This paper presents uptodate information on...12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including...14)This paper touches upon...15)This paper strongly emphasizes...16)This eassy represents the preceedings of...17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper considers...19)This paper provides a method of...20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21)This paper offers the latest information regarding...22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23)This article explores...24)This paper expresses views on...25)This paper reflects the state of the art in...26)This paper explains the procedures for...27)This paper develops the theory of...28)This article reviews the techniques used in...29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...30)This article is about...31)This eassy is related to...32)This paper concerns...33)This paper gives an account of...34)This article tells of...35)This paper tries to describe...36)This paper provides an analysis of...37)This paper reports the latest information on...38)The author of this article reviews...39)The writer of this paper discusses...40)The writer of this eassy tries to explore...41)The aim of this paper is to determine...42)The purpose of this article is to review...43)The objective of this paper is to explore...破题用语,一般有:
①The author of this article reviews(or: discusses,describes,summarizes,examines)something……
②This article reviews(or:reports,tellsof,isabout,concerns)something…….③This article has been prepared(or:designed,written)…….④The purpose of this article is to determine something…….⑤The problem of something is discussed …….结论和建议,一般有以下几种写法:
①The author suggests(recommends,concludes)that…….②This article shows that…….③It is suggested that…….④The author's suggestion(or:conclusion)is that ……
⑤The author finds it necessary to …….三、分类举例
1)陈述型论文摘要。陈述型论文摘要(Descriptive Abstract)一般只说明论文的主题是什么,多半不介绍内容。
例1
ABSTRACT
This article extends Lehand and Pyle(1997)model to include the possibility that manager may exploit cooperate wealth through transactions with affiliated companies and/or individuals.The results of our model show that the amounts of wealth exploitation are affected by several factors.They are in orderly managerial stockholding,the severity of penalty,the manager's risk attitude,firm's expected future cash flows,and the variance of future cash flows.What's more, the relation between managerial holding and the amount of wealth exploitation is not separate.Wealth exploitation rises with management share holdings before the break point.When managerial holding exceeds the break point,any further increase in the management holdings will decrease the amount of wealth exploitation 1)题目:
概括性强、体现创新性、精炼 题目写作注意事项:
英文题目以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。例如: The fabrication of …。短语型题目要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。题目一般不应是陈述句,因为题目主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题目具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题目,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。题目中的缩略词语:已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题目中,否则不要轻易使用。另外,还要注意题目字数的限制,国外科技期刊一般对题目字数有所限制,这些规定可供我们参考。总的原则是,题目应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题目词数越少越好。(2)摘要:
与结论不重复,体现整个文章的结论和思想,包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等。摘要写作注意事项:
摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲,就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。A.英文摘要的时态:
时态运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,当然也要用一般现在时。一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完 成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。B.英文摘要的语态:
采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。
主动语态:现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多,因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。
被动语态:以前强调多用被动语态,理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过,至于那件事是谁做的,无须一一证明。事实上,在指示性摘要中,为强调动作承受者,还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中,有些情况下被动者无关紧要,也必须用强调的事物做主语。C.英文摘要的人称:
原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头,现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如:To describe…,To study…,To investigate…,To assess…,To determine…,行文时最好不用第一人称,以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。D.避免一些语法错误:
冠词。主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则,即当我们用the时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如:The authorfabricated a new...The machine is operated with solar energy.由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分a和an,如an X ray.数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,比如8 turn solenoid inductor…
单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。尽量使用短句。因为,长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专业多,英文更是不易掌握,各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。多看英文文献,也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。(3)引言:
主要研究进展,有代表性的同行研究工作,自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足,前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献。参考文献选取要有代表性,除非那种特殊专业,我觉得参考文献不要参考会议的文章,尤其那些不知名的会议文章引用。文献要尽量全面客观:不要对相似文献避而不引,或者只引别人早期的工作,这会让人感到你对该领域了解不够,甚至是有意回避,就有学风问题的嫌疑。不能过低贬低别人的研究工作,要考虑自己和别人工作的时间差,不在一个时代的研究当然不能说自己比前人好,所以英语用词要注意些,客观些。引言写作注意事项:
好的引言相当于文章成功一半,最重要是保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性,层层递进关系。首先:阐述自己研究领域的基本内容,要尽量的简洁明了。一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。其次:文献的总结回顾。要特别着重笔墨来描写。一方面要把该领域内的过去和现在的状况全面的概括总结出来,不能有丝毫的遗漏,特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。这是两个最容易出现的问题,应该是我们要极力避免的。再次:然后就是分析过去研究的局限性并且阐明自己研究的创新点,这是整个引言的高潮所在,所以更是要慎之又慎。阐明局限要客观。在阐述自己的创新点时,要仅仅围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述,完整而清晰的描述自己的解决思路,并且文章摊子不要铺的太大。创新性描述的越多越大,越容易被审稿人抓住把柄。最后:就是总结性的描述论文的研究内容,可以分为一二三四等几个方面来描述,为引言做最后的收尾工作。最后对引言检查。(4)讨论:
这部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法,研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件,并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。讨论要重新说明主要发现,用一个句子表示较为理想。实际上,审稿人和读者最注意研究的短处,审稿人和读者一旦发现研究的短处,而作者未加讨论,他们对文章的信任会发生动摇,心生疑窦:是否还有他们和作者都未发现的其它弱点呢?其次,将该研究与以前的工作联系起来,不炫耀自己的工作比以前的工作如何好,而是比较其优劣。与其它研究进行对照,切忌将自己的缺陷掩盖起来。重要的是应该讨论为什么会得出不同于别人的结论,如果弄不清自己的研究结果为什么与别人的结果有差别,就不该断言自已的研究结果正确,而别人的错误。接着应该讨论自己的研究“表明”什么,如何解释自己的研究发现,以及本研究有什么意义?作者甚至可以指出研究结果证明不了什么,防止读者得出过度、不实的结论。最后,应点明哪些问题尚未解答,以及要继续做的工作,审稿人和读者不喜欢夸大的作法。(5)图表:清晰直观、代表性
清晰直观是基础,要让审稿人和读者不看正文就明白要表达的意思,代表性无论是自己实验结果还是和别人工作的比较,都要体现重点,无关的数据不要罗列在图表。合理解释每一个参数,合理说明每一个步骤。审稿人没时间考虑细节。程序和参数的合理化显示出你知道你在做什么,而不是凑数据。没理由要找理由,有理由要强调。(5)逻辑性:
我审稿时碰到作者的结论性错误,Microelectronic Engineering期刊的那篇,后来我给他指出错误并给他参考文献,不要轻易下结论,这很糟糕的。我就觉得这个作者文献还是看少了,特别是理论性的东西,所以他下错误结论。后来在修稿中改正了。
IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies的那篇,我认为作者没有好好解释实验结果,图中曲线的解释不是很好。比方说,1,2,3,4条曲线不同尺寸(1mm,2mm,3mm,4mm)出现轨迹差不多,但是第5条曲线(5mm)在x轴前半部分和其它四条轨迹差不多,但x轴后半部分曲线确异常,作者只是给出结果,但没解释,我审稿时就提出,怎么解释5mm的曲线后半部分与其它四条曲线不同,那6mm的曲线又会是什么样子?5mm是一个关键尺寸么?所以在画实验数据图时,特别注意异常点和异常曲线,要解释异常的原因,如果涉及到尺寸的曲线,还要考虑关键尺寸或者临界尺寸。不要指望审稿人疏忽,还是要方方面面考虑文章,毕竟发文章是严格的学术活动。(6)语法:
写作时注意语言精炼准确,使用长句时不要出现语法错误,拼写错误可以完全避免的。我觉得我审稿的文章,语法错误主要出现在介词、从句、对比语句和长句杂糅的错误。使用长句时注意不要让读者困惑或者产生歧义。介词比如in和on的混用,还有of和with的混用,对比语句主要是将A和B两事物,比如实验结果做对比、比较或并列,但出现了语法错误,长句杂糅主要体现在一些从句中,比如定语从句、非限制定语从句等缺少必要的主语、谓语或者其它句子成分。
有些研究生说说目前的感觉是没有一篇文章很顺利,说很郁闷,我认为郁闷是暂时的,后面会好起来的。特别是发第一篇外文,那种感觉我想每个研究生都会兴奋的。所以为了那种感觉,多多努力:)。郁闷的原因大致有以下几种吧:(1)没有课题或基金;(2)与导师关系搞僵,开展工作受阻;(3)选题不好或者偏门;(4)生活拮据,为经济受累,无心做科研;(5)实验不顺,理论不懂;(6)写作不行;(7)投稿老是被拒;(8)软件不会使用,模拟仿真等不会。等等。下面就后面的郁闷解决提些我个人的建议:
1.多看看文献,了解同行工作,掌握研究方向动态,找出自己的创新。这种创新不是指革命性的,这个很难。我认为创新可以这么划分吧,革命性创新、革新性创新、理论性创新或技术性创新、实验上创新。革命性创新是那种划时代的,给人类生活和生产带来很大影响革新性创新比革命性创新次之;后面创新影响大体逐渐减弱;如果在文章中涉及理论部分,就要参考文献了,有些文献会给出相关理论的,免得犯了错误:在文章中轻易下结论。模拟、仿真那一块可以查看有没有相关文献,看人家用什么软件进行模拟仿真,然后学习该软件。
2.不怕据稿,总结审稿意见,找出自己工作不足,再补充数据、理论、提高写作等。拒稿越多,说明离中稿就越近了。要正确对待审稿意见和退稿:审稿是无报酬的。审稿人的工作态度大多极其认真。对审稿意见要十分尊重,对每一条批评和建议,都要认真分析,并据此修改论文。对自己认为是不正确的意见,要极其慎重和认真地回答,有理有据地与审稿人探讨。如何对待被杂志拒绝的论文,常常是作者犯难的问题。这里必须分析被拒绝的理由。第一类拒绝是一种“完全的拒绝”,主编通常会表达个意见,对这类文章永远不愿再看到,再寄送这类文章是没有意义的。有一类是文章包含某些有用的数据和信息,主编拒绝这类文章是由于数据或分析有严重缺陷。对这类文章作者不妨先放一放,等到找到更广泛的证据支持或有了更明晰的的结论,再将经过修改的“新”文章寄给同一杂志。主编通常是会考虑重新受理这类文章的。实际上,影响因子不同的学术刊物,接受论文的标准和要求差别很大。如果被拒绝的论文不是由于文稿中的错误,而是重要性或创新性不够,作者在仔细考虑了审稿人的意见,认真修改文稿后,是可以寄给影响因子较低的学术刊物的。值得注意的是,审稿人由于知识的限制和某种成见,甚至学术观点的不同,判断错误并建议退稿是会发生的。3.多请教别人或者去学术论坛,学习投稿、写作经验,这样可以少走弯路。
4.学好一些必要的相关科学软件,比如画图软件,模拟软件、计算仿真软件等。图漂亮、理论好、论据足、模拟仿真实验对比,算是发好期刊的基础了。
5.认真阅读和使用投稿须知。投稿须知的英文表述有多种,常见的是Instruction for Authors、Instructions to Authors、Authors' Guidelines、Guidelines for Authors、Advice to Contributors、Advice to Authors、Information for Authors等。几乎所有的英文生物医学期刊都定期刊登投稿须知,尽管各期刊投稿须知的内容不尽相同、细节繁简不一,但目的都一样—帮助作者更为成功地投稿,使论文发表过程更为简捷而有效。阅读并遵循投稿须知的意义:了解刊物的重要信息,如办刊宗旨、征稿范围、栏目设置、投稿要求、审稿程序、从投稿到接受或退稿的时间、发稿率、发行量等。指导论文写作并加快论文发表:(1)用较少的时间决定拟投文章的栏目及格式(如行间距、可接受的文旁边界、纸张大小、参考文献及图表格式)。(2)加快审稿过程。(3)减少退修次数。(4)文章发表后,很少或无错误。简言之,认真阅读并遵循投稿须知,可以使你的文章更容易、更快捷、更准确的发表。阅读投稿须知越仔细、越认真,投稿的成功率越高。
第四篇:论文结论部分
1.结论既然不能简单重复研究结果,就必须对研究结果有进一步的认识。结论的内容应着重反映研究结果的理论价值、实用价值及其适用范围,井可提出建议或展望。也可指出有待进一步解决的关键性问题和今后研究的设想。因此,在结论中一般应阐述;
(1)研究结果说明了什么问题及所揭示的原理和规律(理论价值);(2)在实际应用上的意义和作用(实用价值);
(3)与前人的研究成果进行比较.有哪些异同,作了哪些修正、补充和发展;(4)本研究的遗留问题及建议和展望。当然并不是所有的结论写作都要具备上述内容。作者可根据研究结果的具体情况而定,但第一点应是必不可少的。
2.结论写作的类型
学术论文结论的写作虽然没有固定的格式。但根据结论写作内容的要求,以及对若干结论实例的比较分析,可以规纳出以下几种类型:
1、分析综合。即对正文内容重点进行分析、进行概括,突出作者的观点。
2、预示展望。即在正文论证的理论、观点基础上。对其理论、观点的价值、意义、作用推导至未来,预见其生命力。
3、事实对比。即对正文阐述的理论、观点。最后以事实做比较形成结论。
4、解释说明。即对正文阐述的理论、观点做进一步说明,使作者阐发的理论、观点更加明朗。
5、提出问题。即在对正文论证的理论、观点进行分析的基础上。提出与本研究结果有关的有待于进一步解决的关键性问题。
3.结论语言的要求
学术论文结论的语言应严谨、精炼、准确、逻辑性强。凡归结一个认识,肯定或否定一个观点.都要有根据。不能模棱两可、含糊其词。不能用“大概”、“或许”、“可能是”等词语。使用这些词语会令读者对研究结果的真实性和科学性产生疑虑。
结论应条理分明,内容较多的论文。其结论可以按研究结果的重要性递次排列。分项编号逐条例出。
4.结论写作的注意事项
1、不能模棱两可,含糊其词。用语应斩钉截铁,数据准确可靠,不用“大概”“也许”“可能是”这类词语,以免有似是而非的感觉,怀疑论文的真正价值。
2、避免用抽象和笼统的语言。一般不单用量的符号,而宜用量的名称,比如,不说“V与P呈正比关系”而说“××速度与××肌力呈正比关系”。
3、结论不能写成对文中各段小结的简单重复。如果得出的结果的要点在正文没有明确给出,可在结论部分以最简洁易懂的文字写出。
4、不要轻率否定或批评别人的结论,也不必作自我评价,如用“本研究具有国际先进水平”“本研究结果属国内首创”“本研究结果填补了国内空白”等语句来作自我评价。成果到底属何种水平,读者自会评说,不必由论文作者把它写在结论里。
5、不要出现“通过上述分析,得出如下结论”这样的行文。
第五篇:英语论文科技写作
第一章绪论
1,科技论文的概念:简单地说,科技论文是对创造性的科研成果进行理论分析和总结的科技写作文体。比较翔实的定义是:科技论文是报道自然科学研究和技术开发创新工作成果的论说文章,它是通过运用概念、判断、推理、证明或反驳等逻辑思维手段,来分析表达自然科学理论和技术开发研究成果的。
2,科技论文的特点和写作要求:科技论文是创新性科学技术研究工作成果的科学论述,是某些理论性、实验性或观测性新知识的科学记录,是某些已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展、新成果的科学总结。科技论文同一般的科技文章有共同之处,具有准确、鲜明、生动的特点,但作为科技论文,它又有自身的特殊属性。
3,一篇科技论文必须同时具有下述特点,并同时满足下述写作要求:1)、科学性:真实性,准确性,可重复性,逻辑性2)、创新性或独创性3)、理论性或实用性4)、条理性和规范性 4,《科学》遵循的是学术期刊的发表惯例,先让三名同行审稿才发表。同行审稿时主要是看论文本身提供的证据是否充足,成果是否重大,并不会轻易怀疑论文的作者造假。除非假造得很拙劣,否则也不太可能在审稿时被发现有假
5,现在的通行做法是先发表论文再说。是否能被独立地重复出来,永远是一个科学成果能否成立的必要条件。
6,科技论文就其发挥的作用来看可分为三类:
一、学术性论文;
二、技术性论文;
三、学位论文。
7,学位论文是指学位申请者提交的论文。这类论文依学位的高低又分为以下3种:学士论文、硕士论文和博士论文。
8,按研究的方式和论述的内容可对科技论文分六类。
1、实(试)验研究报告;
2、理论推导;
3、理论分析;
4、设计计算;
5、专题论述;
6、综合论述。
9,撰写科技论文的要素:兴趣爱好,主动与被动的关系;经验积累,切记急功近利;理论功底,学习、学习、再学习;写作技巧,临摹、请教、发挥
10,科技论文作者应有的基本素养:1文献资料的查阅技能,2信息积累,3通晓科技论文写作的理论和格式,4有一定的语法和文字修辞上的素养,5了解期刊编辑知识,6善于对读者对象分析研究
11,科技论文作者专业知识包括
1、具有相应专业的一般知识
2、具备所写科技论文内容的专业知识
3、熟悉相关的专门知识
12,科技论文作者应有的科学素养:科学素养包括科学基本知识积累,研究过程和科学技术对社会的影响;科学素质包括1知识的系统性2基础知识的宽厚性和广播性3专业知识的精深性和先进性4动态性和自动调节性5硬科学和软科学的结合性;科技技能包括1资料调遣技能2组织技能3协调决策4交流表达5实验操作6设计计算;科技能力包括思维能力、组织能力和表达能力
第二章写作准备
1,选题,就是要解决“研究什么”的问题。选题的原则:需要性原则是前题;科学性和创造性原则是关键;可行性原则是基础。科学性主要体现在:题目的论点要正确;题目中的概念要明确;要有科学性价值;语言要准确。创造性主要体现在:别人未研究过或很少涉足—题目要新颖;不要一般化,要引人注目;要体现学科前沿;观点要新,技术或方法要新。可行性应具体考虑的方面:最好在自己长期实践且已较为熟悉的领域(包括工作、研究、管理和教学)等方面选题;自己感兴趣且知识积累较为充足的领域;自己长期跟踪研究过的领域;别人未研究或很少研究,但自已线索较多,知识储备较多的领域;自己善于争鸣的且易于批判(评)的领域等。
2,理工科的学位论文选题原则:选择选送单位急需解决的工程技术方面的选题;选择与导师的研究方向相一致的选题;选择提高理工科硕士生综合运用现代科学知识解决工程技术问题的选题;选择能满足个人兴趣、专长与需要的选题。
3,国家标准GB7713-87规定的科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式,指明报告与论文由以下两大部分构成:(1)前置部分包括:封面、封二;题名页;序或前言(必要时);摘要;关键词;目次页;插图或附表清单;符号、缩略语等注释表(必要时)(2)主体部分包括:引言;正文;结论;致谢;参考文献。
4,学术论文一般只包括8个部分:前置部分包括:题名、论文作者、关键词、摘要;主体部分包括:引言、正文结论、参考文献
5,论文的编排结构:题名(中英文)、作者(姓名、工作单位或通讯地址)、摘要(中英文)、关键词(中英文)、引言(原理、材料)、正文(方法、结果、讨论)、结论(必须精确、有条理、清晰与简要)、建议(直接从结论中得出)、致谢词、参考文献、英文摘要、附录(表格、未插入正文中的插图、坐标图)
第三章论文的题名/署名部分
1,题名三个基本要求:简明扼要、信息丰富、便于索引。特点:1.要点,a.文章题目第一词切不可用冠词The,A,An和And(单位名称也不用The Institute „)b.各大索引题名与文摘是连排的,所以文摘第一句话一定不要与文章题名重复。c.题名少用缩写词,必要时需在括号中注明全称,也尽量少用特殊字母和希腊字母。d.命题易犯的毛病—“虚、大、空”2.准确,题目应突出论文的特异性、新颖性,不要套用“××病××例临床分析”,或千篇一律地冠以“研究”“探讨”、“体会”之类的陈词俗套3.简洁,在文题中包括所有的内容是不现实的,但是,我们可以某一方面为主,从不同角度反映论文的基本内容4.清楚,题名要清晰地反映文章的具体内容和特色, 明确表明研究工作的独到之处,力求简洁有效、重点突出5.醒目,是指引人注目,能吸引读者产生非读不可的兴趣
2,文题的三要素①要明确研究对象;②明确论文所解决的问题;③本论文的贡献。
3,文题简练的方法(1)删除冗词(2)用名词做定语(3)如果文题中有较多的并列单词或词组,可考虑将它们用一个能描述其共同特性的单词或词组代替(4)根据需要制作主、副标题
4,学术文章的标题主要有三种结构:名词性词组(包括动名词),介词词组,名词词组+介词词组
5,署名的意义1)署名作为拥有著作权的声明2)署名表示文责自负的承诺3)署名便于读者同作者联系
6,署名的编写要求1)应列出文章所有的作者的姓名、单位、顺序号、城市和邮政编码,不可用“et al.”代替,中英文应该一一对应2)中国本土作者的姓氏全部大写,名字的首字母大写,在作者姓名的右上角用阿拉伯数字上标注明作者所在单位的序号3)书写作者单位时,用阿拉伯数字在所在单位的首字母左上角用上标注明序号。单位名称不要使用几个大写字母所组成的完全缩写或简称。单位内部级别按照从小到大的顺序。此外,当单位为教育部某一实验室时,不可以只标出“实验室”和“教育部”两级单位,而应标明所在大学或研究机构。7,设主副标题的原因:由于某些论文中的内容复杂或科学术语结构复杂,难用8个英文词写出概括全文的标题,所以国际标准化组织建议采用主标题加副标题的办法解决标题过长问题。采用副题名不只是减少主题名的字数,采用副题名还可以a.题名语意未尽,用副题名补充说明论文的特定内容b.一系列研究工作用几篇论文报道,或者是分阶段的研究结果,各用不同的副题名区别其特定内容;c.其他有必要用副题名作为引伸或说明的情况。
第四章摘要部分
1,摘要的结构要素主题阐述(topic Specification)、背景信息(Background Information)、目的陈述(Purpose Statement)方法论和语料(Methodology and Date)、研究结果/发现(Results/Findings)和研究所带来的启示/结论(Implication/Conclusions)
2,有关摘要的问题分析(1)这篇论文研究的主题/范围是什么?(2)作者提供了哪些背景信息?(3)本研究的目的是什么?(4)研究是怎样进行的?(5)有哪些主要研究发现?
(6)研究所带来的启示包括哪些?
3,摘要主要有以下四种:第一种是随同论文一起在学术刊物上发表的摘要.第二种是学术会议论文摘要.第三种为学位论文摘要.第四种是脱离原文而独立发表的摘要。
4,摘要的目的在于:给读者关于文献内容的足够的信息,使读者决定是否要获得论文。方法:所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备、程序等。结果:实验的、研究的结果、数据,被确定的关系,观察结果,得到的效果、性能等。结论:结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用,提出的问题等。
5,摘要的常用时态(1)介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容不受时间影响的普遍事实,应使用现在式;如果句子的内容为对某种研究趋势的概述,则使用现在完成式。(2)在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时,如果采用“论文导向”,多使用现在式(如:This paper presents...);如果采用“研究导向”,则使用过去式(如:This study investigated...)。3)概述实验程序、方法和主要结果时,通常用现在式。如:We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing...(4)叙述结论或建议时,可使用现在式、臆测动词或may, should, could 等助动词。We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have...6,摘要的常用语态:目前大多数中文期刊都提倡使用主动态;英文摘要仍以被动语态具多.对于英文文摘有以下:(1)主动语态:摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态,有助于文字简洁、表达有力。(2)被动语态:以前强调多用被动语态,理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过,至于那件事是谁做的,无须一一证明。为强调动作承受者,采用被动语态为好;被动者无关紧要,也必须用强调的事物做主语。(3)英文摘要的人称:原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头,现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如:To describe…,To study…,To investigate…,To assess…,To determine…,行文时最好不用第一人称。
第五章引言部分
1,引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项:(1)介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;(2)对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述,包括前人的研究成果,已经解决的问题,并适当加以评价或比较;(3)指出前人尚未解决的问题,留下的技术空白,也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路,从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义;(4)说明自己研究课题的目的;
(5)概括论文的主要内容,或勾勒其大体轮廓。
2,我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排:第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成,其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述;第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题,从而引出自己的研究动机与意义;第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容;最后是引言的结尾,可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。
3,引言的写作要求1)言简意赅,突出重点。共知的、前人文献中已有的不必细写。主要写好研究的理由、目的、方法和预期结果,意思要明确,语言要简练。2)如实评述,防止吹嘘自己和贬低别人3)尊重科学,不落俗套当然,必要时引言中可以交待方法和结果等可以供哪些人、干什么作参考。
4,文献综述包括他人有代表性的观点或理论、发明发现、解决问题的方法等。三种方法1)使用直接或间接引语,如果关于某个课题的背景知识太庞杂,研究者只能从中挑选对自己的论述最有帮助的部分,确定所要选的材料后,就应该直接或间接的将有关思想引用到自己的论文里面。使用直接或者间接引语的时候,有一点必须记住那就是要适度(2)解释别人的话,解释就是用自己的语言对来自其他资料的内容进行重写。在进行解释的时候不允许对原意进行修改和删减。(3)对较长的引用段落进行概述,概述是另外一种将较长的引语进行缩减后并入所写论文的方法。跟解释不同的是概述的篇幅要更短一些,在概述中只要包含原文的要点就可以了
5,综述中的动词运用技巧(1)两类动词:文献综述中常用的描述性动词有:describe,discuss,explain,examine,present,state等。常见的评价性动词有:affirm,allege,argue,assume,claim,imply,maintain,presume,reveal,suggest等。(2)动词时态,原则1:当作者引用某人过去某个时间所做过的某一项具体的研究时,用一般过去时.原则2:在概括或总结某一研究领域里所做过的一些研究时,用现在完成时。原则3:在谈及目前的知识水平、技术水平或存在的问题时,用一般现在时态
6,研究动机与目的:介绍研究动机可以从两个角度人手,一是指出前人尚未解决的问题或知识的空白,二是说明解决这一问题,或填补知识空白的重要意义。主要句型有:句型1:用表示否定意义的词例little,few,no或none of+名词作主语,表示“在特定的范围中还没有……”的意思,由此来暗示知识的空白部分。句型2:用表示对照的句型。a.The research has tended to focus on„, rather than on…b.These studies have emphasized„, as opposed to…c.Although considerable research has been devoted to„, rather less attention has been paid to…d.Although there is much hope that „, the present generation of models may not have enough horizontal resolution to capture the full intensity of extreme storms句型3:提出问题或假设。a.However, it remains unclear whether…b.It would thus be of interest to learn how…c.If these results could be confirmed, they would provide strong evidence for …d.These findings suggest that this treatment might not be so effective when applied to…e.It would seem, therefore, that further investigations are needed in order to„常见的连接词还有additionally, in addition to this, besides this, also, not only„but also„, further, furthermore, moreover 等
第六章正文部分
1,总的思路和结构安排应当符合“提出论点,通过论据(事实和(或)数据)来对论点加以论证”这一共同的要求。
2,论证方法:举例即“摆事实”,用具体事实(包括数据)来证明论点。思维形式是归纳推理; 事理伸申以人们已知的道理为论据来证明作者的观点。思维形式是演绎推理;反证从反面来证明论点,如数学上的反证法。思维形式也是演绎推理;类比将甲类事物与乙类事物作对比,以乙类事物的正确与否来证明甲类事物的正确与否。思维形式是类比推理;对比将截然相反的两种情况进行比较,形成鲜明的对照,从而证实一方面的存在或正确。思维形式也是类比推理;因果互证通过事理分析,揭示论点与论据之间的因果关系,以此证明论点的正确性。思维形式是归纳推理;归谬法先假定某一论点是正确的,然后以此为前提,导出一个显然是荒谬的结论,从而证明假定的那一论点是错的。这种方法只适用于驳论。思维形式是演绎反驳推理。
3,写作时态与语态:(1)若描述的内容为不受时间影响的事实:一般现在时。
第七章结论部分
1,结论与引言相呼应,同摘要一样,其作用是便于读者阅读和为二次文献作者提供依据一般来说可以归纳为以下几点:
1、归纳性说明研究结果或发现
2、结论性说明结果的可能原因、机理或意义
3、前瞻性说明未解决的问题有总结和小结之分
2,内容要点如下:1)本研究结果说明了什么问题,得出了什么规律性的东西,解决了什么理论或实际问题;2)对前人有关本问题的看法作了哪些检验,哪些与本研究结果一致,哪些不一致,作者做了哪些修正、补充、发展或否定;3)本研究的不足之处或遗留问题 3,结论部分常用句型1.结果提示…:These results suggest that…2.结果支持或反对某种观点: These results support the idea that…;These results fail to support the idea that…3.表示观点的确定或不确定性:There is no evidence that…;It is likely/unlikely that …4.具有…意义:Be of great(some/little/no)clinical significance in…to …5.前瞻性说明:…remain to be further studied;It is remains to be proved that …6.插入语:This is the first case of pancreas divisum.4,在“结论”中作者应清楚、简洁地叙述自己研究的主要认识或论点,其中包括最重要的结果、结果的重要蕴含、对结果的说明或认识等。
5,写作的要点:内容精炼,观点严谨;正面阐述观点,说明与他人不同之处,不反驳、不指责(指正)、更不攻击。