英语阅读理解的文章

第一篇：英语阅读理解的文章

英语阅读理解的文章，或许是最让各位朋友们头疼的问题吧。一个单词看不懂，或者一个语句读不通，可能你就无法继续再把这个阅读理解做下去了吧？

别着急，我会在本文中细细的解读一下我的以往经验，希望在考试之前能给各位朋友们有所帮助。

根据笔者以往的经验，可以由以下几个方法获得技巧从而从不懂的阅读理解文章的题目中获得那宝贵的几分。

1、当你做到阅读理解的时候，一般成考卷子里面（高起点或者专科起点都一样）会有4篇阅读理解的文章。这个题型的大概范围也就是在你的成人高考英语书上面。所以，第一步在考试之前，一定要充分阅读成人高考英语书上面的阅读理解。不要太在意不明白的单词，最重要的是理解这篇文章是什么意思，讲的是什么内容即可了。

2、在准备做阅读理解文章的时候，如果你发现其中4篇中有一篇甚至两篇文章是取材于你的成人高考英语书上面的话，那么你会发现我刚刚上面所说的第一条已经实现了你的解题愿望了。

3、如果余下的2篇、3篇阅读理解文章你从没看过！别着急，82有好主意，但是首先你不要看那阅读理解的文章具体内容是什么，为什么呐？第一，考试时间不允许；第二，就算你将其全部看完了，估计你在下面的选择题上面，也会摸不着头脑的。所以切记不要死读阅读理解的文章。什么方法可以解决这种看不懂的阅读理解，并且可以在里面拿到几分呐？

我的经验告诉我：

首先，对于一篇从未看过的阅读理解文章，我首先是去翻看一下这篇阅读理解文章后面的选择题，按照常理来看，阅读理解文章后面肯定有4个选择题让你选择，这个选择的答案就是在这篇文章之中。这是你最初要掌握的一个不变的真理！

其次，仔细查看后面的每个选择题以及每个选择题下面的4个选项（A、B、C、D），如果在ABCD4个选项里面的答案有许多单词你不认识，那么最常用的解题办法就是你按照ABCD4个选项的句子，去对照前面的阅读理解文章找一下，有没有原句，如果有原句，那么这个选择题的答案，很可能就是这个原句了！这，就是本文所介绍的解题规律。

第二篇：2012职称英语理工科新增阅读理解文章

第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep................................................................................................1 第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1........................................................................................3 *第三＋八篇 “Life Form Found“ on Saturn's Titan....................................................................5 *第四十篇 Teaching Math，Teaching Anxiety...........................................................................8 +第四＋五篇 Small But Wise....................................................................................................11 +第四十六篇 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”....................14

第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep All we have a clock located inside our brains.Similar to your bedside alarm clock，your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle.This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when you wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock.The clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to.When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more.And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift4 is natural for teenagers.But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5.It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too.Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7.It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset.In fact，it automatically resets itself every day.How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks.For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems.One system allows us to see.The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.词汇：

circadian/s3:'keidiən/ adj.昼夜节奏的，生理节奏的 adolescent/ædəu'lesənt/ n．青少年；adj．青少年的 puberty/ 'pju:bəti/ n．发育；青春期

sync/siŋk/ n.（口语）同步；和谐，协调 synchronize/'siŋkrənaiz / V.（使）同时发生；（使）同步

注释：

1.make light of ：轻视，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements．我们不应当低估他们的成就。

2.your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock（生物钟）。

3.stay up：不睡觉，熬夜

4.This shift：这种调整。指上文所描述的由于生理时间的变化青少年上床时间越来越晚的现象。

5.get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打乱了你的生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡

6.gray cloud ：提不起精神的状态

7.Brown University in Providence，RI：位于美国罗得岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学。RI是Rhode Island（罗得岛）的首字母缩写；Providence 是罗得岛州的首府。布朗大学是美国一流大学，创建于1764 年，是世界闻名的美国“常春藤联盟”（还包括哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、达特茅斯大学和康奈尔大学）中的一员。8.the signals that synchronize the body's clock：平衡生物钟的光信号

不要太在意睡眠

我们每个人的大脑里都有一个像我们床边的闹钟一样的生物钟。人脑里的生物钟24小时走一圈，这一圈也就是一次完整的昼夜节律，正是这个节律决定了我们吃饭、睡觉和起床的时间。

青春期时，人的生物钟在定时方面会发生变化，生物钟会提前。这时，青少年会比以前睡得晚，所以当你妈妈告诉你该睡觉时，你的生物钟可能会让你多推迟几小时，并且电脑或电视光线可能会导致你熬夜到更晚。

生物钟的这种变化对青少年说是正常的，但熬夜到太晚会打乱你生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡，这样就会带来一些问题，例如：早晨很难按时起床。位于美国罗得州布郎大学睡眠方面的研究员Mary Carskadon说：“当青少年睡眠不足时会打不起精神，这将影响到他们心情、学习和思考问题的状态。”

其实生物钟与闹钟一样，也是可调的，事实上，生物钟每天都在进行着自我调节，其方式就是通过你眼睛接收到光线的变化。

很早之前，科学家就知道了昼夜光线强弱的变化对生物钟调节起到了重要的作用，长久以来，研究者们认为眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统。

但最近几年的研究发现，人类眼睛有两个感光系统，一个是视觉系统，而另一个是感知昼夜的系统。

练习：.The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because A it controls when we wake，when we eat and when we sleep.B it has a cycle of 24 hours.C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm.D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.2.What is implied in the second paragraph? A Young children's biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.B People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.3.In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that A it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud.D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs? A Our biological clock resets itself automatically.B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock.C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.D Our internal clock，like the alarm clock，can be reset.5.According to the last two paragraphs，what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system? A The human eye had two light-sensing systems.B The human eye had one light-sensing system.C The human eye could sense the light of day more quickly than the dark of night.D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks.答案与题解：

1.B 第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的your internal clock 即指a clock located inside our Brains。

2.C 第二段主要内容是告诉读者，过了青春期（puberty），由于生物钟节奏的变化，青少年（adolescents and teenagers）比以前要晚睡几小时。所以C是该段所隐含的内容。3.B 第三段的最后一句直接给出了答案。

4.C 根据第四和第五段的内容，闹钟和生物钟都可以重新设定时间，但生物钟能通过眼睛接受的日光来自动调节生理节奏。所以A、B和D都是这两段中所述内容，C是正确选择，因为闹钟不能自动重新设定时间。

5.B 问题使用的是过去时，问的是研究者在最新发现（recent discoveries）之前对眼睛感光系统的认识，即，the signals that synchronize the body's clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see（眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统），也就是说，研究者之前认为人类的眼睛只有一个感光系统。但最新发现却是，人的眼睛有两个感光系统。

第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1 Big technology comes in tiny packages.New cell phones and personal computers get smaller every year，which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineers are looking for creative ways to build these components，and they've turned their eyes to graphene，a superthin2 material，made of carbon，that could change the future of electronics.This year's Nobel Prize for Physics3 has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the University of Manchester4，UK.for the discovery of graphene.Graphene isn't just small, it's“the thinnest possible material in this world，”says Novoselov.He calls it a“wonder material.”It's so thin that you would need to stack about 25,000 sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers5，you'd have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe.Every known kind of life contains carbon.Graphene is a sheet of carbon，but only one atom thick.You don't have to look far to find grapheme —it's all around you.If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6，all you need is a pencil，paper and a little adhesive tape.Use the pencil to shade a small area on the paper, and then apply a small piece of adhesive

tape over the area7.When you pull up the tape，you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil.That layer is called graphite，one of the softest minerals in the world.Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up —there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper.Now imagine that you do this over and over，until you get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper.This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldn't be able to see it.Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest possible layer，you've found graphene.词汇：

graphene/ 'græfi:n/ n．石墨烯

abundant/ə’bʌndənt / adj．丰富的，充裕的 atom/ 'ætəm/n．原子

adhesive/ əd'hi:siv/ n．胶粘剂； adj.黏着的 stack/stæk/ v．使成堆，堆放 graphite / 'græfait / n．石墨

注释：

1.superstrength：超强的力量。该词是一个合成词，由两部分组成，super（超级的）和strength（力量）。2.superthin：超薄。见注释1。

3.Nobel Prize for Physics ：诺贝尔物理学奖

4.the University of Manchester：曼彻斯特大学。这是一所位于英国曼彻斯特市的公立研究型大学，创建于1851 年。

5.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers：句子使用的是虚拟语气，因为不可能将几乎肉眼看不到的石墨烯放在指尖上。

6.wonderstuff：神奇物。该词为合成词，由wonder（神奇）和stuff（东西）两个词构成。wonderstuff 指的是第二段提到的wonder material。

7.apply a small piece of adhesive tape over… ：将一小片胶带敷在……上。

石墨烯的超强力量

当今重大科学技术均以“微型”来呈现，新手机和个人电脑每年都在变得更小，这就意味着电子设备要求内部零件更小，工程师们正在寻求制造这些零件的方法，他们逐渐把目光投向了石墨烯——一种由碳元素构成的超薄材料。这种材料将改变电子设备的未来。

今年的诺贝尔物理学奖颁发给了来自英国曼切斯特大学的Andre Geim和Kostya Novoselov，以表彰他们对石墨烯的发现。Novoselov说：“石墨烯不仅小，而且它是世界上所能找到的最薄材料。”他把它称作“神奇材料”。石墨烯极薄，25 000片石墨烯叠放在一起才与一张普通白纸一样厚。如果把一片石墨烯放在手指上，你根本就不会发现，因为你没办法看到它。

碳是宇宙中最多的一种元素，已知的生命体中都含有碳。石墨烯一个只有一个碳原子厚度的单层。你不用费心寻找石墨烯，它就在我们身边。

如果你想得到这种高技术材料，一支笔、一张纸和一小段胶条就足够了。用铅笔在纸上涂黑一片区域，将胶条粘在上面，当你拉开胶条你会发现它粘起了很薄的一片铅笔涂的阴影，这一片阴影就叫做石墨烯，一种世界上最软的矿物质。

现在，再将胶条粘上另外一张纸上，把它拉起来，你会得到更薄的一层。想象一下当你重复做，直到在纸上得到最薄的一层物质，这层物质只有一个原子的厚度，你根本无法看到。石墨是由一层层的石墨烯组成的，所以当你得到最薄的一层时，你已经找到了石墨烯。

练习：.What would change the future of electronics according to engineers? A Big technology.B Creative ways.C Graphene.D Both A and B.2.According to the second and third paragraphs，what is true of graphene? A It can be used to make paper.B It is possible to see it with our naked eye.C It is easy to find graphene.D It is possibly the thickest material in the world.3.Which of the following can be used to replace the word “apply”in paragraph 4? A request.B polish.C use.D put.4.Which of the following is NOT meant in the last two paragraphs? A Graphene is made of graphite，one of the softest materials in the world.B Graphite is made of layers of graphene，the thinnest material in the world.C When we get to the thinnest possible layer of graphite，we find graphene.D With a pencil，a sheet of paper and a piece of adhesive tape，we can find graphene.5.Graphene's superstrength lies in the fact that A It is the thinnest material in the world.B It is made of the most abundant elements in the world.C It can help to make electronic components smaller.D It helps engineers to produce more sensitive electronic products.答案与题解：

1.C 第一段最后一句提供了答案：工程师将眼光投向石墨烯，一种由碳原子组成的超薄材料，这种材料能够改变电子产品的未来。

2.C 第二段倒数第二句告诉我们，25,000 层石墨烯才能堆砌成一张普通白纸的厚度，这是为了说明石墨烯是多么的薄，而不是说它可以用来造纸，所以A不是正确答案。第三段最后一句说明石墨烯就在我们周围，因此C是答案。B和D的表述内容都与该两段内容不符合。3.D apply...over：将……涂（敷）在……上。

4.A 最后两段告诉我们，用一张纸，一支铅笔和一片胶带就能找到石墨烯；无数层石墨烯构成石墨，当铅笔留在纸上的石墨被胶带剥离到最薄一层时，我们就得到了石墨烯。因此只有A不是最后两段的表述内容。5.C 第一段提供了答案。随着电子产品越来越小，需要更小的电子组件（components），而石墨烯作为最薄的材料可以帮助工程师实现这一目标。这就是石墨烯力量所在。

*第三＋八篇 “Life Form Found“ on Saturn's Titan Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2.The discovery

of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to，the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are“breathing” in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers.This，they say，points to the existence of some“bugs”5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.“We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan，similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth，”says NASA scientist Chris McKay.“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life，it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.” To date，scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere，though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product.On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit)，a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself.Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.Scientists had expected the Sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titan's surface.But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a non-biological explanation，said Mark Allen，a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team.“Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed，”Allen said.“We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-biological explanations.It is more likely that a chemical process，without biology，can explain these results.” 词汇：

Saturn /'sætən/ n．土星

methane/'mi:θein/ n．甲烷，沼气 Titan/'taitən/ n．土卫六

acetylene/ə'setili:n/ n．乙炔 alien/'eiljən/ n．外星人；adj．外星球的；相异的 conservatism/kən'sʒ:vətizəm/ n．保守主义,守旧

注释：

1.hints of alien life：外星生命迹象。

2.the Saturn's moon：指土卫六（Titan)。土卫六又称泰坦星，是土星卫星中最大的一颗。3.NASA：美国国家航空航天局的缩写，全称是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼号探测器，以出生于意大利的法国天文学家卡西尼的名字命名，其任务是环绕土星飞行，对土星及其大气、光环、卫星和磁场进行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六吨的“卡西尼”号星际探测器被发射飞往土星的轨道。这是上世纪发射的最后一艘行星际探测的大飞船。“卡西尼”号用了将近七年时间，在2004 年7月1日飞达土星轨道。5.bugs：微生物。非正式口语表达，所以使用了引号。

6.Kelvin：可翻译成“绝对温度”。Kelvin Scale，绝对温标，开氏温标，是由Kelvin 勋爵于19世纪中叶发明的温度计量方法，其零度相当于摄氏一273.15“ C，被认为是宇宙中最低温度。这种温度计量方法多为科学家使用。

7.principal investigator：研究项目负责人 8.rule out：排除……的可能性

土卫六上发现了生命迹象

科学家们说，在土卫六上发现了外星生命迹象并宣布了这一发现。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者们对卡西尼号探测器所传回来的数据进行了分析，数据表明，土星卫星中最大的一颗卫星有以甲烷为基础的生命的存在迹象。

据报道，科学家们已经找到了在土卫六高浓度氢气大气层里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的线索。

他们认为，氢气在到达布满甲烷河流湖泊的土卫六类似行星一样的表层前就已经被吸收了。这就证明在这个不及半个地球大小的卫星表面有某种微生物在依靠氢气生存。

美国国家航空航天局的科学家Chris Mckay说，“我们提出有氢气的消耗，是由于它是土卫六上生命赖以生存的显而易见的气体，就像我们地球上用氧气呼吸一样。如果这些迹象最终证明是生命的迹象，它会加倍令人兴奋，因为它会代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二种生命。”

时至今日，尽管地球上的依赖液体水的微生物在甲烷里生长良好或把它作为废物排出，科学家在任何地方都没有探测到这种生命的形式。在土卫六上，绝对温度达到90度(相当于摄氏-273．15度)，依赖于甲烷的微生物不得不用某种液体物质作为生存的介质，这种液体不是水，水在土卫六上会冻成冰块，不能融化。我们知道，冰块太冷不能维持生命。

科学家们原指望太阳与大气层中的化学物质相互作用会在土卫六上产生一层乙炔。但卡西尼号在它的表面没有探测到乙炔。

Mark Allen是美国宇航局土卫六项目组的主要负责人，他说道，既然在土卫六的表面没有探测到乙炔，那就充分说明上面没有生物。

Allen说：“科学界的保守主义者们建议，要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对土卫六上所有没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们任重道远。极为可能的是，一种化学过程而非生物学能解释这些结果。”

练习：.What have scientists found about Saturn? A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn.B They have found methane-based life on Saturn.C They have found methane-based life on Titan.D They have found earthlike life on a Saturn's moon.2.What do scientists say about Titan? A There are life clues there.B There is acetylene there.C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.D Rivers and lakes there contain life formls.3.To date，scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does”this form of life“ refer to? A Water-based life.B Methane-based life.C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.D Gas-based life.4.What can be inferred from what Allen said? A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.5.Which of the following can replace the title of this passage? A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.C Titan a New Satellite Found.D A different Life Form, a Possibility.答案与题解：

1.C 短文的第一段提供了答案。该段告诉读者，科学家在土星的卫星土卫六（Titan）上发现了生命的迹象，这些生命的存在是以甲烷为基础的。

2.A根据第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are 'breathing' in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，说明土卫六（Titan）有生命迹象。因此A是答案。3.B this form of life 指的是土卫六（Titan）上以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，即该文讨论的主题。4.A科学家至今对土卫六是否存在生物有不同的观点和解释。Allen 说要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对Titan 上没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们还须付出努力。所以只有A是正确选择。

5.D该短文的主题是，科学家在土卫六（Titan）上发现了一种与地球生物不同的生命形式的迹象，即以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，但科学家还未能最后验证这一发现。第四段中的一个句子能够揭示该短文的主题：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”

*第四十篇 Teaching Math，Teaching Anxiety In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.”If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine.In other words girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4.The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn--and teach.The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.Researchers use the word “anxiety” to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math.The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest.The students took math achievement

tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy.Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5.A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety.On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math--and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.“This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample6,” said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.词汇：

snowball /'snəubɔ:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事

replication/repli'keiʃən/ n ．重复，复现 superstar/'sju:pəsta:/ n．超级明星

注释：

1.University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。

2.keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。

3.snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。

4.end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。End up doing something：最终会做某事 5.sales receipt：销售清单

6.in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。replication在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。

7.the University of Missouri：密苏里大学。位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。

教数学，教焦虑

在最新一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能认为男孩子数学比女孩学得更好。

“如果一直由对数学有焦虑的女教师教授数学，就会对她们的数学成绩产生雪球效应”，Levine说。换言之，女孩子们最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。该研究表明，如果女孩子们在一个认为男孩比女孩数学好的环境中成长，那么她们的数学可能会不如在更自信的状态下学得好。

如同学生，教师也会觉得某些学科难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的“焦虑”：不自在或担心。

此研究发现，教师对数学的焦虑能够传染给她的女学生们。该研究的研究对象包括65个女孩，52个男孩和17位在中西部教一二年级的教师。学生们在学年的开始和结束时都进行数学测试，研究者们比较得分。

研究者们测试学生是否认为数学明星一定会是男孩。然后研究者们测试教师，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当碰到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她很可能对数学存在焦虑。

平均来说，教师的焦虑不会影响到男孩子。但是，一般说来，如果教女孩子的教师有数学焦虑症，那么女孩子们在学年结束时测试得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在关于是否认为数学明星应该是男孩的测试中，有20个女孩认为男孩数学比女孩好，这20个女孩的老师都是女性，且都患有数学焦虑症。

来自密苏里大学的心理学家David Geary说“这是一个有趣的研究，但是这只是初步结果，需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证”。

练习：

1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph? A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.C Female teachers' math skills have influence over girl students' math skills.D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2.What is implied in the third paragraph? A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.3.According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt A nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings A prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' math achievements.B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students.C Provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.D Discover a strong link between teachers' math anxiety and their students' math achievements.5.David Geary thinks that A the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.D the study is well based and produces significant results.答案与题解：

1.D 该段告诉我们女教师的想法（what female teachers think）和女学生的学习（what female students learn）

之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。

2.B 第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来说都可能有难度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑。所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信。其他选项都不是该段所要表达的内容。

3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math，such as when reading a sales receipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意为“记住数字”；saving the numbers意为“保存数字”；filling in the numbers意为“陆续编入数字”，而且文中没有提到a sales report；它们均不是答案。

4.A 短文的第六段是对前一段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女生都有对数学有焦虑感的教师（girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有认为男生数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.)。D所以不是正确的选择，因为只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。

5.B 根据David Geary的说法，实验结果还是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证（in need of replication with a larger sample)。他没有认为该实验的过程不可靠，所以A不是正确选项；他认为实验样本不够大，所以D也不是正确选项。

+第四＋五篇 Small But Wise On December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space.The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan.Don't let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.“I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before,”said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes.After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs,however.WISE stands for“Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.”As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave.Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation.When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree.When these waves enter the camera through the lens,they're processed by the camera,which then puts the image together.Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings.Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't.Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light.Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them.They don't reflect light,so they're difficult to see.But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them.During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures.These objects are“failed” stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun.Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down.They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.词汇：

trashcan / 'træʃ,kæn/n．垃圾箱 infrared/'infrə'red/ adj．红外线 asteroid/'æstərɔid/ n.小行星 dwarf/dwɔ:f/ n.矮星

注释：

1.NASA（美国国家航空航天局）是缩写词，全称是National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2.the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天体。wild 有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。3.faint stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。

4.polar orbit：极地轨道。指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90的人造地球卫星轨道。人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。

5.lap：一圈。原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap.她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。6.infrared radiation：红外线辐射

7.spectrum of light：光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。

8.Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。9.jump start: 启动。

小而聪明

12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”(聪明)，大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。你可千万不要轻视这个小东西，WISE可是一款高强数码相机，它将在人类已知的宇宙里拍摄任何你所能想到的天体，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体，以及自行星和恒星诞生以来的巨大尘埃云。

Ned Wright是主持WISE项目的科学家，他说：“我十分兴奋，因为我们就要看到以前从未看到过的那部分宇宙”。

到达宇宙空间后，WISE由于受极地轨道重力作用，一直在围绕地球旋转。(这意味着，每转一圈，它就离南极和北极靠近)。它的镜头是向外的，远离地球。每11分钟WISE就会抓拍天空一个不同的部分。六个月之后，它将把整个天空拍摄完毕。

然而，WISE拍摄的相片不会像我们日常的数码相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer(广域红外勘测探测器)的缩写。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到发出红外线辐射物体的相片。

辐射是波浪状行进的一种能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光谱就是射线的一个例子。当普通的数码相机给一棵树照相时，它能接收到树反射回来的、可见的光波。光波通过镜头进入到相机里，相机对它进行加工，然后把图像合成。

红外线的波长比可见光长，所以，普通的数码相机捕捉不到他们，人眼也看不到这种射线。尽管人们看不到，人的皮肤能感受到较长红外线带来的温暖。

这就是为什么WISE能捕捉到其他望远镜看不到的物体的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的东西都以可见光的方式呈现出来。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大岩石，但是小行星吸收射到他们表面的大部分光。他们不能反射光，所以要看到他们很困难。但他们却释放出红外线，所以，象WISE这样的红外线望远镜才能够捕捉到它们的图像。WISE的任务就是拍摄成千上万的小行星图像。

WISE的另一任务是为另外一种太空深处的天体一褐矮星拍照。这种天体是“失败的”恒星，它们是一些不够大，不能像太阳的能量那样启动相同的反应。褐矮星只能缩小和冷却。他们发出的光如此之微弱，人们根本看不到，但是在红外频谱中，它们是发光的。

练习：.What is so special about WISE? A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2.Which is NOT the synonym for the word “snap” in the third paragraph? A make.B shoot.C take D photograph.3.The camera on WISE A is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects light that human eyes can see.4.Which of the following is NOT correct about“asteroids” according to paragraph 7? A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It is difficult to take asteroids' pictures by ordinary cameras, D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids 5.What is implied in the last paragraph? A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope.答案与题解：

1.C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中（in the known universe）的未知天文现象。其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。

2.A snap 是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。这里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同义词。

3.C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visible lights，看不见红外线辐射（infrared radiation)，而WISE 的相机能够看到。

4.A 短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids，所以A是正确选项。其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。

5.B 最后一段的第一句说，褐矮星能出现在WISE 照片中，根据上文对WISE 望远镜的描述只有WISE 望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B是正确选择。

+第四十六篇 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”

Research by the University of Exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers” and predators.The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial3 and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”

“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect — thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”

Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness.However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem． Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the

alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.词汇：

predator /' predətə/ n．食肉动物

nutrient/' nju:triənt/ n ．营养物；adj．营养的 decomposer/,di:kəm'pəuzə/ n．腐生物；分解体 prey/prei/ v．捕食；n．被捕食的动物 subtlety/ 'sʌtlti/ n，微妙，精妙 herbivore/ 'hʒ:bivɔ: / n ．食草动物

注释：

1.the University of Exeter ：埃克斯特大学。1851 年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市，是英国著名的传统大学之一。2.nest building ：筑巢

3.territorial：领地的。在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地。4.an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。5.biomass ：物质名词，由bio和mass 两部分组成，意为“生物量”“生物质”。6.biodiversity ：物质名词，由bio和diversity 两部分组成，意为“生物多样性”。7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。8.below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）过程，即影响生态环境的过程。

蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大

埃克斯特大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”和食肉动物的行为对当地的环境影响巨大。该研究发表在动物生态杂志上，它表明蚂蚁对当地的环境有两大显著的影响。

第一，通过筑巢而挪动土壤或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平。这可间接影响当地从腐生物到食物链高层的许多动物种群的数量。

第二，它们捕食的动物种类很多，包括那些被大量工蚁攻击的大猎物。

Dirk Sanders是该大学生态和保护中心所做的此项研究的作者，他说：“蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保卫自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境影响巨大。”

“在该研究中，我们第一次对蚂蚁带来的影响程度及微妙程度进行研究。所得的发现是：尽管是食肉动物，蚂蚁的出现能促使其他动物族群在数量和品种上的增长。并对当地的环境起到切实重要的作用，对大草原的食物链影响巨大。”Sanders说。

该研究在德国进行，它对花园黑蚂蚁和一般的红蚂蚁在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影响力进行研究。黑蚂蚁和红蚂蚁在整个欧洲包括英国都能找到。研究发现，一个地区的蚂蚁密度小，而其他动物尤其是食草动物和腐生物的数量和种类会增多。如果蚂蚁的密度大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或者产生相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵消蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。

Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他说：“我们的发现是：如果蚂蚁的数量少，其对土壤的营养水平的影响会对动物族群产生积极的效果。但是如果蚂蚁的数量增加，其捕食的影响会达到最大化，因此会抵消蚂蚁通过生态工程给环境带来的积极影响”。

蚂蚁是生态系统的重要组成部分，不仅因为它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因为其作为生态系统工程师的角色。蚂蚁具有难以想象的多样性，但极易受人类的影响，这就使它的多样性有显著的减少。然而，科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。蚂蚁通过变动物理的和化学的环境，通过对植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影响

而对生态环境起至关重要的作用。

练习：.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2.As predators, ants A prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soil C collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3.Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants A can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us? A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C Ants' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live? B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem? C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem? D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment? 答案与题解：

1.C 短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正确答案，因为并不是因为蚂蚁会筑巢才被誉为生态系统工程师，而是因为它们筑巢和获取食物的方式改变了土壤的营养水平，为整个食物链提供了很好的生态环境（见第二段）。

2.A答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的掠食范围很广，甚至包括比它们体积更大的动物（larger animals）。prey 在这里的意思是“捕猎，捕食”，作为动词，后面跟介词on或upon。3.D Dirk Sanders说：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”（第五段）所以，D是正确选择。句中the subtleties of it 的意思是：蚂蚁对环境影响的精妙之处。4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小（a low density of ants）的话，能使其他动物的品种和数量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals），从而给环境带来积极影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大（At higher densities），就不可能产生同样的影响，或者是相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵销蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表达了大体相同的内容。

5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响（these organisms are highly responsive to human impact），第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用（“it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”）。

第三篇：理解段落和文章 教案

【课题】理解段落和文章 【课型】小升初语文备考班 【年级】六年级 【教学目标】

1.掌握划分段落的方法； 2.掌握概括段落大意的方法； 3.掌握归纳中心思想的方法； 4.理解文章的表达方法。【教学重点】

概括段意和归纳中心思想。【教学难点】

如何教会学生学会概括段意和归纳中心思想。【课时】两课时 【教学过程】

一、预习作业检查（5分钟）

由于本讲知识点较多，并且较为枯燥，所以在课堂上尽量采用探究式的教学方法来开展教学。总的来讲，本讲分为4个部分，第一个部分是划分段落，是小学阶段训练较多的，所以这个部分要求学生在课前自学。老师在上课前检查的预习作业就是了解学生对这个部分的掌握情况。对于掌握的不好的，要根据书本内容加以强化。并且，该部分知识在后面还要用到。

二、新授

师：同学们，经过这么一段时间的学习，我们总算有所跨越了。如果说之前的学习一直围绕在山腰上转，那么，我们今天这节课，就是带你们到山顶，体验“一览众山小”的感觉。我们之前学习的知识，在这里也将得到综合运用，所以，这节课对于我们来讲是非常重要的，必须得认真对待。

（一）概括段意（40分钟）

师：好了，给大家寒暄了半天，总得给大家带来点惊喜吧。先来学习概括段意。段意大家都很清楚，就是这一段所要写的意思，也就是要求我们能力理解语段的意思。

概括段意有几个原则：明确、完整、简要、通顺。“明确”是指让别人一看就明白这段主要写什么。“完整”是指该概括的要点不能遗漏。“简要”是指语句要简洁，做到言简意明。“通顺”是指语句要通顺。

运用这些原则，我们来看看概括段意究竟有哪些方法。这里告诉大家5个方法。

1、摘句归纳法

2、合并归纳法

3、取主舍次法

4、提问整理法

5、列小标题法

（根据PPT内容，逐个讲解每种方法的意思和例子。）做练习，总结。

（每个方法讲解时间8至10分钟左右，第一节课到此为止）

（二）归纳中心思想

文章的思想感情是指作者写这篇文章的目的。具体说是作者想通过文章的主要内容赞扬什么，批评什么，反对什么，抒发什么感情，说明什么道理等等。如果我们体会出文章的思想感情，就能对文章理解得更深刻。

概括中心思想三原则：确切、完整、简要。

确切，就是概括要准确、恰当，能概括出这篇文章所特有的思想意义。完整，就是把作者写这篇文章的目的完整地概括出来。

简要，就是用简明扼要的语句来表达。但是它必须以确切、完整为前提。概括主要内容常用的词语有： “描述了．．．．．．”、“刻画了．．．．．．”、“通过．．．．．．” 等等

概括思想意义常用的词语有： “表现了．．．．．．”、“说明了．．．．．．”、“表达了．．．．．．”、“歌颂了．．．．．．”、“赞扬了．．．．．．”、“揭露了．．．．．．”、“鞭挞 了．．．．．．” 等等。

概括中心思想的方法：

1、分析题目概括法

2、从文章的开头找出中心

3、从过渡句、段找中心

4、从文章的结尾拨出中心

5、在文章主人翁的语言描写中找中心

6、从抒情部分找中心

7、从作者的议论部分找中心

8、从课文的反复部分找中心

9、从重点句、段找中心

（根据书本内容讲解，讲完上面内容用45分钟左右时间。）

三、总结

总结这节课学到的知识点，并加强学生对知识点的掌握和巩固。

四、作业布置

1．自学第三部分。2．完成书本练习。

第四篇：短篇英语文章

(A)There are big “back-to-school” sales（开学大甩卖）everywhere because the new term begins.Many school students need new clothes for the new school term.I'm not a new student, but I need a new pair of red shoes.My old shoes are too small.They're usually $60, but in the sale they're 10% off, so they're $54 now.That's good!Maybe I'll buy a pair of white shoes, too.And I want one new white T-shirts.It is $36.How much are socks? They're $3 for one pair.I need three new pairs.Pants are 50% off.That's cheap.I think I'll buy two pairs.(B)Are you tired of learning English in the old ways(方法)? You read the words, study grammar and have many tests.It is important but it also can be boring.Let's see how music can make it easier and more fun?

Do you have a favorite English song? Sing along with it, please.Soon you can know the new words that you can use!Singing along can help with your pronunciation(发音).Close your eyes and listen carefully.Draw a picture in your mind about the song.Classical music can help you relax.It also helps you concentrate(集中精力)on what you are studying.And you can also make them intoa “Jazz Chant.” Read your new words out.Sing or say them out.(C)

Firhall is a small place in Scotland.It is an interesting place for us to travel because of two reasons.First, it is really a beautiful and quiet place.Second, it is a place that has too many rules.Firhall isn't a city.It is only a village.There are a lot of birds and trees there.You can also do many sports, like volleyball, basketball and golf.But children don't like this place.They call it “child-hating ogres”.That is because of the rules in the village.People can't have animals in their homes and each family can only have one dog.People in this village must be over forty-five years old.If grandchildren visit their grandparents, they can't stay for long.Now, things are getting better.Grandchildren are welcome to live.And if you are under forty-five years old, you can also live here.People only want to have a quiet place to live in.Most old people like this kind of quiet place.

第五篇：英语文章

Internet

Everything lives with opposite forces.The same can be said about modern technology, such as Internet.At first glance Internet offers us excitement and a worl of promise.Frankly speaking, people who have some ideas of it can not deny the merits born with the system.For instance,it can improve proficiency in scientific research, for by means of it scientists and researchers can get a global look at the latest development in the field concerned and accordingly they need spend no time doing what has already been done.In view of personal communication, the most convenient means could be peculiar to Internet, too.While people speak highly of Internet,its drawbacks shouldn＇t be neglected.Sometimes, alittle fatal breakdown of the system, or a disastrous error could bring us an enormous amount of damage an。Meanwhile, with lnternet＇s replacement of hooks or the written work as the main source of information, human＇s writing abilities are weakened and relations between people are desalinated.However, every country on this planet should work hard to

develop

the

system

to

serve

us

more

efficiently

and comfortably, because in the net all countries are interrelated.[参考译文]

因特网

任何事情的存在都有负面影响。可以说科技也是如此，例如网络。初看起来，网络带给我们兴奋的一个有前途的世界。坦白地讲，既使对此有些想法的人也不能否认网络与生俱来的优点。举个例子，它可提高科研效率，因为科学家们观察它们借此能够获得对相关领域最新发展的全面了解。并且他们无需费时做已做过的事情。对于个人交流沟通，最便捷的方式恐怕也是网络。

当人们高度评价网络时；应忽视它的缺欠。有时系统小有一点致命的故障或一点灾难性的错误都会带来巨大的损失。同时随着作为主要信息来源的各种书籍和书写工作逐渐被网络替代，人类的写作能力变弱，而且人与人之间的关系也淡漠了。

尽管如此，这个星球上的每个国家都应努力发展这个网络系统以便更高效服务于人类。因为在网上，所有的国家都是相互联系的。

人类生存Man Is to Survive

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about: Man Is to Survive.You should base your writing on the following outline:

1．人类面临的问题(如能源、疾病、污染、人口等)；

2．悲观的看法(如人类将无法生存)；

3．人类的智慧和出路。

Your composition should be no less than 120 words.Be sure to write your composition in readable handwriting.Man Is to Survive

Man is finding himself confronted with more and more problems which threaten his existence on this planet.For example, some resources are beginning to be exhausted.Many diseases are getting difficult to be cured.Various kinds of pollution are becoming worse and worse.Moreover, population explosion is always on the rise...Therefore, there comes the problem: will man survive these problems?

Faced with，so many problems, pessimists hold that man is destined to die out.Their reasons are as follows.With population explosion, food will be scarce;space will shrink;resources will be used up.Moreover, pollution will threaten our health;

incurable diseases will endanger our lives...Obviously, man has only one way out——complete destruction.Admittedly, these people have their reasons to think in this way, but I don＇t think they are altogether right.I believe that man is bound to overcome these difficulties and survive a into the future because man is endowed with wisdom.With this wisdom, he came up with solutions to problems he came across in the past.With this wisdom, he will surely work out solutions to the problems which will arise in the future.学生求职为何难?

Why It Is Difficult ron College Students to Find Jobs?(大学生求职为何难?)

1．描述现状；

2．分析原因；

3．给出办法。

[写作导航]先陈述现实，即虽然从理论上讲不应如此，但大学生找工作确实很难；第二段分析原因，一方面来自大学生自身，如有些人不能溶入社会，目标过高等，另一方面是所学专业过窄，难以找到合适的工作；第三段给出“我”的观点：大学生应了解自己的长处和短处，不要太看重物质利益，而是要着眼于长远发展，另外还要注意继续深造。

[范文]

More and more college students, in recent years, are finding it difficult to find jobs.This may sound strange since college students used to be the “most favored” people in society.They have received a higher education, hence they are more intelligent, knowledgeable than their counterparts who failed to attend college.But chances are that some of them

can hardly find jobs after graduating from colleges.There are two reasons that account for this strange phenomenon.One is that some college students cannot come to terms with themselves and with the world around them.They pursue too high goals and are too particular about such factors as working conditions, salary, and so on.Therefore, they are reluctant to accept the job when they are offered to them.Another reason is that the majors some students pursue do not match with the demands of the job market.As a result, they canonly sit and miss opportunities.To solve this problem, I think college students should know their own strengths and weaknesses and have the right attitude towards themselves and the job vacancies.In addition, they should not attach too much importance to material aspects of the job.They

should put priority to their future development and their contributions to society in stead.Furthermore, they should think of receiving some further training to meet the demands of society.课外活动之我见

My Views on Extracurricular Activity(课外活动之我见)

1．有些学生热衷于课外活动；

2．有些学生从不参加课外活动；

3．我的观点。

[写作导航]第一段先指出，积极参加课外活动的同学对课外活动的看法是积极的；第二段再写不积极参加课外活动的同学的看法；第三段陈述我的看法，可分别从大学生活的性质、书本知识与课外实践以及广交朋友等方面论述积极参加课外活动的好处。

[范文]

Some students like to participate actively in after class activities.They think after class activities are an integral part of school life.By going in for such activities, they can learn what they can＇t learn from books, which will be beneficial to them in the future.Others, however, don＇t like after class activities at all.They think that a student＇s work at school is learning theoretical knowledge and nothing else.Taking part in after class activities is a waste of the valuable time at school.In my opinion, every student should engage in some after class activities because from these activities we can learn many valuable things that we won＇t learn in classrooms.School is not just a place for learning the difference between “lie” or “lay”, or what caused the hours of the daily schedule.Finally, after class activities broaden our circle of acquaintances.No amount of ordinary school work can take the place of friends acquired in the informal familiarities of activities.分数之我见-My Ideas on Soores

My Ideas on Soores(分数之我见)

1．有人认为分数重要；

2．有人认为分数不重要；

3．我的看法。

[写作导航]第一段从不同的人对分数有不同的看法引入主题，然后分述这些看法。有人认为分数是衡量学生掌握知识程度的唯一标准，分数还可决定一个学生是否可以上大学、读研究生，甚至是否被工作单位录用；而有些人则认为分数高的学生不一定工作能力强，实际能力更重要。最后给出“我”的看法，即在我看来，两种看法都有片面性，其实两者缺一不可。

[范文]

People＇s ideas on scores vary from person to person.Some think that scores are very important.They think in this way because scores have always been the only means to tell whether a student has a good command of the subject they have learned.To illustrate, they say scores are often used to determine whether a student should go to college or not.Scores are also used to decide whether he can further his study after graduation.Scores are still used to decide whether he can get a job in the job market.Others, on the other hand, holdthat scores are not so important as practical knowledge.They suggest that students with high scores at school are not necessarily competent in their work after graduation.Our society does not need those who can perform very well in examinations;instead, it needs those with practical skills.I think both of the above views have their limitations.Having lots of theoretical knowledge without enough practical skills is no good, nor is having lots of practical skills without enough theoretical knowledge.Only when we have a combination of both, can we be called qualified students of new China.学生评价老师

Students＇ Rating of Their Teachers(学生评价老师)

1．学生给老师打分已很普遍；

2．人们对其持不同态度；

3．我的看法

[写作导航]第一段宜写高校改革所带来的变化使得学生评价教师很普遍，在有些高校学生的评价甚至成为教师教学好坏的惟一尺度；第二段应写对这一做法，人们有不同的看法，有人赞成，认为学生最有发言权，而有人则反对，认为学生不具备评价教师的素质，对诸如教学材料、教师业务水平等的评价应由教师的同事来完成；第三段写我的看法，我认为，学生评价教师有必要，但要切实做到对教师的教学有帮助，例如可让学生评价在某门课上所学到的知识如何，兴趣如何等等。

[范文]

A great change is now taking place in higher education throughout our country.Teachers are being held responsible as never before for how well they serve their students.It has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade teachers as for teachers to grade students.In some universities students＇ rating has even become the only source of information on teaching effectiveness.This, however, has caused great controversy.Some are in favor of the rating system.They hold that since students attend the teachers classes everyday, they should have their opinion about their teachers＇ effectiveness.Others, on the contrary, are

strongly against it.They think that students＇ rating is easy to administer and score, but it also is easy to abuse.They believe that there is much more to teaching than what is shown on students＇ rating forms.Students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used are up to date or how well the teacher knows about the subject.These judgments require professional knowledge, which is best left for the teachers＇ colleagues.I think students＇ rating of their teachers is necessary, but it should be conducted in a way that can really shed meaningful light on teachers＇ performance.Instead of rating the teachers＇ knowledge on the subject, students should be asked to estimate what they themselves have leaned in a course, and to report on such things as a teacher＇s ability to communicate with students, his relationship with students, and his ability to arouse interest in the subject.就业时选择高薪还是好的职业

Do You Prefer High Salary or A Promising Job?(观点题材)

When it comes to the choice of career, some people prefer the job with high salary.Why? Their reasons run as following: to begin with, high salary can bring them happy life;in addition, with high salary, they can do whatever they want.But some others prefer to choose a job with promising future.They base their choice on the following reasons: on one hand, a promising job itself means a raise and promotion in the future;on another hand, job with a bright future will bring them honor and sense of pride.As for me, if I’m left to make the choice, I’ll not hesitate to choose a promising job.First of all, I appreciate the honor and challenge it brings to me.At the same time, if I work hard, it will offer me a lot of opportunities including high salary, good position, etc.现代社会中的女性

Woman in Modern Society

Title: Woman in Modern Society

Outline: 1)Role of women in modern society

2)Prejudices and discrimination against women

3)My comments

Women play an important part in modern society.Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering.They comprise a large part of the workers in businesses and factories.In addition, they are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men.There are even some businesses which are run completely be women.Clearly, women are making outstanding contributions to the progress of modern society.There are, However, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways.First, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough.Second, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males.Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only.In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than women do.Personally, I'm firmly standing on the side of those woman right defenders.Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing.(173 words)

My Dream

I am good at writing and I am interested in travelling around the world, so I want to become a reporter in the future.As a reporter, I can communicate with many different kinds of people.I can show the real world to readers.As a matter of fact, to be a good reporter is not easy.It's a challenge for me.Now I must study hard and lay a solid foundation.Also I must build up my body.关于我自己(自我介绍)_

关于我自己

【内容提示】

你是李华，申请到一家外资企业工作。对方要求你用英语写一篇文章，介绍自己的基本情况。文章应包括下表所列全部内容。

注意：1．情况介绍必须采用短文形式；

2．词数100左右；

3．文章第一句已为你写好。

生词：竞赛——competition

【作文示范】About Myself

My name is Li Hua.I was born in the city of Dalian, Liaoning Province.I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990.Then I entered

NO.6 Middle School where I mainly learned the subjects like Chinese, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry and computer.I have been very fond of and good at English and computer ever since.Therefore I placed first in the school computer competition last year.My hobbies include swimming in summer, skating in winter as well as collecting stamps and listening to popular music in my spare time.【写法指要】

1）本文是根据1996年高考英语“书面表达”题写成的，属介绍说明文中的自我介绍。所谓介绍说明，是指对所要说明的对象作概括扼要而又比较全面的介绍，所以介绍说明又称概说。这种文体很有用处，比如正式求职信或自荐信的第二段介绍个人履历时就经常这样写，在应聘或投考时的面试（interview）中也要作这样的口头表述。

2）个人简历这样的介绍说明文要按照时间顺序（time order）安排文章结构。所以，在文章中多用像“from 1984 to 1990”，“then”，“ever since”等这样的表示时间顺序的衔接词语（cohesive words／transitional words）达到文章在连贯（coherence）。虽然文章在整体上是以时间顺序写的，但也不排除使用其他逻辑关系的衔接词语。例如，本文倒数第二句开头用的就是表因果关系的衔接词“therefore”。这样，就把由于“I have been fond of and good at English and computer．”，因此“I placed first in the school computer competition last year．”之间的因果关系表达出来了。所以，在安排文章的结构时，说明顺序词语的运用应根据具体情况灵活掌握，不能死搬硬套

我的理想职业

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Ideal Job.You should write no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:

1．人们对职业各有不同的理想；

2．我理想的职业是什么；

3．我怎样为我理想的职业做准备。

Remember to Write your composition neatly.My Ideal Job

There are various kinds of jobs in the world, such as writing, nursing, teaching and engineering.But different people choose different jobs as their ideal careers.This is because everyone has his own interest.As for me, I have made up my mind to be a teacher.I choose to do so mainly for three reasons.First, I want to teach because I like the pace of academic calendar.Two long vacations offer me an opportunity for reflection, research and writing.Secondly, I want to teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lesson, to stimulate myself and my students.And I can have the opportunity to keep on learning.Finally, I want to teach because, being around the students who are beginning to grow and change in front of me, I will grow and change with them too.But teaching is no easy job at all.I must study cleverly to obtain more knowledge.And, at the same time, I will make every effort to purify my soul so that I can become an architect of man＇s soul.我的大学生活

My college life

As a sophomore, I am feeling the time flies.Recalling about the past one year, so many thoughts are flooding in my mind.At this time, I just can’t tell my real idea.The memory is just like so fresh, and all the things happened yesterday!

When first day I came to University, I really feel that the school is very good, but at the first sight of the dormitory, something disappointing come up to me!The condition of the dormitory is really very poor with only one room, no lavatory!I saw something sad in my father’s eyes, maybe that time he thought of the poor condition!So with a big smile on my face, I told my father” it doesn’t matter, Dad.In this kind of condition, I will get myself better!” My father felt better.But when he was coming back, seeing his back, I just wanted to cry!I felt in this city I was just isolated, from that time, I said to myself, “ you have no others who can help you here, just depend on yourself”

And then I came to my dormitory 303.I considered that I would spend four years here(in fact I moved to another one year later)and my dorm mates are all there.Most of them came from Sichuan and they were chatting with a happy voice, but I can’t understand them!Again, I felt myself isolated!I hated that kind of feeling, and then I said to hello to them!To my surprise they are very friendly to me and warm-hearted!I no longer felt afraid.And I got along well with them.But at the first night here, I burst out to tears for that I was missing my family.I don’t know why.Everyday when I was at home, I was just eager to go to school, to experience the wonderful college life but when coming here, I am just eager to go back!It’s quite strange though, you must know this kind of feeling!

Just spending about 2 days here, we were on our way to military train.To us, it’s a fresh train and a kind of experience to know the life between the classmates.But to me, I was nervous but excited.This was my first and precious train life because before going to school I have been staying with my family.So, you know, it’s just this kind of feeling I can’t convey it clearly!The train life is impressive on everybody;we had a lot of activities, for example giving a speech on a stage or singing together or playing basketball.At that time, I felt myself so little among them.All of them have a special talent but not me.I admired them but meanwhile jealousy.Why don’t I have this kind of talent? Am I stupid? I always said to myself.So that time I was also very ambitious, just eager to catch up with them.Except the classmates, the trainer in our team also left a deep impression on me!He was not very handsome and very kind.Just because of his kindness results in my laughter when training.He always said to me that I should be serious in the team but I didn’t listen to him.So after a long time, when investigating the training result, I gave them a disappointing answer.The highest trainer

如何保持健康

How to keep healthy

What is the most important thing in the world? I think it is health.You can take away our money, house, car, or even our clothes and we can survive.But if our health was taken away, we would surely die.That is why we always try to eat in a healthy way and exercise regularly.In order to eat healthily, I usually avoid eating food high in fat, like French fries or cookies.I also eat little meat.I eat a lot of vegetables and fresh fruit which are full of vitamins.Taking exercise every day helps us build a strong body.Regular exercise is an important part of keeping me healthy.What＇s more, I think friends are an important part of one＇s health.Many studies show that people with a wide range of social contacts get sick less than those who don＇t.I always feel better when I am with friends than when I am alone.When I am with my friends, I always laugh.Laughing is also an important part of health.I like to laugh with my friends.By eating properly and exercising regularly, I can keep my body at a proper weight and keep healthy.By spending time with my friends, I can keep my mind as well as my body happy.These things sound easy to do, but not many people can manage them.I think a strong will is necessary if we want to keep healthy.