第一篇:公路工程招投标文件汉英翻译剖析
摘要: 随着利用外资贷款的公路工程项目的增多, 招投标文件的汉英翻译工作愈显重要。通过分析目标文献的语言特征, 从而探讨翻译时应遵循的原则, 希望能对翻译工作者起到一定的帮助作用。
关键词: 招投标;语言特征;翻译原则 引言
自从京津塘高速公路成为我国首个利用世界银行贷款, 实行国际竞争性招标, 按照FIDIC条款修建的跨省、市的高速公路工程, 并取得良好的经济社会效益以来, 我国利用外资贷款项目修建的公路工程项目逐渐增多。尤其根据中国加入WTO后对公路市场的承诺, 国内公路承包市场更加规范更加开放, 且必将有更多的外资输入中国市场。根据世界银行的规定, 招标文件应该包括: 招标邀请书、投标人须知、标书格式、合同格式、一般的和特殊的条款、技术规格、货物清单或数量和图纸清单、必要的文件如各种担保形式等;投标文件则是对招标文件的响应, 需要填写各种表格或承诺各项要求, 这些都是评标的依据。按照国际惯例, 利用招标方式采购货物、工程和服务时, 与招标活动有关的一切文件资料, 包括招标文件、投标文件、合同范本、双方往来信函等, 均须用英文编制, 即使允许用非英文的语言编制, 也须随附一份英文译本备案, 发生含义解释分歧时以英文版为准。因此对招投标文件相关资料的理解和翻译就成了竞标的基础工作, 贯穿于整个竞
标过程, 必须予以足够的重视。为了探讨公路工程招投标文件的汉英翻译, 笔者结合工作中的体会, 拟通过详细分析招投标文件的语言特征, 归纳总结出翻译时应遵循的原则。1 公路工程招投标文件的语言特征
招投标文件属于严肃的书面文体, 作为具有法律效应且用以约束工程招投标双方的文献, 其具备以下几个特征。
1.1 为保证语言的明晰性, 准确用词, 甚至不惜指代重复, 同时又存在一定模糊语言现象 1.1.1 招投标文献需要将招投标双方的意愿清晰地表达出来, 首先要考虑的问题就是语言的明晰性,其主要依赖于用词的准确性, 这在情态动词的选择上显得尤为突出。
现以shall和will为例: shall一词在文件、合同、条约和规章中多表示客观义务或规定, 有时还带有一定的强制性, 因此在招标文件里要求投标人必须做到的条款应多用shall。Ex.1 Any price modification of Bid Price shall be strictly in the form of “Modified Bid Price Declaration”.译: 对报价所作的任何修改应该严格按照“标价修改声明”的形式。Shall在这里虽然只是一个情态动词, 字面的意思是“应该”, 但其中包含的意思却是“必须”。如果承包商调整报价时不严格按照声明的形式, 业主将不会接受这个调整后的报价, 而仍旧按原报价执行, 致使承包商费尽心思得到信息来源从而调整报价为了中标的目的就极可能落空。Ex.2 This project shall be completed before October 30, 2005.招标人向投标人提出“工程应于2005年10月30日前完工”的要求字面看来语气比较委婉, 实际却是不容置疑的。首先, 如果在投标文件里承包商提出的施工组织设计不能按期竣工, 则肯定不会中标。此外, 即使承包商以书面形式作了承诺, 在实际施工时却达不到要求, 也必然会被重罚。Will不同于shall, 它用来表示说话人的主观愿望和打算, 不带有强制性。因此, 在投标文件中,投标人自己的愿望应多用will来表示。
Ex.3 In case of severe cold weather in winter,to guarantee the concrete quality, the method of steam atomizing for concrete curing will be adopted.句中投标人运用了will来说明在冬天, 如果天气特别冷, 混凝土将采用蒸汽养生。因为will在这里所表示的是投标人的意向和打算, 而没有必须的含义在里面, 所以译为“将要”, 故在此最好不用shall。
Ex.4 For this project, 8 000 square meters of living area will be supply to the construction staff and workers in order to meet the demand.句中投标人打算为此工程施工人员提供8 000m2的生活住房, 没有必须的含义在里面, 目的是达到招标方的要求。
从以上两个例句中可以看出, 投标人在投标文件中运用will, 既可以满足对方要求, 又不会把自己局限在其中, 使自己在今后的工作中有较强的灵活性。
1.1.2 通常情况下, 翻译都需要行文简练, 但为了尽可能把一切都写得准确无疑, 定义准确无误, 作者往往会不借笔墨重复名词或修饰词, 尽量避免代词或省略手段的使用。Ex.5 The contrctors in the above – mentioned sections should make the promises below.译: 上述合同段的承包商须做出如下承诺。
Ex.6 The contractor should purchase the said materials for engineering in the said territory.译: 承包商须在所述地点购买所述工程用材料。从上述两例中可以看出, 用词在大的结构上虽有些重复, 但表述清晰自然。如果运用省略或替代的方式加以简化, 其语言的明晰度则逊色了许多,甚至会让人产生误解。
1.1.3 以上所说招投标文件的语言一定要清晰、交代明确是相对的, 也是以招投标各自的立场和利益为出发点的。通常在此基础上, 各方也会充分利用模糊语言为对方设下“陷阱”, 使自己处于主动地位。
Ex.7 The section is about the concerning works such as clearing, dismantlement and excavation of construction site as necessary grading, etc.in the scope of highway right of way and within the range of borrow soil field.译: 本节为公路用地范围及借土场范围内施工场地的清理、拆除和挖掘, 以及必要的平整场地等有关作业。
Ex.8 No separate measurement will be made for excavation, drilling, cleaning of drilled holes, drilling slurry, casing, concrete, pile head break age and other items such as artificial island, erecting operation platform, trestle and floating pontoon required to completed the works, they are considered as subsidiary works of castplace boredfilling piles.译: 开挖、钻孔、清孔、钻孔泥浆、护筒、混凝土、破桩头, 以及必要时在水中填土筑岛、搭设工作台架及浮箱平台等其他为完成工程的细目, 作为钻孔灌注桩的附属工作, 不另行计量。Ex.7中的“necessary”(必要的)平整场地“etc.”(等有关)作业及Ex.8中“such as”(例如)及“etc”(等其他)为完成工程的细目, 这样的句子因为没有涵盖要求对方所要做的全部工作内容, 对招标方来说是保护性条款, 这对投标方来说就是一种模糊语言。投标方必须去思考他的工作范围, 而很难把握一个标准尺度。严格地讲, 在严肃性很强的招标文件中是不能出现这样的模糊语言的。可是招标方有权利这样做, 目的是为了自己节省费用, 在计量支付时, 承包商常常干了额外的工作, 却由于这样的句子得不到应有的支付, 并且几乎在所有的招标文件中都可以碰到这样的句子。
1.2 招投标文件属于正规应用文体, 倾向于套用格式化句式:习惯沿用书面用词及大量运用复合副词
1.2.1 书面用词的应用
Ex.9 Either party reserves the right to terminate this agreement upon negotiation.译: 任何一方要中止合同都必须经过协商。
Ex.10 Both parties shall act in accordance with the provisions of the agreement.译: 双方都应该按照协议条款办事。
以上两句使用了party, reserve, terminate, provision等正式用词, 而未使用常见的side, keep, end, term等词。这种正式书面用语常用以代替常见口语用词, 大致有以下几类(见表1)。1.2.2 复合副词的应用
Ex.11 This contract hereby comes into effect from the date of execution by the two parties.译: 本合同自双方签署之日生效。句中, 若把hereby去掉, 意思也完全正确, 但有hereby更充分体现了“签署”和“生效”的因果关系。
Ex.12“Hereinafter referred to as the Employer.” 译: 以下称“业主”。
相对“Referred to as the Employer in the below.”来说, 前者在结构上比后者更符合原文表达。1.3 普通词有特定意义或特定用法
公路工程和其他各行业一样, 都有自己特定的专业术语。专业术语近乎行话, 具有国际通用性及其特定的含义, 与一般辞典上的含义常常有较大出入, 因此要在学习了解招投标业务的同时专门去熟悉和理解, 不能盲目用普通词语对译专业术语, 否则无法表达出其真正内涵, 甚至会闹出笑话。至于说“业主”(employer)、“承包商”(contractor)及“工程量清单”(bill of quantities)等行话还可以让人比较容易理解, 而像其他的专业术语, 对于外行则相当费解了。对于外行来说, 一见“简支梁”就有可能简单翻译成“simple branch beam”(简易分叉梁), 与正确译文“simple supported beam”根本就不是一回事;一见“明洞”就翻译成“bright cavity”, 这与其代表真实意义“明挖隧道”的翻译“open cut tunnel”大相径庭;即使对于内行来说, 见到“碎落台”, 如不明白其真实含义是“在路堑边坡坡脚与边沟外侧边缘之间或边坡上, 为防止碎落物落入边沟而设置的有一定宽度的纵向平台”, 要能翻译成“stage for
heaping soil and broken rock”难度也是颇大;至于“悬臂浇筑法”翻译成“cantilever cast method”固然可以, 但“cast-in-place cantilever method”则把其是属于现场浇筑的那层含义也表达出来了, 更为传神;还有路面施工中的“企口缝”, “假缝”, “缩缝”这个“缝”字, 用“joint”就比“crack”更贴切些, 因为后者仅仅表示是个“裂缝”, 而前者潜在意义还表示其是个“接缝”, 还可以承受荷载。公路工程招投标文件的汉英翻译原则
华先发(华中师大外国语学院教授)认为翻译时“首先要注意公文的格式, 原则上原文的体例应当保留, 因为这些格式是一种语体(语域)标识, 自有其形式意义。此外, 要正确把握词义, 尤其要认清一些common words在公文中的特定含义。在措辞上, 还要注意词语的正式程度及专业术语和公文习用语的使用”。针对公路工程行业的特殊性, 在大致了解招投标文件的语言特征的基础上, 结合实际翻译工作中的经验, 笔者认为翻译招投标的相关文件时需要遵守以下几个原则。
2.1 在选词明晰准确的前提下, 有意识模糊, 力争使招投标方取得招投标工程的主动权因为招投标文件要严格规定合同双方的义务、权力、行为准则等明确条款, 其明晰与否将会影响 当事双方的直接利益。此外, 我们知道, 无论何种译文都渗透着翻译者的创造性劳动。虽然招投标文件中的模糊语言现象并不是文体所要求, 可以说是自觉或不自觉而出现的一种语言现象, 然而尽管其有悖于文体要求, 但毕竟是存在的, 更是俯拾皆是。从各自的利益来讲,招标方需要搞清楚的, 也正好是投标方需要模糊的, 反之亦然, 归根结底都是为了己方的利益服务的。
2.2 力戒望文生义, 望文生译, 以此简单类推彼译因为不是每个翻译人员都是既懂专业又通晓英语的复合性人才, 一般来说, 他们对术语的理解很难到位, 甚至还会产生歧义, 引起合同纠纷。因此, 首先要熟悉专业术语, 了解其所代表的真实含义。如对于“明洞”, 若知道其代表的是“明挖隧道”, 要翻译到位还是容易的。其次, 由于我国公路工程行业发展迅猛, 一些常出现的短语就会用缩略语来表示, 即使对于专业和英语兼修的人士来说, 初次碰到这种陌生的缩略语, 他们也会头疼。此时, 别无它法, 只有结合上下文及查阅资料, 挖掘缩略语代表的含义, 来确保英译的传意性。例如, 对于“三通一平”, 如不知道其代表的是“通水、通电、通路及平整场地”(three supplies and one leveling: supply of water, electricity and access road and leveled ground), 想翻译准确很难。又如对于“五纵七横”, 如果不知道其指的是几大纵横贯穿全国的国家主干线公路, 而简单翻译为“five longitudinal roads and seven transverse roads”, 信息就太粗略了, 应译为“12 key national main roads,5 longitudinal and 7 transverse”。再有, 很多翻译常犯这样的错误, 即草率地由此译推彼译。如由设计荷载“design load”、验算荷载“calibration load”认为人群荷载就是“herd load”或“crowd load”, 这与地道的译文“pesdestrian loading”相差甚远。
2.3 合理使用公文惯用词语代替普通词语, 从而提高译文质量 为了使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅,且符合招投标文件的表达习惯, 酌情使用目标体(英语)惯用的一套公文词语, 会使译文更地道和流畅。但是从一些招投标文件的英文译本中发现, 这种公文词语常被普通词语所代替, 从而影响到译文的质量。这就需要译者平时的博闻强记。此外, 对于复合副词, 其实为数并不多, 而且构词简单易记。常用这类副词时一般都是由here, there, where等副词分别加上after, by, in, on, to, under, upon等副词, 构成一体化的形式, 诸如hereafter(从此以后), whereto(对于那个), there under(在其下)。但如何恰当运用这些复合副词, 起到锦上添花, 甚至是画龙点睛的作用, 还有待于翻译工作者在实践中不断揣摩, 逐渐提高。3 结语
总之, 招投标文件的翻译是一项复杂的工作,其好坏直接关系着招投标方的利益。因此, 翻译工作者除了需要具备一定的专业知识和语言能力外,同时还需要有严谨的工作学习态度, 这样才能在实践工作中不断提高。
参考文献
[1] 陈森.公路工程招标与投标管理[M].北京: 人民交通出版社, 1998.[2] 解绍璋, 石国虎, 张竹彬.公路工程国内招标文件范本[M].北京: 人民交通出版社, 2003.[3] 张树柏.谈谈科技论文的翻译[A].翻译理论与技巧论文集[C].北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983.[4] 焦刚.世亚行贷款公路工程项目投标文件的翻译要点[J].山西建筑, 2003, 29(16): 81-82.[5] 严俊仁.科技英语翻译技巧[M].北京: 国防工业出版社, 2000.[6] 华先发.新实用英汉教程[M].武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 1999.[7] 候维瑞.文体研究与翻译[M].上海: 上海外语教
第二篇:汉英翻译
白菜
Chinese cabbage
密码
password 手机
mobile phone
救火
to fight a fire 早恋
puppy love
买一赠一
Buy one,get one free.青春痘
acne
长镜头
zoom lens 方便面
instant noodles
隐形眼镜
contact lens 绿豆
mung bean
卧室
bedroom 试穿
to try sth.on
食言
break a promise 番茄酱
ketchup
酸奶
yoghurt 戴绿帽子
to cuckold sb.黄色书籍
pornography book 高等学校
higher school
农民
farmer 宣传
popularize
物美价廉
economical and good 你红光满面
You look healthy and energetic.他是个气管炎
He is a hen-pecked man.假花
artificial flower
假唱
lip-synch 假钞
counterfeit money
假酒
adulterated wine 假新闻
pseudo-news
恶性循环
vicious circle 恶性肿瘤
malignant tumor
恶性通货膨胀
inflationary spiral
词组翻译
一窝蜜蜂
a swarm of bees
一窝小鸡
a brood of chickens 一窝幼犬
a litter of pups
一群美女
a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群猎狗 a pack of hounds 一群鸭
a team of ducks 一群羚羊
a herd of antelopes 积极支持
unfailing support 积极的财政政策
proactive fiscal policy 积极利用国外资源 make effective use of overseas resource 1.富华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。
You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture.2.他们讲索求,我们讲贡献。
They preach taking from others,whereas we advocate giving to others.3.她追求的是真理,而他追求的是荣华富贵。
What she seeks is truth,and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.4.在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。
Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.5.阿Q将衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,说:“这毛虫”!Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground,spat,and swore,“Hairy worm!”
6.他抓住了小偷的衣服。
He seized the pickpocket by the collar.7.他走进屋里,大衣上尽是雪,鼻子冻得通红。
He entered the room,his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.8.金杯牌充气床垫工艺先进,结构新颖,造型美观,款式繁多,舒适大方,携带方便。
The “Golden Cup”Brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanced technology.With novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns,they are comfortable and convenient to carry.9.匪军所至,杀戮人民,奸淫妇女,焚毁村庄,掠夺财物,无所不用其极。Wherever they went,they massacred and raped,burned and looted,and stopped at nothing.10.他们意气风发。They are in high spirits.11.他们喜形于色。They beamed with joy.12.他们眼明手快。
He is of quick of eye and deft of hand.13.这篇文章浅显易懂。
This article is easy to read and understand.14.我对他敬而远之。I stood aloof from him.15.人群渐渐地安静了下来。The crowd came to silence.16.一座古塔阴森森地矗立在山腰上。
An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.17.但一部小说开掘得深不深,艺术和思想是否有过人之处,的确不在题材大小。But the depth of a novel,or the excellence of its artistry and idea,does not depend on whether it has a grand theme.18.他的粗鲁行为使我很震惊。His rudeness shocked me.19.远近/长短/大小/高矮 distance/length/size/height
20.本公司生产的地毯美丽大方,光彩夺目,富丽堂皇。
The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.21.目标的轻重缓急,孰轻孰重应该仔细研究,认真考虑和反复推敲。Target priorities should be very carefully studied.22.那件令人不快的事件,已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case.23.他想远走高飞,免得心烦。He sought the distraction of distance.24.这只船容易颠覆,因为它造型不合理。
This boat is apt to overturnbecause it is unreasonably shaped.25.厨房又脏又乱。
The kitchen was in a mess.26.他不参加比赛,我感到很失望。
To my disappointment,he did not attend the competition.27.父亲不赞成地看着他。
Father looked at him in disapproval.28.他惊讶地望着我。
He looked at me in amazement.29.他起得很早,且一向如此。
He rose early,as he had always done.30.他与侵略者合作,出卖了自己的国家。
He collaborated with the invaders and betrayed his motherland.31.那个人醉心名利。
That chap is infatuated with fame and fortune.32.在加州发现黄金的消息轰动全国。
News of the discovery of gold in California excited the nation.33.政府支持这个项目。
The government is behind this project.34.1949年中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。1949 witnessed great changes in China.35.5月1日会议开幕了。
May day saw the opening of the meeting.36.我一时记不起他的名字。
His name escaped my memory for the moment.37.选择朋友,越谨慎越好。
One can never be too careful in the choice of one’s friends.38.今年的十月一号是个星期五。
The National Day of this year falls on a Friday.39.那里的工艺品品种齐全,价格公道,质量可靠。
The arts and crafts there are complete in range ,reasonable in price and reliable in quality.40.听到敲门声,我顿时睡意全消。
The knock on the door made me wide awake.41.生活的浮沉使他变得颓废。
The ups and downs of his life made him prop out.42.他又厚着脸皮要钱了吗?
Did he have the cheek to ask for more money?
43.听那个鬼故事时,我简直要吓死了。
I was scared to death when listening to that ghost story.44.他家里有好多张嘴要喂。
He has many mouths to feed in his family.45.这对年轻的夫妇并不相配,一个是西施,一个是张飞。
This young couple is not well matched,one is a Xi Shi--a famous Chinese beauty,while the other is a Zhang Fei--a well-known ill-tempered brute.46.我很瞧不起他,他是个马屁精。
I look down upon him,for he is such an apple polisher.47.由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and lack of tansport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.48.当时,车辆横冲直撞,严重地威胁着城市生活,路上行人无不提心吊胆。The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.49.他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。He has a disgusting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.50.请允许我代表中国体操协会向参加这次邀请赛的朋友们表示热烈的欢迎。Please allow me,on behalf of the Chinese Gymnastics Association,to extend a warm welcome to all our friends who have come for the Tournament.51.全城披上节日盛装。
The whole city is in holiday array.52.小汽车盘旋着,穿过村庄,翻越峡谷,沿着一条因解冻而涨水的小溪行驶。The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley,following a thaw-swollen stream。
53.有些时装设计师为了赶时髦,舍弃了优雅别致的式样,而一味追求袒胸露体的奇装异服。
In line with the latest trends in fashion, a few designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.54.不过我们说到故事后头去了。But we are getting ahead of the story.55.请先走。/请走在前面。After you.56.我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点声音也没有。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.57.我们可借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。
With the help of a special instrument we can observe the electric waves travelling along.58.国家不论大小贫富,都应一律平等。
All nations,large or small,rich or poor,should be equal.59.如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册,不胜感激。
It would be appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon sent to us.60.他过马路时,左顾右盼,害怕撞到过路的车。
While crossing the street,he looked right and left ,for fear that he might run into some passing car.61.我访问了一些地方,遇到了不少人,要谈起来,奇妙的事可多着呢。
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.62.来宾请出示入场券。
Visitors are requested to show their tickets.63.约翰真的爱玛丽,而玛丽也爱约翰。
John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.64.人的思想形成语言,而语言有影响了人的思想。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.65.干得很顺手,上汽车没到三分钟,一个钱包就到手了,鼓鼓囊囊的,看来钱不少。
An easy work.Hardly three minutes on the bus ,and he had laid hands on a purse, bulgy, apparently full of money.66.父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐,她的男朋友是什么样的人,父亲一看就知道。After all,father has much more worldly experience than her.So he will be able to tell, at a glance,what kind of man her boyfriend is.67.但他性情与人不同,不求名利,不交朋友,终日只是忙于自己的本职工作。He is , however, eccentric.He does not seek fame and gain,and does not like to make friends.Every day he is only engaged in his own job.68.一定要言行一致,理论与实践密切结合,反对华而不实和任何虚夸,少说空话,多做工作,扎扎实实,埋头苦干。
Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely intergrated.We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated.69.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out,it blows up everything with it.70.世界上一些国家发生问题,从根本上说,都是因为经济上不去,没有饭吃,没有衣穿,没有房住,工资增长被通货膨胀抵消,生活水平下降,大批人下岗和失业,长期过紧日子。
Basically, the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy.Consequently,the lack food, clothing and shelter, and their wage increases are offset by inflation.With a decline in living standards, widespread layoffs and unemployment, people have to suffer chronic hardships.71.40年来,武汉杂技在继承了传统杂技的基础上,大胆吸收其他姊妹艺术之长,运用多种艺术手段,将布景,灯光,道具,美术融为一体,使杂技表演成为综合性的表演艺术。
For 40 years,based on traditional acrobatic techniques,Wuhan acrobatics has absorbed bravely the strong points of other sister arts and mixed together scenery,lighting,costume and fine art by all kinds of artistic methods so that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance.72.他俩能在地里找口粗茶淡饭,完全是靠丈夫起早贪黑的耕作。
It was only by the busband’s incessant labor that they could draw a meager living from their land.73.听了这话,他笑了,双唇合成一条曲线,露出一副悔恨的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光,脉脉含情。这种感情她不敢认同。
He smileed at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with emotion she was afraid to identify.74.她身材矮小,容貌端庄,鼻子俏丽,头发光亮鉴人。
Although she was both short and slender,she had a dignified and elegant countenance,a fine nose and shinny hair.75.凭窗站了一会儿,微微地觉得凉意侵人。转过身来,忽然眼花缭乱,屋子里的别的东西,都隐在光云里。
Standing at the window for a while, I felt a big chill.As I turned round,my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly.Everything in the room was blurred by a haze of light.76.蜗阳苔干,名优特产,驰名中外,声震古今,翠绿,鲜嫩,清脆,可口,有“天然海蜇”之称;清乾隆年间奉献皇宫,故又名“贡菜”。
Taigan(a kind of dry stemmed vegetable)is a famous special local product of Woyang,Anhui Province.It is well-known all over the world.It can be regarded as “jellyfish on land”.It’s green, tender,crisp and pleasant to taste.It was once an article of tribute in the Qing Dynasty.
第三篇:汉英翻译技巧
汉英翻译技巧
第一节 汉语无主语句的英译处理
一、祈使句对应为祈使句
e.g.小心轻放。
Handle with care.量体裁衣,看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.宁为鸡首,不为牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.二、采用英语的被动结构译出 采用英语被动结构翻译的汉语无主语句一般的情况:一是某些表示事物存在的无主语句;二是有些句子突出宾语部分,在翻译时可以不用补出主语而用原句中的宾语来充当主语。e.g.这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。More apartments will be built here.利用发电机,可以将机械能转变为电能。
The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.在合同中,详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件。
In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.没有爱心,就无法了解人生。
Life cannot be understood without much charity.三、采用倒装语序 e.g.地下埋藏着大量的金银。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver.随着一声吼叫,忽的从树林里窜出一只老虎来。
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.山里住着个老和尚。
In the mountain lived on an old monk.四、采用 THERE BE 结构 例句:没有顺利,无所谓困难;没有困难,也无所谓顺利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no facility.剩下的时间不多了。There is very little time left.萝卜白菜,各有所爱。
There is no accounting for taste.无水则无鱼。
Without water there would be no fish.楼下有人想和你说话。
There is a man downstairs who wants to speak to you.you are wanted downstairs.五、采用 IT 作主语译出
例句:要解决问题,还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作。
In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.与自然作斗争,倍感快乐。It is a great joy to battle against nature.活到老学到老。
It is never too old to learn.子曰:学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?
Confucius said, is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?
六、增添适当的代词或名词充当主语 例句: 知彼知己,百战不殆。
If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without peril.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.六、因文制宜,区别对待
例句:未经审批机关批准,合同中不得规定禁止接受方在合同期满后继续使用技术的条款。
Unless approval has been obtained from the examining and approving organ, a contract shall not include provisions prohibiting the recipient from continuing to use the technology after the expiry of the contract term.由于英语被接受为联合国的官方语言之一,这就使英语在国际外交场合使用得更为广泛了。
The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the U.N.说明白了一切,就再无奥妙可言了。It will leave nothing in obscurity;everything is seen.Exercises: 1.要适可而止,否则就要完蛋。
2.不远处传来了提琴的声音,调子哀enough, or we will die.Enough is 伤。Not far away from the sound of the fiddle, and that'll sorrow.3.在游廊的最左端,靠近一道门,坐着一位将近30岁的男子。
4.他的书桌上放着带有细菌的小碟the left, near a door, sits a nearly 30 years old man.Most of the veranda at 子。His desk is put a little dish of bacteria
All in all, it was two 5.总之,是两点而不是一点。
6.花瓶里没有水了。and not a bit.The vase no water.7.要
很容易看得出来那作家是一位生手,刚从事写作。8.。
Very easy to see the writer is a beginning, just writing
9.不怕一万,就怕万一one thousand.Ten thousand not afraid, afraid of 10.还看不出来他能挑得起这副担子。Also see he can pick up the burden alone.11.去年
12.必须认真做好建厂前的准备工作。The factory must do the preparing work before.Should teach children to 13.应该教导儿童讲实话。
14.必须保证8小时的睡眠。
15.发现了错误,一定要改正。tell the truthhours of sleep.must correct.Must ensure that eight
Find a mistake,第二节、汉语“是”字句的英译处理
一、表示“等同”
例句:他最佩服的就是你。
Of all the people, you are the one he admires most.二、表示“类属” 例句:这台机器是进口的。
The machine was imported from abroad.他是来找你的。He is here to see you.三、表示“事物状态” 例句:要是旧社会,遇上这样大的水灾,早已是哀鸿遍野了。
If a flood of such magnitude had hit the land in the old days, the stricken area would have been a scene of desolation and despair.你现在是身不由己,只能听他的。You have to listen to him whether you like it or not.四、表示“存在” 例句:她满脸是泪,默不作声。She was soundless and her cheeks were bathed in tears.别看他长得胖,其实浑身是病。Despite his stout build, he suffers from all sorts of diseases.五、在两个类似结构中表示“区别”,转换为英语相对的对比结构。例句:他是他,我是我,我们谁也管不着谁。
We have our own wills, he and I, neither is the other’s master.昨天是昨天,今天是今天,情况是不断变化的。
Events are moving very fast;what was true yesterday may not be so today.这个人言行不一,说是说,做是做。This man’s deeds do not match his words;he never practices what he preaches.敌是敌,友是友,必须分清界限。A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.六、表示“让步”,用适当的副词或者让步句型来体现。例句:书是好书,可惜贵了点。It is true that this is a good book, but it’s a bit too expensive.他的本意是好的,只是措辞不当。He meant well, but he didn’t put across his ideas properly.你就是有天大的本事,恐怕也施展不开。
However capable you are, you probably can do nothing in this circumstance.这房子老是老,但离商店近,采购方便。
Indeed, the house is old, but as it is close to the stores, it is convenient for shopping.六、表示“强调”,一般转换为强调句式 例句:是谁教你这样做的? Who told you to do so? 是这位解放军战士救了你。
It was this PLA man who saved you.我写的信是给她的,不是你。
It was to her that I wrote a letter, not to you.七、表示“凡是”,由英语习惯句型决定。
例句:是人都会犯错误。
Every man is liable to error./ No one is free from error.是孩子他都喜欢。He loves all children.正如一句话所说,是亲三分像。As an old saying goes, blood is thicker than water.是重活他都抢着干。Whenever there is a tough job, he is always the first to do it.八、表示“恰当” 例句:屋里的家具放得都不是地方。The furniture in the room is arranged exactly where it should not be.你来得正是时候。
You have come just in the nick of time./ You can’t have come at a better come.她穿的裙子很是漂亮。
The dress looks very beautiful on her.九、表示“选择”或“疑问” 例句:你是看电视还是听音乐? 他不是出国了么?
十、表示“确认”,有强调的意思,一般通过助动词、副词或短语来体现。
例句:她爸爸是不同意她和汤姆来往的。
Her father does disapprove of her having anything to do with TOM.这件事他是不知道。
He certainly doesn’t know this.这孩子是可爱。
The child is lovely indeed.我不是不懂,只是不想说。
It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.十一、表示“特征”,一般直译。例句:马克思主义的基本原理是普遍适用的。
The fundamental tenets of Marxism are universally applicable.本领高强的人,往往是谦虚好学的。Men of capability are often modest and show a desire to learn.作战时他总是身先士卒,故能所向披靡。
He was always at the head of his men in battle, and so his army was invincible.练习题
1、我们是坐船去武汉的。
2、玩弄她的感情是卑鄙的。
3、这个故事好是好,就是长了点。
4、这场火灾是他们不小心而引起的。
5、满屋都是烟,连他衣服上都是烟味。
6、他开办这家工厂完全是白手起7、8、9、10、11、12、家的。
这本书我是有的,可是我一下找不到。
这原来是破旧、窄小的一条旧街。
这人真讨厌,总是死皮赖脸的缠着人家。
既然要搞掉他,罗织罪名还不是易如反掌。
今天开这个会啊,是想听听各方面的意见。
不管怎么样,我是决意要完成这项任务的。
Keys: 1.We went to wuhan by chartered boat.2.It was mean of him to play with her/affections.3.It is a good story all right, but a bit too long.4.The fire resulted from their carelessness.5.Smoke filled the room;even his clothes smelled of smoke.6.He built up his factory literally from nothing.7.I have the book somewhere but I cannot lay my hands on it now.8.This place was originally a narrow, shabby street.9.The man is quite a nuisance;he keeps pestering/bothering others/me shamelessly.10.Now that they have decided to get rid of him, charges can easily be framed.11.Look!We are holding this meeting today to make sure that different opinions are put forward freely.12.I mean to accomplish the task, come what may happen.汉语习语的英译处理
习语是人们在语言发展过程中,经过长期的社会实践提炼出来的短语或者短句,是语言的精华。从广义上讲,汉语习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语等。具体特点表现在:
1、习语本身是修辞手段的集中体现,如谐音等来增加美感,如“嘴上没毛,办事不牢”,“吃得苦,耐得烦;不怕死,霸得蛮”;英语中的“by hook or by crook”, as red as a rose。
2、习语是语言中独立、不规则而固定的因素。如“露出马脚”不能说成“露出猪脚”,“雪中送炭”不能说成“雪中送煤”。基于上述特点,翻译过程中必须注意:
1、尽量保存原文的民族特色和风格,在可能的情况下以直译为主。
2、不能把习语当做普通语句处理,注意修辞美感。
一、汉语习语英译的常用方法
1、英语同义句借用法
A: 借用意义和形象相同或相似的 B: 借用意义相同但形象不同的 例如: A:
随大流,以牙还牙 隔墙有耳 一文不名绞尽脑汁 针锋相对 时时刻刻 千钧一发 浑水摸鱼 swim with the tide a tooth for a tooth walls have ears
without a penny to one’s
name
to rack one’s brain give tit for tat every now and then hung by a thread to fish in troubled water
如坐针毡 a bed of thorns 谋事在人,成事在天
Man proposes, God disposes 星星之火可以燎原
Little chips light great fire.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳 Once bit, twice shy.空中楼阁、君子协定、事实胜于雄辩、有其父必有其子、B:
半斤八两 six of one and half a dozen of the other 无足轻重
of no account 锦囊妙计
ace in the hole/sleeve 非公莫入
no admittance 徒劳无益
hold a candle to the sun 茫然若失
be all adrift 水中捞月
fish in the air 乳臭未干
the smell of the baby 寿终正寝
die in the bed 一丘之貉
birds of a feather(flock together)
2、直译法
蓬头垢面 with disheveled hair and dirty face
求同存异 see common ground while reserving differences 扑朔迷离
complicated and confusing
朴实无华
simple and unadorned 能者多劳
the abler a man, the busier he gets.自力更生 regeneration through one’s own efforts 顺水推舟 push the boat with current 欺软怕硬 bully the weak and fear the strong 半途而废 give up halfway 口蜜腹剑 with honey on one’s lips and murder in one’s heart.有钱能使鬼推磨
If you have money you can even make the devil turn your mill(serve for you).十年树木百年树人
It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear/cultivate people.路遥知马力,日久见人心。
A long road tests a horse’s strength, while a long time proves one’s heart.天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福
Storms gather without warning in nature, while bad luck befalls men overnight.3、意译法
畏首畏尾 over-cautious
不到黄河不死心
Not stop until one reaches one’s goal 独木不成林
One person cannot accomplish much.4、节译法 汉语习语中有些是对偶词组,往往前后两对含义相同
无影无踪 vanish without a trace 长吁短叹 千真万确 一朝一夕 根深蒂固 不屈不挠 自给自足 经久耐用 同心同德 清规戒律 油头粉面 惊心动魄
sigh deeply be quite true overnight deep-rooted unswerving self-sufficient durable with one mind taboos(regulations)high-painted soul-stirring
5、直译加注法
东施效颦 Dongshi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrow in imitation of the famous beauty Xi Shi only to make herself uglier—blindly copying others and making oneself look foolish.二、汉语习语中数词的英译
1、直译法
千金难买一笑
A thousand pieces of gold can hardly purchase a smile.一寸光阴一寸金
An inch of time is an inch of gold.一着不慎满盘皆输
One careless move loses the whole game.百花齐放,百家争鸣
Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend.听君一席话,胜读十年书
One evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten-year study.2、保留部分数字
杀一儆百 punish one as an example to others 三心二意 two-minded 两面三刀 double-faced and tricky 十拿九稳 ninety percent sure
3、省略法(当数字是虚指时)昙花一现 be a flash in the pan 一干二净 neat and tidy;不三不四 dubious;inappropriate 百无聊赖 to be overcome with boredom 白问不厌 to serve patiently and tirelessly 三言两语 a few words 五谷丰登、五光十色、五湖四海、十万火急、才高八斗、千秋万代(throughout the ages)
第四篇:招投标文件
附件四:
招标文件
一、概况
1、标的物名称:
2、交货时间:
3、交货地点:
4、付款方式:
二、投标须知
1、投标保证金
(1)投标保证金金额不少于投标总额的10%(本次保证金为万元),投标保证金只能是现金或电汇到我公司指定账户:。
(2)发生以下情况之一者,投标保证金将予以没收。
① 投标人扰乱招标会议秩序的。
② 投标人在招标过程中有不正当竞争行为出现的。③ 投标人在投标后至确定中标单位期间撤回其标书或单方面的对标书内容进行更改。
④ 投标人中标后不按规定的技术方案、供货范围和价格签定合同。
(3)落标的投标人的保证金将在招标结束后七个工作日予以退还。
(4)中标人的投标保证金,将在签定合同后自动转为履约保证金既质量保证金。
(5)履约保证金包含合同中规定的质量保证金的全部涵义。履约保证金质量保证金是指:签订合同后,为更好的约束中标人按合同规定的事项履行合同,而缴纳的保证金; 质量保证金是指:合同履行期间,为更好的约束产品质量及售后服务,中标人而缴纳的保证金。
① 合同履行期间,中标人所供物资质量、到货及时率、售后服务等,无法达到合同中规定的事项要求时,我方将按照实际损失由履约保证金既质量保证金中扣除,不足部分由中标人补足,甲方有权继续追偿;
② 合同履行期间,根据中标人,合同完成情况,双方签订《合同履行完毕具结书》,甲方根据实际扣款情况,将保证金余额退换给中标人;
③ 在合同履行完毕且质保期结束后,5个工作日内组织签订《合同履行完毕具结书》,10个工作日内返还履约保证金既质量保证金(无利息);
④ 签订长期合同的,在最后一笔合同执行完毕后3个月内开具《合同履行完毕具结书》,10个工作日内返还履约保证金既质量保证金(无利息)。
2、投标文件的递交: 技术标与商务标均为一正四副,分别密封后在规定的投标截止时间之前送至。并在封口加盖公章或签名,封面注明投标方单位、联系人、联系电话等,过期不予受理。
三、投标文件的编制
1、投标方应提供的文件和资料:法人营业执照副本(复印件的必须加盖公司公章),法人身份证复印件或被委托人身份证复印件和法人委托书,公司简介、税务登记证、生产许可证、经营状况、经营范围、质量保证体系认证书、技术状况、各种资信证明及业绩表(含用户反馈意见);企业近三年的主要业绩(合同复印件并加盖公章)。
2、投标报价:按报价表格式分别报出单价、总价;投标人报价应含货款、包装费、运杂费、保险费等(报价统一按含税到厂一票结算价格,并注明税率),投标方应按报价清单的规定格式及计量单位分项填写每项内容的报价,投标报价如有涂改,必须在涂改处加盖公章或签字,否则视为此项报价无效。
3、制造工艺及主要设备(加工和检测设备),试验及检测方法。
4、主要材料及外购件规格型号、供应商,材料要有合格证,检测报告。
5、优惠条件及服务承诺。
四、招标议程安排(见附件)
五、评标原则
1、由评审小组成员按公平、公正的原则对标书进行认真审核,根据投标人对标的物的价格、质量、交期、服务等进行综合分析、比较,择优选择中标单位。
2、投标人没有按照投标文件要求制定投标书或不按照要求对投标文件进行澄清、说明和补正的,评标小组可以按废标处理。
3、投标文件中大写金额和小写金额不一致的以大写金额为准;总价金额与单价金额不一致的,以单价金额为准。
六、中标方确定后,招标单位签发中标通知书,通知以传真或邮件的形式发放,招标单位将在3个工作日内与中标单位签定合同,对未中标单位不作任何解释,标书不退回。中标通知书对中标人具有法律约束力,中标通知书发出后,中标人放弃中标的,或合同签定后由于供方不能按时交货或产品质量不合格所造成的一切损失由中标方承担。
七、本招标文件与技术文件及中标单位的投标书,作为合同的一部分,同具法律效力,自开标之日起至合同期满之日止有效。
八、如本次标书全部为废标时,由招标小组另行研究处理办法。九.本次招标活动的解释权归XXXXXXX公司所有。附:招标议程安排。
XXXXXXXXXX公司 年 月 日
第五篇:汉英翻译视角转换
《汉英翻译》补充材料
补充材料:英汉、汉英翻译技巧:视角转换(Shift of Perspective)E-C.1.The University of San Francisco is located near the Golden Gate Park.(语态的转换)
2.Her parents are both in their seventies.(表达方式的转换)
3.If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.(条件状语转换成结果状语)
4.You can mass-produce … incredible quantities of facts and figures.You cannot mass-produce knowledge, which is created by individual minds, drawing on individual experience, separating the significant from the irrelevant.(定语从句转换成原因状语从句)
5.“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch.(介词转换成动词)
6.Highway and air traffic came to a standstill in most of Eastern Washington.(名词转换成动词)
7.I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.(词序调整)
8.Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.(词序调整)
9.It is a good workman that never blunders.(反说正译)10.Keep off the lawn!11.That fellow is far from being honest.12.Obviously enough, she thinks otherwise.(正说反译)I was like that ship before education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbor was.1
《汉英翻译》补充材料
汉译:我在开始受教育之前,就像这样一条船,只是没有罗盘,没有测深绳,也无法知道离海港有多远。
C-E: 视角转换,在汉英翻译中主要表现有两种类型: 1. 从与汉语不同的角度传达同样的信息
(1)生活中常用的“看”、“听”、“说”的翻译。看钟/表
我能看出他的心事。
这东西还看得过去的话,你就买吧。
从他的话音里,我能听出点东西来。
他姓什么,我一时说不上来。说来话长。
这可真说不过去。还是把事情说开了好。
(2)在成语的翻译中,不同视角的转换体现在形象的替代上。牛饮
瓮中之鳖 胆小如鼠 自言自语 开夜车 东张西望 天长地久 鱼米之乡 意在言外
(3)有些情况下进行虚实互换。他们闹着要吃小马的喜酒
精神食粮
假眼(转虚为实)
Fake adj(only before noun): made to look like a real material or object in order to deceive people Fake fur A fake ID card A fake 20-dollar bill A fake name Speak with a fake German accent A fake smile of friendliness
她往日得了病,茶水也不咽一口。(转实为虚)
(4)习惯说法不一样
《汉英翻译》补充材料
收音耳机
你怎么戴这么深度的眼镜?
“要搞特殊化?没门!”
2. 与汉语相反的角度传达同样的信息 “安全门” 唯你是问 自学 肤浅 九五折 油漆未干 听电话 红眼 座钟
墙上一个洞
我心里一个沉重的担子放下来了。
哪儿脚痛穿鞋人最清楚。
No one knows where the shoe pinches like the wearer.留级 倒立 蛙泳 双杠 活字典 内部刊物 应用题 走读生 非处方药 门诊病人 餐具 保暖杯 汗衫 秒表 家谱
隐形眼镜 候机室 美人计
手扶拖拉机 画蛇添足
姐妹篇
成绩报告单
《汉英翻译》补充材料
不二价 传销
一次性筷子 一次性杯子 一次性包装 练习:
The following are wrong translations because of different focus in English and Chinese.1 他的身体看起来很健康 His body looks very healthy.2 那个铺子的东西价格便宜。
The price of goods in that shop is cheap.3 这栋楼质量不好。
The quality of this building is poor.4 这辆卡车速度很快。
The speed of this truck is quick.5 他们的工作取得了很大成绩。
Their work has achieved great achievement.6 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
Our cause has walked from victory to victory.汉英短语的翻译: 富足社会 a world of plenty/affluence 注意:“社会”不宜译成“society” 2 己所不欲,勿施于人
Don’t do unto others what you don’t want others to do unto you.3 你看花眼了
Be seeing things: to imagine things that is not really there.e.g.There is no one there—you must be seeing things.4 乡土观念 sense of place ??? 5 为副尚任 vice but virtuous 6 寻根文学 search-for-roots literature 7 举双手赞成 hands up for… 8 神来之笔 a stroke of brilliance 9 天下着大雨 The day was pouring down.注意:It was raining cats and dogs.已经变成了cliché, 不宜使用。10 吓傻了be frightened out of one’s wits.11 坐月子 within one’s month/in confinement e.g.the pros and cons of home versus hospital confinement 父母之命,媒妁之言:出处《孟子 滕文公下》 celestial marriage 13 社会车辆 non-public vehicles 14 家政 housewifery 15 公开讲座extension course/lecture 16 挂靠公司 front company
《汉英翻译》补充材料贵族学校 exclusive school 18 将计就计 deceive the deceiver 19 接待室,招待室 hospitality suite 20 就事论事的态度 dislinkage attitude 21 买路钱 street tax 22 视觉污染 visual disgrace 23 相亲 blind date 24 异性按摩 fashion massage 25 择优录取 contest mobility 26 老幼病残弱专座 priority seating Seating 为不可数名词 统称座位 27 征婚专栏 lonely hearts column