第一篇：新编汉英翻译教程笔记
（新编汉英翻译教程陈宏薇）
第4章 句子的英译
在汉英翻译实践中，我们明确了关键词语的选择后，就要考虑句子的构建了。
如前文所述，句子是较为理想的汉英翻译单位。从“汉英句法对比”中我们得知，由于思维方式的差异，汉语和英语的句子概念不同，句子类型的划分不同，句子组合的机制也不同。
汉语为语义型语言，着力考究“字”与语义及其相关关系，注重内容的意会性。因此，汉语的句法特征是：主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况时常可见；谓语的成分非常复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、数、时态的变化；句与句之间多无明示逻辑关系的连接词。所以汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定法可依。
英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式的严谨。Partridge(1954:9)认为“英语句子十句有九句是按主谓宾配列的”。刘宓庆先生也认为，任何英语语句都可以完形为主谓统携全句的基本态势。因此，英语句法的特征是：主语突出、易于识别，且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化；句与句之间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相连。所以英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。
在汉英翻译中，要牢记以上汉英语言之间的差异，记住英语是主语显著语言(subject-prominent language)，英语句子构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上。因此，选择确定主谓语，是成功构句，保证译文与原文功能相似、语义相符的关键。
4.1主语的确定
在汉译英的实践中，对主语的确定可采取三种处理方法：（1）以原句主语作译文主语；（2）重新确定主语；（3）增补主语。
4.1.1以原句主语作译文主语
英语句中的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词或名词性的词语。当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以原句主语作为英译文的主语：如：
（1）我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。
Our house was built over a hundred years ago.（2）我是北京人。
I come from Beijing.（3）如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。
Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.（4）假日里，青年人双双对对漫步在公园里。
The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.（5）然而悲惨的皱纹，却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。
Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.（《鲁迅全集》第二卷，杨宪益、戴乃迭等）（6）如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。
If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are “fundamental parts” of writings.（朱伯石《写作与语言》，李定坤译）例6中，原文的主语“句子”不带数的标记，英译时，其对应词sentence为可数名词，译者从语境和英语语法规则考虑，选取了复数形式sentences，而不是单数的a sentence或the sentence，作为该句的主语。
（7）邮差先生走到街上来，手里拿着一大把信。在这小城里他兼任邮务员、售票员，但仍旧有许多剩余时间，每天戴上老花镜，埋头在公案上剪裁花样。
Mr.Postman would walk up the street with a bundle of letters in his hand.Working in a small town as postman and stamp seller, he still had lots of spare time.Every day he would sit bending over his desk scissor-cutting flower patterns, wearing a pair of glasses for farsighted old people.（师陀《邮差先生》，张培基译）
《邮差先生》描写了一个善良、敬业的乡村老邮递员，语言浅白平实。原文含两个句子。前一句为开篇句，以“邮差先生”作主语，直点文章主人公；后一句没有重复“邮差先生”，而以代词“他”指代。译文保留原文主语，对应译为Mr.Postman和he。此外，译者将第二句分成两句，均以he作主语。译文信息准确，逻辑清晰，行文简洁明了。
（8）中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。（邓小平）
China can be counted on.Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.原文为一个复句，译者根据英文行文的需要，将其拆译作两句：前一句中保留了原主语China（中国）；第二句含两个并列分句，从形式上看，原文对应部分没有（也无此必要）明示主语，译者根据语义分析，添补了代词it（指代China）作主语，译文连贯、符合逻辑。
（9）人有失错，马有漏蹄。
As a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes.译文虽照搬了原主语，但句子结构有变化：语序倒换了。原文意合，译文形合。（10）欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛，从街道上汹涌而过。
The jubilant crowd surged through the streets like the sea waves.值得提醒的是，由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯存在巨大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对应地转换到英语中。直接将汉语原文主语作为英语译文主语的做法最简洁方便，但它运用的场合是有限的。初学者常犯的毛病是不假思索，照搬原文主语，下笔便译，结果译文虽然在形式上可能与原文相似，意义却相去甚远，行文也生硬，不符合英语的表达习惯。在翻译实践中，我们应根据英美人的思维方式、语言习惯、语境和行文需要，对主语的确定加以慎重考虑。如果保留原主语的做法不妥，我们就要另觅他法了。
4.1.2重新确定主语
在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文逻辑通顺、行文流畅、语言自然地道，行使与原文相似的功能。用来替换原主语的，可以是句中其他成分，也可以是句外的词语。如：
（11）他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色。
He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of red sandalwood.（吴强《红日》，A.C.Barnes译）
该例原文充分体现了汉语注重内容的意会性，以意驭形的特点。从形式上看，名词“身材”是句中主语，但从随后三个部分的内容来看，“生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色”的应该是“他”而不是“身材”。译者根据英语语言逻辑严密的特点，将原为定语的“他（的）”改作主语He，随后表语中三个with + a(+ adj.)+ noun的结构排列，内容连贯，形式衔接匀称，读来朗朗上口。（12）①鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，②他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，③这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。
Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness;this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.原文由意义上相互联系，结构上却相对独立的三个小句组成复句。主语分别是名词“骨头”、代词“他”和“这”。译者将①②合为一个分句，改原来作定语的“鲁迅”为主语，同时舍弃了“骨头是最硬的”这个在汉语中比喻人的品格“刚正不阿”的形象，以a man of unyielding integrity这一意译的方式取而代之；“性格”（this quality）一词原在句③充当谓语的述宾结构中作宾语，现改作主语，译文曲尽原意，语言自然。如若照搬原文主语，结果会怎样？试比较以下译文：
Lu Hsun's bones were the hardest;he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness;this is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.死译硬译，典型的中式英语。
（13）幸亏这些青年妇女，白洋淀长大的，她们摇得小船飞快。小船活像开了水皮的一条打跳的梭鱼。It was lucky that all these young wives had grown up by the river: their boat went like the wind.It shot forward like some flying fish, hardly skimming the water.（孙犁《白洋淀》，戴乃迭译）
将their boat替换“她们”作主语，是便于与后一句的It（指“小船”）照应。（14）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
a.The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.b.At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.有比较就有鉴别。将The turn(of the century)替换原主语“中国”的译文a，比照搬原主语的译文b地道，有韵味。
（15）一九**年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。a.China's first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.b.In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly.此例中，以原来作谓语的“爆炸”(blast)取代原主语“中国”(China)的译文a，亦胜过照搬原主语的译文b。
（16）胎又瘪了。
We've got another flat tire.该例汉语原文和英译文，都是各自语言中的习惯表达方式。两种表达方式的区别，典型地反映了汉英思维方式和语言叙述角度的差异。译文中连主语带谓语（We've got）都是译者增添的。若照原文亦步亦趋，译作The tire turns flat again.语法倒是不错，英美人乍一听，可能会楞上一阵。
（17）树缝里也漏着一两点路灯光，没精打采的，是渴睡人的眼。Here and there a few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eyes of one who is dozing.（朱自清《荷塘月色》，王椒升译）
（18）人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。a.It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.（刘鹗《老残游记》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
b.We can't judge people from their appearance, just as we can't measure the ocean by pints.两个译文均新觅主语，替换了“人”和“海水”。
4.1.3增补主语 本节开头提到，汉语中，主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常可见。译成英语，则必须依照英语的规则，将主语增补起来。增补主语的原则，一是要推敲语境，二是要考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。
（19）到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得更为有趣。When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.（刘鹗《老残游记》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
原文主语被隐去。从上下文可知，这“到了济南府，进得城来”的是故事主人公老残，所以增添he作从句的主语；主句用There be...句型，加上随后的定语从句(which delighted him)中的him与前面的he照应，译文语法严整。原文意合，译文补出连词When和关系代词which，化意合为形合。
（20）沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。Silence, silence!Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!（鲁迅《纪念刘和珍君》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
添补包括作者和读者在内的we作主语，成功地传达了鲁迅对反动派屠杀进步人士的愤慨，对国家及民众前途和命运的担忧，还有他激励人民奋起反抗的呐喊。主语的增补使译文再现了原文的信息功能和表情功能。
（21）起大风了。It's blowing hard.汉语中表自然现象的句子多为无主语句，如“下雨了”、“下雪了”、“打雷了”等。汉译英时，要依照英语的习惯，增添It作主语：“It's raining”、“It's snowing”、“It's thundering”。
（22）用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想指导自己的劳动。
You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.（陈毅《赠郭沫若同志》）
（23）不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。不要摆官架子。钻进去，几个月，一年两年，三年五年，总可以学会的。
We must not pretend to know when we do not know.We must not put on bureaucratic airs.If we dig into a subject for several months, for a year or two, for three or five years, we shall eventually master it.（毛泽东《论人民民主专政》，北京外文出版社1961年版译文）
（24）出了院门，四顾一望，并无二色，远远的是青松翠竹，自己却似装在玻璃盆内一般。于是走至山坡之下，顺着山脚刚转过去，已闻得一股含香扑鼻，回头一看，却是妙玉那边栊翠庵中有十数株红梅，如胭脂一般，映着雪色，分外显得精神，好不有趣。
Once outside his own gate he gazed round.All was white except for some green pines and emerald bamboos in the distance, so that he had the sensation of being in a crystal bowl.As he rounded the foot of the slope he smelt a cold fragrance and, looking over his shoulder, saw a dozen or so crimson plum trees in Green Lattice Nunnery where Miaoyu lived, their blossom, red as rouge, reflected in the snow and remarkably vivid against it.（曹雪芹《红楼梦》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
原文写宝玉踏雪前往芦雪庭赴姐妹们诗会之约一路所见。该例由典型的流水句组成。文章从宝玉的角度，描述了他眼中看到的大观园一夜瑞雪后，银装素裹，青松翠竹，红梅吐蕊的美景。例中各部分的主语几乎全部隐去。译文遵循英语语法要求，将主语话隐为显，根据语境分别增添了he、All、he、he、he担任三个主句和两个状语从句的主语。
4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致问题
汉语句子中谓语成分五花八门，非常复杂，而英语句子中的谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词短语承担。汉译英时，有时可以选择与原文对应的谓语，但多数情况下，我们往往既不能照搬原文主语，也不能照搬原文谓语，而须作调整，或新觅谓语。
谓语的确定与主语的选择密切相关。从思维步骤来看，主、谓语的确定互为因果。译者根据语义传达和行文构句的需要，在确定译文主语的时候，也在考虑谓语动词的选择，或者反过来，译者可能先想好了谓语动词，再来选择主语。两种确定的顺序，孰先孰后很难分清。
谓语的选择和确定，须兼顾表意和构句的二重需要，即考虑英语语法规范、搭配习惯和逻辑关系等问题。所谓“表意的需要”，指选择谓语时，除考虑该词语本身能否准确传达原文意义外，还要关照其与主语的语义关联，亦即逻辑的关联，以及主谓词语的搭配。
此外，谓语动词和宾语的搭配，连系动词和表语的搭配，以及这两种搭配产生的修辞效果，也都影响和制约谓语的选择。而“构句的需要”，则指谓语的确定必须符合英语句法的需要，必须遵循主谓一致的原则，符合英语语法规范。实际翻译中，“表意”与“构句”问题无法截然分开，但为了方便起见，我们将它们分列在两小节讲述。
4.2.1谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要 1.考虑谓语表意的需要时，首先要看它能否准确传达原意，表意是否贴切。比较以下译文：（1）中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。
a.The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.b.The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.两个译文以不同的动词短语作谓语。译文a中has refrained from意为“克制自己不去干预”，而译文b中has never intervened in意为“中央政府从不去干预也不想干预香港特别行政区的事务”。从表意的妥帖与准确性来看，我们应该选后者而不是前者。
（2）中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。
a.The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy.b.The economy of China will converge with that of the world.译文a与b各选择merge into和converge with译“融入”一词，充当谓语。前者含“消没在„„之中”之意，而后者含“与„„融合在一起”之意。此处，译文b谓语的选择是恰当的。
（3）这事到了现在，还是时时记起。
a.Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.b.Even now, I still often think about this.就原文“还是时时记起”而言，译文a“remains fresh in my memory”比译文b“still often think about”更贴近原文，表达也更加自然地道。
2.考虑谓语表意的需要时，还必须关照其与主语的语义关联以及主谓词语的搭配。请看下列例句：
（4）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
a.The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.b.At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.该例句曾在“主语的确定”部分讲解过。两个译文的主、谓语各不相同，句式结构也迥异。译文a以The turn(of the century)为主语，选择了finds（原句中不存在）作谓语与之搭配，生成了一个表意准确而又合乎英语习惯的句子。这是因为，译者熟悉动词find的用法之一：a time or event finds sb.or sth.in a particular situation or doing a particular thing(Collins COBUILD English Dictionary)，安排在此，正好能传达汉语原文的意义。而译文b亦步亦趋地紧随汉语原文，以China为主语，再按照语法要求，选择了连系动词is（原文中亦无对应表达）加表语very active作谓语。译文b虽然也表意忠实且合乎英语语法，但不及译文a自然地道。
（5）（听说你明天开张，）也许用的着，特意给你送来了。
a.(I hear that you're opening tomorrow.)You may have some use for these things, so I took them along.b.(I hear that you're opening tomorrow.)Thought these might come in handy, so I brought them along.（6）现在，连我们也欠饷啊！
a.Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears.b.Nowadays even we aren't always paid on time.例5和例6情况类似。两译文谓语不同，是由于主语选择有别，表意方面没有大的差异，也都合乎语法规则，但译文b似乎更地道简洁，更贴近原文口语体的色彩。
（7）在同新闻界谈话的时候，上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词。
a.When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative degree.b.You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press.译文a紧随原文句子结构，主、谓语的选择与原文完全对应。译文b则不同，其中can hear替代了原谓语“使用”，是因为句中的主语不再是“上海人”，而是泛指人称代词You。两个译文都与原文意义相符，且符合语法规范。不同的是，译文a仅仅陈述事实，语气比较客观；而译文b从旅游观光者的角度表述，带有一定的感情色彩。
（8）（现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化，）他们的言语和行动都充满了信心和自豪。
a.Their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride.b.They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.译文a和b谓语迥异，也是因为两者主语选择不同。从语法角度看，两个译文都不错。从表意的效果看，译文b理想可取，而译文a则不然。紧跟原文结构的译文a，以无生命的Their words and actions（他们的言语和行动）为主语，与谓语are filled with confidence and pride组成句子时，不合英语的逻辑习惯，语义搭配不当，因而不可取。初学者受汉语母语思维习惯的影响，容易犯这类忽略表达逻辑性与语义合理性的毛病。
3.考虑谓语的表意需要时，也须考虑其与宾语的搭配，包括连系动词与表语的搭配，以及该搭配的修辞效果。请看以下例句：
（9）我又闲了一个多月啦！
a.I've been idle for another month now.b.Another month now and I've had no work.该例原文中，处于述位的“闲”一词意义关键。译文a选择形容词idle译之，采用“系表结构”作谓语。译文b以to have no work译之，采用“谓语动词+宾语”的句式。从意义的传达来看，两个译文都不错。但就文体色彩而言，译文a偏向中性书面语体，而译文b属非正式口语体，效果与原文更接近。
（10）（颐和园）1900年遭八国联军破坏，（至1903年才得以修复）。
a.The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.b.The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.该例句两个译文以不同的谓语动词表达了相同的意义。译文a用短语be reduced to...，选择了被动语态的形式。译文b用动词suffer，与宾语ravage搭配，采取了主动语态的形式。该例句说明，有时我们对谓语的处理可以有多种选择。
（11）她们（指“时装模特”）逐渐地镇定下来，有了自信。a.They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence, and...b.Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.两个译文都采用了“谓语动词+宾语”的句式结构。两者运用同一名词self-confidence作宾语，但选用的谓语动词有别。译文a选词不妥，因为restore一词意为give back, bring back into use(LDCE)，与宾语self-confidence搭配不当。而译文b中的谓语regain一词，根据同一词典，意为get or win back，与该宾语搭配恰当，在此是一个合适的选择。
（12）封建社会代替奴隶社会，资本主义代替封建主义，社会主义经历一个过程发展后必然代替资本主义。
Feudal society replaced slave society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.（《邓小平选集》第三卷）
原文含三个小句。充当谓语的动词“代替”三次重复，句式工整而对称。译文也由三个简单句组成，都采用动宾结构。译者选择了三个近义词replace、supplant和supersede分别充当三个简单句的谓语，避免了单调重复，使译文衔接紧凑，富于变化，产生了良好的修辞效果。
（13）（一个世纪以来，中国人民在前进道路上经历了三次历史性的巨大变化„„）第一次是辛亥革命，„„第二次是中华人民共和国的成立，„„第三次是改革开放„„
The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911...The second change was marked by the founding of the People's Republic of China...The third change was featured by the reform, opening up...（江泽民所作十五大报告）
原文也含三个小句，均为“是„„”字句。译者没有机械照搬原文形式，重复运用连系动词was+表语的形式，而将三个对应部分分别译作was represented by，was marked by和was featured by。它们与介词后的宾语搭配和谐，符合英语习惯，且表意妥帖，表达连贯，表现力丰富。
4.2.2谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
选择谓语时考虑构句的需要，指译文必须遵守英语语法规范，遵循“主谓一致”的原则，保证谓语和主语的人称和数一致，谓语动词时态、语态正确，句式连贯顺畅，表达地道自然。由于汉语的句法特征为意合，其结构比较松散，谓语不受主语支配，且无时态、性、数变化，初学者受汉语母语的干扰，特别容易在这个上出错。有鉴于此，强化语法意识，增强英语句法概念，显得至关重要。
（14）一年年，燕子来了去了 一年年，阶前草绿了黄了
Year after year the swallows come and go;Year after year the grass before the terrace grows green, yellows.（陈敬容《只要是广阔的世界》，庞秉钧）汉语原文中做主语的“燕子”和“（阶前）草”不带性、数的标记，处于述语位置的“来了去了”和“绿了黄了”也不受时态和性、数的限制。英译文中两个主语，一个 the swallows为复数，另一个the grass不可数（uncountable），用作单数。随后的谓语分别为come and go，和第三人称单数加“s”的grows(green), yellows，与各自的主语一致，符合英语习惯。
（15）九斤老太早已做过八十大寿，仍然不平而且康健。六斤的双丫角，已经成为一支大辫子了。
Old Mrs.Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time ago and is as full of complaints, as hale and hearty as ever.Sixpounder's twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.（鲁迅《**》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
汉语动词无时态变化，时态概念通过词汇手段来表达。如句中“早已”、“仍然”、“已经”等副词分别表达“过去”、“现在”和“现在已经完成”等概念。英译文中，谓语动词相应采用过去时celebrated、现在时is和现在完成体have changed，符合英语语法要求。
（16）他给我的印象是，态度非常呆板僵硬，仿佛肚子里吞下了一根拨火棒似的。
He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.（17）河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是村女种的吧。
The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls.（鲁迅《野草•好的故事》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
汉语中表示“推测”的概念通过词汇手段实现，如例16中“仿佛„„似的”和例17中“该是„„的吧”。英文中，相应的概念均以谓语动词虚拟语气(as though he)had swallowed和must have been planted的形式来表现。
（18）农业搞好了，农民能自给，五亿人口就稳定了。
a.If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel secure.b.If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants are self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel secure.两种译文句式完全相同：原文第一、二小句并列在条件状语从句中，第三小句译作了主句。英语中有一个表达习惯，结构排比的语言单位中，一般都省略其词语相同的部分。译文a基于此，将peasants后的连系动词略去。这样处理就有了问题：第一部分If agriculture is in...中，主语agriculture为第三人称单数，其后的连系动词为is。根据英语用法，peasants后省略的也应该是连系动词is，可这里作主语的peasants为复数，所以省略is的译文a违背了主谓一致的原则，不符合英语规范。译文b在peasants后增加与其数一致的连系动词are，避免了错误。
（19）思想„„ 是炉火，炉火是墙上的树影，是冬夜的声音。Thoughts...Are the fire in a stove, The fire in a stove is the tree's shadow on the wall.And the sound in the winter night.（冯文炳《十二月十九夜》，李定坤译）
该例与例18情况类似。译文遵照英文主谓一致的原则，第一行复数主语Thoughts后跟连系动词Are。第三行结构与第一、二行完全相同，但由于主语The fire(in a stove)是不可数单数名词，后面的连系动词改为is。第四行与第三行并列且共主语，结构也完全相同，主语The fire in a stove（汉语原文中已省去）连同其后的系动词is一同省略。
（20）关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。
a.Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.b.The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.两个译文选词相同，而且都运用了短语pay attention to，但在主语的选择和语序的安排上有区别。根据英语语法规范，选择attention做主语的译文a采用了被动语态，而选择The municipal government做主语的译文b采用了主动语态。由于英语是主语显著语言，做主语的词语往往代表句中最重要的信息，因此，相比之下，译文b语气较平淡，译文a语气较强，所以它更贴近原文。值得注意的是，有些学生将pay attention to短语用于被动语态时，常常会错误地构句为：The housing conditions of the urban inhabitants has been paid full attention to by the municipal government.此类错误应该避免。
（21）液体的形状总是随着容器的变化而变化，因为液体没有自己的固定形状。换言之，无论你把它放在什么样的容器中，它的形状总是和容器内壁的形状完全一样。
Since a liquid has no definition shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container.In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.译文和原文一样含两个主从复合句。遵照英语句法对主谓一致和动词时态、语态的要求，谓语分别译为第三人称单数一般现在时的has和varies、一般现在时被动语态的is poured和将来时态的will take。另外值得一提的是，原文的主句和从句中，主语分别为“形状”、“液体”、“你”和“形状”。译者没有死抠原文，译文中统统以a liquid、the liquid及其代词it作主语。结果，译文逻辑清晰明了，语篇衔接连贯，句子自然顺畅，效果良好。
4.3语序的调整
语序指句子成分的排列次序，它是词语和句子成分之间关系的体现，反映语言使用者的逻辑思维和心理结构模式（陈宏薇，1998）。中国人和以英语为母语的民族思维模式有共性也有个性，表现在语序上，汉语和英语的表达模式有同也有异。
相同之处表现在两者都以“主语+谓语+宾语”（SVO）或“施事+行为+受事”为基本语序。如汉语中老子的名句：“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物”，英语中Francis Bacon的“Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.”都是这种基本语序的典型。
相异之处则表现在语言句内和句间语序的灵活性以及定、状语等次要成分位置的差异。由于差异存在，汉译英时常常需要调整语序。下面，我们根据不同类型的语序差异来讨论语序的调整。
4.3.1句内的语序调整
一、句内主要成分位置的调整
就句子内SVO的语序，如施事、行为、受事的位置而言，汉语语序的排列显得比英语更灵活（杨自俭，2000:64）。换言之，施事、行为、受事的位置在汉语中比较自由，在英语中则通常比较固定。汉译英时，需要根据英语习惯进行调整。
（1）中国的批评界怎样的趋势，我却不大了然，也不很注意。
I am not too clear, not too interested, either, regarding current trends in China's literary criticism.原文受事在前，施事、行为在后。译文按照英语语序习惯，将施事，即主语“I”，和表语am not too clear, not too interested的位置提到了前面。
（2）沙发上坐着一个人。A man was sitting on a couch.（3）马可•波罗的中国之行，给他留下最深刻印象的是杭州西湖之秀美。
The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou was what impressed Marco Polo most during his trip to China.例2中“一个人”为施事，“坐着”为行为；例3中“杭州西湖之秀美”为施事，“给他留下”为行为。两者皆行为在前，施事在后。译文中都调整为施事在前，行为在后的顺序。
（4）早晨的公园里，遛鸟者时常可见。
a.Early in the parks we often see people walk with caged birds in hand.b.Taking a walk in parks with caged birds in hand is a common scene in the early morning.原文省略施事，处在主语位置的“遛鸟者”实际上是受事，“时常可见”是行为。也就是说，原文受事在前，行为在后。两个译文都作了语序调整：译文a增添了人称代词We作主语，按照英文习惯，句子以“施事+行为+受事”的语序排列；译文b的调整更大，有生命的受事“遛鸟者”转化为无生命的现象Taking a walk...with caged birds in hand充当译文的主语，行为动词“（时常可）见”被转化为名词a common scene跟随连系动词is之后，句子以“主语+连系动词+表语”的语序排列。就效果而言，译文b的表达更地道，英语的韵味更足。
（5）生日是自己长大以后听家里人说的，„„
I was told about my birthday by my foster-parents when I grew up.（侯宝林《我可能是天津人》，刘士聪译）
原文中，受事“生日”在前，施事“自己”和行为“听„„说的”在后。译文根据英语表达习惯作了调整，语序排列为“主语（I）+谓语（was told about）（被动语态）+介词宾语（my birthday）+状语从句（when I grew up）”。
二、状语位置的调整
汉语状语的位置一般在主语和谓语之间，呈“主语→状语→谓语→宾语”模式，有时为了强调，也放在主语之前；英语状语一般出现在宾语后的句尾，呈“主语→谓语→宾语→状语”模式，但也常常也出现在句首、句中或句尾。前面提到，施事、行为、受事的位置在汉语中比较灵活，在英语中比较固定。可作为次要成分的状语的位置，情况正好相反。它在汉语中的位置比较固定，在英语中的位置则比较灵活。有鉴于此，语序的调整也不可避免。
（5）我们明天上午九时动身。
We are going to start at nine tomorrow morning.（6）这本书是三天前买的。
The book was bought three days ago.（7）他每晚都要看电视。
He watches TV every morning.（8）武当山终年云雾缭绕。
Seas of clouds enshroud the peaks of Mt.Wudang throughout the year.以上四例，状语的位置由原来主、谓之间移到了宾语后的句尾。（10）在机器中很多能量是由于部件之间的摩擦而损失的。
In a machine a great deal of energy is lost because of the friction between its parts.原文含两个状语，一个在句首，一个在句中。译成英文后，一个仍在句首，另一个，根据英语习惯，被移到了句尾。
（11）他们很细心地观察化学变化。
a.They observed the chemical reaction with great care.b.They observed with great care the chemical reaction.原文的状语放在主谓之间，译成英语时可以置于句尾（如译文a），也可以置于谓语和宾语之间（如译文b）。
（12）他们肩并肩地以疯狂速度向那座石塔奔去。
a.They ran side by side at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.b.Side by side and at a fantastic speed they ran towards the stone pagoda.c.Side by side they ran at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.同一个汉语句子，可用三个语序不同的英文句子来表达，这是因为英语状语的位置更灵活。三个译文仅在状态的侧重点上有些差别。三、一系列表示时间、地点、方式状语位置的调整
表示时间、地点、方式的状语同时使用时，在汉语中通常排列为“时间→地点→方式→动词”的顺序，而在英语中则通常排列为“动词→方式→地点→时间”的顺序。
（13）大会将于①今年九月②在北京③隆重开幕。
The meeting will begin ③ceremoniously ②in Beijing ①the following September.（14）他①每晚②都在图书馆③用心读书。He reads ③hard ②in the library ①every evening.两例原文状语的顺序都是“时间→地点→方式”，译文遵照英语习惯，都颠倒为“方式→地点→时间”。
使用一系列表示时间或地点的状语时，汉语中的顺序通常是由大到小、由远到近，而英语则大体与汉语相反。
（15）他①一九三五年②八月③二十二日④早晨⑤六点三十分诞生在(1)湖南的(2)一个小县城。
He was born(2)in a small town(1)of Hunan Province ⑤at six thirty ④on the morning of ②August ③22, ①1935.（16）设在位于①纽约市②中心③一座摩天大楼④第四十层楼里的⑤那间办公室，就是他工作的小天地。
⑤The office ④on the fortieth floor ③of a skyscraper ②in the center ①of New York is the world he works in.四、定语位置的调整
汉语的定语总是放在中心词前面。英语定语的位置较汉语灵活。单词作定语时，除少数情况外一般放在中心词之前。较长的定语，如词组或介词短语作定语，则一般放在中心词之后。
（17）浩瀚的大海 the vast sea（18）古老的中原文化
The time-honoured Central Plain culture（19）举世闻名的万里长城 the world-famous Great Wall 原文定语前置，译文也一样。
（20）一九四九年解放以前，中国人民曾经遭受①世界罕见的②恶性通货膨胀的灾祸。Before liberation in 1949 the Chinese people suffered from ②some of the worst inflation ①the world had ever known.原文两个定语都放在中心词“灾祸”之前。译文省略了作宾语的“灾祸”一词，由inflation（通货膨胀）取而代之。两个定语调整为一前一后的位置。
（21）正月十五元宵夜，街上挂着①各式各样②精巧的灯笼。
On the evening of the Lantern Festival, the 15th of the first lunar month, ②exquisite lanterns ①of diverse designs are hung along the streets.原文两个前置定语在译文中被调整为一前一后的位置，顺序也作了颠倒。汉语中，一系列表示大小不等的事物的词语作定语时，同样是按照从大到小的顺序排列，而英语正好相反。（22）①避暑山庄和北京的故宫、山东曲阜的孔庙一样，②是中国保存最完好的古代建筑群，③也是中国现存规模最大的古典皇家园林。
The Summer Palace of Chengde is one of the three best-preserved magnificent ancient architectural complexes in China, the other two being the forbidden City in Beijing and the Confucian Temple in Qufu of Shandong Province.汉语中的地点“山东曲阜”是先大后小，英语中Qufu of Shandong Province，是先小后大。此外，原文句①中位于主语和谓语中间作状语的“和北京的故宫、山东曲阜的孔庙一样”，在译文中被移到了主句结尾的逗号后面，符合英语表达习惯。
（23）卢沟桥位于北京广安门外约10公里处的丰台区永定河口。
Lugou Bridge spans the Yongding River mouth at Fengtai District, about ten kilometers from Guanganmenwai Street of Beijing.就定语“北京广安门外约10公里处”而言，汉语由大到小，英语则恰好相反。汉语中不同类型的词语作定语修饰一个名词时，往往将表明事物本质属性的词语排列在前，将描写性的词语排列在后。而英语相反，越是表明事物本质属性的定语，越是在后紧靠被修饰的中心词。
（24）①中国现存②规模最大、③保存最完好的古代建筑群
③the best-preserved ②magnificent ancient architectural complexes ③in China（25）山东曲阜是①中国②古代③著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。
Qufu, Shandong Province, is the birthplace of Confucius, a ③well-renowned ②ancient ①Chinese thinker and teacher.4.3.2句间的语序调整
就分句间的相对位置而言，汉语的顺序相对比较固定，一般按照先因后果、语序与时序相一致的顺序排列。而英语则比较灵活，语序与时序常常不相一致。这也是汉译英时需要调整语序的重要原因。
（26）①我走过地板时，②一块板子吱吱作响。A board creaked as I crossed the floor.原文按照先因后果顺序排列，译文正好颠倒过来。它也可以译作When I crossed the floor, a board creaked.（27）①佗用刀刮骨，②悉悉有声。
②The knife made a thin, ①grating sound as it scraped the surface.（罗贯中《三国演义》，Moss Roberts译）
原文语序与时序一致。译文颠倒了语序，并以The knife（刀）替换了原主语“（华）佗”。译文符合英语习惯，行文也更加连贯。
（28）①如果说白天广州像座翡翠城，②那么当太阳沉没，③广州就成了一颗夜明珠，④灯光如海，⑤千街闪烁。
①If Guangzhou is like a city of jadeite in the daytime, ③it becomes a luminous pearl, ④with a sea of lights twinkling ⑤in the streets ②after the sun sets in the west.（碧野《广州抒情》，李定坤译）
原文含5个小句，完全依照时间先后顺序排列。译文重新调整了语序，表达流畅自然。（29）①女主人已经离开人世，②再没有人喂它了。③它好像已经意识到这一点。
③He must have been aware ②that nobody was going to feed him ①after the death of his mistress.（季羡林《加德满都的狗》，张培基译）
原文是典型的汉语语序。译文将原文的三个小句并成了一句，语序恰好相反，符合英语表达习惯。
4.4否定句的英译
“对事物作出否定判断的句子，叫否定句。”（黄伯荣、廖序东，1985：499）汉语中的否定概念通过词汇手段表达，否定句带有否定字词的标记，如“不、无、否、非、没、莫、勿、未、毋、弗”等，以及由这些字组成的词语，如“决不、毫无、否则、并非、没有、未尝”等等。例如：
我不喜欢这本书。你这样说毫无道理。
你得赶紧走，否则会迟到。
汉语否定句一般分两类：一类是单重否定句，句中只用一个否定词，以上三个例句都属此类。另一类是双重否定句，句中先后连用两个否定词，例如：
你别不知好歹。
连我都听说了，你不会还不知道吧！
你不能不让人乐于为你而生，勇于为你而死，为了你而奋发前进！
英语表达否定概念通常有两种手段。一种如同汉语，采用词汇手段，借助no、not、never、nor、neither等否定词，和具有否定意义的词语，如hardly、rarely、seldom、barely、scarcely、narrowly、few、little等，以及由前缀no-、non-、in-、dis-、un-、im-和后缀-less等组成的词语。英语中含否定意义的词汇，还包括其他各类词语和词组：
动词，诸如lack、fail、deny、miss、exclude、run short / out(of)、keep / stop / refrain / prevent(from)、(get)rid of、want、overlook、deny 名词，诸如absence、exclusion、lack、want、failure、ignorance、denial 形容词，诸如absent、missing、ignorant、gone、free / far / safe from、short of、exclusive of 介词，诸如beyond、without、above、except、save、but、in vain 连词，诸如before、unless、(other)than、or、二是采用句法手段，如运用比较结构more(„)than „、other than „、rather than „、would rather than „、know better than „等。在这类结构中，连词than引出意义否定的部分。其他结构，如too „ to „、too „ for „以及由连词if引导的表示赌咒、发誓、感叹的句型等，也可用来表示否定意义。例如：
He’s too young to take care of himself.（他年龄太小，照顾不了自己。）He said he’d be dammed if he’d stop.（他说他要放手就不是人。）Catch me doing that.（我才不会干那种事呢。）
汉语否定句的翻译，通常可以采取以下几种方法。
4.4.1译成英语的否定句
中国人和以英语为母语的英美人在否定的思维方式上有许多共同之处，所以汉语否定句翻译成英语时，多半仍以否定形式表达。
（1）我认为他不够格。I don’t think he is qualified.注意汉语和英语句中否定范围的区别。英文中应将否定词not移到主句ud谓语动词前面。如果译成I think he is not qualified，就不符合英语表达习惯了。
（2）这房子尽管富丽堂皇，但是住起来一点也不舒服。
With all its magnificence, the house is not at all comfortable to live in.（3）液体没有固定的形状，气体也没有。Liquids have no definite shape;nor have gases.第二分句中，否定连词nor置于句首，句子的语序要倒装。（4）如果没有摩擦，运动的物体永远不会停止。
A moving object would never come to a stop if there were no friction.（5）水淀里没有一个人影，只有一团白绸子样的水鸟，也躲开鬼子往北飞去，落到大荷叶下面歇凉去了。
No one else was in sight.Only a flock of silky white water-fowl flew off to the north away from the Japanese soldiers, alighting to rest in the shade of big lotus leaves.（孙犁《芦花荡》，戴乃迭译）
（6）（与此同时，上海人也清醒地认识到，）不能沾沾自喜以“老大”自居。In now way should they become complacent and pose as No.1 in the country.译文否定状语部分，且置于句首，语气更强。
4.4.2译成英语的肯定句
汉语否定概念也常常用英语肯定句式来表达，这是由于两个民族思维方式的差异所致。而与此有关的英语肯定句有两种：一种是意义和形式都肯定；而另一类，则是意义否定、形式上肯定的，即不带否定标记的表达方式。前面列举了不少具有否定意义的动词、名词、形容词、介词、连词和相关词组，还提到了一些句法结构，都属于这一类。
（7）那位老人能在大风大浪中不停地游泳达三个小时以上。
The old man could swim continuously in great storms for more than three hours.Continuous意为going on without stopping or being interrupted，其副词与它同义，与原文中“不停地”语义完全相符。
（8）人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。
The people is to the people's army what water is to fish.（9）密云水库„„远山叠翠，绿波万顷，和我记忆中的太湖不相上下。
The Miyun Reservoir...With its vast area of green waves and row upon row of verdant mountains in the distance can be equally matched with the Taihu lake in my memory.（冰心《塞北变江南》，李定坤译）
汉语否定，译文从形式到意义都肯定。两个例句十分典型，说明对相同的概念，汉语和英语表达的角度有时正好相反。
（10）他无可指责。
He is above blame.（11）他化学测验不及格。
He failed the test in chemistry.（12）我们不能让孩子们上河里游泳。
We must keep the kids from swimming in the river.（13）这尊雕像历经大地震后毫发未损，仍然矗立。
The statue survived the great earthquake, remained intact and was still standing there.以上4例汉语原文的否定概念，在译文中都是通过无否定标记、却含有否定意义的词语表达的。也就是说，英译文形式肯定，意义否定。
（14）谅你不敢这么干。
Do that again if you dare.译文通过肯定的if句型，恰当地传达了原文威胁、发狠的意味和强烈的感情色彩。（15）你借钱给那个无赖，不啻把钱丢在海里。You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to that rascal.译文通过虚拟语气might as well表达“不啻”这一否定概念。（16）女孩儿未出嫁，是颗无价宝珠；„„
A girl before marriage is a precious pearl.4.4.3将汉语的双重否定译成英语的双重否定
“双重否定就是在一个句子中同时使用两个否定词，或者使用一个否定词和一个含有否定意义的词或短语。”（陈宏薇，1998:223）双重否定的句子，实际上表达肯定的意义。与一般肯定句不同的是，双重否定句感情色彩更加浓厚，肯定的语势更加强烈。汉译英时，我们往往保留双重否定的形式。
（17）子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。”
The Master said,(the good man)does not grieve that other people do not recognize his merits.His only anxiety is lest he should fail to recognize theirs.（孔子《论语》，Arthur Waley译）
（18）名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成，„„
If language is incorrect, then what is said does not concord with what was meant;and if what is said does not concord with what was meant, what is to be done cannot be effected.（孔子《论语》，Arthur Waley译）
（19）我想：希望本无所谓有，无所谓无。
I thought: hope cannot be said to exist, nor can it be said not to exist.以上例句的原文含双重否定，译文也同样采用双重否定的句式。（20）不看秦始皇兵马俑，不算真正到过中国。
a.A traveler who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures cannot claim to have visited China.b.No one who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures can claim to have visited China.两个译文都保留了双重否定的形式。译文a中的第一层否定放在定语从句的谓语部分（has not seen），而译文b的第一层否定放在了主语部分（No one who...）。两个译文都不错，但译文b的语势似乎更强。
4.4.4将汉语的肯定句译成英语的否定句
由于中国人和英美人在思维方式上的差异，汉语的肯定句译成英语时也常用否定句式来表达。
（21）他在这上面费了很多力。
He took no little pain over it.（22）我对你万分感激。
I couldn't thank you enough.（23）完全同意。
I couldn't agree more.（24）直到喷气发动机发明以后，飞机才能以超音速的速度飞行。
Not until the invention of the jet engine could airplanes travel at supersonic speeds.汉语“直到„„才„„”的句型译成英语时，往往要用not...Until...的否定句式来表达。（25）智者千虑必有一失。
Even the wise are not always free from errors.汉语以肯定句从正面表达，英语以否定句从反面表达，该例句典型地反映了汉英两种语言叙述角度的差异。
4.5句子功能的再现
句子的功能，指句子的交际功能，即句子的用途。不同类型的句子具有不同的交际功能。“语法学对句子的分类有两个角度，一是根据句子的结构，将句子分为单句和复句，这种分类的结果通常称为句型；二是根据句子的语气或用途，通常将句子分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句以及感叹句四种，这种分类的结果通常称为句类。”（张斌，2000:222）我们在汉英翻译中，所遇到的句类都离不开以上四种。“句类是根据语气来分的”（同上），“语气”，在吕叔湘先生看来，有“广狭”二解。“广义的‘语气’包括‘语意’和‘语势’。所谓‘语意’指正和反，定和不定，虚和实等等的区别。所谓‘语势’，指说话的轻或重，缓或急。”狭义的“语气”指“概念内容相同的语句，因使用的目的不同所产生的分别”（同上）。
以上四种句类具有不同的交际功能。一般情况下，陈述句传达信息而具有信息功能；疑问句、祈使句使信息反馈——“祈使句要求用行动反馈，疑问句要求用语言反馈”（同上）——而且具有呼唤功能；感叹句表达说话人的感情和态度而具有表情功能。
必须指出，语气虽然与交际功能或用途等有关，“但是句子的语气与用途并不完全一致。同一种语气可能具有不同的交际用途，不同的语气则可能具有相同的交际用途。”（同上）例如，在特定语言环境中，“你讲得太快了”这一语气或句类可以用来陈述信息而具有信息功能，可以用来表达说话人的感叹而具有表情功能，也可以用来请求对方放慢语速而具有呼唤功能。而反过来，以下不同语气的句子：
你讲得太快了。（陈述句）你能讲慢一点吗？（疑问句）请讲慢一点。（祈使句）你讲得真快！（感叹句）分属“陈述”、“疑问”、“祈使”、“感叹”四种类型，但是在特定的语言环境中，它们具有同一种交际功能，即请求对方将发言的速度放慢的呼唤功能。
在1.3节中，我们将翻译的标准定为“功能相似、语义相符”。根据这一标准，我们在翻译中应该再现原文的功能，使译文的语义与原文相符，而不是一味追求与原文形式对等的句型和句类。这也意味着，我们应该根据语境，仔细分析句子的内在关系，理清句内和句际
间的逻辑联系，明确其交际功能，将其准确地传达到译文中，以保证翻译的效果。我们依照“陈述句”、“疑问句”、“祈使句”和“感叹句”四种句类的划分来讲述句子功能的再现问题。
4.5.1陈述句功能的再现
“陈述句是最常见、使用范围最广的一种句类。”（张斌，2000:222）人们通常用陈述句来传达信息，翻译这类句子时，一方面要使译文与原文信息功能相似、语义相符，一方面要使其遵循英语语法和表达习惯。
（1）窗前有棵老榆树，榆钱儿正密，一串串在枝上垂着，有几只刚出巢的蜜蜂，围着榆枝乱飞，不住的嗡嗡的叫着。
An old elm before the house was hung with thick clusters of seeds and some bees just out of the hive were flying round it, keeping up a continuous hum.（梁斌《红旗谱》，北京外文出版社译文）
该陈述句描写景物，语言平实，是典型的汉语句式。6个小句以5个逗号隔开，两层意义并列：一写窗前的榆树，一写围着榆树嗡嗡飞舞的蜜蜂。译文将6个小句合成一个并列句，增加连词and并列表达两层意义。两个分句各以An old elm...was hung和some bees...were flying充当主、谓语，另以keeping up a continuous hum作定语和状语。译文与原文信息相符，功能相似，结构完整紧凑，符合英语表达习惯。
（2）①广东省阳春县境内多是石灰岩地质，②由于长期的江水浸渍和风化作用，③形成了大量峥嵘挺拔的山峰和幽深莫测的溶洞。
Calcareous structure, water erosion and weathering contributed to many lofty peaks and deep secluded karst caves in Yangchun County, Guangdong Province.该陈述句讲述广东阳春县地质地貌，句式为复式，由3个小句组成。深入分析其中逻辑关系时我们发现：句②含有介词“由于”的标记，明确表示“原因”；句①虽不含任何标记，其实也暗表“原因”；句③则表示“结果”。译文构句灵活巧妙：将与“石灰岩地质”、“江水浸渍”和“风化”对应的三个名词短语Calcareous structure、water erosion和weathering作主语，以动词短语contributed to作谓语，名词短语many lofty peaks and deep secluded karst caves作宾语，这种不拘泥于原文句式的“主谓宾”搭配干净明了地表达了原文明暗交织的“因果”关系。其中谓语动词短语的选择，是达到这一理想效果的关键。
（3）①我家门前有些摆摊儿的，都是生意人。②大凡生意人都懂得“一步差三市”的道理。③就是说，别看你的店只和人家差了三步，但景气的程度要差了很多，也许人家的铺子红火热闹，你的铺子却开不了张。
①In front of my house there are a few stalls run by street vendors.②Street vendors all know the popular saying: “Locations make a difference in business.”③That is to say, even if your stall stands side by side with someone else’s in the neighbourhood, your neighbour may attract a constant stream of shoppers, but yours, unfortunately, is visited by few.（星竹“位置的道理”，王琼译，刘士聪改译）
该陈述句群是一篇小杂文的开篇语。这篇名为“位置的道理”的杂文议论世间各种位置被人占上，其后其实各有道理和玄机，总是受到某种看不见的事物的平衡、约束和管辖。
原文包含三个句子：②为单句，①、③为复句。由于议论文之故，与写景的例1松散的句式相比，该例构句比较紧密，句际逻辑关系交待得比较明确。句①中，“都是生意人”与前面“摆摊儿的”信息重复，似为赘句。然而从修辞效果看，它并非多余：一是遵从汉语句子阴阳两分、“同义衬托”的习惯（杨自俭，2000）；而更重要的，是承上启下，与“大凡生意人都懂得„„”的下句衔接过渡。句③实际上是句②中“一步差三市”的说法的解释，其中“也许人家的铺子红火热闹，你的铺子却开不了张”又是对前面“景气”一词的进一步解释。句③中出现了“就是说”、“但”、“„„却„„”等几个关联词，将语意关系一一明示。
译文与原文信息相符，句式也大致相当。少许的区别在于：句①中以过去分词短语run by street vendors作定语修饰stallls，将原文两个小句合成了一个简单句。句③中，按照英语表达需要增添了unfortunately一词，使逻辑关系更加显豁，同时省去了若保留反嫌累赘的“景气的程度要差了很多”一句。
（4）①大概是物以稀为贵罢。②北京的白菜运往浙江，便用红头绳系住菜根，倒挂在水果店头，尊为“胶菜”；福建野生着的芦荟，一到北京就进温室，且美其名曰“龙舌兰”。③我到仙台也颇受了这样的优待，不但不收学费，几个职员还为我的食宿操心。
No doubt the rarer a thing the higher the value.When Beijing Cabbage is shipped to Zhejiang, it is hung upside-down in the green grocer’s by a red string tied to the root, and given the grand title “Shandong Vegetable”.When the aloe which grows wild in Fujian comes to Beijing, it is ushered into a hothouse and given the beautiful name “Dragon Tongue Orchid”.In Sendai I too enjoyed such preferential treatment;not only did the school not ask for fees, but several members of the staff even showed great concern over my board and lodging.（鲁迅《藤野先生》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）该例中几个陈述句组成一个完整的语意群。句①“物以稀为贵”是论点，句②、③白菜和芦荟来到异地以及“我”留学日本的经历是论据。译文再现了原文的信息功能，且语义相符。首先需要提出的是段首“大概”一词。“大概”这一“表示有很大可能性”的副词在此并非对“物以稀为贵”概念的推断，而是对句②、③叙述的经历当属“物以稀为贵”情况的推断。译者透彻理解原文，不用Probably(the rarer a thing...)机械照译句①开头的“大概”，而是用No doubt取代，准确传达了原文信息。原文句②含两个复合句，句式基本为意合，译文均处理为形式严整的When..., it is...and...的主从复合句。句③则译成带分号的两个并列句，语义与原文相符，句式也大致相同。
4.5.2疑问句功能的再现
“疑问句带有疑问语气，有些还带有特定的疑问语气词。”（张斌，2000:223）也就是说，疑问句带有疑问语气词以及问号的标记。从类别上看，根据是否要求对方回答，可以分为有疑而问的疑问句和无疑而问的反问句及设问句。从功能上看，有疑而问的疑问句要求对方反馈信息，具有呼唤功能；无疑而问的反问和设问句多用来加强语气，渲染气氛，或抒发感慨，具有表情功能。下面我们分别讲述这两大类别疑问句的翻译及其功能的再现。
一、有疑而问的疑问句功能的再现
就该类疑问句式及其功能而言，汉语和英语之间共性大于异性，翻译时一般无须作大的调整。
（1）记者问：“2008年奥运会点燃圣火的时候，您会在开幕式现场吗？”何振梁回答说：“只要我身体还行，我一定会去开幕式的。”
When the holy fire of the Olympic Games of 2008 is lit, will you be at the scene of the opening ceremony?“ asked a reporter.”If my physical condition permits, I will definitely be there.“（“此生无憾——记国际奥委会执委何振梁”）（2）子贡曰：“贫而无谄，富而无骄，何如？”子曰：“可也。未若贫而乐道，富而好礼者也。”
Tzu-kung said, ”Poor without cadging, rich without swagger.What of that?“ The Master said, ”Not bad.But better still, 'Poor, yet delighting in the Way, rich, yet a student of ritual.'“（孔子《论语》，Arthur Waley译）
译文和原文语义相符，一样有疑而问，有问有答，同样具有呼唤功能。（1）那天，他挑着担子来到我们村，见到我就乐，说：“娃呀，你要给我做媳妇吗？” “对呀！”
他张着大嘴笑了，露出了一嘴的黄牙。他那长在半个葫芦样的头上的白发，也随着笑声一起抖动着。
“你为啥要给我做媳妇呀？” “我要天天吃灶糖呢。”
One day, he came to our village with his goods.He saw me and smiled: ”And so, you want to be my bride?“ ”Yes.“ He laughed, exposing his yellowing broken teeth.The few strands of white hair at the back of his gourd-like pate also quivered.”Now why do you want to be my bride?“ ”I want to eat sticky candy.“（张洁“拣麦穗”，朱虹译）原文中的“我”是一个年幼天真、不谙世事的小姑娘。大人戏谑地问她为啥跟在姐姐身后拣麦穗时，她天真地答道要备嫁妆，嫁给那个挑担卖灶糖的老汉。于是就有了以上的问和答。
（4）余曰：“唐以诗取士，而诗之宗匠必推李杜。卿爱宗何人？” 芸发议曰：“杜诗锤炼精纯，李诗潇洒落拓；与其学杜之森严，不如学李之活泼。”
”Poetry was used,“ I said, ”as a literary test in the imperial examinations of the T'ang Dynasty, and people acknowledge Li Po and Tu Fu as the master poets.Which of the two do you like better?“ ”Tu's poems,“ she said, ”are known for their workmanship and artistic refinement, while Li's poems are known for their freedom and naturalness of expression.I prefer the vivacity of Li Po to the severity of Tu Fu.“（沈复《浮生六记》，林语堂译）原文中的“余”（我）和“芸”是一对幸福的新婚夫妻。两人议论诗仙李白和诗圣杜甫及其诗风，夫问妇答，其乐融融。林语堂先生根据英语对话的书面表达习惯，在译文中将直接引语拆分到I said和she said的两边，并对句子结构作了调整。
二、无疑而问的反问句和设问句功能的再现
反问和设问都是无疑而问，多用作修辞手法。反问，又叫反诘，它是明知故问，用疑问的形式表示肯定或否定的意思。反问大都表达气愤或不满的情绪，所以它总是采取毋庸置疑的语气来表达确定的内容，使重要的内容得到强调和突出。设问，是故意从正面或反面提出问题，接着自己做出解答，或者问而不答以引起别人的注意，使语言气势强烈，生动活泼，富有变化。由于这类疑问句并不要求反馈信息，而是表达说话人的主观情感，因而主要具有表情功能。汉语和英语都有反问句和设问句，功能也相似。
（5）①这个上帝不是别人，就是全中国的人民大众。②全国人民大众一齐起来和我们一道挖这两座山，有什么挖不平呢？
Our God is none other than the masses of the Chinese people.If they stand up and dig together with us, why can't these two mountains be cleared away?（毛泽东《愚公移山》，北京外文出版社1965年版译文）原文“有什么挖不平呢？”是以否定反问表达肯定的结论，意思是“一定挖得平”。译文（why can't...）保留了否定反问的形式。原文句②意合，两个分句间实为条件和结果的关系。译文增加表示条件的连词if，变意合为形合。从表意和构句的双重效果来看，句①中none other than词组的选择是非常精当的。
（6）大抵世上无难为的事，只胡乱做将去，自有水到渠成日子。如子髯之才，天下事何不可为？
All in all, nothing in this world is that hard to do--just charge ahead and do it!A day will inevitably come when ”the ditch will be dug and the waters flow through.“ For a man with talent like yours, there is nothing in the world that is impossible.（袁宏道《致李子髯》，Jonathan Chaves译）
该例“天下事何不可为？”也是以否定反问表达“天下事无不可为”的肯定结论。译文舍弃了疑问句形式，代之以双重否定there is nothing...impossible的陈述句式，主要是出于构句的考虑。语义方面两者区别不大，但就表情功能而言，陈述句的效果不及疑问句。
（7）“把女儿当东西卖！”这句话是那样刺伤了她的心，又是那样地熟悉！是谁在女儿一样的年纪含着女儿一样的激情喊过？是谁？——唉唉！不是别人，正是她自己呀！„„
Selling your daughter like some merchandise!” These words that had deeply wounded her were, nevertheless, familiar to her.Who was it who at around Huangmei's age, and wiht the same outraged vehemence had uttered those very words? Who was it?--Who!None other than herself!...（张弦《被爱情遗忘的角落》，Hu Zhihui译）该例中接连两次设问“是谁„„喊过？”“是谁？”极其强烈地表达了小说女主人公存妮和荒妹内心的辛酸苦辣和无限感慨。译文同样采用两个设问句，与原文语义相符，表情功能也相当。
4.5.3祈使句功能的再现
祈使句是表示命令、请求、劝告等意义的句子，主要由表示动作、行为的充当谓语的词语构成，主语往往是第二人称代词“你、你们、您”或第一人称代词的复数形式“我们、咱们”等。由于交际对象是明确的，祈使句的主语通常可以不出现。（张斌，2000）祈使句要求对方用行为反馈，因而具有呼唤功能。汉语祈使句英译时，多半译为祈使句，有时也译作语义相符、具有同样呼唤功能的其他句式。
（1）母亲在盛饺子的时候，把这个大钱饺子盛在一个碗里，又偷偷把它拨在紧上边，然后把这碗饺子推到我面前：“①吃吧，②多吃，③趁热吃。”
When Mother scooped up the dumplings, she deliberately put the good-luck dumpling on top of the others in the bowl and pushed the bowl to me, saying, “Help yourself.Take as many as you like while they are hot.”（张林《大钱饺子》，夏乙琥译）
母亲希望儿子能吃到带来好运的大钱饺子，对儿子一连说了三个祈使句。译文句①与原文对应，②、③两句并成了一个主从复合的祈使句，与原文功能相同，符合英语表达习惯。
（2）“我知道了。——瑜儿，可怜他们坑了你，他们将来总有报应，天都知道；①你闭了眼就是了。——你如果真在这里，听到我的话，——②便叫这乌鸦飞上你的坟顶，给我看罢。”
“I know,” she continued.“They murdered you.But a day of reckoning will come, Heaven will see to it.①Close your eyes in peace....If you are really here, and can hear me, ②make that crow fly on to your grave as a sign.”（鲁迅《药》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
该例是一位母亲对含冤九泉的儿子的谈话。原文含两个祈使句，译文句式与原文大体对应。值得注意的是，两个祈使句的译文都作了少许必要的调整。句①根据语境增添了介词短语in peace；句②调换了叙述角度，将“给我看罢”转换成as a sign。这两处的处理都很见功力。
（3）奏国歌，请全体起立。
a.Now it's time for the National Anthem.Please all stand up.b.Please rise for the National Anthem.该例可以有译文a和b两种处理方法。译文a含两个对应的简单句，译文b合二为一。“奏国歌”一句以译文a的方式处理时具有一定的典型意义，即，有一类汉语祈使句译成英语时，不再以祈使句式，而是以“It's time...”的句式来表达。如“该出发了”It's time to start off，“上课了”It's time to begin our class.（4）二十日，晓钟初动，即闻江口唤渡声。余惊起，呼曹同济。曹曰：“勿急。宜饱食登舟。”
On the twentieth, as soon as the morning temple bell had struck, I already heard the ferry-man crying at the bank for passengers to come aboard.I got up in a hurry and asked Ts'ao to go together.“No hurry.We must eat something before going down to the boat,” said Ts'ao.（沈复《浮生六记》，林语堂译）该例中的祈使句“勿急”可作多种处理，如There's no hurry about it、Don't be in such a hurry、No need to hurry，但都不及本译文No hurry来得干脆简洁。这其中，There's no hurry about it和No hurry都不是祈使句，但具备相同的“呼唤”（vocative）这一交际功能。
4.5.4感叹句功能的再现
感叹句表达感叹语气，往往带有感叹词和感叹号，„„
（3）我更爱躺在洁净轻柔的细沙上，静听着海潮的倾诉；当微风轻轻地从我的身边掠过，那种清凉又轻松的感觉，真是舒适极了，甜美极了！
I'm even more inclined to lie on the clean and soft sandy beach and listen quietly to the sea unbosoming itself.How comfortable and refreshed I will be to feel the cool gentle sea breeze brushing past me!（谢冰莹《海恋》，张培基译）
（4）三月里刘熏宇君来信，说互生病了，而且是没有希望的病，医生说只好等日子了。四月底在《时事新报》上见到立达学校的通告，想不到这么快互生就殁了！
In March I heard from Mr.Liu Xunyu that Husheng was sick and hopelessly sick at that.The doctor said there was nothing he could do but to wait for the day to arrive.Toward the end of April, I came across an obituary issued by Lida School in the newspaper Current Affairs.How quickly the day had arrived!（朱自清《哀互生》，刘士聪译）
以上四例的感叹句分别译为英语中常见的“what + adj....”、“...such a + noun...”、“How + adj....”和“How + adv....”的感叹句式，其表情功能与原文相当。
（5）但我不能放歌，悄悄是别离的笙箫；
夏虫也为我沉默，沉默是今晚的康桥！
But I cannot sing aloud: Quietness is my farewell music;Even summer insects keep silence for me: Silent is Cambridge tonight!（徐志摩《再别康桥》，胡士光译）该例中“沉默是今晚的康桥！”不是严格语法意义上的感叹句，而是以倒装语序和感叹号表达诗人深挚情感的修辞意义上的感叹句。译文的句式与原文相当，语义和交际功能也和原文相当。
4.5.5语气与交际功能不一致的句子的翻译
前面提到句子的语气或句类与句子的交际功能可能不一致的情况。陈述句通常具备信息功能，但有些陈述句可能蕴含一个命令或请求，因而具备呼唤功能；它也可能蕴含某种感叹，因而具备表情功能。其他三种句类也有类似情况。在汉英翻译时，除了把握语义外，还应该根据语境对句子的功能做出判断，将两者准确传达到译文中来。一味拘泥于句类的语言形式，则有可能导致功能错位。
（1）别出声！
Silence!（2）别做梦了！
You're daydreaming!（3）你在做梦吧？
You're daydreaming!例1为祈使句，具备呼唤功能，语气和交际用途一致，译文也一样。例2句式貌似例1，形似祈使句，实为感叹句，具备表情功能，语气和交际用途不一致。译文以感叹句替换祈使句类，保证了与原文相同的功能。例3取疑问之形，表感叹之实，具备表情功能，语气和交际用途也不一致。译文以感叹句替换疑问句，也准确再现了原文的功能。
（4）冲：不，哥哥，母亲说好久不见你。你不愿意一起坐一坐，谈谈么？
蘩：你看，你让哥哥歇一歇，他愿意一个人坐着的。
萍（有些烦）：那也不见得，我总怕父亲回来，您很忙，所以——（曹禺《雷雨》，王佐良、巴恩斯译）
Chong: Oh no, you don't.Mother says she hasn't seen you for a long time.Why not sit down with us and have a chat? Fan: Don't stop him, Chong.Let him go and have a rest if he wants to.I expect he wants to be let alone.Ping(somewhat nettled): Not at all.It's just that I thought you'd be very busy now that Father's at home, and I--“你不愿意一起坐一坐，谈一谈么？”形式上为疑问句，实际上是以否定问句表请求，要求对方以行为反馈，具备类似祈使句的呼唤功能。译文取否定反问句式（Why not...），实际上亦表请求，与原文具有同样的呼唤功能。
（5）（宋恩子：）“民国好几年了，怎么还请安？你们不会鞠躬吗！”
We've set up a republic for several years.No need to bend the knee.Don't you know how to bow in a new style?（老舍《茶馆》）
“怎么还请安？”形为疑问句，实为否定祈使，意思是“别再请安了”。译作否定陈述句No need to bend the knee，与原文具有相同的呼唤功能。“你们不会鞠躬吗！”形为感叹，实际也是祈使，要求对方以鞠躬的方式行礼。译作否定反问句Don't you know how...，也与原文一样具有祈使句意味，呼唤功能也相当。
第二篇：中级口译教程 课后汉英翻译
1.This is a fantasitic airport, absolutely one of the top-notch international airports.这个机场太美了，绝对是一个顶尖的国际机场。
2.I'm very bad with a jet-lag.But I'll be all right in a couple of days.我倒时差很慢，但两天后自然就恢复了。
3.I'd like to have a 7 o'clock morning call, breakfast sent up to my room, laundry done, some documents photocopied, an express mail sent out, and something like that.我要早上7点钟叫醒，早餐送我房间，衣服要洗烫，文件要复印，邮件要快递，诸如此类的事情需要服务。
4.We all maneuvered successfully to get our job done, so to speak.可以说我们每个人都成功地使我们的使命得以完成。
5.Let's delight ourselves completely in the foods that Mother Nature grants us.让我们尽情享受大自然赐予我们的食物吧
6.You must be Prof.Tallack from London, If I'm not mistaken.我要是没有认错的话，你一定是从伦敦来的泰莱克教授吧？ 7.I'm manager of Human Resources, the Haitong Group.我是海通集团人力资源部经理。
8.We're very grateful that you took time from your busy schedule and came to our company to give us advice.感激您不辞辛苦，从百忙中抽空来我公司指导。
9.We'll hold a reception dinner in your honor this evening.今晚我们设宴为你洗尘
10.I have made a reservation for a double room with your hotel.And here's the confirmation letter.我在你们的酒店预订了一间双人房，有确认函。
11.You will have a good rate of 20% off when you make a reservation 10 days in advance.提前十天预订房间可以享受8折优惠。
12.We have many modern fitness facilities catering to the different needs of our goods.我们有许多现代化的健身设备可满足客人的不同需求。
13.Without Ms.Kelland's last-minute effort, we would still be in the middle of nowhere, probably in the middle of negotiations, I'm afraid.没有凯兰女士的最后努力，现在还不知道怎样呢，恐怕我们还在谈判之中呢。
14.Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisine takes “color, aroma and taste” as its essential quality elements.It emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings, the selection of raw materials with quality texture, and original flavors.同中国其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色、香、味”三大要素，特点是注意调料的使用、食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。
15.These dishes are absolutely tasters' choice.I bet you will like them.Please help yourself to the dishes.这些菜绝对是首选，你一定喜欢。别客气，请随意。
16.I consider it a great honor to have you all here for this wonderful time of the year.Let us drink to the health, 各位能够赏光来此共度一年中的这个美好时光，我感到非常荣幸。让我们共同举杯，祝各位身体健康、事业有成、阖家幸福。
17.First of all, we'll take a bird's-eye view of the Park.And then we'll look around in the Park and, to ues a Chinese metaphor, we'll cast a passing glance at flowers while riding on the horseback.我们先来鸟瞰一下整个园区吧，然后在园区内各处转悠一下，用我们的话来说是“走马观花”。
18.The High-tech Park is authorized by the state government to approve projects with preferential policies, operating under the management system of international standards.高科技园区享有国家授予的项目审批权和优惠政策，是一个与国际管理体系接轨的经济区域。
19.The Park focuses on the integration of industry, education, and R&D and provides a stream-lined one-stop service for incoming enterprises.园区注重产业、教育和研发的整合，为引入企业提供一条龙服务。
20.To ensure the quality of the environment, we stick steadfastly to our development strategy of “attracting investment with a green environment and maintaining a green enviroment through investment”.As a result, the Park has a green coverage of more than 45%.为了确保环境质量，我们始终坚持“以绿引资、以资养绿”的发展战略，园区绿化率达到45%以上。
21.It's my great pleasure and privilege to have received your gracious invitation and work with a distinguished group of China's automobile specialists.我为自己能够受到贵方的友好邀请，与一组优秀的中国汽车专家合作共事而深感愉快和荣幸。
22.A growing number of American firms have been pouring into China's inland provinces, although coastal cities such as Shanghai and Tianjin are still among their first choices of investment with many foreign investors.虽然上海，天津这些沿海城市仍然是许多外国投资者的首选目标，但越来越多的美国公司纷纷涌入中国的内地省份。
23.I would like to discuss with you the possibilitis of establishing a joint venture with your company to manufacture progressive-scan DVD home theater systems of the latest model.我想同您商讨一下能否与贵公司合资建立一家企业，共同生产最新款式的逐行扫描DVD家庭影院系统。
24.I suggest that we should set up a board of directors for the management of the company and share rights and obligations as equal partners.我建立成立董事会来监管公司的运作，并以平等的伙伴关系分享权利，承担义务。
25.I cannot decide what exactly the phrase indicates.They failed to make any sense to me.我难以断定这个词究竟意味着什么。我未能理解其中的含义。
26.In our school, discussion is given top priority and seminar is the way of class.在我们学校，讨论具有至高无上的地位，讨论就是课堂教学的主旋律。27.The flexible and adaptable capacity makes a popular teacher among students.具有灵活应变才能的教师最受学生欢迎。
28.Confucianism sings high praises for individuals to uplift themselves for the benefit of communal harmony, that is, communal harmony takes precedence over individual freedom.儒家思想强调整体和谐，强调整理和谐高于个体自由。
29.I hope your wife will soon joint you here.The company will pay for all the needed expenses, including her international flight.我希望您太太能早日与你在此团聚，我公司会支付国际机票在内的一切费用。
30.The central government focuses a lot of attention on opening the country up to the outside world in all directions, including coastal cities and interior areas.中央政府很重视对外开放，不仅开放沿海城市，也开放内地，尽可能吸引外资。
31.Because direct foreign investment in China can maximize the strengths of all parties concerned, many overseas institutional and individual investors have found it more profitable to invest directly in China than to do trading business with Chinese companies.由于外国直接在华投资可以最大限度地发挥有关各方的优势，所以许多海外机构与个人投资者认为，他们在中国直接投资比同中国做生意更有利可图。
32.China is known for her massive land, abundant natural resources, cheap labor, low taxation, potential consumer market, stable social environment, attractive investment policies, and high economic returns of investment.中国幅员辽阔，自然资源丰富，劳动力低廉，税收低，消费者市场潜力大，社会环境稳定，投资政策诱人，经济回报率高。
33.There is variety of ways to invest in China.You may establish a joint venture with a Chinese partner or a company solely-funded by yourself, in which case you may manage your business in whatever way you prefer within the boundary of the Chinese laws, of course.在华投资的方式很多，你可以同中方合资办企业，也可以独资办公司，选择自己喜欢的方式经营，但不可超越中国法律。
34.When establishing a joint venture, the foreign partner usually brings into the enterprise capital funds, machinery, advanced technology and management, whild the Chinese partner supplies land, labor, and a portion of the funds for the infrastructure.投资兴办合资企业时，通常外方提供资金、机械设备、先进技术和管理方法，而中方则提供土地、劳动力以及部分用于基础设施建设的资金。
35.Let's get down to the business of establishing a joint venture.May I have some idea of your plan? For instance, how much would be your share of investment in this venture? 我们来讨论一下建立合资企业的事宜吧，您能告诉我您的设想吗？例如，您打算在合资企业中占有多少投资份额？
36.My suggestion for the investment share in this partnership is in the vicinity of 50 to 50, and the same applies to business management and profits share.我们之间的投资份额可以对半开，在经营管理责权和利润分配上也可对半开。
37.Let's say we begin with a 10-year term of a renewable partnership;We can extend our contract for another term before it expires, if both parties intend to.我们的合作期为10年，只要双方愿意，期满后我们还可以续签合同。38.Your idea coincides with mine.我们的想法不谋而合。
39.Shall we hold another round of talk next week focusing on some technical problems? 我们是否可在下周再举行一轮会谈，集中讨论一些技术性的问题？
40.As time is limited, we have to stop here today, but we'll find some other time to continue our talk.由于时间关系，我们今天暂且谈到这里，以后再接着聊吧。
41.This is basically a correct observation, which says something about the American way of life.这种看法基本正确，它反映了美国人的生活方式。
42.Each state has its own traffic laws, and a driver from another state is expected to know and understand the local laws.各州都有自己的交通法规，外州来的开车者应该了解当地的法规。
43.My country has the most developed car rental industry in the world, so you may very well want to reserve a car through your travel agent in your own country if you intend to drive while traveling in my country.我国有世界上最发达的租车业，你若打算在我国开车旅行，完全可以通过自己国家的旅行社办理租车预订事宜。
44.Airfare in this country is not very regulated, and airlines often make special offers in order to attact customers.这个国家没有统一的飞机票价，各航空公司经常以竞相削价的方式来吸引更多的旅客。45.It's actually easier to call a taxi company listed in the Yellow Pages of a telephone directory and ask them to send a cab to pick you up at your doorstep.事实上一种较为便利的做法是按电话簿黄页部分所列的出租车公司的号码打电话叫车，让他们派车上门来接你。
46.In the 25 years since the first reports of what we now know was AIDS, an entire generation has been born and come of age never knowing a world without the edipemic.自从25年前出现了首批有关艾滋病例的报告以来，整整一代人从出生起便生活在一个与艾滋病共存的世界里。
47.A massive educational compaign is the only thing conveivable at the moment that can help;to argue that this compaign is difficult, expensive and therefore impossible would be quite self-defeating.开展大规模的教育运动是目前唯一行之有效的手段，认为这种运动难度大，代价高而无法实施完全是一种自暴自弃的态度。
48.We'll have to convince people that they're better off knowing than not knowing the fact, because they can take whatever action available to treat the problem and control its infection with appropriate drugs.我们应该使人们相信，知情总比蒙在鼓里好，因为了解实情后我们便可以采取一切可以采取的措施来治病，用适当的药物来控制疾病的传播。
49.I think Chinese businesspeople tend to have business negotiations in a rather indirect manner, as opposed to the more direct style of American businesspeople, who are said to work with the get-down-to-business-first mentality.我认为中国人在商务谈判时倾向于使用一种迂回婉转的方式，而那些被认为在工作时具有一种“公务为先”的心态的美国人则往往表现出较为直截了当的作风。
50.he Chinese-type management encourage cooperation among employees, between the labor and the management, and gives employees a joy of participation and fulfillment, as well as a sense of pride in their work.中国式的管理方式鼓励员工之间的合作，也鼓励普通员工与管理人员之间的合作，使员工有一种喜悦的参与感和成就感，使他们对自己的工作产生一种自豪感。
51.I think most Chinese try to find the meaning of life through working in their jobs, and view work as essential for having membership in a community.我认为，大多数中国人想从工作中找到生活的意义，他们将工作视为能使自己成为团体的一份子的必不可缺的条件。
52.Put it in another way, many Chinese people regard as a prerequisite to gain social acceptance in the community.换言之，许多中国人认为工作是使自己得到社会认可的先决条件。
53.Songwriting is an expression of my personal experiences, and if people find that interesting, then that's the icing on the cake.歌曲创作是我自我体验的一种表白。如果人们觉得有意思，那就是锦上添花了。
54.It is said that the public transportation of American cities is not very disirable, isn't it? 听说美国城市的公共交通不尽如人意，有没有这回事？
55.When driving on expressways, the driver must control his or her speed within the range of the posted maximum and minimum speed.司机在高速公路开车时必须将自己的行车速度控制在标牌规定的最高限速和最低限速之间。
56.Surveys show that a majority of the public does not take a serious view of the AIDS epidemic.What do you think would be the best way to bring people to the awareness of the seriousness of the problem.调查结果表明，许多人对艾滋病的传播不以为然。你认为我们应该怎样做才能让人们意识到问题的严重性呢？
57.The American way of business practice often appears to us Chinese to be very aggressive.美式经营之道在我们中国人开来常常显得咄咄逼人。
58.We have to recognize and respect our cultural differences, so as to prevent any possible misunderstanding.我们应该承认我们之间的文化差异，应该尊重这些差异，以免产生误解。
59.I dedicated my debut album to my mother because she had a tremendous impact on my art career.我把首张专辑献给母亲，因为她对我的艺术生涯产生了巨大的影响。
60.Please describe your life in just three words and give some tips to the aspiring singers and songwriters.请你用三个词来总结一下自己走过的人生道路，并给那些想成为恪守和歌曲家的年轻人提些建议。61.Permit me first of all to thank you, our host, for your extraordinary arrangements and hospitality.首先请允许我感谢东道主的精心安排与好客。
62.Tkank you very much for your gracious words of welcome.This is a happy and memorable occasion for mei personally as wekll as for all the members of my delegation.我非常感谢您热情洋溢的欢迎词，对我本人以及代表团所有成员来说，这是愉快而难忘的一刻。
63.To come to China, one of the early cradles of civilization, has long been my dream and therefore, I fell very honored to be your guest.访问中国这一古老文明的摇篮是我梦寐以求的愿望，我为自己能成为贵国的客人而深感荣幸。
64.In accepting Your Excellency's gracious invitation to visit this great country, I have had an excellent opportunity to renew old friendships and extablish new contacts.我接受阁下的盛情邀请访问这个伟大的国家，这使我有良好的机会重温旧情，再交新友。65.I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality, for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.为中国人民所独有的，著称于世的款待，我谨向你们表示感谢。
66.We have acquired a keen sense of the diversity, dynamism, and progress of China under the policies of reform and opening to the outside world.我们都已经强烈感受到，贵国在改革开放政策的引导下，气象万千，充满活力，不断进步。67.I have a special regard and personal friendship for the people of China, in which I never experienced anything other than the utmost courtesy and genuine friendship of your people.我对中国人民怀有一种特殊的敬慕之情和个人友谊，在这里我所感受到的是贵国人民的高度礼貌和诚挚友情。
68.Our friendly and cooperative ties have become extensive, affecting all aspects of our national lives, including industry, agriculture, commerce, culture, public health, education, and scientific and technological exchange.我们友好合作的领域十分广泛，已涉及我们国家生活的方方面面，如工业、农业、商业、文化、卫生、教育，以及科学交流领域。
69.I am looking forward, in the next few days, to the opportunity of learning something from your endeavors and experience in promoting economic and social development in the service of your people.我期待着在今后几天里能有机会向你们学习，从你们为造福贵国人民而促进经济和社会发展的奋斗和经验中学到一些东西。
70.We recognize that our differences are greatly overshadowed by issues which blind us and strengthen our relationship.我们已注意到，那些将我们联系在一起并且强化我们关系的东西已经在很大程度上弱化了我们之间的差异。
71.Our visit to your country is a symbol of the good faith with which we seek to build up the strength of our friendship, our cultural and commercial ties and our important strategic relationship.我们对贵国的访问是一种良好诚意的象征，我们怀着这种良好的诚意，希望能在友谊的基础上建立文化关系和商业关系，建立重要的战略关系。
72.It is obsolutely vital that all nations, big or small, strong or weak, should conduct their relations with each other on the basis of mutual respect, and equality and mutual benefit.所有国家，无论其大小强弱，都应该在相互尊重、平等互利的基础上处理相互间的关系，这一点是至关重要的。
73.We must frankly acknowledge the fundamental differences in ideology and institutions between our two societies.我们必须坦率地承认我们两个社会在意识形态和制度上的根本差异。
74.I have come to China not to hold forth on what divides us, but to build on what binds us, not to dwell on a closed-door past, but to urge us to look to the beautiful future.我来中国不是为了评说那些将我们分隔开来的东西，而是为了强化那些将我们维系在一起的东西，不是为了回顾闭关锁国的过去，而是为了敦促我们去展望前程似锦的未来。
75.I have always believed the heritage of our past is the seed that brings forth the harvest of our future.我一向认为，我们的历史传统孕育着未来的丰收。
76.Today, China's economy crackles with the dynamics of change, and you are beginning to reach out toward new horizons, and we salute your courage.今天，中国经济突飞猛进，日新月异。你们开始迈向新的高度，为此我们向你们表现出的勇气致敬。
77.Let the Pacific tide roll peacefully on, carrying a two-way flow of people and ideas that can break down barriers of suspicious and mistrust, and build up bonds of cooperation and shared optimism.让这股太平洋的浪潮平顺地滚滚向前，促进人民的双向交流，促进思想的双向交流，打破猜忌和不信任这两大障碍，建立合作关系，树立共有的乐观精神。
78.Let us start a long march together along different roads leading to the same goal of building a new world of peach and justice, a world in which all peoples may stand together with equal dignity, and a world in which each nation has the right to determine its own course of development.让我们沿着通往共同目标的不同的道路一起开始新的长征。这个目标就是建设一个和平与正义的新世界，在这个世界里所有人都可以站在一起享有同等的尊严，所有国家都有权选择自己的发展道路。
79.I'd like to take this opportunity to extend to Your Excellency an invitation to visit Canada, so that we will have an opportunity to return the warm welcome and generous hospitality you extended to us.我愿借此机会邀请阁下访问加拿大，以便使我们能有机会来回报你们给予我们的热情欢迎和盛情款待。
80.May I ask all of you present to join me in raising your glasses to the friendship and cooperation of our two peoples!我敬请各位与我一起举杯，为我们的友谊与合作而干杯。
81.On behalf of the general manager, and on behalf of all my colleagues of the company, I wish to thank you all for taking time off your busy schedule to come to our New Year's party.我谨代表总经理以及公司的全体同仁，感谢各位从百忙中拔冗光临我们的新年联欢会。82.I feel very pround tonight to have the attendance of the distinguished guests, who came here all the way from London to joint us in our celebration of the Mid-Autumn Festival.今晚我们请到了从伦敦远道而来的贵宾与我们一起共度中秋佳节，我为此而深感自豪与荣幸。
83.On behalf of all the members of my group, I'd like to thank you, Mr.Chairman, for granting us the gracious invitation to attend sucn an enjoyable Chrismas party.我谨代表我们一行的全体成员，感谢董事长先生的盛情邀请，使我们有幸参加这次精彩的圣诞晚会。
84.I'd like to thank you for your presence at the party, and wish everyone good health and the very best of luck in everything in the new year.我感谢各位嘉宾的光临，并祝各位新年身体健康，万事如意。
85.I hope this party will give us an opportunity to get to know each other better in a less formal way and to increase personal friendships.我希望这次晚会可以使我们有机会无所拘束地了解彼此，增进个人之间的友谊。
86.The party was perfectly organized and I enjoyed every minute of it.And I am very grateful for this nice arrangement.晚会组织得完美无缺，令人尽兴。对于这次美好的安排，我感激不尽。
87.I would like to toast with you to this happy occasion at the close of the year.让我们在这年终岁末之际，共同举杯，祝贺这喜庆佳节。
88.Armed with that faith, we should be able to embark undaunted upon the new year with all its challenges and chances.有了信念，我们将无所畏惧地跨入充满挑战和机遇的新的一年。
89.It has been a great year, a year in which our joint venture had a remarkable sales growth.I hope we will be able to maintain this practical cooperative relationship and make the new year a more fruitful year.今年我们合资企业的销售额显著增长，我希望我们能继续保持这种务实的合作关系，使明年的业绩更加辉煌。
90.May I hereby declare open “Chongqing International Symposium on Urban Construction” 现在我宣布“重庆城市建设国际研讨会”现在开幕。
91.Permit me, on behalf of the organizing committee, to extend a warm welcome to our guests of various circles, from home and abroad.请允许我代表筹委会的全体成员，向海内外各界来宾表示热烈的欢迎。
92.I wish to express our sincere thanks to the perple of the local education community, whose generous help has made possible the successful commencement of this conference.大会所在地的许多教育界人士对本次会议的成功召开给予了很大的帮助，对此我谨致以诚挚的谢意。
93.The conference is one of a pioneering endeavor and historic significance, one that will have a positive impact on the shaping of a new world order.这是一次具有历史意义的开拓性的会议，它对形成一个新的世界格局将产生积极的影响。94.I am certain that this annual meeting will prove to be constructive and significant in promoting the prosperous development of China's community service program as well as China's economic development and social stability.我相信本届年会对于推动中国社区服务事业的蓬勃开展，促进经济发展和社会稳定，具有积极的作用和意义。
95.Some developed countries and regions have accumulated much experience in the field of environmental protection, and their experience certainly merits our reference and study.一些发达国家和地区在环境保护方面积累了不少经验，值得我们借鉴和研究。
96.We will exchange views on cooperation in a wide range of areas and on the building of a new partnership in a friendly manner.我们愿在平等友好的基础上，就广泛领域里的合作以及建立新的伙伴关系交换我们的意见。97.I wish to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to the host for hosting this conference successfully.我愿借此机会向成功主办了这次会议的东道主表示衷心的感谢。
98.The rapid development of the situation places higher expectations on us, and it is imperative that we adopt a long-term strategy to plan our future cooperation.形势的迅速发展对我们给予了更高的期待，迫切需要我们高瞻远瞩，谋划双方合作的未来发展方向。
99.We should make us more influential in addressing major global issues through expanding dialogue and cooperation.我们要扩大对话与合作，提升我们在处理重大问题上的影响力。
100.I am convinced that China's reform, opening-up and stability will provide the business community of Asian and European countries with tremendous investment and trade opportunities, thus making posivive contributions to peace, stability and prosperity in Asia and the world at large.我相信中国的改革开放和稳定会给亚欧国家的商界带来可观的投资和贸易良机，从而为亚洲乃至全世界的和平、稳定与繁荣做出积极的贡献。
第三篇：汉英翻译
白菜
Chinese cabbage
密码
password 手机
mobile phone
救火
to fight a fire 早恋
puppy love
买一赠一
Buy one，get one free.青春痘
acne
长镜头
zoom lens 方便面
instant noodles
隐形眼镜
contact lens 绿豆
mung bean
卧室
bedroom 试穿
to try sth.on
食言
break a promise 番茄酱
ketchup
酸奶
yoghurt 戴绿帽子
to cuckold sb.黄色书籍
pornography book 高等学校
higher school
农民
farmer 宣传
popularize
物美价廉
economical and good 你红光满面
You look healthy and energetic.他是个气管炎
He is a hen-pecked man.假花
artificial flower
假唱
lip-synch 假钞
counterfeit money
假酒
adulterated wine 假新闻
pseudo-news
恶性循环
vicious circle 恶性肿瘤
malignant tumor
恶性通货膨胀
inflationary spiral
词组翻译
一窝蜜蜂
a swarm of bees
一窝小鸡
a brood of chickens 一窝幼犬
a litter of pups
一群美女
a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群猎狗 a pack of hounds 一群鸭
a team of ducks 一群羚羊
a herd of antelopes 积极支持
unfailing support 积极的财政政策
proactive fiscal policy 积极利用国外资源 make effective use of overseas resource 1.富华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。
You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture.2.他们讲索求，我们讲贡献。
They preach taking from others，whereas we advocate giving to others.3.她追求的是真理，而他追求的是荣华富贵。
What she seeks is truth，and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.4.在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。
Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.5.阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground，spat，and swore，“Hairy worm！”
6.他抓住了小偷的衣服。
He seized the pickpocket by the collar.7.他走进屋里，大衣上尽是雪，鼻子冻得通红。
He entered the room，his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.8.金杯牌充气床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式繁多，舒适大方，携带方便。
The “Golden Cup”Brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanced technology.With novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns,they are comfortable and convenient to carry.9.匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。Wherever they went,they massacred and raped,burned and looted,and stopped at nothing.10.他们意气风发。They are in high spirits.11.他们喜形于色。They beamed with joy.12.他们眼明手快。
He is of quick of eye and deft of hand.13.这篇文章浅显易懂。
This article is easy to read and understand.14.我对他敬而远之。I stood aloof from him.15.人群渐渐地安静了下来。The crowd came to silence.16.一座古塔阴森森地矗立在山腰上。
An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.17.但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。But the depth of a novel,or the excellence of its artistry and idea,does not depend on whether it has a grand theme.18.他的粗鲁行为使我很震惊。His rudeness shocked me.19.远近/长短/大小/高矮 distance/length/size/height
20.本公司生产的地毯美丽大方,光彩夺目，富丽堂皇。
The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.21.目标的轻重缓急，孰轻孰重应该仔细研究，认真考虑和反复推敲。Target priorities should be very carefully studied.22.那件令人不快的事件，已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case.23.他想远走高飞，免得心烦。He sought the distraction of distance.24.这只船容易颠覆，因为它造型不合理。
This boat is apt to overturnbecause it is unreasonably shaped.25.厨房又脏又乱。
The kitchen was in a mess.26.他不参加比赛，我感到很失望。
To my disappointment，he did not attend the competition.27.父亲不赞成地看着他。
Father looked at him in disapproval.28.他惊讶地望着我。
He looked at me in amazement.29.他起得很早，且一向如此。
He rose early，as he had always done.30.他与侵略者合作，出卖了自己的国家。
He collaborated with the invaders and betrayed his motherland.31.那个人醉心名利。
That chap is infatuated with fame and fortune.32.在加州发现黄金的消息轰动全国。
News of the discovery of gold in California excited the nation.33.政府支持这个项目。
The government is behind this project.34.1949年中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。1949 witnessed great changes in China.35.5月1日会议开幕了。
May day saw the opening of the meeting.36.我一时记不起他的名字。
His name escaped my memory for the moment.37.选择朋友，越谨慎越好。
One can never be too careful in the choice of one’s friends.38.今年的十月一号是个星期五。
The National Day of this year falls on a Friday.39.那里的工艺品品种齐全，价格公道，质量可靠。
The arts and crafts there are complete in range ,reasonable in price and reliable in quality.40.听到敲门声，我顿时睡意全消。
The knock on the door made me wide awake.41.生活的浮沉使他变得颓废。
The ups and downs of his life made him prop out.42.他又厚着脸皮要钱了吗？
Did he have the cheek to ask for more money？
43.听那个鬼故事时，我简直要吓死了。
I was scared to death when listening to that ghost story.44.他家里有好多张嘴要喂。
He has many mouths to feed in his family.45.这对年轻的夫妇并不相配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。
This young couple is not well matched，one is a Xi Shi--a famous Chinese beauty，while the other is a Zhang Fei--a well-known ill-tempered brute.46.我很瞧不起他，他是个马屁精。
I look down upon him，for he is such an apple polisher.47.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
The isolation of the rural world，because of distance and lack of tansport facilities，is compounded by the paucity of the information media.48.当时，车辆横冲直撞，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.49.他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。He has a disgusting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.50.请允许我代表中国体操协会向参加这次邀请赛的朋友们表示热烈的欢迎。Please allow me，on behalf of the Chinese Gymnastics Association，to extend a warm welcome to all our friends who have come for the Tournament.51.全城披上节日盛装。
The whole city is in holiday array.52.小汽车盘旋着，穿过村庄，翻越峡谷，沿着一条因解冻而涨水的小溪行驶。The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley,following a thaw-swollen stream。
53.有些时装设计师为了赶时髦，舍弃了优雅别致的式样，而一味追求袒胸露体的奇装异服。
In line with the latest trends in fashion, a few designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.54.不过我们说到故事后头去了。But we are getting ahead of the story.55.请先走。/请走在前面。After you.56.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点声音也没有。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.57.我们可借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。
With the help of a special instrument we can observe the electric waves travelling along.58.国家不论大小贫富，都应一律平等。
All nations，large or small，rich or poor，should be equal.59.如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。
It would be appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon sent to us.60.他过马路时，左顾右盼，害怕撞到过路的车。
While crossing the street,he looked right and left ,for fear that he might run into some passing car.61.我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.62.来宾请出示入场券。
Visitors are requested to show their tickets.63.约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。
John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.64.人的思想形成语言，而语言有影响了人的思想。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.65.干得很顺手，上汽车没到三分钟，一个钱包就到手了，鼓鼓囊囊的，看来钱不少。
An easy work.Hardly three minutes on the bus ,and he had laid hands on a purse, bulgy, apparently full of money.66.父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐，她的男朋友是什么样的人，父亲一看就知道。After all,father has much more worldly experience than her.So he will be able to tell, at a glance,what kind of man her boyfriend is.67.但他性情与人不同，不求名利，不交朋友，终日只是忙于自己的本职工作。He is , however, eccentric.He does not seek fame and gain,and does not like to make friends.Every day he is only engaged in his own job.68.一定要言行一致，理论与实践密切结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少说空话，多做工作，扎扎实实，埋头苦干。
Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely intergrated.We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated.69.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out,it blows up everything with it.70.世界上一些国家发生问题，从根本上说，都是因为经济上不去，没有饭吃，没有衣穿，没有房住，工资增长被通货膨胀抵消，生活水平下降，大批人下岗和失业，长期过紧日子。
Basically, the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy.Consequently,the lack food, clothing and shelter, and their wage increases are offset by inflation.With a decline in living standards, widespread layoffs and unemployment, people have to suffer chronic hardships.71.40年来，武汉杂技在继承了传统杂技的基础上，大胆吸收其他姊妹艺术之长，运用多种艺术手段，将布景，灯光，道具，美术融为一体，使杂技表演成为综合性的表演艺术。
For 40 years，based on traditional acrobatic techniques，Wuhan acrobatics has absorbed bravely the strong points of other sister arts and mixed together scenery，lighting，costume and fine art by all kinds of artistic methods so that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance.72.他俩能在地里找口粗茶淡饭，完全是靠丈夫起早贪黑的耕作。
It was only by the busband’s incessant labor that they could draw a meager living from their land.73.听了这话，他笑了，双唇合成一条曲线，露出一副悔恨的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光，脉脉含情。这种感情她不敢认同。
He smileed at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with emotion she was afraid to identify.74.她身材矮小，容貌端庄，鼻子俏丽，头发光亮鉴人。
Although she was both short and slender，she had a dignified and elegant countenance，a fine nose and shinny hair.75.凭窗站了一会儿，微微地觉得凉意侵人。转过身来，忽然眼花缭乱，屋子里的别的东西，都隐在光云里。
Standing at the window for a while, I felt a big chill.As I turned round,my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly.Everything in the room was blurred by a haze of light.76.蜗阳苔干，名优特产，驰名中外，声震古今，翠绿，鲜嫩，清脆，可口，有“天然海蜇”之称；清乾隆年间奉献皇宫，故又名“贡菜”。
Taigan(a kind of dry stemmed vegetable)is a famous special local product of Woyang,Anhui Province.It is well-known all over the world.It can be regarded as “jellyfish on land”.It’s green, tender,crisp and pleasant to taste.It was once an article of tribute in the Qing Dynasty.
第四篇：新编日语教程2--3翻译答案
37课
在新年的气氛刚刚消失的时候，迎来了日本的成人仪式。成人仪式是在每年1月的第2个星期天举行。身着西装的男性，和身着和服的女性的身影格外引人注目。男性中也有穿和服的。总而言之，都分外漂亮。
问了一下日本朋友松岛，她说她也在成人仪式的时候穿了和服。
我也是个女孩子，所以很向往日本的和服。要是什么时候，有机会穿和服就好了。“成人仪式大家都身着盛装，真是漂亮。”
38课
在日本，在2月3日有【季分】这样一个活动。所谓【季分】以前是表示春夏秋冬的季节分界的意思，但现在专指2月3日这一天。在这一天人们会一边喊着“鬼出去，福进来”，一边撒豆子。
撒豆子把鬼（晦气）赶出去的风俗，从8世纪的文武天皇的时代，在宫中就已经流行了。但更让我意外的是，据说这个撒豆子的风俗是从中国传来的。
但在我的故乡没有这样的风俗。到了日本，看到了在中国已经失去的文化习俗。“用豆子把鬼赶出去。”
39课
2月14日是从欧美起源，进而成为全世界的“情人节”的日子。在中国，这几年年轻人也开始过情人节，二战之后的日本，由于受到美国的深远影响，很早就有过情人节的传统。
可是日本的情人节的过法和美国以及欧洲有很大的不同。在欧美，原来是基督教的一个活动，是男女可以自由表达爱意的一个日子，可是在日本，情人节是女性向男性告白的日子。另外，作为告白的纪念，一定要送巧克力。这是以巧克力为主打商品的点心制造商的精心策划的商业化情人节。
由此，日本的情人节衍生了一个全世界少见的习惯，那就是“白色情人节”。即2月14日收到巧克力的男性要在一个月后的3月14日，还赠女性白色巧克力。这也一定是点心制造商的阴谋吧。
“在日本，女性要送男性巧克力。”
40课
日本的3月是毕业的季节。在我们的日语学校也举行了毕业典礼。去年4月以来在日语学校一直照顾我的丹尼尔学长，3月底也要离开东京，回英国去了。我则决定在东京再学习半年。也就是要为丹尼尔送行了
丹尼尔在最后告诉我说，最好要学习日语的敬语。去年和今年成绩都优异的丹尼尔作为学生代表要在毕业典礼上发言。据说在必须对老师们用敬语的场合下，因为平时不太用敬语，到那时就会紧张出差错。
还有半年时间，我要学好敬语，这样就可以用敬语有礼貌地和田中老师对话了。“仰视尊师，感其恩情。”
1课
日语学校的教科书每年要有变化。虽然学习日语已经是第二年了，但还是不太好。想起去年刚来日本的时候，偶然碰到丹尼尔的事情。我的日语比起当时的丹尼尔来真是逊色不少。所以为了复习日语，春假也顾不上出去玩。陈敏说：“用不着这么认真。”不过我想至少要好好的复习一下单词部分。随着课程的深入，日语也会变难。从3月中旬到4月初日本放春假。这段相当长的时间是复习的绝好机会。田中老师给我的建议是：“依我看，最好是做题。”我对陈敏说：“春家是我们一起复习吧。”
2课
新学期马上就要开始了。但是今年的樱花还没开。知道这个时期还看不到樱花真是令人难以置信。据说最近在东京一直不断的刮偏北风，所以樱花都没开。
去年刚来日本的时候，我心里非常不安。樱花却以其美丽的姿态来欢迎我。对于我来说，在春天的开学仪式时樱花的盛开有一种特别的意义。
大家约好一起去赏樱花的事情也延期了。我们是那样的期待，真是太遗憾了。不过田中老师和我们约定，因为赏花延期了，所以没赏玩花就不考试。
现在，我期待着能和樱花再次相会。我决定耐心地等待樱花盛开的那一天。
3课
新学期开始了，公布了新的班级。因为我运气好，通过了日语能力考试三级，所以进入了新的中级班。同班同学中，像小金啦小陈这样面熟的朋友有很多。而且，今年也是在田中老师的指导下学习日语。
延期一个星期的赏花也很开心。当然回到英国的丹尼尔没有参加。虽然很寂寞。但新的朋友代替丹尼尔加入了进来。她就是斯里兰卡人玛诺里。听说她在斯里兰卡学过戏剧。在樱花树下，他为我们表演的舞蹈真是精彩。
赏花结束后，就有一个检查春假复习状况的考试。听说会根据考试结果，考虑重新分班。我想，不仅是为了想留在现在的班级，既然要考试就要好好努力。
4课
我来日本以后，一直在学校的宿舍生活。宿舍里学校很近，所以非常便于学习。但是，日本的留学生活不仅仅是学习，打工也是生活中很重要的一部分。必须一边学习一边工作。
从去年开始，我一直在做中文教师，但实际上从春假之前也开始在超市工作了。做教师接触的日本人是有限。通过在超市的工作，我想学习日本人的工作方法和接待客人的态度。
去超市必须坐电车去。因此我在车站旁边找了房子。和宿舍比起来，虽然离学校远了点，但相反的，因为是在车站旁边，所以生活很方便。到学校只要一辆公交车就行了。
我曾听说过东京的房租是世界上最高的。一个人租一室户的话价钱比较贵，所以我和正好要找房子的美香两个人合租了两室一厅的房子。美香是松岛的朋友藤原的妹妹，非常可爱的女大学生。和美香一起生活的话，我期待自己的口语能力能得到提高。
从今年的四月份开始，我的新的日本生活就要开始了。
5课
期盼已久的公寓生活终于开始了。每天和同屋美香快乐地生活着。例如，两个人每天轮流做饭。美香一般做咖喱饭、牛肉饼等西式料理，我做中国菜。
但是，公寓生活并不是只有开心的事情。在日本，扔垃圾的时间是被限定好的。所以必须在垃圾回收车来之前把垃圾扔出去。而且，根据垃圾的种类扔的日期也有所不同。
垃圾的种类大致可分为“可燃垃圾”、“不可燃垃圾”、“资源（再利用）垃圾”、“大的非可燃垃圾”这四大类。例如，“可燃垃圾”里包括厨房扔掉的含有水分的垃圾，但一周只能扔两次。这样房间里可能到处是垃圾。
为什么会有“扔垃圾的规则”呢？下次打算问一下公寓的物业管理人。
第五篇：汉英翻译技巧
汉英翻译技巧
第一节 汉语无主语句的英译处理
一、祈使句对应为祈使句
e.g.小心轻放。
Handle with care.量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.宁为鸡首，不为牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.二、采用英语的被动结构译出 采用英语被动结构翻译的汉语无主语句一般的情况：一是某些表示事物存在的无主语句；二是有些句子突出宾语部分，在翻译时可以不用补出主语而用原句中的宾语来充当主语。e.g.这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。More apartments will be built here.利用发电机，可以将机械能转变为电能。
The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.在合同中，详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件。
In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.没有爱心，就无法了解人生。
Life cannot be understood without much charity.三、采用倒装语序 e.g.地下埋藏着大量的金银。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver.随着一声吼叫，忽的从树林里窜出一只老虎来。
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.山里住着个老和尚。
In the mountain lived on an old monk.四、采用 THERE BE 结构 例句：没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no facility.剩下的时间不多了。There is very little time left.萝卜白菜，各有所爱。
There is no accounting for taste.无水则无鱼。
Without water there would be no fish.楼下有人想和你说话。
There is a man downstairs who wants to speak to you.you are wanted downstairs.五、采用 IT 作主语译出
例句：要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作。
In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.与自然作斗争，倍感快乐。It is a great joy to battle against nature.活到老学到老。
It is never too old to learn.子曰：学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？
Confucius said, is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?
六、增添适当的代词或名词充当主语 例句： 知彼知己，百战不殆。
If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without peril.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.六、因文制宜，区别对待
例句：未经审批机关批准，合同中不得规定禁止接受方在合同期满后继续使用技术的条款。
Unless approval has been obtained from the examining and approving organ, a contract shall not include provisions prohibiting the recipient from continuing to use the technology after the expiry of the contract term.由于英语被接受为联合国的官方语言之一，这就使英语在国际外交场合使用得更为广泛了。
The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the U.N.说明白了一切，就再无奥妙可言了。It will leave nothing in obscurity;everything is seen.Exercises: 1.要适可而止，否则就要完蛋。
2.不远处传来了提琴的声音，调子哀enough, or we will die.Enough is 伤。Not far away from the sound of the fiddle, and that'll sorrow.3.在游廊的最左端，靠近一道门，坐着一位将近30岁的男子。
4.他的书桌上放着带有细菌的小碟the left, near a door, sits a nearly 30 years old man.Most of the veranda at 子。His desk is put a little dish of bacteria
All in all, it was two 5.总之，是两点而不是一点。
6.花瓶里没有水了。and not a bit.The vase no water.7.要
很容易看得出来那作家是一位生手，刚从事写作。8.。
Very easy to see the writer is a beginning, just writing
9.不怕一万，就怕万一one thousand.Ten thousand not afraid, afraid of 10.还看不出来他能挑得起这副担子。Also see he can pick up the burden alone.11.去年
12.必须认真做好建厂前的准备工作。The factory must do the preparing work before.Should teach children to 13.应该教导儿童讲实话。
14.必须保证8小时的睡眠。
15.发现了错误，一定要改正。tell the truthhours of sleep.must correct.Must ensure that eight
Find a mistake，第二节、汉语“是”字句的英译处理
一、表示“等同”
例句：他最佩服的就是你。
Of all the people, you are the one he admires most.二、表示“类属” 例句：这台机器是进口的。
The machine was imported from abroad.他是来找你的。He is here to see you.三、表示“事物状态” 例句：要是旧社会，遇上这样大的水灾，早已是哀鸿遍野了。
If a flood of such magnitude had hit the land in the old days, the stricken area would have been a scene of desolation and despair.你现在是身不由己，只能听他的。You have to listen to him whether you like it or not.四、表示“存在” 例句：她满脸是泪，默不作声。She was soundless and her cheeks were bathed in tears.别看他长得胖，其实浑身是病。Despite his stout build, he suffers from all sorts of diseases.五、在两个类似结构中表示“区别”，转换为英语相对的对比结构。例句：他是他，我是我，我们谁也管不着谁。
We have our own wills, he and I, neither is the other’s master.昨天是昨天，今天是今天，情况是不断变化的。
Events are moving very fast;what was true yesterday may not be so today.这个人言行不一，说是说，做是做。This man’s deeds do not match his words;he never practices what he preaches.敌是敌，友是友，必须分清界限。A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.六、表示“让步”，用适当的副词或者让步句型来体现。例句：书是好书，可惜贵了点。It is true that this is a good book, but it’s a bit too expensive.他的本意是好的，只是措辞不当。He meant well, but he didn’t put across his ideas properly.你就是有天大的本事，恐怕也施展不开。
However capable you are, you probably can do nothing in this circumstance.这房子老是老，但离商店近，采购方便。
Indeed, the house is old, but as it is close to the stores, it is convenient for shopping.六、表示“强调”，一般转换为强调句式 例句：是谁教你这样做的？ Who told you to do so? 是这位解放军战士救了你。
It was this PLA man who saved you.我写的信是给她的，不是你。
It was to her that I wrote a letter, not to you.七、表示“凡是”，由英语习惯句型决定。
例句：是人都会犯错误。
Every man is liable to error./ No one is free from error.是孩子他都喜欢。He loves all children.正如一句话所说，是亲三分像。As an old saying goes, blood is thicker than water.是重活他都抢着干。Whenever there is a tough job, he is always the first to do it.八、表示“恰当” 例句：屋里的家具放得都不是地方。The furniture in the room is arranged exactly where it should not be.你来得正是时候。
You have come just in the nick of time./ You can’t have come at a better come.她穿的裙子很是漂亮。
The dress looks very beautiful on her.九、表示“选择”或“疑问” 例句：你是看电视还是听音乐？ 他不是出国了么？
十、表示“确认”，有强调的意思，一般通过助动词、副词或短语来体现。
例句：她爸爸是不同意她和汤姆来往的。
Her father does disapprove of her having anything to do with TOM.这件事他是不知道。
He certainly doesn’t know this.这孩子是可爱。
The child is lovely indeed.我不是不懂，只是不想说。
It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.十一、表示“特征”，一般直译。例句：马克思主义的基本原理是普遍适用的。
The fundamental tenets of Marxism are universally applicable.本领高强的人，往往是谦虚好学的。Men of capability are often modest and show a desire to learn.作战时他总是身先士卒，故能所向披靡。
He was always at the head of his men in battle, and so his army was invincible.练习题
1、我们是坐船去武汉的。
2、玩弄她的感情是卑鄙的。
3、这个故事好是好，就是长了点。
4、这场火灾是他们不小心而引起的。
5、满屋都是烟，连他衣服上都是烟味。
6、他开办这家工厂完全是白手起7、8、9、10、11、12、家的。
这本书我是有的，可是我一下找不到。
这原来是破旧、窄小的一条旧街。
这人真讨厌，总是死皮赖脸的缠着人家。
既然要搞掉他，罗织罪名还不是易如反掌。
今天开这个会啊，是想听听各方面的意见。
不管怎么样，我是决意要完成这项任务的。
Keys: 1.We went to wuhan by chartered boat.2.It was mean of him to play with her/affections.3.It is a good story all right, but a bit too long.4.The fire resulted from their carelessness.5.Smoke filled the room;even his clothes smelled of smoke.6.He built up his factory literally from nothing.7.I have the book somewhere but I cannot lay my hands on it now.8.This place was originally a narrow, shabby street.9.The man is quite a nuisance;he keeps pestering/bothering others/me shamelessly.10.Now that they have decided to get rid of him, charges can easily be framed.11.Look！We are holding this meeting today to make sure that different opinions are put forward freely.12.I mean to accomplish the task, come what may happen.汉语习语的英译处理
习语是人们在语言发展过程中，经过长期的社会实践提炼出来的短语或者短句，是语言的精华。从广义上讲，汉语习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语等。具体特点表现在：
1、习语本身是修辞手段的集中体现，如谐音等来增加美感，如“嘴上没毛，办事不牢”，“吃得苦，耐得烦；不怕死，霸得蛮”；英语中的“by hook or by crook”, as red as a rose。
2、习语是语言中独立、不规则而固定的因素。如“露出马脚”不能说成“露出猪脚”，“雪中送炭”不能说成“雪中送煤”。基于上述特点，翻译过程中必须注意：
1、尽量保存原文的民族特色和风格，在可能的情况下以直译为主。
2、不能把习语当做普通语句处理，注意修辞美感。
一、汉语习语英译的常用方法
1、英语同义句借用法
A: 借用意义和形象相同或相似的 B: 借用意义相同但形象不同的 例如： A:
随大流，以牙还牙 隔墙有耳 一文不名绞尽脑汁 针锋相对 时时刻刻 千钧一发 浑水摸鱼 swim with the tide a tooth for a tooth walls have ears
without a penny to one’s
name
to rack one’s brain give tit for tat every now and then hung by a thread to fish in troubled water
如坐针毡 a bed of thorns 谋事在人，成事在天
Man proposes, God disposes 星星之火可以燎原
Little chips light great fire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳 Once bit, twice shy.空中楼阁、君子协定、事实胜于雄辩、有其父必有其子、B:
半斤八两 six of one and half a dozen of the other 无足轻重
of no account 锦囊妙计
ace in the hole/sleeve 非公莫入
no admittance 徒劳无益
hold a candle to the sun 茫然若失
be all adrift 水中捞月
fish in the air 乳臭未干
the smell of the baby 寿终正寝
die in the bed 一丘之貉
birds of a feather(flock together)
2、直译法
蓬头垢面 with disheveled hair and dirty face
求同存异 see common ground while reserving differences 扑朔迷离
complicated and confusing
朴实无华
simple and unadorned 能者多劳
the abler a man, the busier he gets.自力更生 regeneration through one’s own efforts 顺水推舟 push the boat with current 欺软怕硬 bully the weak and fear the strong 半途而废 give up halfway 口蜜腹剑 with honey on one’s lips and murder in one’s heart.有钱能使鬼推磨
If you have money you can even make the devil turn your mill(serve for you).十年树木百年树人
It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear/cultivate people.路遥知马力，日久见人心。
A long road tests a horse’s strength, while a long time proves one’s heart.天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福
Storms gather without warning in nature, while bad luck befalls men overnight.3、意译法
畏首畏尾 over-cautious
不到黄河不死心
Not stop until one reaches one’s goal 独木不成林
One person cannot accomplish much.4、节译法 汉语习语中有些是对偶词组，往往前后两对含义相同
无影无踪 vanish without a trace 长吁短叹 千真万确 一朝一夕 根深蒂固 不屈不挠 自给自足 经久耐用 同心同德 清规戒律 油头粉面 惊心动魄
sigh deeply be quite true overnight deep-rooted unswerving self-sufficient durable with one mind taboos(regulations)high-painted soul-stirring
5、直译加注法
东施效颦 Dongshi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrow in imitation of the famous beauty Xi Shi only to make herself uglier—blindly copying others and making oneself look foolish.二、汉语习语中数词的英译
1、直译法
千金难买一笑
A thousand pieces of gold can hardly purchase a smile.一寸光阴一寸金
An inch of time is an inch of gold.一着不慎满盘皆输
One careless move loses the whole game.百花齐放，百家争鸣
Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend.听君一席话，胜读十年书
One evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten-year study.2、保留部分数字
杀一儆百 punish one as an example to others 三心二意 two-minded 两面三刀 double-faced and tricky 十拿九稳 ninety percent sure
3、省略法（当数字是虚指时）昙花一现 be a flash in the pan 一干二净 neat and tidy;不三不四 dubious；inappropriate 百无聊赖 to be overcome with boredom 白问不厌 to serve patiently and tirelessly 三言两语 a few words 五谷丰登、五光十色、五湖四海、十万火急、才高八斗、千秋万代（throughout the ages）
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