第一篇：大学新编实用英语综合教程3翻译答案
Unit 1 1.她一家商店一家商店的看，最后以她能付出的价格买了她所需要的东西。
She shopped around till she got what she wanted at a price she could afford.2.除了向我要东西，他从不跟我说话。
He never speaks to me other than to ask for something.3.你永远应该以搞好你的工作为目的。
You should always aim at doing your job well.4.几个星期来她一直呆在家中照顾有病的父亲。
She has been tied to the house for weeks looking after her invalid father.5.修建这条路是为了缓解交通拥挤。
The route was designed to relieve traffic congestion.6.社会是由形形色色的人组成的。有些人很好，有些人很坏，也有些人介乎两者之间。
Society is made up of a wide variety of people;some are good, others(are)bad, and still others(are)in between.Unit 2 5
1.这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你如何解释？
How do you account for the fact that you've been late every day this week?
2.政府已经承诺改善落后地区人民的生活条件。
The government has committed itself to improving the life conditions of the people living in the underdeveloped areas.3.据最新报道，这次火车交通事故造成多名乘客死亡。
According to the latest report, the train accident resulted in the death of several passengers.4.多呼吸新鲜空气有助于身体健康。
Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.5.他试图竞争学校学生会主席，但是没有成功。
He attempted to compete for the position of chairman of the Students' Union, but he didn't get in / succeed.6.经过一年辛勤的努力，公司本年度目标全部达成。
Throughout one-year industrious work, the company has achieved all its goals this year.Unit 3
5.1.盗贼从这家银行偷走了一大笔现金。
The thieves made off with a large sum of money from the bank.2.高血压使千百万人有患心脏病的危险。
High blood pressure places millions of people at the risk of heart disease.3.在做任何重要决定之前都要慎重思考。
Think twice before you make any important decisions.4.非洲大陆的一大片区域有变成沙漠的危险。A large part of the African continent is in danger of becoming a desert.5.他从来没有给我提出过解决问题的好方法。
Not once has he suggested a good way to deal with any problem.Unit 4
1.在文化交流中，误解常常是不可避免的。
In cultural exchanges, misunderstanding is often unavoidable.2.在英国留学的几年中，我有机会见到了不同国籍的留学生。
In my few years of study in Britain, J bad chances to meet students of all sorts of nationalities.3.在西方国家，向老师赠送圣诞节贺卡，是一种常见的表达敬意的方式。
In Western countries, it is a common way for students to send Christmas cards to teachers to show their respect.4.老师望着我，脸上露出不解的表情。
My teacher looked at me, with a puzzled expression on the face.5.我们都十分清楚，市场竞争是非常残酷的。
We are all aware that competition in the market is very fierce.6.一些汉语习语被译成英语后，会使一些英语读者感到很吃惊。
When some Chinese idioms are translated into English, their meanings may startle some readers of English.Unit 6 5.1.这几家公司签署了一项新的协议。
These companies entered into a new agreement.2.一家大规模生产移动电话的公司已经建立。
A company has been set up to produce mobile phones on a large scale.3.这次事故造成两名乘客死亡。
This accident resulted in the death of two passengers.4.我们最好将房子投保火险。
We'd better insure the house against fire.5.因不经心造成的任何损坏须由借用者赔偿。
Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower.Unit 7 5.1.他们试图离开营地，但被大雪捆住了。
They attempted to leave the camp but were stopped by the heavy snow.2.由于开车速度太快而引起的交通事故在不断增加。Accidents due to driving too fast are on the increase.3.他们在相同的环境下长大，因此在举止上有很多的共同点。
They grew up in the same environment, so their behaviors had much in common.4.和山区的孩子相比，我们就幸运多了，能有机会使用计算机。
In contrast to children in the mountainous areas, we are lucky to have access to computers.5.我们对他过于繁琐的讲述他过去的荣誉感到厌烦。
We were bored at hearing her dwelling so much on her past glories.6.你必须有成功的欲望并努力争取实现。
You must have the appetite for success and try hard to realize it.unit1 6.1.The best way to guard against tooth decay is through brushing teeth every day.预防蛀牙的最佳方法是每天刷牙。
The best way to guard against infection is through vaccination.预防传染的最佳办法是注射疫苗。
2.The purpose of the book is to introduce the basic knowledge of engineering.本书旨在介绍工程学的基本知识。
The purpose of the competition is to provide university students with a stage to demonstrate their skills and knowledge.本次比赛的目的是为大学生提供展示自己的舞台。
3.This is possible only when the wheels stop turning.这只有在轮子停止转动时才有可能。
This is possible only when the weather is fine.只有当天气晴好时这才可能。
4.In terms of economy, nations can be divided into two groups: developed countries and developing countries.就经济而言，国家可分为两种：发达国家和发展中国家。
The pie can be divided into five pieces so that everyone gets piece.这张饼可分为五份，让每人有一份。
5.We should try our best to reduce the mistakes resulting from carelessness.我们应尽量减少因粗心大意而造成的错误。
They are assessing the loss resulting from the air crash.他们正在评估这次空难造成的损失。
unit2 6.1.He seems to know the way better than I do.他好象比我还熟悉那条路。
His voice seemed to have disturbed her.他的声音好像打扰了她。
2.His carelessness led to this accident.他的粗心大意导致了这场车祸。
Hard work leads to success.努力工作是成功之路。
3.I was assigned to a small room when I started my work in the college.当我到大学工作时，他们分给我一个单人房间。
Each of us was assigned to a holiday homework by the teacher.老师给我们每人一份假期作业。
4.Don't leave until I arrive.当我到达之前不要离开。
I won't stop shouting until you let me go.你让我走，我才停止喊叫。
5.My eyes were irritated by the smoke.烟熏得我眼睛怪难受的。
The boss was irritated by the clerk's rude behavior.老板对职员的粗鲁行为很恼火。
6.When it came his turn, he rose from his seat.轮到他时，他就从座位上站起来。
When it comes to drawing a plan, leave it to me.至于制定计划，就交给我吧。
7.Instead of improving, he is getting worse.他不是在好转，而是在恶化。
They built a reservoir halfway up the mountain instead of at the top.他们不是在山顶而是在半山腰修建了一个水库。
unit3 6.1.If there is a problem, we never point fingers at each other.如果出现问题，我们从不互相指责。
They pointed fingers at one another for failing to prevent the disaster.他们因没能防止那场灾难而互相指责。
2.It is highly unlikely that this problem will be solved in the near future.这个问题不太可能在近期得到解决。
It was highly unlikely that she would do that kind of thing.她不太可能做出那样的事。
3.This computer virus is spreading, and all online users are at risk.这种计算机病毒正在传播，所有上网用户都有被感染的危险。
The economy is very depressed at the moment, which puts more jobs at risk.目前该国的经济十分的萧条，这使得更多的就业机会面临丧失的危险。4.I advised him to think twice before deciding to quit school.我劝他在决定退学前再仔细考虑一番。
Always think twice before paying out large sums of money.支付大笔款项时总要三思而行。
5.Could it be that more people will ride bikes to work? 是否有可能更多的人会骑自行车上班呢？
Could it be that I was too close to the situation to see it clearly?.是否有可能由于我离得太近而看不清形势呢？
unit4 6.1.在某种意义上来说，你犯那个错误我倒是很高兴，因为那个错误会对你起警戒作用。
In a way, I'm glad you made that mistake, for it will serve us waming to you.我建议你买那张多用途沙发，因为它可以作为床用。
My suggestion is that you should buy that multifunctional sofa because it may serve as a bed.2.这个学校最早是一个社区学院，现在已经成为这个州的最著名的大学之一了。
This school began as a community college and has grown to one of the most famous universities in the state.哥伦比亚于1938年从一个家庭作坊的帽子销售商发家，现在已经成为世界上最大的户外品牌。
Columbia began as a family owned hat distributorship in 1938, and has grown into one of the world's largest outerwear brands.3.我们的目标成为经营业绩最好和最被羡慕者之一。
Our mission is to be one of the leaders in performance running and one of the most admired.我们公司的承诺是将国内产品介绍给全世界的消费者。
The commitment of our company is to introduce the products of our country to the customers throughout the world.4.奢侈品成为一个驱使现代人去寻求个人意义和满足的概念。
Luxury is becoming a concept rooted in our modem drive to find personal meaning and satisfaction.在历史上，“价值”自身是一个植根于理性和道德观念上的概念。
In history, “value” is itself a human concept rooted in rational and moral principles.5.校长鼓励我们每天阅读专业相关书籍一小时以提高自身素质。
Our president encourages us to improve ourselves by reading an hour a day in our fields.新的研究表明，吸烟者减少吸烟可以减低患心脏病的危险。
According to a new research, smokers can reduce their risk for heart disease by cutting down on smoking cigarettes.9.这一方法证明是非常成功的。
This method proved to be very successful.我们生了病才知道健康的价值。
We had to know the worth of health,until we are ill.这种表演很受大学生的欢迎。
The kind of performance is very popular with college students.人们认识到吸烟有害健康。
It is recognized that smoking is bad for health.学习一件事情的最好方法是去做这件事。Learn a thing is the best way to do it.他们将和来自全世界的游泳选手进行比赛。
They will compete with swimmers from all of the words.我们不能解决所有问题，但肯定能减轻他们的痛苦。
We can't solve all problems, but so affirmation can ease their suffering.那天晚上我玩的很开心，晚会上的其他人也都一样。
That night I had good time,so did everyone else at the party.unit6 6
1.儿子在家看DVD而父母却在田里辛勤劳作。
The son was watching DVD at home while the parents were working in the fields.你喜欢体育，而我更喜欢音乐。You like sports, while I prefer music.2.在配偶的收入基础上纳税者可以选择以下三种方式计算应付的税额。
The following are three ways a taxpayer may choose from to calculate the tax due on his/her spouse's salary.可供选择的CD版本太多了，我不知道哪一个版本更好。
There are so many different CD versions to choose from and I have no idea which is the best.3.老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。
The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.研究者在没有检验任何其他因素的情况下得出结论，认为喝茶有益健康。
The researchers have concluded that drinking tea does good to the health of people without examining any other factors.4.在这样紧急的情况下，投资的重点应该是机器而不是建筑。
In such an urgent situation, the focus of our investment should be on new machinery rather than building.我做事总喜欢赶早而不愿意把事情拖到最后。
I always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute.5.今晚的电视没什么看的，都是些垃圾节目。
There's nothing on TV tonight, other than rubbish.因为桥上个月坍塌了，你只能游泳过河了。
Because the bridge collapsed last month, you can't get across other than by swimming.I know him?
unit7 6.1.The answer may lie in the Fact that there are large numbers of graduates in this field.答案可能是：在这个领域有大量的毕业生。
The root of their poverty lies in the fact that they have received little education.她们贫穷的根源是：接受的教育太少。
2.Not all wealthy people live a happy life.并不是所有的有钱人都过着幸福的生活。
Not all students attended the lecture.并不是所有的学生都来听讲座。
3.It must be appreciated that there are a lot of difficulties on your way to success.必须要懂得在你走向成功的路上有许多困难。
It must be appreciated that your dress can be changed, whereas your disposition is inborn.必须要意识到你的衣着可以改变，而你的气质是天生的。
4.Whatever the difference is, there is one factor in commonthey come From the same background.无论有什么不同，有一点是共同的——他们的文化背景相同。
5.There is a misconception that boys are cleverer than girls in most respects.有一种错误的观念，认为在大多数方面男孩子都比女孩子聪明。
There is a misconception that a blind person cannot draw.有一种错误的观念，认为盲人不能作画。
第二篇：新编实用英语综合教程3翻译答案
Unit 1 1.她一家商店一家商店的看，最后以她能付出的价格买了她所需要的东西。
She shopped around till she got what she wanted at a price she could afford.2.除了向我要东西，他从不跟我说话。
He never speaks to me other than to ask for something.3.你永远应该以搞好你的工作为目的。
You should always aim at doing your job well.4.几个星期来她一直呆在家中照顾有病的父亲。
She has been tied to the house for weeks looking after her invalid father.5.修建这条路是为了缓解交通拥挤。
The route was designed to relieve traffic congestion.6.社会是由形形色色的人组成的。有些人很好，有些人很坏，也有些人介乎两者之间。
Society is made up of a wide variety of people;some are good, others(are)bad, and still others(are)in between.1.儿子在家看DVD而父母却在田里辛勤劳作。
The son was watching DVD at home while the parents were working in the fields.你喜欢体育，而我更喜欢音乐。You like sports, while I prefer music.2.在配偶的收入基础上纳税者可以选择以下三种方式计算应付的税额。
The following are three ways a taxpayer may choose from to calculate the tax due on his/her spouse's salary.可供选择的CD版本太多了，我不知道哪一个版本更好。
There are so many different CD versions to choose from and I have no idea which is the best.3.老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。
The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.研究者在没有检验任何其他因素的情况下得出结论，认为喝茶有益健康。
The researchers have concluded that drinking tea does good to the health of people without examining any other factors.4.在这样紧急的情况下，投资的重点应该是机器而不是建筑。
In such an urgent situation, the focus of our investment should be on new machinery rather than building.我做事总喜欢赶早而不愿意把事情拖到最后。
I always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute.5.今晚的电视没什么看的，都是些垃圾节目。
There's nothing on TV tonight, other than rubbish.因为桥上个月坍塌了，你只能游泳过河了。
Because the bridge collapsed last month, you can't get across other than by swimming.I know him?
Unit2 1.这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你如何解释？
How do you account for the fact that you've been late every day this week? 2.政府已经承诺改善落后地区人民的生活条件。
The government has committed itself to improving the life conditions of the people living in the underdeveloped areas.3.据最新报道，这次火车交通事故造成多名乘客死亡。
According to the latest report, the train accident resulted in the death of several passengers.4.多呼吸新鲜空气有助于身体健康。
Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.5.他试图竞争学校学生会主席，但是没有成功。
He attempted to compete for the position of chairman of the Students' Union, but he didn't get in / succeed.6.经过一年辛勤的努力，公司本目标全部达成。
Throughout one-year industrious work, the company has achieved all its goals this year.1.在某种意义上来说，你犯那个错误我倒是很高兴，因为那个错误会对你起警戒作用。
In a way, I'm glad you made that mistake, for it will serve us waming to you.我建议你买那张多用途沙发，因为它可以作为床用。
My suggestion is that you should buy that multifunctional sofa because it may serve as a bed.2.这个学校最早是一个社区学院，现在已经成为这个州的最著名的大学之一了。
This school began as a community college and has grown to one of the most famous universities in the state.哥伦比亚于1938年从一个家庭作坊的帽子销售商发家，现在已经成为世界上最大的户外品牌。
Columbia began as a family owned hat distributorship in 1938, and has grown into one of the world's largest outerwear brands.3.我们的目标成为经营业绩最好和最被羡慕者之一。
Our mission is to be one of the leaders in performance running and one of the most admired.我们公司的承诺是将国内产品介绍给全世界的消费者。
The commitment of our company is to introduce the products of our country to the customers throughout the world.4.奢侈品成为一个驱使现代人去寻求个人意义和满足的概念。
Luxury is becoming a concept rooted in our modem drive to find personal meaning and satisfaction.在历史上，“价值”自身是一个植根于理性和道德观念上的概念。
In history, “value” is itself a human concept rooted in rational and moral principles.5.校长鼓励我们每天阅读专业相关书籍一小时以提高自身素质。
Our president encourages us to improve ourselves by reading an hour a day in our fields.新的研究表明，吸烟者减少吸烟可以减低患心脏病的危险。
According to a new research, smokers can reduce their risk for heart disease by cutting down on smoking cigarettes..9.这一方法证明是非常成功的。
This method proved to be very successful.我们生了病才知道健康的价值。
We had to know the worth of health,until we are ill.这种表演很受大学生的欢迎。
The kind of performance is very popular with college students.人们认识到吸烟有害健康。
It is recognized that smoking is bad for health.学习一件事情的最好方法是去做这件事。Learn a thing is the best way to do it.他们将和来自全世界的游泳选手进行比赛。
They will compete with swimmers from all of the words.我们不能解决所有问题，但肯定能减轻他们的痛苦。
We can't solve all problems, but so affirmation can ease their suffering.那天晚上我玩的很开心，晚会上的其他人也都一样。
That night I had good time,so did everyone else at the party.Unit3 1.盗贼从这家银行偷走了一大笔现金。
The thieves made off with a large sum of money from the bank.2.高血压使千百万人有患心脏病的危险。
High blood pressure places millions of people at the risk of heart disease.3.在做任何重要决定之前都要慎重思考。
Think twice before you make any important decisions.4.非洲大陆的一大片区域有变成沙漠的危险。
A large part of the African continent is in danger of becoming a desert.5.他从来没有给我提出过解决问题的好方法。
Not once has he suggested a good way to deal with any problem.1.If there is a problem, we never point fingers at each other.如果出现问题，我们从不互相指责。
They pointed fingers at one another for failing to prevent the disaster.他们因没能防止那场灾难而互相指责。
2.It is highly unlikely that this problem will be solved in the near future.这个问题不太可能在近期得到解决。
It was highly unlikely that she would do that kind of thing.她不太可能做出那样的事。
3.This computer virus is spreading, and all online users are at risk.这种计算机病毒正在传播，所有上网用户都有被感染的危险。
The economy is very depressed at the moment, which puts more jobs at risk.目前该国的经济十分的萧条，这使得更多的就业机会面临丧失的危险。4.I advised him to think twice before deciding to quit school.我劝他在决定退学前再仔细考虑一番。
Always think twice before paying out large sums of money.支付大笔款项时总要三思而行。
5.Could it be that more people will ride bikes to work? 是否有可能更多的人会骑自行车上班呢？
Could it be that I was too close to the situation to see it clearly?.是否有可能由于我离得太近而看不清形势呢？ Unit 4
1.在文化交流中，误解常常是不可避免的。
In cultural exchanges, misunderstanding is often unavoidable.2.在英国留学的几年中，我有机会见到了不同国籍的留学生。
In my few years of study in Britain, J bad chances to meet students of all sorts of nationalities.3.在西方国家，向老师赠送圣诞节贺卡，是一种常见的表达敬意的方式。
In Western countries, it is a common way for students to send Christmas cards to teachers to show their respect.4.老师望着我，脸上露出不解的表情。
My teacher looked at me, with a puzzled expression on the face.5.我们都十分清楚，市场竞争是非常残酷的。
We are all aware that competition in the market is very fierce.6.一些汉语习语被译成英语后，会使一些英语读者感到很吃惊。
When some Chinese idioms are translated into English, their meanings may startle some readers of English.1.He seems to know the way better than I do.他好象比我还熟悉那条路。
His voice seemed to have disturbed her.他的声音好像打扰了她。
2.His carelessness led to this accident.他的粗心大意导致了这场车祸。
Hard work leads to success.努力工作是成功之路。
3.I was assigned to a small room when I started my work in the college.当我到大学工作时，他们分给我一个单人房间。
Each of us was assigned to a holiday homework by the teacher.老师给我们每人一份假期作业。4.Don't leave until I arrive.当我到达之前不要离开。
I won't stop shouting until you let me go.你让我走，我才停止喊叫。
5.My eyes were irritated by the smoke.烟熏得我眼睛怪难受的。
The boss was irritated by the clerk's rude behavior.老板对职员的粗鲁行为很恼火。
6.When it came his turn, he rose from his seat.轮到他时，他就从座位上站起来。
When it comes to drawing a plan, leave it to me.至于制定计划，就交给我吧。
7.Instead of improving, he is getting worse.他不是在好转，而是在恶化。
They built a reservoir halfway up the mountain instead of at the top.他们不是在山顶而是在半山腰修建了一个水库。
Unit 5
1.Last semester, Wang Gang was awarded the title of An Outstanding Student for his excellent performance.上学期王钢表现出色，被授予优秀学生的称号。
2.On Teachers’ Day, the students made a greeting card for their teacher, which symbolized their appreciation of what the teacher had accomplished in the past year.同学们在教师节给老师做了一张贺卡，以表示对老师过去一年工作的感谢。3.The children were amused by the story about the cat.孩子们听了关于那只猫的故事都笑了起来。
4.The continual sunny days made the temperature soar sharply.连续几个晴天，气温骤然升高。
5.Walking after dinner promotes digestion.饭后散步有助于消化。
第三篇：新编大学英语综合教程4课后翻译
Unit 1
child.(活泼的举止是正常的)
John, but he can’t afford one.(速度快的车对······有吸引力)
3.Dave required a lot of time to study the 多种多样的论据)and she explained the project to me again.(我要求我的上司为我解释清楚)
5.Photographic film is very(对光很敏感)
6.can be a great help, especially in the early days.(互相鼓励)7.Jimmy cried when people(拿他开玩笑)
8.John won’t give up.He 坚持他的观点)
9.Ted always wants(成为注意的焦点)
10.Is it cheaper if 我们提前买票)Unit2 1.However,(这种搜索引擎的主要缺陷)is its tendency to include too much information.2.她从不吝惜自己的时间)—always ready to help other people.3.you may have known someone else for thancasual acquaintances(他们永远只是泛泛之交).4.(他怀疑这车不是他的)because everyone knew she had no money.5.It’s impossible to forget such horrific events — they will remain in the 它们会永远留在记忆中).6.In a world too often filled with(在这样一个常常充满各种不确定性的世界上), it is nice to have a safety net, something you can rely on.7.The earthquake happened(比该研究小组的预报提前了一年), but earthquakes are usually difficult to predict.8.I don’t mind being awakened once or twice in the middle of the night by my roommate habit of it(只要她不养成习惯).Unit3
1.Their study shows that sports skills over into personal life(可以运用到个人生活中).(更多地叫男生回答问题), because they tend to be the ones having trouble staying on task.put away(把要洗的衣服放好)before it was time to do the next batch.4.After her time in hospital, Jenny’s parents are afraid she has fallen behind academically(在学业上落后了).5.People are wondering over(谁会接班)when the old president dies.Unit4
这工作都得由他来完成)no matter how long it takes.2.(我们决定为买新车而放弃旅行), though it
was really hard for us to make the decision.3.He tried not to 让他的妻子参与公司的管理工作), because in most cases the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.(对未来几代人都是及其重要的)that open spaces and parklands are protected and maintained to a high standard to keep the city increasingly attractive.5.We have reached the agreement at the 解决这个问题的关键是更好的策划)
6.I propose(继续深入讨论这个问题)by considering critically the four theories well-known in this area.7.(这房子是完全新颖的设计)---neither the interior nor the exterior was copies of any existing buildings of the kind.8.Through all his life he has made efforts 增进两国间的相互了解).Unit5
1.One of the reasons they became good friends(他们成为好朋友的其中一个理由)was that they enjoyed the same sports and music.2.We will learn by our own experience what is best, and 不是靠重复别人的足迹).3.He will play in two tournaments in Japan, 这意味着他将错过世界杯)in his home country.是否表白自己很想他还是继续保持沉默).She had to think about her relationship again.5.Her mind was soothed by memories of her dad and of the days when she was a little girl(她还是个小女孩时同父亲一起住在乡下的日子).6.No matter how insignificant the findings 无论调查结果在当时是多么没有意义), it is important to record all of them properly.总是
受到父母的批评)can seriously hurt the children
and won’t reinforce what the parents try to teach.8.The danger of going too far(做过头的危险)was always present because he was talking too much.But he couldn’t help it.Unit6
(凭借他的记忆力好)and the many exams he had passed.2.She favors a bit of adventure as well as a certain degree of self-government children’s education is concerned(当涉及到她孩子的教育时).3.Most people who are sick with AIDS want to stay at home, rather than spend time unnecessarily in hospital(而不愿意毫无必要地呆在医院里).4.What if I choose to give small amounts of money regularly over a period of time(在一段时间内定期给少量的钱)instead of donating a large sum once for all?
5.I am afraid, Mr.Peterson, the answer is that(答案是这样的)we have to be more efficient than our European competitors.6.The museum 并不打算只关注现代艺术的某个具体方面), but prefers to offer material for the public to study and compare.7.She had decided not to go for a drive on such a windy day 即便能搞到一辆车).你已经同过去一刀两断，并已经开始全新的生活这一事实).Unit 7
1.Drops executed in the first two weeks of the course will leave no records on students’ transcript(在学生的成绩单上不会留下记录),but a drop executed during the third through eighth week will result in a grade of W(withdrawal).2.We often heard of stories about some people who could still think calmly and creativelywhen facing difficulties(当面临困难的时候).3.You should be aware that applications won’t be accepted if they’rebeyond the deadline(过了截止时间).4.The manager was so angry that hetossed the report on the desk(猛地把报告扔在桌子上)and shouted at Sam, “Get out!I don’t want to see you again!”
5.You must start bygetting rid of all the bad habits(改掉所有的坏习惯)your previous piano teacher taught you!
6.Some trees have grown too high and deprived the house of light(挡住了房中的光线).7.What would be the first word that would pop into your mind(跃入你的脑海)when you see Sunflowers by Vincent Van Gogh？ 8.Living on his own on the campus, he has learned tobudget his time(安排好时间).9.These detailswere supposed to be secrets(本应是机密),but were somehow leaked out.10.This is a reminder that proposals for state research fundingare due this Friday(本周五截止)
第四篇：大学英语课文翻译答案(新世纪综合教程3)
大学英语课文翻译答案(新世纪综合教程3)BOOK 3 Unit 1 What is Friendship?
Michele E.Doyle&Mark K.Smith The text is excerpted and adapted from “Friendship: Theory and Experience” written by Michele E.Doyle & Mark K.Smith.It appears in The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education(2002).When we approach the notion of friendship, our first problem is that there is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for what makes a person a friend.In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend;in another, the label may seem less appropriate.Therefore, people tend to have a very thin understanding of what friendship really means.To help us understand what friendship really means, we need to review some classical views of friendship.友谊的真谛
米歇尔·E·多伊尔 马克·K·史密斯 我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准。在某一情境下，我们会把某个人称为朋友；然而，情境一旦变迁，朋友这个称呼就显得没那么贴切了。因此，人们对友谊的真谛的理解往往是非常肤浅的。为了帮助我们理解友谊的真正含义，我们需要回顾有关友谊的几种传统的看法。
One classical view of friendship is provided by Aristotle, the famous ancient Greek philosopher.Aristotle distinguishes between what he believes to be genuine friendships and two other forms: one based on mutual usefulness, the other on pleasure.So, according to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship:
一种传统的友谊观在古希腊著名的哲学家亚里士多德的著作里得以阐述。他将自己心目中真正的友谊同另外两种友谊截然分开。这两种友谊分别是：基于互利的友谊；基于愉悦的友谊。因此，根据亚里士多德的观点，我们可以将友谊分为三类：close3RT Friendship based on utility.Utility is an impermanent thing: it changes according to circumstances.When the ground for friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up.Friendships of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility.Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage.Such persons do not spend much time together, because sometimes they do not even like one another, and therefore feel no need of such an association unless they are mutually useful.They take pleasure in each other's company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.建立在功利之上的友谊。功利并非永恒，它依照环境而变化。友谊的根基一旦消失，友谊也随之破灭。这类友谊似乎在老人之间最为常见，因为上了年纪的人需要的不是愉悦而是实用。基于功利的友谊也同样存在于追逐个人利益的中年人和青年人中。这些人不会在一起消磨时光，因为他们有时甚至不喜欢对方，因而觉得除非可以互相利用，否则没有交往的必要。只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆在一起。close4RT Friendship based on pleasure.Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment.As they grow up, however, their tastes change too, so that they are quick to make and to break friendships.That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.建立在愉悦之上的友谊。年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。然而，他们的情趣随着自己日渐成长也会变化，他们交友容易，分手也干脆。年轻人的态度变化无常，甚至一日数变，难怪他们的友谊总是迅速地开始，又匆匆地结束。close5RT Friendship based on goodness.Perfect friendship is based on goodness.Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect.The conduct of good men is the same or similar.It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form.Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy;for as the saying goes, true friends must go through trials and tribulations together.And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love, and so won his trust.The wish for friendship may develop rapidly, but true friendship does not.建立在美德之上的友谊。完美无瑕的友谊立足于美德。只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间建立的友谊才是最完美的。品行高尚的人，其行为是相同的，或者是类似的。爱和友谊多半在品行高尚的人之间发生，而且以最高雅的形式出现。这种友谊是罕见的，需要时间，需要交往。常言道，真正的朋友必须同甘共苦，历经风雨。只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并获得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。交友的意愿可能倏忽而至，但真正的友谊却要慢慢培养。close6RT Another classical view of friendship can be found in the writings of Cicero, an ancient Roman statesman and orator.According to Cicero, true friendship is only possible between good men.He further defines “the good” as “those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honor, purity, equity, and liberality;who are free from greed, lust, and violence;and who have the courage of their convictions.” The friendship between good men, based on virtue, does offer material benefits, but it does not seek them.All human beings are bonded together in a community of shared reason.Therefore, in friendships and relationships, those who possessany superiority must regard themselves as equals of those who are less fortunate.It is virtue that creates and preserves true friendship.另一种传统的友谊观可以在古罗马政治家、演说家西塞罗的著作里找到。西塞罗认为，真正的友谊只能在好人之间发生。他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、公平和开明的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。”好人之间建立的这种友谊立足于美德，它确实可以带来物质利益，但决不以追求物质利益为目标。人类生活在以共同的理想为基础的社会。因此，在处理朋友关系和其他人际关系时，优越于他人的人必须平等地对待那些没那么幸运的人。美德创造友谊，美德使友谊之树常青。close7RT Thus, we may see that the traditional idea of friendship is made up of three components: Friends must enjoy each other's company;they must be useful to one another;and they must share a commitment to the good.According to the classical views, virtuous friends are bound together, as they recognize each other's moral excellence.To perceive a friend, therefore, is to perceive oneself;and to know a friend is to know oneself.Each can be said to provide a mirror in which the other may see himself.Through networks of such virtuous friends, we can develop a shared idea of the good and pursue it together.Friendship of this kind is permanent, because in it are united all the attributes that friends ought to possess.我们由此可以看出，传统的友谊观由三个要素构成：朋友以相伴为乐；朋友必须彼此受益；彼此都有志于崇高的事业。这些传统的友谊观告诉我们，两个品德高尚的朋友是永不分离的，因为彼此认同对方的高尚品德。因此，认识朋友就是认识自我，了解朋友就是了解自我。可以说朋友就好比是一面镜子，每个人都可以从朋友身上看清自己。置身于品德高尚的朋友之中，我们会对美德达成共识，共同为之不遗余力。这样的友谊是永恒的，因为朋友应该具备的一切品质都凝结在这种友谊关系中。
After Twenty Years
O.Henry The text is adapted from “After Twenty Years”, a short story written by O.Henry.close1RT It was barely 10 o'clock at night.The policeman on the beat(巡逻路线)moved up the avenue impressively.He turned now and then to cast his watchful eye over the doors and shop windows on both sides of the street.He was of a powerful build and made a fine picture of a guardian(卫士)of the peace.二十年之后 欧·亨利
将近夜里十点，巡逻警察来到这条街上，样子威严，不时地看看街道两边的店铺，警惕的目光落在店铺的大门和橱窗上。身材魁梧的他，俨然一副和平卫士的模样。close2RT Around the midway of a certain block, the policeman suddenly slowed his walk.In the doorway of a darkened hardware store stood a man, with an unlighted cigar in his mouth.As the policeman walked up to him, the man spoke up quickly.在一个街区走到一半时，他突然放慢了步伐。只见一个光线黯淡的五金店门口，站着一个人，嘴里叼着没有点燃的雪茄。他走了过去，那人赶紧开腔：close3RT “It's all right, officer,” he said.“I'm just waiting for a friend.It's an appointment made twenty years ago.Sounds a little funny to you, doesn't it? Well, I'll explain.Twenty years ago, there used to be a restaurant where this store stands now.”
“没事儿，警官，”他说道。“我只是在等个朋友。这可是二十年前的约定。听起来有点好笑吧？我跟你说，二十年前这里曾经是个饭店。”close4RT “Until five years ago,” said the policeman.“It was torn down then.”
“五年前才拆的。”警察说道。close5RT The man in the doorway struck a match and lit his cigar.The light showed a pale, square-jawed(方下巴)face with keen eyes, and a little white scar(伤疤)near his right eyebrow.门口那人划了根火柴，点燃了雪茄。火光中可见一张苍白的脸，方下巴，目光敏锐，右边眉毛附近有一道白色的细小伤疤。close6RT “Twenty years ago tonight,” said the man, “I dined here with Jimmy Wells, my best chum(好友)and the finest chap in the world.He and I were raised here in New York, just like two brothers, together.I was eighteen and Jimmy was twenty then.The next morning I was to start for the West to make my fortune.You couldn't have dragged Jimmy out of New York;he thought it was the only place on earth.Well, we agreed that night that we would meet here again exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come.We figured that in twenty years each of us ought to have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made, whatever they were going to be.”
“二十年前的今晚，”那人说，“我和我最好的朋友吉米·韦尔斯就在这里吃的饭。他可是个再好不过的家伙了。我俩在纽约这儿一起长大，好得像兄弟俩，那年我十八，他二十。第二天早上我就要动身去西部发财。唉，要想让吉米离开纽约可是比登天还难哪！在他眼里人世间就只有纽约这么一个地方。不过我俩那天晚上约定，二十年后的今日此刻，无论各自的境况如何，无论各自远在何方，都要在这里相聚。我们当时认为，二十年后，不管各自做什么，有什么样的命运，发多大的财，一切都该成了定局。”close7RT “It sounds pretty interesting,” said the policeman.“Haven't you heard from your friend Jimmy since you left?”
“听起来还真有意思，”警察说道。“那你离开后就再没有你朋友吉米的消息了？”close8RT “Well, yes, for a time we corresponded,” said the other.“But after a year or two we lost track of each other.You see, the West is pretty big and wild, and I kept hustling(急速行进)around over it pretty lively.But I know Jimmy will meet me here if he's alive, for he always was the truest old chap in the world.He'll never forget.I came a thousand miles to stand in this door tonight, and it's worth it if my old partner turns up.He will keep his promise.”
“不，我们通过一阵子信，”那人答道，“可一两年后就断了音信。要知道，西部幅员辽阔，荒蛮原始，我又一直四处奔波，东跑西颠。不过，我确信，吉米只要活着，他会来见我的。他是这世界上我最信得过的人。他绝对不会忘记。我千里迢迢来到这儿就是为了今晚站在这门口，只要我那老伙计露面，我也就不虚此行了。他是不会食言的。”close9RT The waiting man pulled out a handsome watch, the lids of it set with small diamonds.那守候的人掏出一只精致的怀表，表盖上缀满了小粒钻石。close10RT “Three minutes to ten,” he announced.“It was exactly ten o'clock when we parted here at the restaurant door.”
“九点五十七分，”他说道，“我们是十点整在饭店门口的这个地方挥手告别的。”close11RT “You did pretty well out West, didn't you?” asked the policeman.“在西部混得不错吧？”警察问道。close12RT “You bet!I hope Jimmy has done half as well.”
“那还用说！吉米干得有我一半好就不错了。”close13RT The policeman twirled his club and took a step or two.警察转了转警棍，迈出了一两步。close14RT “I'll be on my way.Hope your friend comes around on time.”
“我走了，但愿你的朋友会按时赴约。”close15RT “I'll wait for half an hour at least,” said the man.“If Jimmy is alive on earth he'll be here by that time.So long, officer.”
“我至少会等他半个小时，”那人说，“吉米要是还活着，他会在我走之前来的。再见，警官。”close16RT “Good-night, sir,” said the policeman, passing on along his beat, checking up on the doors as he went.“晚安，先生，”警察说完，又继续巡逻，边走边检查店门。close17RT There was now a fine, cold drizzle(细雨)falling, and the wind had risen.The man who had come a thousand miles to keep the appointment with the friend of his youth still stood in the doorway of the hardware store, smoking his cigar.这时，天下起了蒙蒙细雨，冷冰冰的，起风了。为了履行和少时好友的约定，那个不远千里来到这里的人还站在五金店的门口，抽着雪茄。close18RT About twenty minutes had passed.Then a tall man in a long overcoat, with the collar turned up to his ears, hurried across from the opposite side of the street.He went directly to the waiting man.约二十分钟后，一个身着大衣、衣领立起的高个子男人从街对面匆匆走了过来，径直走向那守候者。close19RT “Is that you, Bob?” he asked, doubtfully.“鲍勃，是你吗？”他狐疑地问道。close20RT “Is that you, Jimmy Wells?” cried the man in the door.“你是吉米•韦尔斯？”门口那人高声叫道。close21RT “Bless my heart!” exclaimed the new arrival, grasping both the other's hands with his own.“It's Bob, sure as fate.I was certain I'd find you here if you were still in existence.Well, well, well!Twenty years is a long time.How has the West treated you, old man?”
“天哪！”新来者高兴地大叫了起来，一把握住了那人的双手。“是鲍勃，真的是鲍勃！我就知道，只要你还活着，我就会在这里找到你。哎呀呀，二十年啊，时间可真不短！老兄，西部待你怎样？”close22RT “It has given me everything I asked it for.You've changed a lot, Jimmy.I never thought you were so tall by two or three inches.”
“西部给了我想要的一切。你变了很多啊，吉米！没想到你长高了二三英寸呢。”close23RT “Oh, I grew a bit after I was twenty.”
“哦，二十岁后我又长了点个子。”close24RT “Doing well in New York, Jimmy?”
“在纽约混得不错吧，吉米？”close25RT “Just so-so.I have a position in one of the city departments.Come on, Bob;we'll go around to a place I know of, and have a good long talk about old times.”
“马马虎虎。在市政部门做事。走吧，鲍勃，咱们到我熟悉的一个地方去，好好地叙叙旧吧。”close26RT The two men started up the street, arm in arm.The man from the West was beginning to talk about the history of his career.The other listened with interest.两人手挽着手，沿街前行，西部来的这位开始讲他的发迹史，另一位饶有兴致地听着。close27RT At the corner stood a drug store, brilliant with electric lights.When they came into this glare(强光), each of them turned simultaneously(同时地)to gaze upon the other's face.拐角处有一家药店，灯光明亮。来到通明的光线里，两人同时转身盯住对方的脸。close28RT The man from the West stopped suddenly and released his arm.西部来的人突然停下来，抽出手臂。close29RT “You're not Jimmy Wells,” he shouted all of a sudden.“Twenty years is a long time, but not long enough to change a man's nose from a Roman nose(鹰钩鼻)to a pug nose(扁鼻).”
“你不是吉米•韦尔斯！”他突然喊道，“二十年时间是很长，但也不至于把鹰钩鼻变成了塌鼻梁。”close30RT “It sometimes changes a good man into a bad one,” said the tall man.“You've been under arrest for ten minutes.Chicago thinks you may have dropped over(顺便拜访)our way and they want to have a chat with you.Going quietly with us, are you? That's sensible.Now, before we go on to the station, here's a note I was asked to hand you.You may read it here at the window.”
“可是有时二十年会把一个好人变成恶棍，”高个子说道。“十分钟前你就已经被捕了。芝加哥方面认为你可能到我们这里来了，他们要和你谈谈。还是老老实实地跟我们走吧，放聪明点！不过，我们去警所之前，你先看看这张字条，是一个人托我交给你的。你就在橱窗边上看吧。”close31RT The man from the West unfolded(展开)the little piece of paper.His hand was steady when he began to read, but it trembled a little by the time he had finished.The note was rather short:
西部来的人展开小字条。开始读的时候手握得很稳，可读完时，手微微地抖动了起来。字条很短：close32RT “Bob: I was at the appointed place on time.When you struck the match to light your cigar I saw it was the face of the man wanted in Chicago.Somehow I couldn't do it myself, so I went around and got a plain clothes man to do the job.JIMMY.”
“鲍勃：我准时赴约了。当你划亮火柴点燃雪茄时，我发现你正是受到芝加哥警方通缉的人。可我自己无论如何动不了手，所以就走开，找了个便衣行使职责。吉米。”
Unit 2 T How Deep Is Your Love? Mansi Bhatia The text is excerpted and adapted from Writers Monthly, a US online magazine.close1RT Love to some is like a cloud To some as strong as steel For some a way of living For some a way to feel And some say love is holding on And some say let it go And some say love is everything Some say they don't know
你的爱有多深 曼茜·巴蒂亚
有人认为爱如浮云 有人认为爱坚强如铁
有人认为爱是一种生活方式 有人认为爱是一种感觉 有人说爱要执着 有人说爱不要约束 有人说爱是生命的全部 有人说不知道爱为何物
close2RT At some stage or the other in our lives we experience an emotion which defies definition.It's a feeling that can only be felt and not described.An overwhelming joy that comes together with its share of sadness.Love.在我们生命中的某个阶段，我们会经历难以名状的情感。这种情感只能体会，无法用语言描述。莫大的喜悦伴随着丝丝的伤感一同降临，这就是爱。close3RT Given the busy nature of our lives, it's to be appreciated that we even find the time to indulge in matters of the heart.But at the same time I wonder if we even understand its true depth.I remember having countless crushes while in school.My math teacher, our neighbour's son, my best friend's brother and lots of others whom I fancied for the colour of their eyes, the shape of their moustaches or just the way they walked.Harmless puppy loves that are as brief as soap bubbles.I can laugh about all those silly and adventurous thoughts and acts now but at that time nothing could be more serious an affair for me.Then came the stage of real relationships.在紧张忙碌的生活中，我们竟能找到时间，沉湎于感情之中，这的确令人感佩。然而，此时我想知道：我们是否懂得爱到底有多么深刻。记得上学的时候，我迷恋的对象真是数不清：我的数学老师、邻居的儿子、好朋友的弟弟，还有另外一些因为眼睛的颜色、胡子的形状或走路的姿势而让我倾慕的人。年少时的爱慕，不会带来伤害，如肥皂泡一样转瞬即逝。那些稚气、大胆的想法和行为，现在想来大可一笑了之。但是，在那时，对我来说，没有比恋爱更重要的事了。接着就进入了真正“谈”情“说”爱的阶段。close4RT Being in an all girls' school I hardly had the opportunity to interact with members of the opposite gender.Socials between our school and the boys' college, therefore, would be awaited anxiously.Those three hours of unhesitant attention by a group of well-groomed young gentlemen provided us with enough content to talk and feel excited about for the next four weeks.我在女子学校学习，和男孩子交往的机会寥寥无几，因此，我热切地期待着我们学校和男子学校举办的交谊会。交谊会上，一群精心打扮的年轻男子毫无顾忌地盯着我们。这三个小时中的点点滴滴，成了我们在以后四个星期中足够的谈资，我们在议论时，心情澎湃。close5RT And even then there was no real need of having a boyfriend.即使是在那个时候，我也没有真正交男朋友的需要。close6RT I somehow grew up believing that love would happen when it had to.And sure enough it did.It came at an age when I had a career, a long-term plan and a more or less settled life(and now I am not yet 25!).I was mature enough to enter a relationship which demands a lot of give and not so much of take.在我的成长岁月中，不知何故，我相信爱情该来的时候自然会来。事实果真如此。当我有了稳定的工作，有了长期的计划和比较安定的生活（我现在还不到25岁呢！）时，爱情降临了。我也比较成熟了，能够步入不贪图许多回报而需要大量付出的感情关系。close7RT Love was a magnificent building I built on the foundation of friendship.It took time to blossom.It took a lot of understanding, loads of sharing and caring, and plenty of affection to become what it is today.And it meant a meeting of minds.You might say that I belong to the traditional school of romance.But in my opinion, love needs to be nurtured.And it has to be distinguished from the intense but short-lived love or the pleasures of the flesh.我的爱情是在友谊这块地基上建起的高楼大厦。爱情经过旷日持久的培养才开花。我和我的恋人相互理解、同甘共苦、相互关心，投入了丰富的感情，才使爱情发展到今天。爱情意味着情投意合。你也许会说，我属于浪漫的传统派。但是，依我看，爱情需要培养。我们必须把爱情同强烈而短暂的激情或身体的愉悦区别开来。close8RT Our parents' generation was fed lavishly with ideals.It was an era of constraints, restraints, respect, admiration, and plenty of romance.The long skirts, the quiet and unpretentious looks, the curled long hair, the calmness, the shy glance — these are all so frequently remindful of a bygone era.An age when the distance between the sexes somehow managed to help preserve the holiness of love and relationships.我们的父辈，接受了理想爱情的灌输。那是一个约束、压抑、崇敬、仰慕和十足浪漫的年代。长裙、娴静质朴的外表、卷曲的长发、恬静的气质、羞怯的目光 —— 这一切常使人想起一个消逝久远的年代。那个年代，男女之间的距离无论如何都有助于维持爱情以及恋爱关系的神圣性。close9RT The younger generation, with its openness and fading lines of proximity, has jumped on the bandwagon of love with so much haste that it is difficult for them to distinguish between physical attraction and mental compatibilities.What we have been exposed to via the media have fast paced our sensibilities so much that taking things slow requires effort on our parts.年轻的一代人，由于观念开放，随着男女之间交往界线的消退，他们便急于赶浪头，匆忙恋爱，以至于难以区分身体的互相吸引与心灵的相投。我们从媒体中接触到的人和事，使我们的感情历程大大加速，要想慢慢地体会自己的感受，确实需要付出努力。close10RT I am sorry to learn about the kind of emotional baggage school kids are carrying in what are purely unemotional relationships.Some might blame the current state of affairs on peer pressure.But has anyone ever stopped to figure out where this peer pressure originates? Do any of us try and understand who is responsible for this shift? Does anyone bother to study the state of mind of the teenagers?
学校里的青少年在全然没有感情的关系中所背负的感情包袱，令我深感难过。也许有些人会把他们目前的感情状况归结为同龄人之间所施加的压力。但是，可曾有任何人停下来想一想同龄人之间的压力来自何处？我们是否尝试着弄清楚是谁造成了这样的转变？可曾有人费神去研究青少年的心理呢？close11RT The mindset of this generation is all too evident in the way it handles its personal life.There are more relationships being distorted under the pressures of lust than ever before.There is more focus on physical beauty than on inner charm.There is more of closeness and less of intimacy.There is more of passion and less of emotion.There is more of acquiring and less of sharing.There is more of opportunism and less of selflessness.In short, there is more of ME and less of US.从这一代人处理个人生活的方式上，我们很容易看出他们的思想倾向。跟从前相比，现在有更多的情感在欲望的压力下扭曲。他们更注重外表的美丽而忽视内在的魅力。两性交往随便了，亲密无间却少了；激情多了，感情却少了；个人获得的多了，相互间分享的少了；寻机获利的现象多了，无私的奉献少了。简而言之，“自我”多了，爱的分享少了。close12RT We have hardened ourselves so much in this competitive age that we have forgotten the essence of relationships.There's much more to being someone's lover than gifting them red roses and fifty-cent cards.What about gifting our object of affection, our time, our company, our support, our friendship? What about setting priorities in our lives and focusing on each with sincerity? What about trying to be self-sufficient emotionally before letting ourselves loose? What about giving ourselves, and others, time and space to forge relationships? What about working towards meaningful and lasting friendships? What about honouring our commitments? What about channeling our energies and emotions towards building lifelong bonds rather than wasting them on seasonal relationships?
在这个竞争激烈的年代，我们已经变得麻木不仁，将恋爱的实质抛于脑后。作为恋爱中的人，不只是意味着把红色的玫瑰花和五毛钱一张的卡片送给恋人，我们要做的事情还很多。我们将自己的时间、陪伴、支持和友谊作为礼物送给自己的恋人了吗？我们是否确定了生活中最重要的事情，而后真诚地做好每一件事？我们是否先在情感上成熟起来，再尽情地追求爱情？我们是否给自己、给他人足够的时间和空间以巩固恋情的发展？我们是否为了追求有意义的、永恒的友谊而不遗余力？我们是否履行了自己的承诺？我们是否将自己的精力和感情倾注于终生不渝的关系而不是浪费在朝秦暮楚的关系中？close13RT We have but one life and we must experience everything that can make us stronger.True love happens once in a lifetime.And we should not have become so tired by our frivolous acts that when it comes we aren't able to receive it with open arms.人的生命只有一次，我们必须去体验能使我们更为坚强的每件事。真正的爱情一生只有一次。我们任由轻佻的行为令自己身心疲惫，当真正的爱情到来时，我们却没有能力伸开双臂迎接它的降临。
Holding Hands
Helen Troisi Arnery This text is excerpted and adapted from A Second Chicken Soup for the Woman's Soul by Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, Jennifer Read Hawthorne and Marci Shimoff.close1RT My husband Paul's hands had a fine, firm feeling: warm, never cold, never moist, their slight pressure always reassuring(使安心的).And whenever those hands sought mine in the final days of his life, he pressed them both together around one of my hands.牵 手
海伦·托尔西·阿诺里
丈夫保罗的手舒服有力：暖暖的，从来不会发凉潮湿，轻轻的一握总是令我感到安心踏实。在他生命最后的那些日子里，每次他摸到我的手，都会把我的一只手放在他的两手之间握着。close2RT It was during that time, as I sat by his bed, that I tried to memorize his hands.They were twice as long as mine and half a hand wider.His fingers did not get thinner;they were long and square, laced with fine veins(血管)all the way to the tips.His nails squared off(使成方形)the ends of his fingers, with clearly defined white edges.He had always taken great care to keep them neat.They were not tough hands;nor soft, either.They were the hands of a college professor whose tools were chalk and red pens.也就是在那段时间里，我坐在他的床边，竭力记住他双手的样子。他的手比我的手要长一倍，宽一半；手指上下一般粗，方方长长的，毛细血管一直延伸到指尖。方正的指甲使得指尖也呈正方形，指甲一圈白色的边清晰可见。他总是悉心地让双手洁净无暇。它们既不粗糙，也不柔软多肉。那是双持粉笔和红墨水钢笔的大学教授的手。close3RT I wondered if his students had difficulty reading his handwriting.I had grown used to it the year we were apart — engaged to be married, but separated — so he could pursue a master's degree at Bradley University, 800 miles away from our Pennsylvania hometown.不知道他的学生是否觉得他的字难以辨认。我们分开的那年我渐渐熟悉了他的字体。我俩订婚后曾分隔两地，因为他要到距离宾夕法尼亚州（我们的家）800英里的布拉德利大学攻读硕士学位。close4RT Had I remembered to tell him that I found his large hands beautiful? Did I ever explain that, before our marriage, when he was invited regularly to dinner in my home, my mother was fascinated with the quiet way he managed the silverware and coffee cups in his hands in which they nearly disappeared? Did I mention that in his clasp — in a movie, in sad moments in church, in the hospital beds to which the illnesses of his last four years confined him — I felt pure and honest expressions of his love?
不知我是否记得告诉过他我觉得他那双大手很美。不知我是否告诉过他，结婚前他定期到我家做客吃饭时，他使用银制餐具和咖啡杯的斯文样子，令我母亲十分欣赏，银具和杯盏在他手里几乎都没了踪影。也不知我是否告诉过他，在看电影时，在教堂悲伤时，在那张最后四年病魔困得他脱不了身的病榻上，他紧紧的一握令我至真至切地感受到了他的爱。close5RT In those hands, also, originated his caring for his children.It was a point of pride that he gave our newborn daughter her first bath.At seven pounds and fourteen ounces, she fit comfortably into the length of those two hands, but his large fingers moved with grace and delicacy to bathe her and the five babies who followed.他对孩子们的关爱之情也源于他的那双手。大女儿的第一个澡就是他给洗的，这让他倍感骄傲。7磅14盎司的女儿舒舒服服地躺在他那双大手里，长长的手指灵巧细致地给大女儿和后来的5个孩子洗浴。close6RT Those hands, in our early hard times, gave haircuts to three sons in the course of their growing up and toweled three daughters' hair dry after showers.在我们早期艰难的日子里，那双手给三个正在长大的儿子理发，给三个浴后的女儿擦干头发。close7RT They manipulated suitcases, with a maximum of sweat and a minimum of complaints in top-of-the-car carriers(置物架)of station wagons for trips to Pennsylvania to visit grandparents.They traced patterns in the air as he taught his marketing students in the university in which he had studied so many years before.多少次要去宾夕法尼亚探望孩子的祖父母，在旅行大巴车顶上他那双手把一个个旅行箱往货架上放，他汗流浃背，但毫无怨言。在他早年曾就读过的大学里，他教授市场营销专业的学生，用这双手在空中比划出一个个营销模式。close8RT Those hands clasped mine in the most frightening moments of his illnesses.They reached for mine through seven months of chemotherapy(化疗)and its agonizing side effects, through the few weeks of the end of his life, when children came to visit, give service(宗教仪式)and mourn(为···哀痛)in advance what they could clearly see was the end of their father's seventy-five years.在他病得最令人胆颤心惊的时候，那双手紧紧地攥着我的手。在他经受7个月的化疗及其副作用的痛苦折磨期间，他向我伸出双手。在他生命的最后几个星期里，他向我伸出双手。孩子们来探视他，看出他们75岁的父亲命不久矣而提前祷告哀悼时，他还是向我伸出双手。close9RT Those hands clasped mine in the deepest, darkest moment when he whispered in my ear, “I wonder...how it is to die.I wonder if it hurts.” I could only give him what I believed was the sum of his life — that he would be surrounded, uplifted, overjoyed with the glory of God.在那最为黑暗的时刻，他攥着我的手，在我耳边小声说道：“不知道······会是怎样死去。不知道会不会疼痛。”我当时唯一能告诉他的就是我深信他此生将有个圆满的结局：他会被簇拥着抬起，在上帝的荣光中感到无比欢愉。close10RT Finally, he was no longer able to hold my hands.Early one morning, when I offered Paul a breakfast, he could no longer eat.In a state of nervous anxiety I clipped, filed(锉光)and whitened his fingernails.There was no movement, no recognition, no response as I laid his hands across his chest, where they had lain still for several days.Within an hour, when the nurse checked him with her stethoscope(听诊器), there was nothing left for me to do but close his bright green eyes and lay my hands on his for the last time, in the quiet peaceful corner of our bedroom.最后，他再也没有力气握住我的手了。清晨，我给保罗喂早餐，他再也不能下咽了。我在紧张焦虑中修剪、打磨他的指甲，把指甲白色的边缘弄干净。我把他的手放到他的胸前（他的手放在那儿一动不动已经好几天了），它们没有动静，没有认可，没有反应。一个小时的时间里，护士用听诊器做了检查，剩下我唯一能做的事就是合上他那双明亮的绿色眼睛，在我们卧室恬静的一隅里最后一次把我的手放在他的手上。close11RT Months later, I opened the top drawer of Paul's dresser one Sunday and reached in for one of his clean, pressed handkerchiefs — I liked to use them now.What I touched was an opened pack of emery boards(指甲砂锉).几个月后的一个周日，我打开保罗衣橱最上面的一个抽屉，取他折叠整齐的干净的手帕（我现在喜欢用那些手帕）时，我触摸到了一个开了封的指甲砂锉袋。close12RT For seven-and-a-half months, my grief for my husband had been frozen within me like an icy presence that would not yield.Then, this last Sunday of February, I was undone by the simple presence of emery boards.Tears came as I closed my eyes and tried in vain to remember the clasp of Paul's hands.7个半月里，对丈夫逝去的悲伤如同冰凌雪块封存在心中，不曾融化。可在二月的最后一个周日，目睹面前的指甲锉具，我无法克制自己了。我闭上眼睛，怎么也回忆不起保罗的双手握着我的手时的感觉，泪水夺眶而出。close13RT Soon after, Stephen, the youngest — who most resembles his father — came to see me.When it was time to go, Stephen kissed me good-bye and then, impulsively, took my hand in both of his large, broad ones.For several moments, I couldn't speak.It was as though his father's long, graceful hands clasped mine once again.Still reassuring me.那之后没过多少日子，斯蒂芬来看我，他是我们的最小的儿子，长得也最像他的父亲。临走的时候，斯蒂芬吻了吻我，和我道别；然后，把我的手一把攥在他那双又大又宽的手中。好一阵子，我说不出话来，仿佛他父亲那双长长的、雅致的手再次握住了我的手，令我依然感到安心平静。
Unit 3
T The Pursuit of Happiness for the Common Good
Richard Layard The text is an excerpt from the article “Happiness is Back” by Richard Layard in Prospect, March 2005.close1RT Over the last 50 years, we in the west have enjoyed unparalleled economic growth.We have better homes, cars, holidays, jobs, education and above all health.According to standard economic theory, this should have made us happier.But surveys show otherwise.When Britons or Americans are asked how happy they are, they report no improvement over the last 50 years.More people suffer from depression, and crime — another indicator of dissatisfaction — is also much higher.追求以公众利益为宗旨的幸福 <
理查德·莱亚德
在过去的50年里，我们西方国家的经济获得了史无前例的增长。我们的家园、车辆、假期、工作、教育，尤其是健康，均得以改善。依据标准经济理论，这些改善原本应该使我们更加幸福，然而，调查显示并非如此。英国人和美国人接受幸福程度的调查时说，在过去的50年里，他们的幸福程度并没有得到改善。抑郁症患者人数上升，同时犯罪率大幅增长也说明了人们对生活的不满足。close2RT These facts challenge many of the priorities we have set ourselves both as societies and as individuals.The truth is that we are in a situation previously unknown to man.When most people exist near the breadline, material progress does indeed make them happier.People in the rich world(above, say, $20,000 a head per year)are happier than people in poorer countries, and people in poor countries do become happier as they become richer.But when material discomfort has been banished, extra income becomes much less important than our relationships with each other: with family, with friends and in the community.The danger is that we sacrifice relationships too much in pursuit of higher income.上述事实对我们个人以及社会优先考虑的诸多事情都提出了挑战。事实上，我们现在的处境是人类从未经历过的。当大多数人还在为温饱发愁时，物质条件的改善的确能令他们幸福一些。富庶国家（比如，人均年收入在两万美元以上）的人民比贫穷国家的人民幸福一些；而贫穷国家的人民，如果稍微富裕，也会幸福得多。然而，物质上的匮乏一旦消除，收入的增加便不如亲情、友情、邻里和睦等人际关系那么重要。但是，我们在追求更高的收入时牺牲了太多这样的关系，这很危险。close3RT The desire to be happy is central to our nature.We all want a society in which people are as happy as possible and in which each person's happiness counts equally.That should be the philosophy for our age, the guide for public policy and for individual action.And it should come to replace the intense individualism which has failed to make us happier.渴望幸福是人类本性的核心。人人都渴望这样一个社会：人们尽可能地幸福，每个人的幸福同等重要。这应当是我们这个时代的人生哲学，应当用来指导公共利益的维护准则和每个人的行为，应当逐渐取代无法使我们更加幸福的极端的个人主义。close4RT Indeed, money is perceived as one of the key factors affecting a person's happiness.But can money alone make us happy in the long run? In any society, richer people are often happier than poor people.Yet, as a western country becomes richer, its people overall do not become happier.The reason for this is that over time our standards and expectations rise to meet our income.A Gallup poll has asked Americans each year: “What is the smallest amount of money a family of four needs to get along in this community?” The sums mentioned rise in line with average incomes.Since people are always comparing their incomes with what others have, or with what they are used to, they only feel better off if they move up relative to the norm.金钱的确是影响个人幸福的关键因素之一。但是，金钱本身能使我们最终获得幸福吗？在任何一个社会，富人往往比穷人幸福。然而，当一个西方国家越来越富有的时候，其人民的幸福程度在总体上并未得到改善。随着时间的推移，我们的标准和期望随着收入的增加而上升。盖洛普民意测验每年都向美国人提问：“一个四口之家至少需要多少钱才能在这个国家生活下去？”人们说出的数字上升的幅度与平均收入增加的幅度是一样的。因为人们总是拿自己的收入和他人的收入以及他们惯于拥有的收入相比较，只有当他们认为和平均水准相比有所上升时才感到幸福。close5RT This process can have counterproductive effects.I have an incentive to work and earn more: it will make me happier.So do other members of society, who also care about their relative standard of life.Since society as a whole cannot raise its position relative to itself, the effort which its members devote to that end could be said to be a waste — the balance between leisure and work has been shifted “inefficiently” towards work.这一过程反而达不到预期的目的。我努力工作、赚更多钱的动力是：这会使我更幸福一些。其他的社会成员也同样如此，他们也关注自己相对的生活标准。既然社会整体无法以自己为参照物而提高自己的地位，那么社会成员为使自己更加幸福所付出的努力可以说是一种浪费 —— 当休闲与工作的天平偏向工作时，工作是“没有效率”的。close6RT To reinforce the case, let me explain it in terms of status, which may derive as much from the earning of income as from the spending of it.People work, in part at least, to improve their status.But status is a system of ranking: one, two, three and so on.So if one person improves his status, someone else loses an equal amount.It is a zero-sum game: private life sacrificed in order to increase status is a waste from the point of view of society as a whole.That is why the rat race is so destructive: we lose family life and peace of mind in pursuing something whose total cannot be altered.为了进一步证实这一论点，我从社会地位方面加以说明。人的地位可能来源于所挣得的收入或所花费的金钱。人们工作，至少部分原因是为了提高自己的地位。然而，地位是一种等级体系：第一，第二，第三，等等，所以当一个人的地位提高了，其他人的地位就同等程度地下降。这是一种得失平衡的游戏：从整个社会看，为了提高地位而牺牲个人的生活，是一种浪费。因此，永无止境的竞争极具破坏性：我们在追求一种总体不变的东西时失去了家庭生活和平和的心境。close7RT In one sense, what people most want is respect.They seek economic status because it brings respect.But we can increase or decrease the weight we give to status.In an increasingly competitive society, life will become tougher for people in the bottom half of the ability range unless we develop broader criteria for respect.We should respect people who co-operate with others at no gain to themselves, and who show skill and effort at whatever level.That is why it is so important to enable everyone to develop a skill.In Britain, this means ensuring that all young people can take up an apprenticeship if they wish, so that those who have not enjoyed academic success at school can experience professional pride and avoid starting adult life believing themselves to be failures.在某种意义上，人们最渴望的是尊重。他们追求经济地位因为它可以赢来尊重。但是，我们可以重视也可以轻视经济地位。在一个竞争日益激烈的社会，如果我们不放宽尊重的标准，社会上能力偏低的人会感到生活更加艰辛。我们应该尊重那些同他人一起合作而自己没有获益的人，那些在各个阶层上施展才能、努力工作的人。因此，让每个人都能学会一种本领尤为重要。在英国，这意味着只要年轻人愿意，一定要确保他们每个人都学会手艺，使那些学业不成功的人也能在职业生涯中感到自豪，不会在长大成人时觉得自己是失败者。close8RT Some comparisons between people are inevitable, since hierarchy is necessary and unavoidable.Some people get promoted and others do not.Moreover, those who get promoted must be paid more, since they are talented and the employer wishes to attract talent.So pay is important at key moments as a way of affecting people's decisions about occupations or in choosing between employers.The problem is that in most jobs there is no objective measure of individual performance, so people must in effect be evaluated against their peers.But the ranking process, which is very subjective, fundamentally alters the relationship of co-operation between an employee and his boss, and between an employee and his peers.人与人之间难免产生比较，因为等级体系的存在是必要的，不可避免的。有些人得到晋升，而另一些人却没有。此外，职位得以晋升的人薪水也要提高，因为他们有才华，雇主也乐意招贤纳士。所以，在人们挑选工作和选择雇主的关键时刻，薪水作为一个重要因素影响着他们的决定。存在的问题是，大部分的职业没有客观的标准来衡量个人的业绩，所以事实上只能拿一个人同自己的同事作比较才能得到评估。然而，这种等级评定的方法非常主观，从根本上改变了雇员与雇主、雇员与同事之间的合作关系。close9RT If we want a happier society, we should focus most on the experiences which people value for their intrinsic worth and not because other people have them — above all, on relationships in the family, at work and in the community.It seems likely that the extra comforts we now enjoy have increased our happiness somewhat, but that deteriorating relationships have made us less happy.如果我们渴望一个更加幸福的社会，我们就应该着重强调人们所珍视的经历 —— 首要的是亲情关系、工作关系和邻里关系，人们珍视这些经历并非因为别人拥有它们，而是因为这些经历拥有内在的价值。我们当前享受的充分的舒适和安逸，看来有可能使我们的生活幸福一些，可是人与人之间关系的恶化又有可能降低了我们的幸福程度。close10RT We live in an age of unprecedented individualism.The highest obligation many people feel is to make the most of themselves, to realise their potential.This is a terrifying and lonely objective.Of course they feel obligations to other people too, but these are not based on any clear set of ideas in western societies.The old religious worldview is gone;so too is the postwar religion of social and national solidarity.We are left with no concept of the common good or collective meaning.我们生活在一个空前的个人主义的时代。许多人都感到最重要的责任是充分发挥自己的才干，挖掘自己的潜力。这是一个可怕的、孤单的目标。当然，他们也感受到自己应该对他人承担的责任，但是在西方国家，这些责任缺乏一套清晰的理念。无论是古老的、虔诚的世界观，还是战后社会的团结精神和国家的凝聚意识，皆荡然无存。我们全然丧失了公共利益或集体意义的概念。close11RT To become happier, we have to change our inner attitudes as much as our outward circumstances.I am talking of the everlasting philosophy which enables us to find the positive force in ourselves, and to see the positive side in others.Such compassion, to ourselves and others, can be learned and it ought to be taught in schools.Every city should have a policy for promoting a healthier philosophy of life in its youngsters and for helping them to distinguish between superficial pleasures and real happiness.我们要想幸福一些，必须在改变外在环境的同时改变我们内在的态度。我说的是一种永恒的人生哲学，它能使我们在自身找到积极的力量同时也能发现他人身上蕴涵的积极因素。这种对他人和自己怀有的同情心，是可以学会的，学校应该将这种同情心教给学生。每个城市都应该有这样的政策：在年轻人中间推广更健康的人生哲学，帮助他们区别肤浅的快乐和真正的幸福。close12RT So my hope is that in this new century we can finally adopt the greatest happiness of humankind as our concept of the common good.This would have two results.It would serve as a clear guide to policy.But, even more important, it would inspire us in our daily lives to take more pleasure in the happiness of others, and to promote it.In this way we might all become less self-centered and more happy.因此，我希望在这个新的世纪我们最终能够把人类的最大幸福当作我们的公益观。这可能有两个结果。这种人生观可以明确地指导政策的制定，但是更重要的是，在日常的生活中，它会激励我们因为别人幸福而感到更大的快乐，同时帮助他人获得更大的幸福。只有这样，我们才不会以自我为中心，才会更加幸福。
T Material Things and Happiness
Marshall Brain This text is excerpted and adapted from the book The Teenager's Guide to the Real World by Marshall Brain, published in 1997.close1RT Material things do not necessarily bring you happiness.That is a fact of life.It is a hard fact to understand sometimes, especially in a society that strives to teach you otherwise.2 物质财富与幸福生活 马歇尔·布雷恩
物质财富未必会带给你幸福。这是一个无可争辩的生活现实，但有时这一事实却难以理解，尤其在这个竭力向你灌输相反观念的社会里。close2RT It is not uncommon to get into a mode where you think, “If only I had object X, my life would be perfect and I would be happy.” You REALLY want something: a new TV, a new car, a special pair of shoes, whatever.Then you buy it and you LOVE having it for a few days.But over time you get bored or it wears out.You can see this pattern repeated constantly in your own life.For example, your parents and grandparents likely spent thousands and thousands of dollars on toys for you as you were growing up: Dump trucks(自卸货车)and Barbie dolls(芭比娃娃)and video games and electric cars and on and on and on.All of those toys got boring or broken or outgrown eventually.They brought happiness for a moment or a week, but over time they became worthless and your desire turned to a new object.通常，你会陷入这样一种思维模式：“要是我拥有了X，我的生活就会完美无缺，幸福无比了。”你非常想要的东西可能是一台新电视机、一辆新车或者是一双特别的鞋子等等。尔后，你就购买了，几天都在因为得到了它而喜滋滋的。可是，过了段时间，你感到厌烦了，或者东西给用旧了。你会发觉这样一个模式在你自己的生活中不断地重复。比如在你小时候，你父母或祖父母可能花费了成千上万美元给你买玩具：自卸货车、芭比娃娃、电视游戏、电动汽车，等等等等。所有的那些玩具最终都会遭你厌倦、被你玩坏或因你长大而被搁置一边。它们带来了一阵子或者一星期的快乐，可时间一长，它们变得一文不值，你的兴趣转向了某个新玩意儿。close3RT This pattern begs the following question: “If material things bring just a temporary and short-term happiness, then what does that mean?” It might mean that you have to buy material objects at a rate of perhaps one per day to sustain the temporary and short-term high of getting something new.This train of thinking(思路)can get you into thinking of such questions as: ●What is happiness? ●What does it mean to be happy? ●What do I want to do in my life?
这样一种模式自然让人们提出以下的问题：“假如物质的东西带来的幸福只是昙花一现，那么这一切又意味着什么呢？”或许这就意味着，你得以一天一件的速度购置物品，才能维持住你因得到新东西而感受到的那种短暂的快感。循着这个思路，你可以接着考虑下面的这些问题： ●什么是幸福？
●感到幸福意味着什么？
●我这一生想做些什么？close4RT There is a difference between material happiness, which implies having all the basic or extravagant(奢侈的)comforts necessary to live a life, and spiritual happiness, which implies something else altogether.I had a friend whose philosophy was this:
物质上的幸福和精神上的幸福是不同的。物质上的幸福基于生活所需的一切必需品和奢侈品；精神上的幸福则基于生活必需品和奢侈品之外的一切东西。我的一个朋友持有这样一个哲学观：close5RT No matter how much money you make, you always want more.So if you make $25,000 a year, you believe that if you just made $50,000 you would be happy.But then you begin to make $50,000.At that point you believe that if you just made $100,000 you would be happy, and so on throughout life.This pattern is true whether you make $25,000 or $10,000,000 a year, because as you earn more money you acquire more expensive tastes.It seems to me that you might as well learn to be happy on $25,000 a year, figure out an easy way to earn it and then have the rest of your time free to do what you want.你无论赚多少钱，你都想要更多的钱。假如你一年挣25,000美元，你会认为要是挣到50,000美元，你就会感到幸福了。于是，你就开始挣50,000美元。等挣够了那个数目，你又会想，假如挣到100,000美元你就会感到幸福了，就这样周而复始，终其一生。无论你一年挣25,000美元还是10,000,000美元，情况都是一样。因为你赚得越多，你的品味就越昂贵。依我看，不妨学会一年挣得25,000美元就感到满足，想出一个轻轻松松把它们赚到手的办法，然后用余下的时间去做你想做的事情。close6RT This sort of philosophy suggests that you can find something other than material happiness to make your life meaningful.根据这个哲学观，要想令你的生活富有意义，你可以寻找除物质幸福以外的东西。close7RT The thing about “wealth” is that there is more than one way to measure it.Traditionally it is measured in dollars, but there are many other scales.You can be “rich” in ways that have nothing to do with money.For example: ● Rich in friends.A person who cultivates friendships and who is a joy to be around can have hundreds of good friends and can be rich beyond the wildest dreams of others.Rich in health.A person who spends time eating right, exercising and relaxing from stress can be extremely healthy, and this health can be far more valuable than any amount of money.● Rich in strength.A person who works out with weights every day, runs, swims, etc.can be rich in strength and will have an attractive body.● Rich in family.A person who devotes time to his or her spouse and children will have a strong and happy family that is rewarding throughout life.● Rich in knowledge.A person who reads and studies will become rich in knowledge.● Rich in skill.A person who practices anything daily(a skill, a sport, whatever)will excel(擅长)in that skill area.Excellence has its own rewards.● Rich in character.A person who takes pains to be honest and truthful in all situations will become rich in character and will be trusted by everyone.衡量“财富”这东西，办法不止一种。传统上它是用金钱来衡量，但是还有很多其他的度量标准。在与金钱没有丝毫关系的方面，你照样可以“腰缠万贯”。例如：
●富有众多的朋友。一个与人为友、乐观待人的人可以拥有数以百计的好友，可以超乎其他人想象得富裕。
●富有健康的体魄。一个愿意花时间合理进食、锻炼身体、消除压力的人可以身强体健。健康的体魄比起任何数目的金钱都要有价值得多。●富有充沛的精力。一个每天举哑铃、跑步、游泳的人能够精力充沛，身材迷人。●富有和睦的家庭。一个愿意把时间给配偶和孩子的人可以拥有一个稳定幸福的家庭，令他获益终身。
●富有知识。一个爱好阅读和钻研的人可以学富五车。
●富有技能。一个每天勤学苦练（某种技能、运动项目等等）的人会在所操练的领域出类拔萃。出类拔萃，自有回报。●富有人格魅力。一个在一切场合殚精竭虑地做到真实、坦诚的人会富有人格的魅力，受到众人的信任。
close8RT One funny thing about all of these different areas is that none of them are taxed.You are taxed on the money you earn, and that is it.There is no knowledge tax, for example.You can learn freely throughout life and acquire a huge “bank account(银行账户)” of knowledge.No one can steal it or diminish(减少)it in any way.Presumably, knowledge is the one thing you might be able to take with you to Heaven.有趣的是，上述源自不同领域的这些财富都用不着上税。可你挣了钱是要缴纳所得税的，就是这么回事。没有什么（比如说）知识税。你可以分文不花地终身学习，获得丰厚才识的储备。没有人可以将其盗走、令其减少。知识很有可能就是那件你能够带入天堂的东西。close9RT All of these alternative types of wealth are different from financial wealth, and yet all of them can be equally rewarding in their own ways.The point is that the act of purchasing things by itself, despite what television informs you, may not be what will bring you maximum happiness in life.Things like good friends, a loving spouse, well-raised children, a home built on love, a clear conscience, a worthy goal and a job you truly enjoy bring you contentment that lasts and has meaning.These things are often quite beyond the simple-minded teenagers, but as you mature these things become more important.虽然所有这些可选择的财富都有别于金钱，但都能够以各自独特的方式令人受惠。撇开电视给你提供信息不说，单就购买东西这一行为本身是不会给你带来人生最大的幸福。好朋友，爱你的配偶，健康成长的孩子，充满爱的家，无愧的良心，值得奋斗的目标，你真心喜爱的工作，所有这些给你带来的满足感天长地久，意味深长。头脑简单的青少年通常是不能领悟到的，但这些东西随着年轻人逐渐成熟会变得愈加重要。close10RT As you look at the world around you and come to understand what is important to you, keep these things in mind.Think about what it is that you enjoy and what makes you truly happy.See what you find.In thinking about it consciously, you might be surprised by what you discover.Money is incredibly important, for you need it to survive.But it is not the only thing you need, and money itself will not bring lasting happiness to most people.Man does not live by bread alone.当你环顾周围的世界，明白什么对你才是至关重要的时候，你要将其铭记在心。考虑清楚你究竟心仪什么，什么才会给你真正幸福。审视一下你的发现。一番清楚的思考之后，你会吃惊于自己的发现：金钱固然极其重要，因你需要它活命；但金钱不是你唯一需要的东西。对于多数人来说，金钱本身不会带来恒久的幸福。人不是只靠面包生活的。
Unit 4
How to Grow Old
Bertrand Russell This text is slightly adapted from Portraits from Memory and Other Essays(1956), London: George Allen and Unwin;New York: Simon and Schustery.close1RT In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject.My first advice would be to choose your ancestors carefully.Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors.My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty.Of remoter ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off.A great grandmother of mine, who was a friend of Gibbon, lived to the age of ninety-two, and to her last day remained a terror to all her descendants.My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy, and many miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow, devoted herself to women's higher education.She was one of the founders of Girton College, and worked hard at opening the medical profession to women.She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad.She inquired the cause of his melancholy and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren.“Good gracious”, she exclaimed, “I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each time I parted from one of them, I should have a dismal existence!” “Madre snaturale,” he replied.But speaking as one of the seventy-two, I prefer her recipe.After the age of eighty she found she had some difficulty in getting to sleep, so she habitually spent the hours from midnight to 3 a.m.in reading popular science.I do not believe that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old.This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young.If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future.“
如何变老 <
伯特兰·罗素
尽管文章的标题是“如何变老”，真正要谈的却是如何不老。在我这个年纪，讨论“如何不老”，着实更为重要。首要的一条忠告是，要慎重地选择祖先。虽然我的父母皆属早 逝，但是考虑到我其他的祖先，我的选择尚好。我的外祖父在六十七岁风华正茂时早逝，这是事实，可我的外祖母，还有我的祖父、祖母，都活到了八十多岁。在那些与我血缘关系稍疏些的祖先中，我只发现有一位不长寿的，他死于一种当前罕见的病：被砍了头。我的一位曾祖母是吉本的朋友，活到九十二岁，其精神状态之好自始至终都让子孙们敬畏，一直到她撒手人寰的那天。我的外祖母，生养了十个孩子，其中一个夭折，另外九个健康成长。此外，她还有过多次小产。她守寡之后，即刻投身于妇女的高等教育事业。她是格顿学院的创始人之一，为促使医疗事业向妇女敞开大门而不遗余力。她过去常讲这样的一个故事：她在意大利遇见一个满面哀伤的老绅士，便询问他为何如此忧伤，老绅士说刚刚和自己两个孙子道别。“天哪！”她叫道，“我有七十二个孙子孙女，如果和其中的一个分别一次就伤心一次，那我的生活岂不太凄惨了！”“非同寻常的母亲啊！”老绅士回答道。但是，作为七十二子孙中的一员，我更喜欢她的这一处世秘诀。外祖母八十高龄后感到入睡有些困难，她便常常在半夜到凌晨三点这段时间阅读科普书籍。我想，她无暇顾及自己是否老了。我认为这就是保持年轻的秘诀。如果你拥有广泛的、自己钟爱的兴趣和活动，又能从中体会自己老当益壮，你就没有理由从那些只有在统计学中才有意义的数字上考虑生命已经度过多少春秋，更没有理由担忧自己的未来也许很短暂。close2RT As regards health I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake.I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.说到健康，我很少生病，因此无法提供有用的建议。我随心所欲地吃喝，不能清醒时就睡觉。我做任何事情都不是因为这些事情对健康有利。不过，我喜欢做的事情实际上大多都有益于健康。close3RT Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age.One of these is undue absorption in the past.It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead.One's thoughts must be directed to the future and to things about which there is something to be done.This is not always easy: one's own past is a gradually increasing weight.It is easy to think to oneself that one's emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one's mind more keen.If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.就心理而言，老年人应慎防两种危险。其一就是过度地沉湎于过去。人不能活在记忆中，不能生活在因美好往昔的逝去而怅然若失中，也不能生活在缅怀已故朋友的哀痛中。人的心思必须放在未来上，想想可以有所作为的事情。这并非一件轻而易举的事：一个人经历的往事，渐渐变成一个沉重的包袱。人们很容易以为过去的情感比现在强烈，过去的头脑也比现在敏锐。倘若真的如此，我们就要忘却这个事实；如果忘却了这个事实，事实也许就不再是事实了。close4RT The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality.When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them.Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.另一种要提防的危险是：依恋年轻人，希望从他们的勃勃生机中汲取活力。当你的孩子已长大成人，他们就想过自己的生活；如果你仍像他们小时候那样关注他们，你很可能就成了他们的包袱。动物在下一代能够自食其力时就不再给予关注；人类因幼年时期较长而很难做到这一点。close5RT It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education.But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren.In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services, such as making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.孩子已长大成人，叮嘱他们不犯错误已经没有意义，因为他们不再相信你的话，再说错误是教育不可或缺的一部分。但是，如果你的兴趣无法摆脱个人感情的支配，你也许会发现，假如不关注子孙，生活就会空虚无望。在这种情况下，你必须意识到，虽然你仍可以给他们提供物质上的帮助，比如给他们一笔零花钱或为他们编织毛线外套，但是你绝不能期望他们会乐意和你呆在一起。close6RT Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death.In the young there is a justification for this feeling.Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat ignoble.The best way to overcome it — so at least it seems to me — is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.An individual human existence should be like a river — small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls.Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome.I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.有些老人因害怕死亡而烦恼。年轻人有这种感受是可以理解的。年轻人害怕在战场上牺牲，这情有可原。他们认为，死亡会剥夺生活赋予的最美好的东西，这让他们深感痛苦。但是，饱尝人世酸甜苦辣的老者已挖掘自己的潜力、实现了自己的抱负，倘若再对死亡产生恐惧之心，未免有些可耻。克服恐惧之心的最好的办法是 —— 至少我这样看 —— 开拓更广泛的、不局限于个人感情的兴趣，让包围自我的墙壁渐渐地消失，你的生活就渐渐融入人类的生活中。一个人的存在应该像一条河 —— 初始为涓涓细流，裹在狭窄的岸间，在岩石的缝隙中、在呼啸的瀑布上奔泻。河床渐渐变宽，河岸逐渐隐退，水流平缓，河水没有明显的停滞，最终融入海洋的怀抱，毫无痛苦地结束了独立个体的存在。上了年纪的人，倘若能以这种态度看待人生，就不会因为害怕死亡而不安，因为他所喜爱的一切将继续存在。而且，当生命力衰竭之时，疲惫感油然而生，长眠的念头并非令人厌恶。我希望在尚能劳作之时告别人世，知道他人会将我未竟的事业继续下去，同时回想这一生有可能做的事情，都尽力而为了，由此可以满意地安息了。
A Whisper of AIDS
Mary Fisher The article is adapted from The Art of Public Speaking, edited by Stephen E.Lucas, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.close1RT Less than three months ago, at platform hearings(政党纲领听证会)in Salt Lake City, I asked the Republican Party(共和党)to break the silence which has been kept over the issue of HIV/AIDS.I have come tonight to bring our silence to an end.低语艾滋
玛丽·费希尔
差不多三个多月前，在盐湖城召开的政党纲领听证会上，我曾向共和党提出了请求，请求打破长期对艾滋病病毒和艾滋病问题保持的沉默。今晚，我来到这儿，要给这样的沉默作个了断。close2RT I bear a message of challenge, not self-congratulation.I want your attention, not your applause.I would never have asked to be HIV-positive.But I believe that in all things there is a good purpose, and so I stand before you, and before the nation, gladly.我带来的是挑战的信息，而不是自鸣得意的信息。我需要的是大家的关注，而不需要大家的掌声。我从来也没有主动要求做一个艾滋病病毒的携带者。但是我相信，凡事都有好的一面。于是，我就站在众人的面前，站在国人的面前，心甘情愿。close3RT The reality of AIDS is brutally clear.Two hundred thousand Americans are dead or dying;a million more are infected.Worldwide, 40 million, 60 million, or a hundred million infections will be counted in the coming few years.艾滋病存在的现实残酷地摆在世人的面前。有20万美国人有的已经命丧黄泉，有的命悬一线；还有100万人已经染上了艾滋病。在世界范围内，在未来的几年里，将会出现4千万、6千万、乃至1万万个艾滋病感染的病例。close4RT In the context of an election year, I ask you — here, in this great hall, or listening in the quiet of your home — to recognize that the AIDS virus is not a political creature.It does not care whether you are Democrat(民主党党员)or Republican.It does not ask whether you are black or white, male or female, gay(同性恋的)or straight(非同性恋的), young or old.在这个选举年里，无论您此刻是在这宽敞的会议厅，还是在安静的家里，我都要请您明白：艾滋病病毒不是政治产物。它并不介意您是民主党人还是共和党人；它并不过问您是黑人还是白人，是男人还是女人，是同性恋还是异性恋，是青年人还是老年人。close5RT Tonight, I represent an AIDS community whose members came reluctantly from every segment of American society.Though I am white and a mother, I am one with a black infant struggling with tubes in a Philadelphia hospital.Though I am female and contracted this disease in marriage, and enjoy the warm support of my family, I am one with the lonely gay man sheltering a flickering(摇曳)candle from the cold wind of his family's rejection.今晚，我代表的是一个罹患艾滋病的社群。这个社群的成员来自美国社会的各个阶层，但都不是志愿加入的。尽管我是个白人，是个母亲，但我和一个正在费城医院和试管搏斗的黑皮肤的婴儿命运相连。尽管我是个女性，结婚时染上了艾滋病，同时也享受着家人温馨的支持，但我和一个孤独的同性恋男人命运相连；他正在家人厌弃的寒风下呵护着摇曳的生命烛火。close6RT This is not a distant threat;it is a present danger.The rate of infection is increasing fastest among women and children.Largely unknown a decade ago, AIDS is the third leading killer of young adult Americans today — but it won't be third for long.Because, unlike other diseases, this one travels.Adolescents don't give each other cancer or heart disease because they believe they are in love.But HIV is different.And we have helped it along — we have killed each other — with our ignorance, our prejudice, and our silence.艾滋病的威胁并非遥不可及，相反，它的危险近在咫尺。妇孺的染疾率正以最快的速度上升。艾滋病十年前还鲜为人知，可如今已是夺取美国年轻人生命的第三大元凶 —— 不过，它屈居第三的位置也将不会为时多久。因为有别于其他疾病的是，艾滋病四处游荡。青少年不会因为自认为相爱而相互传染癌症或者心脏病。可艾滋病病毒却是另外一回事儿。无知、偏见和缄默使得我们助纣为虐，相互残杀。close7RT We may take refuge(庇护)in our stereotypes, but we cannot hide there long.Because HIV asks only one thing of those it attacks: Are you human? And this is the right question: Are you human? Because people with HIV have not entered some alien(性质全然不同的)state of being.They are human.They have not earned cruelty and they do not deserve meanness.They don't benefit from being isolated or treated as outcasts(被抛弃的人).Each of them is a person.Not evil, deserving of our judgment;not victims, longing for our pity.They are people, ready for support and worthy of compassion.我们或许会固守成见，但成见不能长久保护我们。因为艾滋病病毒发起进攻时只会问：你们是人吗？问得好！你们是人吗？因为艾滋病病毒的携带者并非变成了某种怪异的生物体，他们是人。他们并没有犯下遭此残酷待遇的罪行，不应该受到刻薄的对待。他们在被孤立、被遗弃当中没有获益。他们每个人都是一名个体，他们不是祸害，不应该受到审判；他们不是受害者，不渴望大家的怜悯。他们是需要支持、值得同情的人。close8RT My call to the nation is a plea(恳求)for awareness.If you believe you are safe, you are in danger.Because I was not hemophiliac(患血友病的), I was not at risk.Because I was not gay, I was not at risk.Because I did not inject(注射)drugs, I was not at risk.我向国人发出的是“觉悟起来”的诉求。如果你们相信自己是安全的，那你们已身处危境了。当初不是因为我不是血友病患而没有危险，不是因我不是同性恋而没有危险，不是因我不吸毒而没有危险。close9RT Tonight, HIV marches firmly towards AIDS in more than a million American homes, littering its pathway with the bodies of the young — young men, young women, young parents, and young children.One of the families is mine.If it is true that HIV inevitably turns to AIDS, then my children will inevitably turn to orphans(孤儿).今晚，艾滋病病毒在一百多万美国家庭里正稳步地向艾滋病迈进，沿途丢弃的尽是年轻的尸骨 —— 年轻的男人、年轻的女人，年轻的父母和年幼的孩童。在这些众多的家庭中就有我的家庭。如果艾滋病病毒果真不可避免地令我患上艾滋病，那么我的孩子将不可避免地成为孤儿。close10RT My family has been a rock of support.My 84-year-old father, who has pursued the healing of the nations, will not accept the premise(假设)that he cannot heal his daughter.My mother refuses to be broken;she still calls at midnight to tell wonderful jokes that make me laugh.Sisters and friends, and my brother Philip(whose birthday is today)— all have helped carry me over the hardest places.I am blessed, richly and deeply blessed, to have such a family.我的家人一直给予我磐石般的支持。我84岁的父亲一直致力于上帝“医治万民”的事业，他不愿意接受自己无力医治女儿创伤的假定。我母亲拒绝放弃希望，午夜时分，她仍打来电话讲些令我捧腹的精彩笑话。姐妹、朋友、我的兄弟菲利普（今天是他的生日），他们都帮助我穿越了最艰难的地带。拥有这样一个家庭，我是“幸福”的，深深的、无比的“幸福”。close11RT But not all of you have been so blessed.You are HIV-positive but dare not say it.You have lost loved ones, but you dared not whisper the word AIDS.You weep silently;you grieve alone.但是，你们大家并非都如我这般幸福。你们是艾滋病病毒的携带者，但却没有勇气说出来；你们失去了心爱的人，但却没有勇气轻声说出“艾滋病”这个词。你们悄悄啜泣，独自悲伤。close12RT I have a message for you: It is not you who should feel shame;it is we.We who tolerate ignorance and practice prejudice, we who have taught you to fear.We must break the silence, making it safe for you to reach out for compassion.It is our task to seek safety for our children, not in quiet denial but in effective action.我要告诉你们的是：应该感到羞愧的不是你们，而是我们大家！是我们容忍无知、抱有偏见！是我们教会你们害怕！我们必须打破沉默，让你们在争取同情时感到心安理得。我们有义务给孩子们寻求安全，但不是通过默默的排斥而应是积极的行动。close13RT To the millions of you who are grieving, who are frightened, who have contracted AIDS firsthand: Have courage and you will find support.对那些哀伤着恐惧着罹患了艾滋病的数以百万计的人们，我想说：鼓起勇气，才能获得支援！close14RT To the millions who are strong, I issue this plea: Set aside prejudice and politics to make room for compassion and sound policy.对数以百万计的健康人，我恳求你们放下偏见和政见，施以怜悯，制定明智的政策。close15RT To all within the sound of my voice, I appeal: Learn with me the lessons of history and of grace, so my children will not be afraid to say the word AIDS when I am gone.Then their children, and yours, may not need to whisper it at all.我要向所有的人高声疾呼：和我一起汲取历史教训吧，和我一起学习宽容吧。这样，我的孩子在我离去时才会有胆量说出“艾滋病”这个字眼儿，孩子的孩子以及你们的孩子也许就再也不必窃窃私语说出“艾滋病”这个字眼儿了。
Unit 5 Education in Cyberspace
Vicky Phillips The text is taken and adapted from the website: http://archive.salon.com/21st/feature/1998/01/20feature.html
close1RT On a recent business trip a man asked me what I did for a living.I replied that I wrote and taught college courses.网络教育
维基· 菲利普斯
在最近的一次出差途中，有人问及我的职业，我说自己是从事编写和教授大学课程的。close2RT ”Oh?“ he said.”Where do you teach?“
“哦？你在哪儿教书？”他问道。close3RT A peculiarly honest answer came out of my mouth before I could think.”Nowhere,“ I said.我不假思索，老老实实地答道：“虚无空间里”。close4RT It's true.Since 1990 I have taught and counseled for what a friend of mine calls ”keyboard colleges“ — distance-learning degree programs.Where I teach is inside that electrically charged space that lies between my phone jack and the home computers of a group of generally older-than-average college students.我说的是实情。1990年起，我就在被朋友称作“键盘大学”里教远程学位教育课程并提供辅导。我的课堂是在充满电荷的空间里，其间一端连着我的电话插座，另一端连着一群年龄偏大的大学生家里的电脑。close5RT In 1990, I designed America's first online counseling center for distance learners.Since then I've worked with more than 7,000 learners online.I've flunked a few of them.I've never personally met any of them.1990年，我筹建了美国第一个远程学习者在线辅导中心。迄今为止，我已在线辅导了7000多个学生，其中只有几个人不及格，而我本人却从未与他们谋面。close6RT For want of a clearer explanation of my career situation, I told the man who inquired that I teach in cyberspace.”I'm a virtual professor,“ I tried explaining.”Distance learning...online degree programs...virtual universities.“
由于无法更清楚地解释我的工作环境，我只能告诉这位问话者：我在虚拟空间教书，“是个虚拟大学的教师。”我试着向他解释“远程教育······在线学位课程······虚拟大学”等等。close7RT The man's face remained as blank as a clear summer sky.I couldn't tell whether he was silent out of respect or keen confusion.I imagined both to be the case, so I settled in to explain what I have to explain frequently these days: the decline of the American college campus and the rise of the American educational mind — as I see it.那人的脸上仍旧一片茫然。我不清楚他沉默不语到底是因肃然起敬所致，还是纯粹对此稀里糊涂。我猜想两个原因都有。于是，我就开始解释这些天来经常解释的事情：我认为，美国的大学教育在衰退，而美国的教育新思维正在兴起。close8RT Distance learning, or educational programs where pupil and professor never meet face-to-face, is nothing new.Sir Isaac Pitman of Bath, England, hit upon the idea of having rural residents learn secretarial skills by translating the Bible into shorthand, then mailing these translations back to him for grading.He began doing this in 1840.And he made mounds of money doing it.远程教学（即师生不用谋面的教育课程）并不是件新生事物。英国巴斯大学的艾塞克·彼特曼爵士曾突发奇想，让乡村居民把圣经转换成速记文字，然后邮寄给他评阅，以这种办法教会他们文秘技能。1840年他就开始实施，从中赚取了大笔的金钱。close9RT I don't teach shorthand;I teach psychology and career development.I write many of my own lessons, though, just as Sir Isaac had to do.My post is the World Wide Web.I post assignments to electronic bulletin boards and send graded papers across the international phone lines in tariff-free e-mail packets.I convene classes and give lectures in online chat rooms when need be.我并不教速记，我教心理学和职业拓展。但还是和艾塞克爵士一样，很多课程是自己编写的。我的岗位是在万维网，我把作业张贴在电子布告栏上，把批阅过的试卷用电子邮件通过国际电话线发送出去，而且免交关税；必要时，把班级学生召集起来，在网上聊天室里在线讲课。close10RT Is this any way to dispense with a real college education? Can people learn without sitting in neat rows in a lecture room listening to the professor — the Sage on the Stage?
难道这种方式能够摒弃现实中的大学教育吗？学生难道不用整齐地坐在教室里聆听老师 —— 讲坛上的圣人——讲课就能学到知识吗？close11RT Yes, absolutely.Why not? In fact, while many people find it hard to imagine a college with no campus, I nowadays find it hard to imagine teaching anywhere other than in the liberal freedom that is cyberspace.绝对可以，毫无疑问。事实上，很多人都认为没有校园的大学难以想象，可我现在却以为不在网络空间这块充满自由氛围的地方教书才是匪夷所思呢。close12RT In cyberspace, I listen, read, comment and reflect on what my students have to say — each of them in turn.What they know, they must communicate to me in words.They cannot sit passively in the back row twiddling their mental thumbs as the clock ticks away.They must think;and horrors of horrors, they must write.Thinking and writing: Aren't these the hallmarks of a classically educated mind?
在网络空间里，我倾听、阅读、评价、思考学生们表述的观点 —— 一次一个，轮流发言。他们必须书面把见解传输给我，他们不能坐在后排座位上，无所事事地打发时光。他们必须思考，最令他们头疼的是，他们必须写作。思考与写作，那不就是传统教育培养出来的人才所具备的特质吗？close13RT I know my students not by their faces or their seat position in a vast lecture auditorium;I know them by the words and ideas they express in their weekly assignments, which everyone reads online.我不是凭借他们的脸庞或是他们在宽敞教室里所坐位置来认识我的学生，而是通过他们每周作业里的文字和观点了解他们。这些文字与观点大家都能在线读到。close14RT I am not a Sage on the Stage — I am more a Guide on the Side.Often what the students ”say“ or write to one another, or the way they incorporate their work and career ideas into their papers and debates with each other, is more practically inspiring than any help I could provide them with.我不是讲坛上的圣人 —— 我更像是他们身边的向导。通常，学生们之间“说”的或写的东西、把自己工作和职业体会融入论文和辩论的方式，比起我能够提供的任何东西都更加实用，更有启迪性。close15RT My average college ”kid“ is 40 years old.More than a few are in their 50s or 60s.They are telecommuting to campus because they could not, or would not, uproot their careers and kids or grandkids to move to a college campus — an entity modeled after the learning monasteries of medieval times.我学生的年龄一般是四十岁，还有不少五六十岁。他们通过网络来上学。因为他们不能或者不愿意辞去工作、离开儿女或孙辈们搬进大学校园 —— 那样的大学无非就是一个依照中世纪修道院模式建立起来的教育实体。close16RT Many of them know what they are talking about.Even more so, they know why they came back to college to learn.A cyber-education suits them because it respects their abilities to define for themselves what knowledge is and to go after it.It encourages them to argue their points and their perspectives without the interference of a professor, who might be tempted to step in to ”calm down“ or ”refocus“ an otherwise wonderfully enlightening classroom debate.他们大多数了解自己所谈论的东西，不仅如此，他们清楚自己为何返回大学学习。网络教育适合他们，因为网络教育尊重学员界定知识和追求知识的能力，鼓励他们抒发自己的观点和见解，没有教师干扰，因为教师可能会情不自禁地介入他们的争论，把原本很有启发性的课堂讨论“平息”或者“引到别的话题上去”。close17RT They are experiencing something very different from the traditional factory model of American education, in which everyone on the assembly line is delivered the same standardized units of information(lectures and textbooks)and then must pass the same quality inspection(objective exams).This factory model — where students sit in neat rows, holding up their hands for permission to speak, clock-watching their way through textbooks and lectures that are broken into discrete bits of knowledge — has never been shown to be an effective way to learn.It has, however, been proven to be a convenient way for colleges to record on transcripts that a standard body of knowledge has been duly delivered.学生们体验到的东西完全不同于依照传统工厂模式运作的美国教育。在传统教育中，生产线上的每个人接收到相同标准单位的信息（讲座和教材），然后必须通过同一质量检查（客观考试）。学生们坐在整齐排列的座位上，举手请求允许后才发言，不断地看着钟表学课本、听讲座，课本和讲座被分解成不相关联的知识玩意儿。没有证据显示，这样的工厂模式是有效的学习途径，而只能证明这是一种很便利的方式：大学在成绩报告单上记录下标准份量的知识已如期地传授。close18RT Maybe teaching a liberal arts curriculum via a virtual environment makes more sense to me because it brings me back to what I learned to be a true liberal arts education.Studying philosophy in Athens, Greece, I was taught that to learn anything, one had to throw away textbooks and notebooks — mere memory tools — and instead rely on one's native ability to think critically.或许，在虚拟环境下教大学文科课程对我来说特别有意义，因为它可以追溯到我当年所了解到的真正的大学文科教育。在希腊雅典研读哲学时，老师教导我，要学到东西就得扔掉课本和笔记本这些不过是记忆工具的东西，要依赖我们与生俱来的本领进行批判性思考。close19RT While my cyber-students do have textbooks, the books are learning aids;they are not the only pool of knowledge the students will drink from.Instead, they will learn also from the collaborative efforts of online debates, conferences and papers.They will think about what they have to say, and they will come to class each week amazingly prepared to argue and type their way toward insight.我的网络学生的确是有教材，但那都是学习的辅助材料，不是他们汲取知识的唯一源泉。他们还将从网上辩论、会议和论文写作的合作中学到知识。学生们要为发言认真思考；他们每周来上课时，充分准备好辩论，通过键盘上的交流获取真知。close20RT The virtual university: Oddly enough, it's just what a classical philosopher like Plato would have practiced — had there been an Internet way back then.Me? I'm in favor of less learning taking place on a campus and more that happens in the minds of the participants.说也奇怪，虚拟大学兴许正是柏拉图这样的古典哲学家喜欢授课的地方 —— 假如他那个时期有因特网的话。你问我本人的意见？我也认为教育应该比较少地在校园里开展，而更多地应该在参与者的脑子里进行。
The Four Pillars of Education in the Twenty-first Century
Jacques Delors The text is excerpted from Learning: The Treasure Within, a report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century, by Jacques Delors, 1996.close1RT In confronting the many challenges that the future holds in store, humankind sees in education an indispensable asset(资产)in its attempt to attain the ideals of peace, freedom and social justice.二十一世纪教育的四个支柱 雅克· 德洛尔
面对未来的种种挑战，教育看来是使人类朝着和平、自由和社会正义迈进的一笔不可或缺的财富。close2RT The role of education in the 21st century must be based upon the hope for a world that is a better place to live in.To this end, we have to confront and overcome some of the problems of the 21st century, namely:
●The tension between the global and the local.People need to become world citizens gradually but without losing their roots.●The tension between tradition and modernity, which is part of the same problem: how to adapt to change without turning one's back on the past.●The tension between long-term and short-term considerations.Public opinion always cries out for quick answers and ready solutions, whereas many problems call for a patient, concerted(协同完成的), negotiated strategy of reform.This is precisely the case where education policies are concerned.●The tension between, on the one hand, the need for competition, and on the other, the concern for equality of opportunity.This has led us to reconcile three forces: competition, which provides incentives;co-operation, which gives strength;and solidarity, which unites.●The tension between the spiritual and the material.It is education's noble task to encourage each and every one to lift their minds and spirits in accordance with their traditions and convictions.在二十一世纪，教育的作用必须立足于人类对更美好世界的向往。为此，我们必须正视二十一世纪面临的一些问题，并予以解决。这些问题是： ●全球与局域之间的紧张关系：各国人民在不失其根本的同时，需逐渐成为世界公民。
●传统和现代之间的紧张关系，这和“如何适应变革又不漠视过去”属于同一个问题。
●长远考虑和短期考虑之间的紧张关系。舆论总是迫切需要迅速得到问题的答案和现成的解决办法，而许多问题却需要从长计议，耐心协调，策略变通方能解决。教育政策正属于这种情况。●人类一方面需要竞争，另一方面也关注机会的均等，这两者之间也存在着紧张关系。这促使我们把三个因素协调起来：具有激励作用的竞争力、产生活力的合作精神以及具有凝聚力的团结精神。●精神和物质之间的紧张关系。在不违背每个人的传统和信仰的基础上，激励他们升华自己的思想和精神境界，这是教育的崇高使命。close3RT Having adopted this position, we propose to put greater emphasis on one of the four pillars which serve as the foundations of education: learning to live together.One of education's tasks is both to teach pupils and students about human diversity and make them aware of the similarities and interdependence of all people.From early childhood, schools should seize every opportunity to pursue this two-pronged(两方面的)approach.Some subjects lend themselves to this — human geography in basic education, foreign languages and literature later on, to name just a few.Learning to live together can be achieved by developing an understanding of others and their history, traditions and spiritual values and, on this basis, creating a new spirit which would induce people to implement common projects or to manage the inevitable conflicts in an intelligent and peaceful way.站在这个立场上，我们建议，人类需要更加重视作为教育基础的四个支柱之一：学会共同生活。教育的使命之一是让学生认识人类的多样性，同时还要让他们意识到所有人之间的相似性和相互依存性。从幼儿开始，学校就应该抓住各种机会进行这一双重教育。有些学科适合进行这种教育，例如，在基础教育阶段开设人文地理，晚些时候开设外语和外国文学。为了学会共同生活，我们可以多了解他人、了解他人的历史、传统和精神价值，在此基础上创造一种新的精神，这种精神会激励人们参与共同的项目或者用明智、和平的方式化解不可避免的冲突。close4RT In the meantime, we should not disregard the other three pillars of education which provide, as it were(可以说是), the bases for learning to live together.The first of these is learning to know.With the rapid changes brought about by scientific progress, the emphasis has to be on combining a sufficiently broad general education with the possibility of in-depth work on a selected number of subjects.同时，我们也不应该忽视教育的另外三个支柱，它们可以说是学会共同生活的基本要素。第一是学会认知。随着科学进步所带来的迅速变革，人类必须重视以下两个方面的结合：一是相当广泛的普通教育；二是就少量精选的学科进行深入研究的可能性。close5RT Learning to know, therefore, implies learning how to learn.Since knowledge is of multiple nature, any attempt to know everything becomes more and more pointless.In fact, after the basic education stage, the idea of being a multi-subject specialist is simply an illusion.A truly educated person nowadays needs a broad general education and the opportunity to study a small number of subjects in depth.General education, which gives pupils and students a chance to learn other languages and become familiar with other subjects, first and foremost provides a way of communicating with other people.Such a general background provides, so to speak, the passport to lifelong education, in so far as it gives people a taste — but also lays the foundations — for learning throughout life.因此，学会认知就意味着学会如何学习。由于知识涉及到方方面面，试图想什么都知道，这愈来愈做不到。事实上，在基础教育阶段之后，想成为多门学科的专家就成了不切实际的幻想。今天，一个真正受到良好教育的人需要接受广泛的通识教育，同时有机会深入地研究少量的学科。通识教育使学生有机会学习其他语言、熟悉其他学科，首先而且尤为重要的是，通识教育提供了与他人交流的手段。这种通识教育可以说是接受终身教育的通行证，因为它使人对终身学习产生了兴趣并为其奠定了基础。close6RT Learning to do is another pillar.This question is closely associated with the issue of occupational training: how do we adapt education so that it can equip people to do the types of work needed in the future? Here we should draw a distinction between industrial economies, where most people are wage-earners, and other economies where self-employment or casual(临时的)work is still the norm.The future of industrial economies hinges on(取决于)their ability to turn advances in knowledge into innovations that will generate new businesses and new jobs.In addition to learning to do a job, it also refers to the acquisition of a competence(能力)that enables people to deal with a variety of situations and to work in teams.In many cases, such competence and skills are more readily acquired if pupils and students have the opportunity to try out and develop their abilities by becoming involved in work experience schemes or social work while they are still in education.另外一个支柱是学会做事。这和职业培训密不可分：我们如何使教育和未来相适应、使人们有能力做好未来所需要的工作？这里我们应该将以雇佣劳动为主的工业化经济同以个体经营或临时工为主的其他类型的经济区别开来。工业化经济的未来取决于它们能否把知识的进步转化为革新，从而开创新企业、创造新的就业机会。除了学习从事一种职业外，学会做事也指获得一种能力，这种能力使一个人能够应付各种各样的情况，而且能够参与集体劳动。如果在校的中小学生和大学生都有机会参加一些以获取工作经验为目标的培训活动或社会福利工作，以此来实践和锻炼自己的能力，以上所说的能力和技能在许多情况下是比较容易获得的close7RT Last, but far from least, is the fourth pillar: learning to be.In the twenty-first century everyone will need to exercise greater independence and judgment.It is necessary to have a stronger sense of personal responsibility for the attainment of common goals.Education should contribute to every person's complete development — mind and body, intelligence, sensitivity, aesthetic(美感的)appreciation and spirituality.All people should receive in their childhood and youth an education that equips them to develop their own independent, critical way of thinking and judgment, so that they can make up their own minds on the best courses of action(行动步骤)in the different circumstances in their lives.None of the talents which are hidden like buried treasure in every person must be left untapped(未开发的).These are, to name but a few: memory, reasoning power, imagination, physical ability, aesthetic sense, the aptitude(才能)to communicate with others and the natural charisma(领袖气质)of the group leader, which again goes to prove the need for greater self-knowledge.最后但同样重要的是第四个支柱：学会生存。在二十一世纪，人人都需要发挥更强的自主能力和判断能力；每个人都要对共同目标的实现怀有更强烈的责任感。教育应当促进每个人的全面发展，即身心、智力、敏锐性、审美情趣以及精神的升华等方面的发展。每个人在青少年时代接受的教育应该使他们形成一种独立自主的、富有批判精神的思维方式和判断力。只有这样，他们才能够在人生不同的情况下自己确定最应该做的事情。蕴藏在每个人身上的像宝藏一样的才能都必须发挥出来，例如记忆力、推理能力、想象力、体能、审美意识、与他人交流的能力以及领导者天生的领袖魅力。这再次证明一个人需要对自己有更深入的了解。close8RT What we shall build in the twenty-first century is a learning society founded on the acquisition, renewal(更新)and use of knowledge.As the development of the ”information society“ is increasing the opportunities for access to data and facts, education should enable everyone to gather information and to select, arrange, manage and use it.我们要在二十一世纪建立以获取、更新和利用知识为基础的教育社会。由于“信息社会”不断发展，人们接触数据和事实的机会大增，教育应该使每个人都能收集种种信息，并能筛选、整理、管理和使用这些信息。close9RT Faced with a growing and at the same time increasingly quality-minded demand for education, how can educational policies achieve the twin aims of high educational standards and equity? These are the questions that we should address concerning courses of study, educational methods and content, and prerequisites(先决条件)for the effectiveness of education.面对这种对教育越来越多、越来越高的要求，怎样才能使教育政策实现既提高教育质量又体现教育公正这两个目标呢？这是我们应该解决的问题，其中涉及课程设置、教学方法和内容、以及提高教学效果应必备的条件。close10RT These four pillars of knowledge cannot be anchored(固定)solely in one phase in a person's life or in a single place.There is a need to re-think when in people's lives education should be provided, and the fields that such education should cover.The periods and fields should complement each other and be interrelated in such a way that all people can get the most out of their own specific educational environment all through their lives.教育的这四个支柱不能只涉及一个人一生中的某个阶段或单纯某个方面。我们有必要重新思考：人的一生什么时候应该获得教育？所受的教育应该覆盖哪些领域？教育的各个阶段和领域应该相互补充，相互关联，从而使每个人在一生中都能够充分利用自己拥有的独特的教育环境。Close
Unit 6 Culture Shock
Kalervo Oberg The text is excerpted and adapted from Kalervo Oberg's talk presented to the Women's Club of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 3, 1954.close1RT We might almost call culture shock an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments it has its own cause, symptoms, and cure.文化冲击
卡勒沃·奥伯格
我们不妨把文化冲击称为突然置身国外的人们所得的职业病。和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。close2RT Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.These cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues.文化冲击是因为我们失去熟悉的社会交往标记和符号而产生的焦虑所促成。这些标志或暗示包括我们应付日常生活各种情境时使用的诸多方式方法：与人会面时何时握手、该说些什么；在什么时间、以什么方式付小费；如何吩咐佣人；怎样购物；何时该接受、何时该拒绝他人的邀请；别人说的话，何时该当真，何时不该当真。这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。我们所有的人都依赖成百上千个这样的暗示才能拥有宁静的心境，过上高效率的生活。close3RT Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed.He or she is like a fish out of water.No matter how broad-minded you may be, a series of props have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort: ”The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.“ When Americans or other foreigners in a strange land get together to complain about the host country and its people — you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.Another phase of culture shock is regression.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance.To an American everything American becomes irrationally glorified.All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.当你走进一种陌生的文化，你所熟悉的所有或大部分文化暗示也就随之消失。此时的你宛如一条离开水的鱼。无论你的心胸多么开阔，你赖以生存的支柱此时都已倒塌，挫折感和焦虑感油然而生。人们对此种挫折的反应非常相似：他们首先排斥令他们不适的环境：”我们所到之国的生活方式很不好，让我们感觉很糟糕。“当美国人或其他的外国人来到一个陌生的国度，聚在一起抱怨所到之国及其人民时 —— 可以肯定，他们正深受文化冲击之苦。文化冲击的另外一个阶段是回归。故乡的一草一木突然变得极为重要。一个美国人会不合理地美化美国的一切事物。在自己国家所经历的困难和问题都抛在了脑后，只记得故乡美好的事物。通常要回国一趟方可回到现实中。close4RT In an effort to get over culture shock, there is some value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual.In addition to living in a physical environment, an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of man-made physical objects, social institutions, and ideas and beliefs.An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it.There is nothing in a new born child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese, English, or French;nor that he should eat with a fork in his left hand rather than in the right or use chopsticks.All these things the child has to learn.Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which they transmit to their young.The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are beyond his awareness.It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.And as we know, children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment.But once learned, culture becomes a way of life.要克服文化冲击的心理，了解文化的性质及其与个人的关系会有所裨益。除了赖以生存的自然环境，一个人还生活在由人造的有形物体、社会风俗、观念和信仰构成的文化环境中。一个人并非天生就有文化，而是生来就具备学习和使用文化的能力。新生婴儿的身上不存在一种只许他最终说葡萄牙语、英语或法语的东西，也不存在一种只许他用左手而不是右手执叉或只许他用筷子吃饭的东西。这些东西都是要孩子去学习的。文化也不是由父母负责传递给孩子的。任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长的、本民族意识不到的过程才得以积累形成。孩子通过文化学会适应周围的物质环境，学会和周围的人打交道。众所周知，青少年在学习和适应的过程中经常遇到困难。但是，文化一旦学会了，就会成为一种生活方式。close5RT People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things.This is perfectly normal and understandable.To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world.Individuals identify themselves with their own group to the extent that any critical comment is taken as a remark which is rude to the individual as well as to the group.If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me;if you criticize me, you are criticizing my country.Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics.For instance, if an American does something odd or anti-social in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, this is now considered a national trait.He acts that way not because he is Joe Doaks but because he is an American.Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured.It is thus best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a permanent characteristic of national groups.Even if a national criticizes some aspect of his own culture, the foreigner should listen but not enter into the criticism.人们往往认为自己的文化是最好的，是生活的唯一方式。这非常正常，完全可以理解。我们把这种态度称为“民族优越感”，即一种认为自己的文化、种族和国家构成世界中心的想法。个人往往将自己与所处的群体等同起来，因此任何批评的言论在他们看来都是对个人及其群体不尊敬的：如果你批评我的祖国，你就是在批评我；如果你批评我，你就是在批评我的祖国。抱着这种态度，人们往往把个人的怪癖归结为民族的特点。例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情，在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民族特性：他那样做并非因为他是乔·多克斯，而是因为他是个美国人。遭受责难的不是他这个个体，而是他的祖国。因此，我们最好把民族优越感看成是民族群体的一个永恒的特性。即使一个国家的公民批评了自己文化的某些方面，外国人也只应当听着，而不应该参与批评。close6RT Once you realize that your trouble is due to your own lack of understanding of other people’s cultural background and your own lack of the means of communication rather than the hostility of an alien environment, you also realize that you yourself can gain this understanding and these means of communication.And the sooner you do this, the sooner culture shock will disappear.你一旦意识到面临的问题并非因为异域的敌意而是因为自己对其他民族的文化背景缺乏理解或者缺乏与对方沟通的方式，你同时就会意识到你本身能够了解他人的文化，并能够掌握那些交流的方式。你越早做到这一点，文化冲击就消失得越快。close7RT The question now arises, what can you do to get over culture shock as quickly as possible? The answer is getting to know the people of the host country.But this you cannot do with any success without knowing the language, for language is the principal symbol system of communication.Now we all know that learning a new language is difficult, particularly to adults.This task alone is quite enough to cause frustration and anxiety, no matter how skillful language teachers are in making it easy for you.But once you begin to be able to carry on a friendly conversation with your maid, your neighbour, or to go on shopping trips alone, you not only gain confidence and a feeling of power but a whole new world of cultural meanings opens up for you.接下来的问题是，你怎样做才能尽快克服文化冲击？答案是：了解所到之国的国民。但是，倘若不懂语言，你是无法成功地实现这一目标的，因为语言是用于交流的主要的符号系统。我们现在都知道，学习一门新的语言不容易，对成年人来说，尤为如此。无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。不过，你一旦能够和女佣、邻居进行友好的交谈，能够单独出门购物，你就会重获信心，充满力量，一个蕴含各种文化意义的新世界就向你敞开了大门。close8RT You begin to find out what people do, how they do it, and what their interests are.People usually express these interests by what they habitually talk about and how they allocate their time and money.Once you know this value or interest pattern it will be quite easy to get people to talk to and be interested in you.你开始发现人们做些什么、做事情的方式以及令他们感兴趣的事情。人们往往通过日常的谈话内容和时间、金钱的分配方式来表达自己的兴趣爱好。你一旦了解了他们的兴趣和价值模式，就很容易和他们交谈，也容易让他们对你产生兴趣。close9RT At times it is helpful to be a participant observer by joining the activities of the people, to try to share in their responses, whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity.Yet the visitor should never forget that he or she is an outsider and will be treated as such.He or she should view this participation as a role playing.Understanding the ways of a people is essential but this does not mean that you have to give up your own.What happens is that you have developed two patterns of behavior.有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一起喜怒哀乐，这都有好处。不过，你永远都不要忘记，你是一个外人，人们也会把你当成一个外人对待。你应当把参与活动看成角色扮演。了解一个民族的生活方式很重要，但这并非意味着你要放弃自己的文化。实际上，你已经具备两种行为方式。
T Rich Met My Mother
Amy Tan This text is adapted from ”Four Directions“ by Amy Tan in Frame Work edited by Gary Colombo, Bonnie Lisle & Sandra Mano.Boston: Bedford Books.1997.close1RT After much thought, I came up with a brilliant plan.I worked out a way for Rich to meet my mother and win her over.In fact, I arranged it so my mother would want to cook a meal especially for him.I had some help from Auntie Suyuan.Auntie Su was my mother's friend from way back.里奇拜见我妈 谭恩美
一番深思熟虑之后，我想出了一个妙计，设法让里奇与我母亲见面，赢得她的好感。实际上，我巧加安排，让我妈特意为里奇做一餐饭。这回我得到了素云阿姨的一臂之力，她是我母亲的老朋友了。close2RT So one day, my mother called me, to invite me to a delayed birthday dinner for my father.My brother Vincent was bringing his girlfriend, Lisa Lum.I could bring a friend, too.终于，一天母亲打来电话，邀请我参加为父亲推迟举行的生日晚宴。我的弟弟文森特要带上女朋友林莉萨，那么我也可以带一个朋友。close3RT I knew she would do this, because cooking was how my mother expressed her love, her pride, her power, her proof that she knew more than Auntie Su.”Just be sure to tell her later that her cooking was the best you ever tasted, that it was far better than Auntie Su's,“ I told Rich.”Believe me.“
母亲这样做，不出我的意料。因为烹饪是母亲表达她的爱、她的骄傲、她的权威和证明她的学识胜过素云阿姨的一种方式。“饭后一定要告诉妈，她做的菜是你吃过的最好的，比素云阿姨做的好吃多了。”我跟里奇说，“听我的没错儿。”close4RT The night of the dinner, I sat in the kitchen watching her cook, waiting for the right moment to tell her about our marriage plans, that we had decided to get married next July, about seven months away.She was chopping eggplant into small pieces, chattering(喋喋不休)at the same time about Auntie Suyuan: ”She can only cook looking at a recipe.My instructions are in my fingers.I know what secret ingredients to put in just by using my nose!“ And she was slicing so fast that I was afraid her fingertips would become one of the ingredients of the red-cooked(红烧的)eggplant and shredded pork dish.生日宴会的那天晚上，我坐在厨房里看妈妈做菜，等着找机会告诉她我们的结婚计划，告诉她我们决定明年7月份（也就是7个月后）结婚。她一边把茄子切成小块，一边叨叨着素云阿姨：“她看着食谱才会做菜，而我对做菜的窍门可是了如指掌。闻闻就知道该用什么独家配料！”她飞快地切着薄片，我生怕她的指尖也成了红烧肉末茄子的配料。close5RT I was hoping she would say something first about Rich.I had seen her expression when she opened the door, her forced smile as she studied him from head to toe, checking her appraisal(评价)of him against that already given to her by Auntie Suyuan.I tried to anticipate what criticisms she would have.我希望她能主动提到里奇。我注意到了她开门时的表情。她挤出一丝笑容，把里奇从头到脚打量了个遍，心里一边在作比照，看从素云阿姨那听来的看法是否与自己所见相符。我努力设想她会做出什么样的批评。close6RT Rich was not only not Chinese, he was a few years younger than I was.And unfortunately, he looked much younger with his curly red hair, smooth pale skin, and the splash of orange freckles(雀斑)across his nose.He was a bit on the short side, compactly built.In his dark business suits, he looked nice but easily forgettable, like somebody's nephew at a funeral, which was why I didn't notice him the first year we worked together at the firm.But my mother noticed everything.里奇不仅不是华人，还比我小几岁。而且不幸的是，他一头红色的卷发，光滑苍白的皮肤，鼻子上布满了橙色的雀斑，让他比实际年纪更显年轻。他个头不高，长得结结实实。身着深色西装，他看起来不错，但是不会令人难忘，就像是谁家葬礼上某人的侄子那么不起眼。所以头一年在公司里与他共事时我就没注意到他。可母亲却把什么都看在了眼里。close7RT ”So what do you think of Rich?“ I finally asked, holding my breath.“那么你觉得里奇怎样？”我终于问道，屏息而待。close8RT She tossed the eggplant in the hot oil and it made a loud, angry hissing(发出嘶嘶声的)sound.”So many spots on his face,“ she said.她把茄子倒进热油里翻炒，锅里传出一阵愤怒的嘶嘶作响的声音。“脸上那么多斑点，”她说道。close9RT ”They're freckles.Freckles are good luck, you know,“ I said a bit too heatedly in trying to raise my voice above the noise of the kitchen.“是雀斑，要知道，有雀斑命好。”我说得有些过于激动，试图把声音提高，盖过厨房里的噪音。close10RT ”Oh?“ She said innocently.“哦？”她好像真的不知情似说道。close11RT ”Yes, the more spots the better.Everybody knows that.“
“真的，斑点越多越好，谁都知道这回事儿。”close12RT She considered this a moment and then smiled and spoke in Chinese: ”Maybe this is true.When you were young, you got the chicken pox(水痘).So many spots, you had to stay home for ten days.So lucky, you thought.“
她思忖了一会儿，笑了。用中文说道：“好像是这么回事儿。你小时候长水痘，长了好多的痘痘，在家呆了10天，你当时那个庆幸！”close13RT I couldn't save Rich in the kitchen.And I couldn't save him later at the dinner table.在厨房里我拯救不了里奇，在饭桌上我也救不了他。close14RT He had brought a bottle of French wine, something he did not know my parents could not appreciate.My parents did not even own wineglasses.And then he also made the mistake of drinking not one but two glasses full, while everybody else had a half-inch ”just for taste“.他带了瓶法国葡萄酒，他不知道我父母不会欣赏那玩意儿，我父母连酒杯都没有。后来他还犯了个错，大家都“只是为了尝尝”喝下半英寸酒杯高的酒量，可他不止喝一杯，而是喝了满满两杯。close15RT When I offered Rich a fork, he insisted on using the slippery ivory(象牙)chopsticks.He held them spread out clumsily while picking up a large chunk(厚块)of red-cooked eggplant.Halfway between his plate and his open mouth, the chunk fell on his crisp(崭新的)white shirt.当我给里奇叉子时，他坚持使用滑不唧溜的象牙筷。夹起一大块红烧茄子时，筷子在他笨拙的手上并不拢。当把茄子夹到他的碟子和大张着的嘴之间时，茄子竟然掉落在他崭新的白色衬衣上。close16RT And then he had helped himself to big portions of the shrimp and snow peas(糖荚豌豆炒河虾), not realizing he should have taken only a polite spoonful, until everybody had had a morsel(一小份).后来，他又自顾自地大吃糖荚豌豆炒河虾，殊不知他得等大家吃过一点才能够礼貌地吃上一小勺。close17RT He had declined the new greens, the tender and expensive leaves of bean plants plucked(采摘)before the sprouts(新芽)turn into beans.他谢绝吃新鲜青菜，那豆苗叶又嫩又昂贵，还没结豆子那叶子就给摘了下来。close18RT He thought he was being polite by refusing seconds, when he should have followed my father's example, who made a big show of taking small portions of seconds, thirds, and even fourths, always saying he could not resist another bite of something or other, and then groaning that he was so full he thought he would burst.他以为拒绝吃第二口就算是有礼貌了，实际上，他应该跟我爸爸学：架势大，但吃量少，就这样吃第二口、第三口、甚至第四口，边吃边要一个劲儿地说还是忍不住再吃上一口之类的话，然后就哼哼着说自己肚子饱得要撑破了。close19RT But the worst was when Rich criticized my mother's cooking, and he didn't even know what he had done.As is the Chinese cook's custom, my mother always made disparaging(贬低的)remarks about her own cooking.That night she chose to direct it toward her famous steamed pork and preserved vegetable dish, which she always served with special pride.可最为糟糕的是里奇数落了我母亲的做菜手艺，自己却浑然不觉。按照中国做菜人的习惯，我母亲老是说自己做的菜不好吃。那天晚上，她将矛头直指她那道著名的“梅菜扣肉”，她总是特别骄傲地端上这道菜。close20RT ”Ai!This dish not salty enough, no flavor,“ she complained, after tasting a small bite.”It is too bad to eat.“
“哎！不够咸，没味道。”尝了一小口后，她抱怨道。“太难吃了。”close21RT This was our family's cue to eat some and proclaim it the best she had ever made.But before we could do so, Rich said, ”You know, all it needs is a little soy sauce(酱油).“ And he proceeded to pour a riverful of the salty black stuff on the big plate, right before my mother's horrified(震惊的)eyes.在我们家，这是暗示我们大家先吃一点，然后就宣称这是她烧的最美味的一道菜。可是我们还没来得及这样做，里奇就开腔了：“没错，就差点酱油。”而后，他就把那黑乎乎的咸东西在母亲震惊的目光注视下往那大盘子菜上浇。close22RT And even though I was hoping throughout the dinner that my mother would somehow see Rich's kindness, his sense of humor and boyish charm, I knew he had failed miserably in her eyes.即使我一直希望在吃饭的整个过程中，母亲会设法看出里奇的善良、幽默和青年男子特有的魅力，但此刻我知道在母亲眼中他已一败涂地。close23RT Rich obviously had had a different opinion on how the evening had gone.When we got home that night, I was still shuddering(战栗), remembering how Rich had firmly shaken both my parents' hands with that same easy(不拘束的)familiarity he used with nervous new clients.”Linda, Tim,“ he said, ”we'll see you again soon, I'm sure.“ My parents' names are Lindo and Tin Jong, and nobody, except a few older family friends, ever calls them by their first names.里奇对晚上发生的事情明显有不同的看法。当晚我们回家时，想起他用力握我父母的手，就像他和紧张的新客户握手时表现出的潇洒随意，我浑身还在发抖。“琳达，蒂姆，”他当时说道，“我们不久会再来看望你们的，我保证。”我父母的名字分别叫琳朵（音译）和钟田（仿粤语音译）。除了家里来往的几个年长的朋友外，谁也不会直呼他们的名字。close24RT ”So what did she say when you told her?“ And I knew he was referring to our getting married.“你告诉她了，她怎么说？”我知道他指的是我们结婚的事儿。close25RT ”I never had a chance,“ I said, which was true.How could I have told my mother I was getting married, when at every possible moment we were alone, she seemed to remark on how much expensive wine Rich liked to drink, or how pale and ill he looked.“没有机会，”我说的是实话。在和母亲独处的所有时间里，她好像都在议论里奇喜欢喝的葡萄酒是多么的昂贵，他的面色多么地苍白、气色多么地差，我哪里可以跟她说我要结婚。close26RT Rich was smiling.”How long does it take to say, Mom, Dad, I'm getting married?“
里奇嬉皮笑脸。“就说声 ‘爸、妈，我要结婚了’ 能花上多长的时间？”close27RT ”You don't understand.You don't understand my mother.“
“你不明白，你不了解我母亲。”
Unit 7
T What Makes Olympic Champions?
John E.Anderson This article is adapted from Reader's Digest, Feb.1994.close1RT When Kristi Yamaguchi fell to the ice in the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville, France, spectators groaned.Surely the 20-year-old's chances for a gold medal in figure skating had evaporated with that tumble.But Kristi rose to her feet, flashed a dazzling smile and spun back into her program.When the judges' scores were announced, she had received near-perfect marks despite the fall.Her spirited recovery gave her the gold medal — a tribute to her
determination and courage.是什么造就了奥运冠军? 约翰· E· 安德森
1992年，在法国阿尔贝维尔冬季奥运会上，当克里斯蒂· 山口在冰场上跌倒时，观众席上一片遗憾的声音。这位20岁的运动员获得花样滑冰金牌的希望肯定会因这一失足而化为泡影。但是克里斯蒂站了起来，她灿然一笑，旋转身体，继续表演。她虽然不幸跌倒，但裁判却给她打了近乎完美的分数。她能鼓起勇气，重振旗鼓，获得了金牌，这足以证明她的决心和勇气。close2RT As a consultant to U.S.Olympic teams and many individual athletes, I've seen dozens of young men and women like Kristi who reached deep into themselves at a critical moment and found something that brought out their best.They mounted the winners' stand not simply because of athletic talent but because of firm inner fiber.作为美国奥运队及许多运动员的顾问，我目睹了许多像克里斯蒂这样年轻的男女运动员：他们在关键时刻能够挖掘自身，找到发挥潜能的一种力量。他们登上领奖台，不单纯是因为运动才能，还因为他们内在的不屈不挠的意志。close3RT They had a dream.Kristi Yamaguchi visualized herself as an Olympic champion the first time she put on skates, at age six.Bonny Warner, who represented the United States in three Olympic luge competitions, didn't have her dream until she was a college student.Before that, she had never heard of the racing sled called a luge.But once the dream took shape, both young women clung to it courageously and worked to make it come true.他们拥有梦想。
克里斯蒂·山口6岁时首次穿上溜冰鞋，那时她就想象自己是一名奥运冠军。邦妮·华纳三度代表美国参加奥运会的仰卧滑行小雪橇比赛。她直到上了大学才有自己的梦想。之前，她从未听说过有“仰卧滑行的小雪橇”这种比赛用的雪橇。这两个年轻女子，一旦拥有梦想，就锲而不舍地、勇敢地追求，为了梦想的实现不遗余力。close4RT Most important, their parents and those around them supported the dream.Loretta Dawes, whose 16-year-old daughter, Dominique, was one of the first female black gymnasts to represent the United States in the Olympics, recently told the press that bringing up a world-class athlete isn't easy.For an entire year before the 1992 Olympics, she rarely saw her daughter, who lived with her coach to be closer to the gym, a 45-minute drive from home.Dawes was asked what advice she would give other parents of athletes.She answered simply and eloquently.”Believe in your child,“ she said.最重要的是，这些运动员的父母以及周围的人都支持他们的梦想。洛雷塔·道斯16岁的女儿多米尼克是代表美国参加奥运会的第一批黑人女性体操运动员之一。洛雷塔最近告诉记者说，培养一个世界一流的运动员着实不易。在1992年奥运会之前整整一年中，她很少看见自己的女儿。为了离体育馆近一点，女儿和教练住在一块，那儿离家有45分钟的车程。当有人请她给其他运动员的父母提一些建议的时候，她的回答简单却极具说服力。“相信你的孩子吧，” 她这样说。close5RT That doesn't mean every child who dreams of Olympic fame will one day climb onto the winners' stand.But being able to dream is the first step on every road to success — even if the initial dream eventually leads to a different road.这并非意味着每个拥有奥运梦想的孩子都能有朝一日登上领奖台。但是，梦想是通向成功的第一步 —— 哪怕当初的梦想最终让孩子走向另一条不同的道路。close6RT They're fired up.The Olympic Flame that top performers pursue burns inside them.They're driven not only to be the best but to do their best —
always.他们满怀激情。
优秀运动员们梦寐以求的奥运圣火在他们的内心深处燃烧。他们有强大的动力，不仅要成为最优秀的运动员，还要竭尽全力去实现目标 —— 始终不渝。close7RT That's why Carl Lewis, who already holds eight Olympic gold medals, plans to compete again at 36 in the 1996 Games, against youngsters half his age;and why discus thrower Al Oerter, after winning gold medals in four consecutive Olympics, tried again for the Olympic team at age 47.正因为如此，已经获得八枚奥运金牌的卡尔· 刘易斯依然筹划在36岁时再度参加1996年的奥运会，同那些年龄只有他一半的年轻人决一雌雄；铁饼运动员艾尔· 奥特，在连续获得四届奥运会的金牌之后，47岁时依然为进入奥运队伍而努力。close8RT Swimmer Janet Evans, who won three gold medals in Seoul in 1988, embodied that same desire to win four years later.After she narrowly missed a gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle, she swam one of the most psychologically challenging races of her life in the 800-meter freestyle to win the gold.”I just wanted to be up there on that winners' stand one more time,“
she confessed.游泳健将珍尼特·埃文斯在1988年的汉城奥运会上虽获得三枚金牌，但她表达了同样的心愿：四年后再次夺冠。在400米自由泳项目中，她因毫厘之差与金牌擦肩而过。随后，她完成了800米自由泳项目，这是她一生中最具有心理挑战的一次比赛，结果她夺冠胜出。“我只是想再一次登上冠军的领奖台，”她坦白地说。close9RT They aim high.I once asked a world-class athlete to guess at the outcome of a major competition.”I'll come in fifth,“ he said.And that's exactly where he finished, even though he could easily have placed third, or even second, since two other major contenders performed poorly.他们胸怀大志。
我曾经让一个世界级的运动员猜测一次重大比赛的结果。“我会得第五名，”他说。他果真得了第五名。他本来可以轻而易举地名列第三，甚至是第二，因为另外两名主要对手发挥得不好。close10RT Contrast him with ”Flo Jo“ — Florence Griffith Joyner.Training a week before the 1988 Games, she wrote in her diary the time she expected to run and win the 100-meter dash: 10.54 seconds.When Flo Jo crossed the finish line, the clock showed 10.54.She had not only seen herself winning, but called her winning time to the split second.拿他和“弗洛·乔” —— 弗洛伦斯·格里菲斯·乔伊纳比比吧。在1998年奥运会前一周的训练中，乔伊纳在日记中写下预计自己百米短跑夺冠的成绩：10.54秒。当弗洛·乔跨过终点线时，刚好是10.54秒。她不仅能够在赛前看到自己夺冠，而且对夺冠的成绩也能作出毫秒不差的预测。close11RT They never quit.The 1992 Summer Olympics featured two tremendously poignant moments.American sprinter Gail Devers, the clear leader in the 100-meter hurdles, tripped over the last barrier.She agonizingly pulled herself to her knees and crawled the last five meters, finishing the fifth — but finishing.他们从不放弃。
1992年夏季奥运会有两个让人极度惋惜的特写镜头。在百米跨栏比赛中，本来绝对领先他人的美国短跑运动员盖尔· 德弗斯在跨越最后一道障碍时绊倒在地。但她双膝跪地，极其痛苦地爬完了最后五米，虽然仅获得第五名，但是完成了比赛。close12RT Even more heart-breaking was the 400-meter semifinal in which British runner Derek Redmond had one leg injured and fell to the track.He struggled to his feet and began to hobble, determined to complete the race.His father ran from the stands to help him off the track, but the athlete refused to quit.He leaned on his father, and the two limped to the finish line together, to
deafening applause.更加令人心碎的是400米半决赛。英国选手德里克· 雷德蒙的一条腿受了伤，跌倒在跑道上。他挣扎着站起来，只见他一瘸一拐地跑起来，显然是决心完成比赛。他的父亲从看台上跑下来，想搀扶他离开跑道，但是这个运动员拒绝放弃比赛。他倚靠着自己的父亲，父子俩蹒跚而行，直到终点，观众的掌声震耳欲聋。close13RT They make their own luck.When Paul Wylie won a silver medal in men's figure skating at Albertville, he surprised everyone but himself.Several skaters who had been expected to win medals had been injured or had performed poorly.”I was the last person expected to make the winners' podium, “ Wylie said.”But I had trained like crazy, and when the favorites faltered, I was
ready.“
他们创造运气。
当保罗·怀利在阿尔贝维尔赢得男子花样溜冰比赛的银牌时，除他以外，所有的人都很惊讶。本来有望得奖的几位选手有的受伤了，有的发挥不好。“没有人会想到我能登上领奖台，”怀利说，“但是，之前我拼了命地训练，当最有希望获胜的运动员比赛失利时，我已作好了夺冠的准备。”close14RT Month after month, year after year, Olympians I know go through a grind of pointing toward their big moment.Skaters arise at 4 a.m.to squeeze in a few hours of practice before a rink is open to the public.Cyclists put in hours of running exercises before reporting to their daily jobs.Boxers head for the gym and work out relentlessly
every day.我所了解的这些奥运选手，为了那个辉煌的时刻，日复一日、年复一年地埋头苦干。溜冰运动员凌晨四时起身，为的是在溜冰场向公众开放之前挤出几个小时的训练时间。自行车竞技运动员在每天上班前，进行长达几小时的长跑训练。拳击运动员每天都前往体育馆进行不懈的训练。close15RT In the Olympics, as in other aspects of life, luck certainly counts.The second clarinetist who has practiced diligently is lucky to get a chance to solo when the first clarinetist becomes ill.So is the assistant sales manager who fills in for the boss in an emergency.But both must be well prepared for their big break.In the Olympics — in everything — luck strikes those prepared to capitalize on it.奥运会上运气当然重要，这和生活的其他领域一样。当最优秀的单簧管手生病时，屈居第二但是勤奋练习的乐手就有幸获得独奏的机会。这就像在紧急情况下助理销售经理填补老板的位置一样。当然，在这两种情况下，要填补上来的人必须为自己的巨大转机作好准备。在奥运会上 —— 在任何情况下 —— 好运只光顾那
些做好准备迎接好运的人。
T Tokens of the Olympic Ideal This text is taken and adapted from the following http://www.xiexiebang.com/olympic/trivia/index.php
website: close1RT The Olympic motto, creed(信条), oath(誓言), flame, flag, and anthem(颂歌)— these are all tokens pointing to the Olympic ideal.Collectively, they represent the essence of the Olympic Movement;individually, they contribute to the legacy of the Olympic Games.奥林匹克理想的象征
奥林匹克的格言、信条、誓言、圣火、会旗及其会歌 —— 这些都是奥林匹克理想的象征。它们共同体现着奥林匹克运动的精髓，各自都为奥林匹克运动会的精神财富作出了贡献。close2RT The Olympic motto: The well-known motto of the Olympic Games, ”Citius, Altius, Fortius,“ is Latin for ”Faster, Higher, Braver“.However, this phrase is most universally recognized in English as ”Swifter, Higher, Stronger.“ Michel Breal, a French educator, introduced the phrase at the closing dinner of the congress for the reestablishment of the modern Olympic Games on June 23, 1894, where it was adopted as the official motto of the International Olympic Committee.奥林匹克格言：
著名的奥林匹克格言“Citius, Altius, Fortius”是拉丁语，意思是“更快、更高、更勇”。但在英语中，这一格言广为认同的说法是“更快、更高、更强”。1894年6月23日，法国教育家米歇尔·布里厄在现代奥林匹克运动会复兴大会的闭幕宴会上首度使用该用语。就在那次大会上，它被认可为国际奥林匹克运动委员会的正式格言。close3RT The Olympic oath: At the start of each Olympics, every athlete promises to play fairly and obey all of the Olympic rules.One athlete from the host country takes this oath at the opening ceremony on behalf of all athletes.Holding a corner of the Olympic flag, the chosen athlete repeats the oath: ”In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams.“ 奥林匹克誓言：
每一届奥林匹克运动会开幕时，所有的运动员都要承诺将公平比赛，遵守各项奥运规则。在开幕式上一名来自主办国的运动员代表全体运动员宣誓。他手执奥运旗帜的一角，背诵如下的誓言： “我代表全体参赛运动员宣誓，在本次奥林匹克运动会上，我们将尊重并遵守大会各项规则，恪守体育道德，为体育争光，为团体争光。”
close4RT Written by Baron de Coubertin, the athletes' oath was first taken at the 1920 Antwerp Games in Belgium.该运动员誓言的作者是德·顾拜旦男爵，1920年在比利时安特卫普奥运会上首次被宣读。close5RT The Olympic creed: A judge from the host country recites(背诵)the Olympic creed, which appears on the scoreboard during the Opening Ceremony: ”The most important thing in the Olympic games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph, but the struggle.The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to have fought well."
奥林匹克信条：
开幕式上，主办国的一个裁判诵读出现在记分牌上的奥运信条： “奥运重在参与，不在于夺冠，就像生活重在奋斗，而不在于成功；奥运的要旨不是已经征服，而是曾经奋斗拼搏。”
close6RT Although there have been many variations in the wording of this basic message throughout the history of the Games, the creed above, which was introduced at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, is still used today.尽管奥运历史上表达这一基本精神的措辞屡经变换，上述信条自1972年在慕尼黑奥运会上采用后就一直沿用到今。close7RT The Olympic Flame: Fire was sacred in Greek mythology(神话).The tradition of lighting an Olympic Flame comes from the ancient Greeks.During the ancient Olympic Games, a sacred flame was lit from the sun's rays at Olympia(奥林匹亚), and stayed lit until the Games were completed.奥林匹克圣火： 在希腊神话里，火是神圣的。点燃奥林匹克圣火的传统来自古希腊。古代奥林匹克运动会上，圣火采自奥林匹亚山上的阳光，它一直燃烧到运动会结束。close8RT In modern times, the Olympic Flame was first lit during the opening ceremony of the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam.This legacy comes alive every four years when the ancient flame is lit again for a new Olympiad(奥林匹克运动会).现代奥林匹克之火是在1928年阿姆斯特丹奥林匹克运动会的开幕式上首次点燃。每隔四年当古老的火焰为新一届奥运会再次点燃时，这个古希腊的遗风得以复活。close9RT The Olympic anthem: The Olympic anthem began as a poem written in 1893 by one of the best known and loved Greek poets of the 20th century, Costas Palamas.Palamas's poem was set to music in 1896 by the Greek composer Spiros Samaras and introduced at the first revived(复兴的)Olympics in Athens that same year.奥林匹克会歌：
奥林匹克会歌原本是首诗，由20世纪最著名和最受人喜爱的一位希腊诗人科斯塔·帕拉马斯1893年所作。1896年希腊作曲家斯皮罗斯·萨马拉斯为帕拉马斯的这首诗歌谱曲，同年，这首歌曲首度唱响在雅典举行的第一个复兴后的奥林匹克运动会上。close10RT Throughout the years, many different versions were played and sung at the Olympics.Finally, in 1958, the International Olympic Committee adopted one version as the official anthem of the Olympic Games.The loose(不严谨的)translation of Palamas's poem that appears below is the English version that has been sung at every Olympic games since 1958: Immortal(不朽的)Spirit of antiquity(古老), Father of the true, beautiful, and good, Descend, appear, shed over us Thy(你的)light Upon this ground and under this sky.Which has first witnessed Thy imperishable(永存的)fame.Give life and animation(生气)to those noble games!
Throw wreaths(花环)of fadeless flowers to the victors(胜利者).In the race and in strife(争斗)!Create in our breasts, hearts of steel!Shine in a roseate(粉红的)hue(颜色)and form a vast temple To which all nations throng(蜂拥)to adore(崇拜)Thee(汝), O immortal Spirit of antiquity.多年来，许多不同版本的会歌在奥林匹克运动会上演奏和歌唱。1958年国际奥委会最终确定其中的一个版本作为奥林匹克运动会的正式会歌。下面引用的帕拉马斯诗歌不太确切的英文版译文便是自1958年起在每次的奥林匹克运动会上吟唱的英文版会歌。古代不朽之神 真善美之父
祈求你降临尘世彰显你的光辉 在这大地上苍穹间
它第一个见证你流芳百世的荣耀 请把活力与生气赐予这些崇高的竞技！把永不凋谢的花环颁赠给优胜者！塑造出钢铁般的意志！放射出玫瑰般的艳丽霞光 筑起一座巨大的神殿 世界各地的人们都来膜拜你，啊！永远不朽的古代之神。close11RT The Olympic Flag: The Olympic anthem is played as the Olympic flag is raised during the opening ceremony.Pierre de Coubertin is said to have found the original five-ring symbol engraved(雕刻)on an altar-stone unearthed(挖掘)at Delphi.The colorful Olympic rings are one of the most widely recognized symbols in the world today.奥林匹克会旗：
开幕式演奏奥林匹克会歌时，会旗冉冉升起。据说皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦在特尔斐掘出的一个祭坛石头上发现了雕刻其上的五环标志的真迹。如今，彩色奥运环是世界上最广泛认可的标志。close12RT The Olympic flag measures 2.06 m long, 60 cm high and is completely white with five circles in the center.The white background symbolizes peace and truth.The five rings represent the five continents of the world: ·Blue representing Europe ·Black representing Africa ·Red representing America ·Yellow representing Asia ·Green representing Oceania
奥运会会旗长2.06米，高60厘米，白底无边，中央有五个圆环。白色的背景象征和平和真理。五个环代表世界的五大洲： ●蓝色代表欧洲 ●黑色代表非洲 ●红色代表美洲 ●黄色代表亚洲
●绿色代表大洋洲close13RT The Olympic flag is a symbol of peace, goodwill, and global solidarity and tolerance.True to this meaning, she has lent her colors to many athletes who were unable to compete under their own flag.奥运会会旗象征和平、友好、全球团结和宽容。真正意义在于，它使那些无法在自己国度的旗帜下参赛的运动员有机会一展风采。close14RT The Olympic ideal is a living, dynamic institution(惯例)in our daily lives, not simply a homage(致敬)to the past.奥林匹克的理想使我们日常生活充满生气和活力，而不只是对过去的顶礼膜拜。
Unit 8 Competition and Cooperation
Donald J.Boudreaux and Hugh Macaulay This text is taken and adapted from The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty, Vol.46, No.3, 1996.
第五篇：新编大学英语3翻译第三版
, Unit11 Shyness can vary from feeling mild discomfort to high levels of anxiety(从感觉轻微的不适高度的焦虑)that impact us in almost everything we do.2 Despite his stubbornness, he knew in his heart that he should avoid arousing any suspicions(避免引起任何怀疑).3 It will be interpreted as criticism no matter what you say.（成批评，无论你说什么).4 Let’s not allow ourselves to be upset by trifles(让我们不要为小事情烦心)(which)we should ignore and forget.5 Too much time spent dwelling on the past(花太多的时间老是想着过去)can get in the way of enjoying life as it happens.6 People who believe they can accomplish goals and solve problems(相信自己能够完成目标并解决问题的人)are more likely to do well in school.1)It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure（人们认为，悲观常常会导致绝望，疾病和失败）2)Optimism, by contrast, can make you happy, healthy and successful.（与此相反，乐观主义能使你幸福，健康和成功）3)When you fail in something, profit from the failure as a learning experience.（当你做某件事失败时，把失败当作一种学习的经历并从中汲取益处）4)Think about your strengths and build up self-confidence when faced with problems or difficulties.（在问题或困难面前，要多想想自己的长处并树立起自信心）5)Don’t let negative thoughts hold you back.（不要让消极的思绪阻碍你）6)Everyone has experienced failures and disappointments, so don’t blame yourself too much.（每个人都经历过失败和失望，因此不要过多地责怪自己）Unit2 1.She wore a dress with pattern of roses(有玫瑰图案)on it.2.Helen had prepared a wonderful meal for us.（为我们准备了一顿丰盛的饭菜）3.Ann promised faithfully（信誓旦旦地保证）that she would never tell.4.Could you deliver this letter（把这封信送到）to the accounts department? 5.We well offered a selection of milk and plain chocolate.（精选的牛奶巧克力和纯巧克力）6.Tell the children to keep out of mischief themselves.（别胡闹）7.We could hear the sound of distant thunder.（远处打雷的声音）8.The project has now received approval form the government.（得到政府的批准）9.Kelly loved her husband in spite of the fact that he drank too much.（虽然他喝酒太多）10.Experts seem unable to agree whether the drug is safe or not.（就这个药是否安全取得一致意见）Unit 31.由于紧急情况，这个医生几小时内都没有空 Because of an emergency, the doctor will not be available for several hours.2.税收将会如何影响低收入的人？ How will taxes affect people with low incomes? 3.我母亲总是告诉我，从长远来看我会很高兴我没有放弃练钢琴 My mother always told me that in the long run I would be glad I didn’t give up practicing the piano.4.这些书的价格从10美元到20美元不等 These book range in price from $10 to $20.5.在我看来你没有什么选择6.It seems to me that you don’t have much choice.6.考虑到他们缺乏经验，这工作他们已做的相当不错了 Given their inexperience, they have done quite a good job.7.对这么一幢大房子来说这价格相当便宜，但你得考虑维修费用 For such a big house the price is fairly low/cheap, but you’ve got to take into consideration the money you will spend on repairs.8.我们能否从讨论上会议产生的问题开始？Can we begin with discussing questions arising from the last meeting?Unit 41.I used to enjoy photography,（我过去喜欢摄影）but I now have no time to pursue any hobbies.2.There is no sure way to predict(没有一种可确信的方式来预测)who will develop asthma and who won’t.3.Today neurobiologists no longer argue about whether or not the brain can grow new cells.（大脑是否能生成新细胞）4.I don’t love acting as much as I once did（像以前那样）, said Angelina Jolie.5.If you don’t define your goal ,you don’t know in which direction you should be heading.（你应该向哪个方向前进）6.While you should not dwell on your past ,spending some time reviewing and thinking about the path you have taken.（花些时间回顾和思考你走过的路）7.You may love someone but not necessarily have to marry him.（不一定得和他结婚）8.These examples demonstrate how poorly some students write their resumes.（有些学生的简历写得多么差）Unit 5 1.Seeing all the people walking to and fro outside the office ,（看到所有的人在办公室外面走来走去）I became more worried.2.In time he well see who is his true friend to be relied on in difficulty。（谁是他真正的朋友，在困难时可依靠）3.That scientist’s experiment gave birth to a new drug，（那位科学家的实验使一种新药问世）a better cure for high blood pressure.4.He got used to being in this room during the winter, shut in by the four walls and a sloping ceiling.（被四堵墙和一个倾斜的天花板困在里面）5.I realized I would need to convince them at the first opportunity(我一有机会就要让他们相信)that I was a policeman not a politician.6.When you sweep away an old society,（当你清除一个旧的社会时）you can’t overnight change the institutions of thought that have been built up over centuries.7.By the close of this century,（在本世纪临近结束时）another two billion people will be born, the great majority in developing countries.8.If you long for a better future for yourself , your family and your country,（如果你渴望自己，自己的家，自己的国家有更好的未来）stay and continue your studies here.1)He admires Mrs.Brown , which surprises me.他钦佩布朗太太，这使我感到很惊奇。2)It stormed all day , during which time the ship broke up.暴风雨持续了一整天；就在这段时间里船破裂了。3)The student , who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment , could not achieve satisfactory results , because he had followed them mechanically.虽然那个学生在做试验前已仔细阅读过说明书，但由于他死搬硬套，未能得到满意的结果。4)I knew that Sara would tell the good news to her sister , who would probably tell it to her classmates.我知道萨拉会将那好消息告诉她姐姐的，她姐姐又很可能将它告诉她的同学。5)Mr.Smith , who has a lot of teaching experience , will be joining us in the spring.史密斯先生很有教学经验，他将在春天来和我们一起工作。6)The postman comes at 6:30 in the morning , when I am usually fast asleep.邮递员早晨六点三十分来。这个时候我通常还在酣睡呢Uint 6 1.It is not too late to point out that many computer games encourage children to show abnormal aggressiveness(表现的异常好斗)。2.Unless otherwise stated(除非另有规定)，the seller shall arrange delivery of the products to the buyer.3.This was not bad in itself(这本身不是坏事)，and it was the quickest way to solve the current problem.4.He tries to channel his energies(把精力投入到)helping others out of trouble.5There are some people who think that they are far superior to others(比别人聪明的多)and therefore, don’t need to study hard..6.The company is pursuing reforms in three areas in response to(针对)its critics.7Praise and positive help(正面帮助)are an important part of the learning process.8.Speking of music(说到音乐)，do you play any musical instrument.1.如果要我选择一个方案的话，我将毫不犹豫地支持后者 If I had to select one plan, I would not hesitate to support the latter.2他看上去似乎是无罪的，但证据表明并非如此。He seemed not guilty, but the evidence suggested otherwise.3我劝他别去东海岸，因为那里到处是游客.I warned him off going to the east coast because it wasfull of tourists.4.东西便宜并不见得就是质量低劣。The fact that something is cheap doesn’t necessarily mean it’s of lowquality.5.如果没有人可以求教，就难以作出恰当的选择.Without anyone to turn to for help, making an appropriate choice can be difficult./it wouldbe difficult to make an appropriate chice.6.他用音乐表现了他失去妻子的悲痛。His sadness at the death of his wife found expression in his music.7.只有战胜了羞怯之后，人们才会更自信地生活。Only when people overcome their shyness, can they live more confidently.8.今天我不再给孩子买任何别的东西了——事实上，我已经花了太多的钱了。I’m not buying the children anything else today, as it is I’ve spent for too much money.Uint 71.我没料想到上演一个剧本需要这么多的工作。(involve)I didn’t realize putting on/staging a play involved so much work.2.最重要的不是你说的，而是你做的。(„not that„ but that„)The most important thing is not what you say but what you do.3.在这样的情况下，这个结果是所能期待的最好的。(in such circumstances)This is the best result that can be expected in such circumstances.4.你不是第一次处于这种情形。(find oneself„)
It isn’t the first time that you’ve found yourself
in such a situation.5这个困难促使我动脑筋找出答案。(challenge)
This difficulty challenges my mind to find an answer.6.将要出现的新的威胁是失业。(on the horizon, unemployment)
The new threat on the horizon is unemployment.7.我们有不同的方法表达同样的想法。(alternative)We have alternative/different ways of expressing the same idea.8.他喝酒的老毛病又犯了。(slip into)
He slipped into the old habit of drinking.1)The defining characteristic of pessimists is that they tend to belive bad events will last a long time , will undermine everything they do , and are their own fault.悲观主义者的典型特征是往往认为坏事会持续很久，会损害他们所做的每一件事情，而且都是自己的过错。
2)Monkey’s reply was that he knew with certainty that he was powerful enough to rule Heaven.猴子回答说他确信自己有足够的力量统治天庭。3)The good news is that not all aspects of Type A behavior are equally toxic.好消息是并非A型行为的各个方面都同样有害。
4)Another aspect Larson studied was the observation that people get more fed up if they are not told what is going on.有研究表明，如果人们不被告知正在发生的事情，他们会变得更不耐烦。这是Larson研究的另一个课题。
5)Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well.有时病人所需的只是一种安慰：一切都会好的。
1)问题不是要不要去旅游，而是去哪旅游。The question to ask is not whether we should travel but where we should travel.2)小岛的独特之处在于它是由粉红色的珊瑚组成的。The distinctive feature of the island is that it is made up of pink coral.3)必胜的信念使他走出了荒漠。The belief that he would win helped him go out of the desert.4)小镇风景优美，消费低廉，这让我们喜出望外。The fact that the town had beautiful scenery and low expense made us overjoyed.5)他想找到这家饭店多收费的证据。He wanted to find some evidence that the restaurant overcharged him.Unit 8
1.They are nearly 24 reported sets of twins in the town, of which nearly 12 are identical twins.（其中差不多12对是同卵双胞胎）
2.“We are well aware of his danger and won’t blindly accept what people say.”（不会盲目采纳人们说的话）stated Mr.Malcom.3.I still remember when I first met you on the lake side.（我初次在湖边遇见你的时候）
4.when she came to writing her college project, she found other material;this world enable her to enjoy more fully the work.（使他更充分的享受该工作的乐趣）5.As soon as the 15 minutes rest is over,（一旦15分钟的休息结束）you must start the next exercise to make the exercise programme more effective.6.without their working as volunteers,（没有他们作为志愿者来工作）we could never be able to provide any service for those who need it.7.Pears are treated in much the same way as some other kinds of fruit（与其他一些和水果几乎相同的方法）but are never wrapped.8.A similar meeting held at the beginning of the year, attended by 60 people including teachers、nurses and doctors,（有包括教师、护士、和医生60人参加的）was very successful according to the report.
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