2018年考研翻译硕士英语备考技巧

第一篇：2018年考研翻译硕士英语备考技巧

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2018年考研翻译硕士英语备考技巧

下面是翻译硕士学习英语18黄金法则，这不仅能提高你的英语语言能力，更有助于提高你对其他科目学习的认知水平，废话不多说了，快来看看吧。

1.What is language for? Some people seem to think it is for practicing grammar rules and learning lists of words--the longer the words the better.That’s wrong.Language is for the exchange of ideas, for communication.语言到底是用来干什么的呢?一些人认为它是用来操练语法规则和学习一大堆单词——而且单词越长越好。这个想法是错误的。语言是用来交换思想，进行交流沟通的!

2.The way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible.学习一门语言的方法就是要尽量多地练习说。

3.A great man once said it is necessary to dill as much as possible, and the more you apply it in real situations, the more natural it will become.一位伟人曾说，反复操练是非常必要的，你越多的将所学到的东西运用到实际生活中，他们就变的越自然。

4.Listening and imitating should always go together.Use the LIP method!Listen-Imitate-Practice!

听和模仿一定要同时做，使用“LIP”方法：听、模仿、操练!

5.Use all your senses to learn English.You must hear English, read English, touch English, smell English, and taste

English.Feel English with your heart.Immerse yourself in this language.Begin to think in English.运用一切感官学习英语。你必须听英语、说英语、触摸英语、闻英语，还要尝尝英语的味道。用心去感受英语。让自己沉浸在这门语言当中。学会用英语思考。

6.Relax!Be patient and enjoy yourself.Learning foreign languages is just a piece of cake.

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放轻松!要有耐心，并且享受英语带来的乐趣!学习外语只不过是小菜一碟。

7.Rome wasn’t built in a day.Work harder and practice more.Your hardworking will be rewarded by God one day.God is equal to everyone!

冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。更加努力的学习，更加勤奋的操练，你所付出的一切将会得到上帝的报答，上帝是公平的。

8.Use a dictionary and grammar guide constantly.Keep a small English dictionary with you at all time.When you see a new word, look it up.Think about the word--use it.in your mind, in a sentence.经常使用字典和语法指南。随身携带一本小英文字典，当你看到一个新字时就去查阅它，思考这个字——然后学着去用它，在你的心中，在一个句子里。

9.Try to think in English whenever possible.When you see something, think of the English word of it;

then think about the word in a sentence.一有机会就努力去用英文来思考。看到某事时，想想它的英文单词;然后把它用到一个句子中去。

10.Practice tenses as much as possible.When you learn a new verb, learn its various forms.A thousand words will not leave so an deep impression as one deed.尽可能多的操练时态。学习一个动词的时候，要学习它的各种形态。千言万语不如一个行动

11.I would also like to learn more about the culture behind the language.When you understand the cultural background, you can better use the language.我想学习和了解更多关于语言背后的文化知识，当你理解了文化背景，你就能更好地运用语言。

12.Keep an English journal.Try to write a few sentences about your day and then blurt them out as many times as

possible before you go to sleep.This will teach you to “think” in English.This habit will also 2页共2页

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help you live a move organized and fruitful life.Besides, you will score higher on your composition exams!

坚持写英语日记。写几个句子描述一下你的一天，然后在睡觉前尽可能多地大声操练。这个方法可以教会你用英语“思考”。这个习惯还可以帮助你生活得更有条理、更有成效。此外，考试时作文你也可以拿更高的分!

13.Choose materials that interest you!Reading about things that you like will naturally make learning more enjoyable

and efficient.Everything is easier if you enjoy doing it!

选择让你感兴趣的资料!阅读你喜欢的东西自然会使学习变得更愉快、更有效。你喜欢做，事情就会更容易!

14.Make your friends proud by teaching them some English sentences.You can become an excellent teacher through

tutoring your friends.Teaching is a great way to learn!Also remember, learning English can make people happier, feel younger and live longer!

教你的朋友们英语，让他们感到骄傲。教朋友的过程中你会成为一名出色的老师。教学是学习的极好途径!别忘了，英语学习会让人更快乐、更年轻、活得更长久!

15.Don’t be afraid to ask for help.The more times you ask for help, the more powerful your English will become.Never hesitate to ask!Learn as much as you can from as many different people as you can!An eager student will always find a teacher!

不要害怕寻求帮助。你请求别入帮越多的忙，你的英语就会越厉害。不要犹豫，尽管发问!尽可能从不同的人身上学到更多的东西!求知欲强的学生总是会找到老师!

16.Keep English constantly in your mind by listening, speaking of reading every day!Constant exposure will make it

much easier to master this language.If you review only once a week, you will have a hard time remembering what you’ve learned.每天听，每天说，每天读，让英语时刻留在你脑中!持续的接触会让你更容易掌握这门语言。如果你只是一个星期复习一回，要记住你学的东西就太难了。

17.Keep a positive attitude about English.If you think of English as a burden, it will be one!3页共3页

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If you think of English as

fun and exciting, you will practice more often and make progress more quickly!

学英语要有积极的态度。如果你认为英语是个负担，它就是个负担!如果你认为英语有趣又刺激，你就会更经常地练习，进步得更快!

18.Learning any language takes a lot of effort, but never give up.We will hew out of the mountain of despair a stone

of hope!

世上没有什么难事，只是看你做还是不做，不管其他如果你能吧翻译硕士英语18黄金法则牢记心中，那么英语对于你来说就是

第二篇：2018年考研英语阅读及翻译备考技巧分享

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2018年考研英语阅读及翻译备考技巧分

享

重视外刊

这一点，点点英语考研团队非常强调外刊的阅读，也为考研专门开设了外刊超精读班和供大家讨论的外刊超精读讨论版，而且我在很多场合都提过，但是很少学生会听，毕竟外刊太难了，不如做模拟阅读好，即使有学生当时听了，也未必能够坚持下来。我在这里再次重申，2018年的考生必须重视外刊，至少每周精读1 —2篇核心外刊。今年英语考试与阅读相关的题型全部选自于外刊，比如说《商业周刊》、《经济学家》、《哈佛商业评论》等等，如果平时不精读的话，考试必然会看不懂。

坚持超精读

有句俗话叫做“伤其十指不如断其一指”，很多学生说精读太耗费时间，不能练习做题速度，我想这种想法是错误的，只有平时精读，甚至是超精读了，才能对文章从宏观到微观的把握，通过超精读，把握文章的脉络，寻找可能的考点，唯有这样才能到考场上迅速判断出考点，才能做到查读，跳读和略读，从根本上节省时间，否则只能使你的做题速度越来越慢。比如说，今年阅读理解的

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首先暑假初期，各位考生应当对英语语法有大概系统的了解，熟悉5种简单句型，三大从句以及特殊结构，这样我们才能在遇到翻译真题时分清句子的结构，从而采取相应的翻译方法。如果有同学仍然没有自己复习一遍语法，需要在复习翻译前大致了解基本语法知识点，作一个铺垫。

在了解了基本的语法知识后，我们正式进入复习。首先，我们的全部联系要以真题为基础，这一阶段分析句子的范围在1990-2004。在最初阶段，一定不要盲目追求速度，我们可以一天只翻译一个句子。但是这种翻译并不是查出所有的词语然后翻译成句就草草了事，因为很多同学基本是在“看”翻译，看到一句话，在头脑中思考一遍，思考出大概的翻译内容，然后就直接对照答案了，在这里想提醒各位考生，这种方式是很难进步的，翻译是一定要落实到笔头的，只有写出来才能发现自己的问题出在哪里。而且只“看”翻译会给学生造成虚假的印象，认为自己差不多都能翻译出来，但实际上如果落实到笔头就会发现很多语句并不通顺，所以建议考生，如果想在翻译上有进步，一定要踏踏实实的写下来，不要怕费时间。

四步翻译法

建议实行四步翻译法，帮助你快速提高翻译。

第三篇：2018年考研翻译硕士备考方法介绍

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2018年考研翻译硕士备考方法介绍

一、学习方法

1.参考书的阅读方法

(1)目录法：先通读各本参考书的目录，对于知识体系有着初步了解，了解书的内在逻辑结构，然后再去深入研读书的内容。

(2)体系法：为自己所学的知识建立起框架，否则知识内容浩繁，容易遗忘，最好能够闭上眼睛的时候，眼前出现完整的知识体系。

(3)问题法：将自己所学的知识总结成问题写出来，每章的主标题和副标题都是很好的出题素材。尽可能把所有的知识要点都能够整理成问题。

2.学习笔记的整理方法

(1)通过目录法、体系法的学习形成框架后，在仔细看书的同时应开始做笔记，笔记在刚开始的时候可能会影响看书的速度，但是随着时间的发展，会发现笔记对于整理思路和理解课本的内容都很有好处。

(2)做笔记的方法不是简单地把书上的内容抄到笔记本上，而是把书上的内容整理成为一个个小问题，按照题型来进行归纳总结。

3.真题的使用方法

认真分析历年试题，做好总结，对于考生明确复习方向，确定复习范围和重点，做好应试准备都具有十分重要的作用。

分析试题主要应当了解以下几个方面：命题的风格(如难易程度，是注重基础知识、应用能力还是发挥能力，是否存在偏、难、怪现象等)、题型、题量、考试范围、分值分布、考试重点、考查的侧重点等。考生可以根据这些特点，有针对性地复习和准备，并进行一些有针对性的练习，这样既可以检查自己的复习效果，发现自己的不足之处，以待改进;又可以巩固所学的知识，使之条理化、系统化。

二、专业课复习特点

考研总的来说可以说是专业课的较量，公共课过线很容易，但是拿高分很难，专业课中

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基础英语拿分较容易，而专业2则有一定的难度，需要下很大的工夫，才能获得一个理想的分数。

在基础英语中，阅读题并没有太多的答题技巧，而在做翻译题时的答题技巧则是这里想说的重中之重。众所周之，翻译方法可以被分为直译和意译两种，这两种方法本来就没有好坏之分，在翻译时，考生应该根据具体的翻译材料选择恰当的翻译方法翻译，北外的老师对于选取翻译策略有一句经典的评价就是：“能够直译的就尽量直译，不能够直译的，就意译。”

参考书方面：简单一句话，学校指定了书，就应该按照学校指定的书看，而且不只要看，还要能背下来，虽然不是死记硬背，但是，基本的文章结构你最好按书里的结构来，把考点和重点一一的总结出来。

答题方法方面：现在想强调一下翻译理论的答题方法，最好采用先将主要理论家和流派的核心观点答出，然后“拆解”主要观点，对其进行详尽的阐述。详细的说，就是要求你将题目中的概念准确说明，最好加上一点自己的理解，不过要以原书为准绳，把书上的点都说到了，在进行自我的发挥，切记不可随意发挥!最后一点就是书写要工整，最好有条目，是阅卷老师一目了然。

三、专业课复习全年规划

1、零基础复习阶段(6月)

本阶段主要是对翻译理论的流派有一个大体上的了解，形成一个总体的印象。对各本参考书有个系统性的了解，弄清每本书的章节分布情况，内在逻辑结构，重点章节所在等，但不要求记住。

2、一阶-基础提高阶段(7月-9月)

本阶段主要用进一步深入了解翻译理论，对参考书完成

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调整心态，保持状态，积极应考。

四、各阶段具体学习计划——以北京外国语大学翻译硕士为例

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几遍才能彻底理解通过。

2.本阶段学习重在理解，不需强制记忆，但一定要全面。

3.每本书每章节看完后最好自己能闭上书后列一个提纲，以此回忆内容梗概，也方便以后看着提纲进行提醒式记忆。

4.看进度，卡时间。一定要防止看书太慢，遇到弄不懂的问题，要及时请教专业咨询师或本校老师。

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1)新大纲复习计划：新大纲一般在9月中旬出台，具体复习会根据今年新大纲，编写重难点知识讲义，请一定要根据基础阶段的复习安排把参考书的知识点进行逐一突破。这时，完成最后一本指定书目的阅读，并对重点进行总结和归纳。专攻文言文翻译，每周进行一次文言文翻译，并且每天读一篇文言文翻译。

2)巩固计划：强化阶段一定要多做翻译，多看翻译文章，加强翻译技能始终非常重要。

第四篇：翻译硕士考研备考技巧之汉译英中需注意的问题

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翻译硕士考研备考技巧之汉译英中需注

意的问题

汉英互译中有很多需要我们理解和注意的事情，尤其在中国传统文化与西方文化间存在很大的差异，所以在汉英互译中存在很多讲究，有一些问题话语我们是不可以单纯的站在一方角度去思考的。跨考小编汇总了关于汉英翻译中常见的需要我们注意的四个问题，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。

一、不够委婉的语气

有时有人讲话比较直率、唐突，直译可能会使人感到不太客气，甚至会失礼。译员应学习委婉说法，在翻译时把握好语气。但为外交斗争需要而使用针锋相对的语言除外。

例1 中国可作为贵国资源性产品的稳定市场，同时中国的许多工业产品可满足贵国市场的需要。直译：Your resource-based products can find a stable market in China and Chinese industrial products can meet the needs of your market.这么直译也许会让人担心，以为我们的工业品要去占领他们的市场。同样的意思可以翻得更客气一些。如：You may find a stable market in China for your primary products and may also get a number of industrial products from China to meet some of your needs.例2 我想向大家介绍一下你们所关心的经济问题。

直译：I wish to talk on China’s economic development in which you are interested.这 样翻译，显得讲话者太肯定听众会对他所讲内容感兴趣。尽管讲话者知道听众是有兴趣的，但说得客气一点效果更好。可译为：I would like to brief you on China’s economic development, which might be of interest to you.另外，我们打交道的人大多是上层人士，我们必须学会使用礼貌文雅的语言，否则，会产生距离、反感，从而失去朋友，有损我形象。

1974年，加拿大“白求恩纪念委员会”访华代表团中有一位团员对我接待官员说，我方翻译像警察，原因是那天早晨，翻译到他房间对他说：You have breakfast at 8, get your luggage downstairs at 8:30 and leave here for the airport at 9.OK?语言简单、生硬、不礼貌，给外宾留下了不好的印象。建议对外宾说：Breakfast is at 8.Would you please get your luggage downstairs at 8:30?we are going to leave here for the airport at 9.曾有一位女翻译招呼外宾时，大声喊叫“Hello”而不知道 说：“Excuse me”，在宣布事情时总是：Attention please.而不是说：Ladies and Gentlemen, may I have your attention please.结果一位外宾对此感到不快，说：I don’t want to talk to that wild girl.要人帮忙时，我们时常会说：你能告诉我到×××地方怎么走吗?你能说英语吗?等。如果英文译成：Can you tell me how to get to„„?Can you speak English?那将是很不客气的问话。对方会以为你怀疑他的能力。因为英文字can表示能力。

如果改为could,含义就不同了。可以译 为：Could you please tell me how to get„„? Do you

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speak English?一个陌生人问你如何去某地时，你很可能传说：“最好坐公共汽车去。”如将这句话译为You’d better take a bus,听起来不够礼貌。因为You’d better„„这个句型含有You have a duty to do something,或You have an obligation to„的意思。是一种命令语气，常用于晚辈或下属。因此，这样翻译不够礼貌。这句话有许多客气的表达方法。

如：I suggest you take a bus.It might be better to take a bus.Perhaps you might like to take a bus.Why not take a bus?

I think the best way is by bus.总之，我们翻译工作者必须学会礼貌用语，委婉表达法。中国驻悉尼总领事段津在谈到对外往的沟通艺术时曾介绍了一些礼貌用语。如：在对别人的意见表示不同看法时可以说：

I have to disagree with you, but I would think„或者Well, there’s a point in what you said, but „对某件事表示不同意见时，可以说：Would it not be better if„请别人帮忙时，可以说：Could you do me a favour, 或者Excuse me ,I have a problem,„等等。在绝别人要求时，可以说：I am afraid it doesn’t work.或者I wonder whether it will work, but I’ll try my best.一些学识渊博、经验丰富的外交官非常善于使用委婉客气的语气来 表达不同意见。譬如，一个外国代表团在一次国际会议上，是这样对一个国际会议领导职位侯选人的提名表示不同意见的。他说：“As an experienced Minister with a distinguished record of service, we are confident that he has all the attributes to be an outstanding president of this Conference„but I have to place before you some of the reservations that we have about this nomination.If I may, I will share with you some of our concerns.Such a presidency will be misread by those outside the ILO as signaling that„”

可以译为：他是一位有经验的部长，并做出了出色的成 绩。我们相信，他完全具有条件，可以成为一个杰出的会议主席。但是，我不是不陈述我们对于这一提名的保留意见。请允许我向你们谈谈我们所关注的一些问题。这一主席的提名会被国际劳工组织以外的人误解为发出一个„„的信号。”这位团长既清楚地表达了反对意见，但又讲得非常委婉、客气。这些表达方法很值得我们 学习、借鉴。

二、不合习惯的说法

不同的民族有不同的习惯和表达方法。一句话，一个词，在一个国家表达的是好意，引起人们好的联想和情感，在另一个国家转达的可能是坏意，引起人们不好的联想和情感。如果翻译不注意，就有可能引起误解或不快。而如果我们注意这些差异，在译文中加以运用，就可以收到较 好的效果。在翻译不涉及政治、经济等重要问题，只涉及生活习惯、日常用语时，可以更灵活些，按照译入语的习惯说法表达意思。1.见面问候

中国人见面时喜欢问：吃过了吗? Have you had breakfast(lunch, supper)?到哪去?Where are you going?这都不是外国人在见面问候时会问的问题。如果见面就问外国人“到哪里”，人家会以为你要了解人家的私事，对你会产生反感。外国人喜欢问：“你好吗?”这句话可以有不少表达方法，如How are you? How do you do ?How have you been doing? Hello!Hey!等。用哪一句来表达你的问候，取决于你与被问候人的关系密切程度。总之，这一类的问候语，直译可能会让人感到莫名其妙，还是按外国人的习惯翻译较 好。

2、对病人的问候

中国人喜欢对病人深表同情。但外国人则轻易不愿表现出其弱的一面，对他们表达过分同情 2 页 共 2 页

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的话未必会收到好的效果。例如：中国人在听说一个人生病后可能会说：得知贵体欠佳，深感不安和关切。直译：I was rather disturbed by and concerned about your illness.但这样翻译会使感到病情很重，只能加重病人的顾虑，达不到安慰病人的目的。按照英文的表达习惯，可译为：I am sorry to hear about your illness and wish you a speedy recovery.这样翻译既表达了讲话者的难过心情，又表达了希望病人尽快康复的愿望。

3、对待他人的表扬和感谢

在受到表扬或感谢时，中国人往往比较谦虚，会说：“这没什么。”“这是我应该做的。”或者，“哪里，哪 里，我还做得很差。”如果直译：It is nothing.This is my duty.This is what I should do.Well, I have not done very well.There is still much to be improved.所有这些谦恭的话，在外国人听起来，都会显得做作。西方人通常会说：It’s my pleasure.Thank you for your kind words.I feel flattered.翻译这些话时，宜根据西方的习惯来译。

4、迎接外宾时

中国人迎接远道而来的客人时常常会说：“一路上辛苦了。累不累?”You must have been tired after the long flight(journey)而外国人喜欢在别人面前显得年轻、有朝气，不喜欢被人认为体弱，或有疲劳感。因此，上述问候话直译效果不好，可译 成：How was the flight? Have you had a pleasant flight?或者You have had a long flight.三、动词使用不当

英语动词往往有其特定的用法。如不熟悉，就会出错。以下仅举两例来说明动词的不同形态、类型。

例1 Welcome 中文中经常会出现，“欢迎某人做某事”的句子，按中文语序翻译这样的句子，往往会出现中式英文。北京长安街两个大饭店门前大牌子上有两条表示欢迎的大标 语：“北京欢迎您”、“国际饭店欢迎您”。同时又用英语书写了这两条标语的意思：Beijing Is Waiting for You(北京正等着您)和International Hotel Welcomes You.中国民航赠送的挎包上曾印有中、英文的欢迎词：欢迎乘坐中国民航，Welcome you to fly CAAC.英语中的“欢迎”通常使用”welcome"这个词。

Welcome作动词时有两种形式可用：动词+宾语，动词+宾语+副词短语。习惯上可以译为welcome somebody to somewhere,或welcome to a place.显然上述译法不符合这个英文词的通常表达习惯。应译为：Welcome to Beijing, Welcome to International Hotel 和Welcome to fly CAAC。如要翻译“欢迎贵国工商界人士到中国去投资”，不能译为：We welcome people from the business community of your country to make investment in China.可译为：i)People from the business community here in this country are welcome to make investment in China.或ii)We hope that people from the business community here in this country will go and invest in China.例2 Guide

Guide这个字只有两种verb pattern适用它。即：动词+宾语；动词+宾语+副词短语，动词+宾语+副词性小品词。如：“积极引导外资参与企业技改”一句，不能译 为：Efforts will be made to guide foreign capital to go to the technological upgrading of enterprises.这不符合guide的习惯用法。它可以译为：Efforts will be made to guide more foreign investment to the technical upgrading of enterprises

四、禁语的译法

任何社会都会有一些要求大家遵循的行为准则。如：公共场合 不准吸烟、不准乱扔果皮纸屑、不准大声喧哗等。有些单位还根据本单位情况制定一些规则。如何翻译禁语是需要注意的又一个重要问题。中文禁语比较严肃，用词 直截了当，以体现其法律效力。而外国人有 3 页 共 3 页

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时以比较婉转的口吻表达同样的意思。我们应尽量以译入语禁语的习惯表达方式来翻译禁语，并力求简洁。请比较下述两 例的两种译法，

第五篇：翻译硕士英语

I.Directions: Translate the following words, abbreviations，terminology or sentences into their target language respectively.There are altogether 20 items with one point for each, and 5 sentences with 2 points for each in this part of the test.(30 points)1.ICT 2.IPR 3.ISO 4.NCA 5.NDRC 6.NPC 7.LAD 8.SLA 9.CIF 10.CBD

11.邮政特快专递

12.联邦调查局 13.全球定位系统 14.东南亚国家联盟 15.生物多样性公约 16.气象卫星防卫计划 17.环境影响评价 18.欧洲联盟 19.国际足球联盟 20.全球环境基金 21.发展是硬道理。

22.没有最好，只有更好。

23.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones.24.Consumers look for the best values for what they spend while producers seek the best price and profit for what they have to sell.25.Being ignorant of laws and afraid of being exposed to the public, they resorted to setting the matter out of court.II.Directions: Translate the following three source texts into their target language respectively.If the source text is in English, its target language is Chinese.If the source text is in Chinese, its target language is English.(120 points)Source Text 1(30 points):

节日

同世界其他地区一样，节日在中国是人们勤于烹调、饱享口福的时候。菜市场鱼肉满架，购物和烹调成了人们的主要活动。但是除了节庆膳食在数量和质量上与平日不同之外，一些历史悠久、具有象征意义的特色食物也是节日必不可缺的伴侣。例如，农历五月五日的端午节是为了纪念被昏庸君主贬官放逐而抱石投江自尽的古代诗人和忠臣屈原。最初人们将以竹叶包扎好的糯米粽子投入屈原自尽的那条江，以祭祀亡灵。今天，人们在端午时节举行龙舟比赛，而粽子则由活生生的人来享用。农历八月十五日的中秋节是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征着圆满，进而象征着家庭团聚。中秋节的特制食品是一种圆形的月饼，内含核桃仁、蜜饯、豆沙或蛋黄等食物。春节是中国的农历新年，春节的日期按农历而定，通常出现在公历2月前半期的某一天。大吃大喝历来是春节的主要内容。除了常见的海鲜、家禽和肉类之外，人们还要按各自的地方习俗烹制一些传统菜肴，例如北京的饺子、上海的八宝饭和广州的米羹。全国各地都可以见到形态各异、口味不一的年糕。年糕这个词里的“糕”字与“高”谐音，寓意来年“节节高”。Source Text 2(30 points):

An Inner Critic A physician starts playing a harsh mental tape in her head every time a new patient calls: What if I make the wrong diagnosis? I’m a terrible doctor.How did I get into medical school? An executive loses his job despite 25 productive years, he tells himself: I’m a loser.I can’t provide for my family, and I’ll never be able to do it again.If these real-life examples sound familiar, you may have a caustic commentary running in your head, too.Psychologists say many of their patients are plagued by a harsh Inner Critic—including some extremely successful people who think it’s the secret to their success.An Inner Critic can indeed roust you out of bed in the morning, get you on the treadmill and spur you to finish that book or symphony or invention.But the desire to achieve can get hijacked by harsh judgment and unrelenting fear.Unrelenting self-criticism often goes hand in hand with anxiety, and it may even predict depression.Self-criticism is also a factor in eating disorders, and body disorder—that is, preoccupation with one’s perceived physical flaws.Many people’s Inner Critic makes an appearance early in life and is such a constant companion that it’s part of their personality.Psychologists say that children, particularly those with a genetic predisposition to depression, may internalize and exaggerate the expectations of parents or peers or society.One theory is that self-criticism is anger turned inward, when sufferers are filled with hostility but too afraid and insecure to let it out.Other theories hold that people who scold themselves are acting out guilt or shame or subconsciously shielding themselves against criticism from others: You can’t tell me anything I don’t already tell myself, even in harsher terms.Techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy can be helpful in changing patterns of thought that have become painful.There are many patients, such as doctors, lawyers—who believed that if they didn’t flog themselves, they wouldn’t be successful.And part of psychologists’ work is to break through that belief by telling the patients that they usually succeed in spite of their Inner Critics, not because of them.Source Text 3(60 points):

The Linguistic System There are as many as three thousand languages which are spoken today.These languages are very different from each other.Indeed, it is primarily the fact that they are so different as to be mutually unintelligible that allows us to call them separate languages.A speaker of one of them, no matter how skillful and fluent, cannot communicate with a speaker of another unless one of them, as we say, “learns the other’s language.” Yet these differences, great as they are, are differences of detail－of the kinds of sounds used and the ways of putting them together.In their broad outlines, in their basic principles, and even in the way they approach certain specific problems of communication, languages have a great deal in common.We are all intimately familiar with at least one language, yet few of us ever stop to consider what we know about it.The words of a language can be listed in a dictionary, but not all the sentences, and a language consists of these sentences as well as words.Speakers use a finite set of rules to produce and understand an infinite set of sentences.These rules comprise the grammar of a language, which is learned when you acquire the language.The grammar of a language includes the sound system, how words may be combined into phrases and sentences, and the way in which sounds and meanings are related.The sounds and meaning of words are related in an arbitrary fashion.That is, if you had never heard the word “grammar”, you would not, by its sounds, know what it meant.Language, then, is a system that relates sounds with meanings, and when you know a language, you know this system.This linguistic knowledge, or linguistic competence, is different from linguistic behavior, known as linguistic performance.If you woke up one morning and decided to stop talking, you would still have the knowledge of your language.If you do not know the language, you cannot speak it;but if you know the language, you may choose not to speak.Language is a tool of communication.But if language is defined merely as a system of communication, then language is not unique to humans.We know birds, bees, crabs, spiders, whales, and most other creatures communicate in some way.However, there are certain characteristics of human language not found in the communication systems of any other species.A basic property of human language is its creative aspect －a speaker’s ability to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of “well-formed”, or grammatical, sentences, most of which are novel, never before produced or heard.The grammar of human language can generate infinite messages, a property unique to the human species.