第一篇：评价理论下的商务合同翻译
评价理论下的商务合同翻译
评价理论是基于系统功能学发展而来的关于人际意义的研究成果，目前将其运用于商务合同翻译中的研究甚少。本文通过对比源语与目的语中的态度评价资源，初步探讨了将评价理论运用于商务合同翻译的有效性及可行性。
全球化背景下，我国与外国之间的商务行为日益密切。尤其是最近几年，随着改革开放的不断深入，我国的世界影响力与日俱增，截止到2016年，我国已经成为除美国之外的世界第二大经济体，并且随着“一带一路”战略的实施，有望在2029年超越美国成为世界第一大经济体。在我国崛起的过程中，势必会面临更多的国际贸易行为，需要大量优秀商务翻译人才承担随之而来的商务翻译任务。而在目前国内商务翻译中，大多数的研究关注于翻译、教学技巧和教材建设等方面，设计系统功能语言学的理论探讨并不多见。因此，本文以评价理论为视角对商务合同的翻译进行了初步探讨，以期为商务翻译研究提供一个新思路，打开一个新窗口。
一、评价理论的涵义
评价理论是以Martin为首的悉尼学派对Halliday系统功能语言学中的三大元功能之一――人际功能的研究和发展，主要是通过评价系统来研究话语者怎样运用语言构建自身的主观态度。Halliday的人际功能认为，人们之间的人际关系是通过语言表达自己的主观判断和评价后影响别人而建立和保持的，人际关系的强弱或好坏可以通过语气系统和情感系统体现出来，其中，情感系统主要是指说话人的观点、判断和态度。Martin用评价理论发展并深化了Halliday的人际功能意义，他认为，可以通过关注语篇中的词汇去评价会话双方协商的态度及设计的情感强度。评价理论包含态度、介入和级差三个子系统，其中，作为核心子系统的态度是指人因心理反应而外现的情感，表达的是说话者对人或事物的感情。态度。系统又包含了情感、判断和鉴赏三个子系统。态度不同，对同一事物也会产生不同的情感反应。因此，情感系统被认为是态度系统的核心，也是解释语言现象的核心资源，被用来解释说话者对文本、行为、现象或过程做出的正面或反面、明确或隐含的情感反应。本文主要以评价理论的情感态度，系统地探讨商务合同文本的翻译。
二、评价理论下商务合同的翻译
由于商务合同规定了交易双方的权利和义务关系，属于具有法律约束力的正式文本，因此，它与普通文本不同，具有文本的独特性，应归于庄重文体，其用语也应和法律用语一致，表达不能产生歧义，用词务必正式、准确、严谨。中英文商务合同虽然存在共同之处，但是也有着客观的文体差异，所以，本文尝试运用评价理论态度系统，从词汇、句子两个方面探讨商务合同源语与目的语评价资源的异同。
（一）词汇
Martin的评价理论系统主要涉及的是词汇，主要研究的是词汇的评价功能，兼顾显性评价和隐性评价，以及词汇资源是如何表达意义、达到交际目的的。商务合同要求文本严谨庄重、简洁明确，不能产生任何歧义。鉴于此，为了防止产生误解，减少不必要的交易摩擦，使交易顺利进行，商务合同文本的翻译要兼顾显性和隐性评价，限定词汇语义的唯一性。例如：
Agent will under no circumstance charge the client/customer any additional fee，expense（out-of-pocket or other），remuneration，rebate，cost etc，in the name or on behalf of the Principal.译文：代理人无论在任何情况下都不得以委托人的名义或者代表委托人向客户收取额外的费用（现金支付或其他方式）、酬劳、回扣、花费等。
上述例子中，并列使用近义词意在使合同条款尽可能囊括所有相关事项，使行文清晰且严密，但原文中fee、expense和cost三个词汇意义相近，翻译时难以用汉语一一对应译出，即便是一一对应翻译，也略显累赘重复，不符合汉语的表达习惯，因此，译者用了“费用”和“花费”这两个词的隐性涵义来实现与原文的意义对等、词汇语义的唯一，且自然流畅，符合汉语表达习惯。
（二）句子
首先，评价是体现意识形态的重要方面。在进行商务合同翻译时，译者应保持商务合同如法律文本般严谨、庄严和神圣，再现原文准确、严谨、正式、简洁的法律文本风格，准确地传达源语语篇的态度意义，使译文读者的阅读感受等同于原文读者，力求传神、移情。例如：
The validity，construction and performance of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of China.译文：本合同的有效性、解释和履行适用于中国法律。
其次，评价还应涉及协商态度、情感强度。评价理论中的态度可以分为肯定和否定两种，对他人的行为可以是认可、赞许的，也可以是否定的、批判的。商务合同是交易双方友好协商的结果，有着令行禁止的明确约束效果，有的可为、有的不可为、有的不可不为。因此，在翻译时，要准确再现原文的态度和情感强度。例如：
All payments to be made by the Buyer to the Seller hereunder shall be paid without set-off，counterclaim or required with holding or deduction unless prohibited by any applicable law.?g文：本合同项下卖方支付给买方的所有费用均应支付，不可抵消、反诉、要求扣缴或者扣减，适用法律所禁止的除外。
三、结论
评价理论主要通过语篇中的词汇资源来评价语篇的态度意义，包括显性和隐性的。但是，由于商务合同文本的独特性，其语篇态度所包含的情感显性多于隐性，且态度强度强烈，有着令行禁止的法律文本风格。在进行商务合同翻译时，译者除了要正确领悟词汇隐含的态度意义，力求做到对应翻译，实现内容对等，同时还应该兼顾商务合同文本风格的独特性，从而真正做到正确把握源语语篇的情感强度与态度意义，使译文读者阅读译文时也能感受到原文对应条款所表达出来的同等法律效力。
（南昌理工学院）
第二篇：商务合同翻译
1)为了便于甲方及时开展工作，乙方应于2009年12月31日前将第一批寄售货物运到甲方处。在2010年3月十五日左右，甲、乙双方应就剩下的寄售期限可能销量达成共识。
In order to facilitate Party A’s work of starting the consignment sales on time, Party B should ship the first lot of consignment goods to Party A before Dec.31, 2009.On or about March 15, 2010, Party A and Party B shall meet to mutually determine on acceptable sales level for the remainder of the consignment period.2)在寄售合同到期后的一个月内，甲方将按合同单价把已售出的货物以美元形式全额汇给乙方。如果有销售额总额超过15万美元的情况，甲方应在一月内将销售款以美元形式汇给乙方。
Within one month after expiration of the consignment period, Party A shall remit Party B the total sum in U.S Dollars based on the contracted unit price for those items which have been sold.If at any time the total value of goods sold exceeds the amount of U.S.Dollars 150000, Party A shall remit the total sum in U.S.Dollars to Party B within one month’s period of time.3)装配所需的主要零件、消耗品及部件由甲方运至广州。如有零部件短少或破损，甲方应负责补充替换。
甲方应于成品交运1个月前开出不可撤销的信用证以支付全部装配费和乙方在广州购买零件、消耗品和部件的费用。
The main parts, consumption articles and components required for assembling will be sent in time to Guangzhou by Party A and if there is any shortage of , or damage to these parts and components , Party A shall be responsible for supplying replacements.Party A shall pay Party B by opening an irrevocable L/C covering the full amount of assembling charges and costs of parts , consumption articles and components purchased in Guangzhou by Party B , one month before the shipment of the finished products concerned.4）一切与本合同有关的进出口手续，均由乙方办理。
乙方将所装配的晶体管收音机运交甲方指定的外国买主。有关运费和保险费由甲方负担。All import and export procedures in connection with this contract shall be taken care of by Party
B.All transistor radios assembled by Party B will be shipped to foreign buyers designated by Party A.The relevant freight and insurance premium shall be borne by Party A.5）晶体管收音机的商标由甲方供给，如有法律纠纷，甲方应负完全责任。
如因装配需要，由乙方在广州购买的零部件必须达到品质标准，并应事先经过甲方核准。The trade marks of transistor radios will be supplied by Party A and should there be any illegal involvement, Party A is to be held fully responsible.All parts and components purchased by Party B in Guangzhou, if necessary for assembling transistor radios, must measure up to the quality standards of, and be approved by Party A beforehand.6）本合同自受聘方到校之日起生效，到聘期届满时失效。如一方要求延长聘期，必须在合同期满前一个月用书面向对方提出，经双方协商同意后另签延聘合同。
This Contract comes into effect on the first day of the engaged party’s arrival at the AA University and ceases to be effective at its expiration.If either party wishes to renew the Contract, the other
party shall be notified in writing one month before it expires.Upon agreement by both parties through consultation, a new contract may be signed between two parties.7）公司为一有限责任公司及在中华人民共和国法律下的法人，公司的所有活动应遵守中华人民共和国颁布的法律、法令及条例，公司的所有合法权益及利益受中华人民共和国的法律管辖及保护。
The Company is a limited liability company and a legal person under the laws of the People’s Republic of China.All the activities of the Company shall comply with the laws, decrees and regulations promulgated by the People’s Republic of China.All the lawful rights and interests of the Company are subject to the jurisdiction and protection of the laws of the People’s Republic of China.8）合营的一方如不履行本合同或公司章程的义务，违约一方得赔偿另一方因此而遭受的经济损失。
在合营期限内，双方都无权单方面宣布撤销或终止本合同。
If either of the Parties fails to fulfil its obligations under this Contract , it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting therefrom.During the term of operation of the Company, neither Party has the right to announce unilaterally the cancellation or termination of this Contract.9）公司注册资本为9000万美元。由中方在签约后30天内提供土地使用权。外方在2001年3月1日以前提供办公楼、厂房、必须的设备、设备、机器、工具、仪器、工业产权、非专利技术、生产资金、流动资金等。
The registered capital of the Company is USD 90 million.The Chinese Corp provides the right to use land within 30 days after signing the Agreement.The Foreign Co.provides the office building, factory premises, necessary facilities, equipment, machines, tools, instruments, industrial property rights, non-patent technology, production funds, operating funds, etc.before March 1, 2001.10）如因不可抗力事件使公司无法继续营业时，本协议可通过双方协商予以提前终止。如果中方或外方想要把本协议规定的权利和义务进行全部或部分转让，另一方有优先购买权。转让必须得到审批机关的批准。
In case of Force majeure, which makes it impossible for the Company to continue its business, this Agreement may be terminated ahead of schedule through consultation between the two parties.If the Chinese or foreign party wishes to make an assignment of all or part of its rights and obligations prescribed in this Agreement, the other party shall have the preemptive right to purchase the same.The assignment must obtain the approval of the examination and approval authority.11)如果在保证期内发现运交的设备有缺陷，投资人必须按中方的要求，及时适当解决
In case defect of the delivered equipment is found within the warranty period.INVESTOR shall take appropriate action for settlement without delay ,upon SINO`s request
12)在上述情况下，该缺点经鉴定是由于中方操作经验不足，搬运不当或某一物品的消耗所致，则投资人应要求中方支付实际运输费用
In the above instance investor shall request SINO for payment of the actual costs of transportation ,when such defect is judged to be due to inexperienced operation by sino or due to inappropriate handling ,or due to an article of consumption
13)在投资人派遣工程师的任务完成以后，中方如有必要仍可要求投资人继续给以技术支持，但投资人应要求中方为这种增加的合作支付费用，合作的条款由双方将来讨论约定。
Sino shall be able to request for continued technical support from investor , if necessary, even after completion of the above despatchofinvestor`sengineers.however ,in this instance.investor shall be able to request sino for the cost of such additional technological cooperation.terms and conditions shall be subject to mutual discussion and agreement between sino and investor ,in future
14)乙方确认由其所生产的许可证产品必须严格按照甲方所提供的设计，图纸及规格生产，除依第C条第一款规定的修改内容以外，在任何情况下许可证产品均具备与 所生产的产品相同的质量与运动性能。如果乙方未严格依照甲方的设计，图纸及规格生产，则甲方对于乙方的许可证产品不承担任何担保责任。
15）GTT是中方和投资人之间的桥梁GTT应协助中方用展销会，研讨会，技术培训等办法在中国销售产品GTT应在产品品质合格时考虑把这些产品销往欧洲和非洲
1)GTT shall act as a bridge between SINO and INVESTOR
2)GTT shall assist SINO in marketing in china of products finished by SINO by means fo trade show ,seminar ,technical traning program ,ect
3)GTT shall consider marketing finished products to Europe and Africa when the quality turns out to be satisfactory
16）如果初次检验不合格应进行第二次检验，如果第二次检验仍不合格，则投资人赢在2个月内自费调换有关设备如果检验合格，双方应签署检验证明书一式二份，双方各执一份
1)In case initial test is unsatisfactory ,a second test shall be carried out.if the second test is again unsatisfactory ,INVESTOR shall replace the equipment involved atits own cost ,within two months after the second text
2)in case text results are satisfactory ,SINO and INVESTOR shall sign a text certificate in duplicate and each party shall keep one copy
17）本合同的订立，效力，解释，执行及由其引起争议的解决均适用中华人民共和国颁布的法律，法令，和条例规定
The making ,validity ,interpretation and implementation of this contract and the settlement of disputes arising thereform shall shall be governed by laws ,decrees and regulations promulgated by the people`s republic of china
18）受聘方的工作时间每周5天，每天7小时，受聘方按照中国，澳大利亚两国政府规定的节假日放假，寒假按本校校历规定。
The engaged party works five days a week and seven hours a day ,the engaged party have legal holidays as prescribed by both Chinese and Australian governmentthe winter vacation is fixed by the school calenderf
19）聘方每月支付给受聘方工资2000澳元，并按照澳大利亚政府对在澳工作的外籍教师的规定提供各种福利待遇
The engaginfg party pays the engaged party a monthly salary of 2000 australian dollars and provides him with various benefits as prescribed by Australian government for foreign teachers working in Australia
20）受聘方在入境，离境，或过境时，必须遵守澳大利亚政府有关外国人居住，工资福利以及旅行等的法律，规章，并遵守聘方的工作制度。
The engaged party shall abide by the laws and regulations of the Australian government concerning residence ,wages and benefits ,and travel for foreigners when entering ,leaving and passing through the territory of the country ,and shall follow the working system of the engaging party
21）双方均不得无故撤销合同如果聘方要求中途终止合同，除按上述条款承担工资福利待遇外，需给受聘方增发3个月的工资作为补偿金，并于1个月内安排受聘方及其家属回国并承担有关费用
若受聘方中途提出辞职，聘方自同意之日起即停发工资，受聘方不再享受各项福利待遇，受聘方及其家属回国的一切费用均由本人自理
Neither party shall cancel the contract without reasonable causes ,if the engaging party finds it
22）乙方在签约后15天内，为加工设备开出以甲方为受益人的银行承兑信用证，其金额不得少于2220万日元，见票180天付款。这份信用证，只有在乙方收到甲方为芦笋罐头对开的信用证后才能生效，甲方在收到这份信用证后，应及时装运加工设备，提供本协议第七条所需的单证和180天到期的汇票，以便取得他的银行承兑。
Party b shall within 15 days after signing this agreement establish in favour of party a an banker`s acceptance l/c in payment for the equipment ,for an account not less than J 22200000,available by draft at 180 days sight ,the l/c will be effective only after receipt by party b of a satisfactory reciprocal l/c opened by party a for payment of canned asparagns ,after receipt of the l/c ,party a shall effect shipment of the equipment of the equipment in time ,provide the required documents according to article 7 of this agreement together with the draft at 180 days sight ,and obtain its bank`s acceptance
23）乙方将向甲方提供上述货物在香港和日本市场的市级零售价以供甲方参考，乙方无权干涉甲方的销售价，销售场所，和销售办法，但有权提出积极地建议，甲方有责任向乙方提交销售报告（包括零售价）销售过程中出现的问题和为提高销售额而提出的建议，乙方应向甲方提供各种有利于销售（包括免费样品，试销货物，化妆品促销资料，技术交流和有贮存条件等）便利。
Party b will submit to party a the actual retail prices of aforesaid articles in hongkong and Japanese markets for party a`s reference.Party b has no right to interfere with a`s selling
price ,spot and method ,but it has the right to make positive proposals , partya is responsibleto submit party b regular reports on selling situation(covering retail price), problems arising in the course of selling and making proposals to improve sales ,party b should provide party a with various arrangements which are conductive to sales(including samples free of charge ,articles for trial sales ,data for promoting cosmetic sales ,technical exchange and conditions for storage etc.
第三篇：商务合同翻译
• Tranlation of Business Contract
一、商务合同概述
• A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned.• 在由Steven H.Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中，contract被定义为 “a promise, or a set
of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”
• 合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，在某种意义上，法律将履行该承诺
看作是一种补偿。综上可见，合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的法律协议。
• 合同英语属于庄重文体（the frozen style），是各种英语文体中正式程度最高的一种。
总体来说，这种正式性体现在内容的专业性、语言的严谨性和结构的完整性等方面。合同种类
• 正式合同 Contract(P197)
• 协议书 Agreement
• 确议书 Confirmation
• 备忘录 Memorandum
• 订单 Order
• 意向书 Letter of intent
二、商务合同的构成部分
一.约首(the head)
1.合同名称 Title
2.前文（前言）Preamble
1)Date of signing
2)Signing parties
3)Each party’s authority 当事人的合法依据
4）Place of signing
5)Recitalsor WHEREAS clause 定约缘由
二.本文（Body)
① 定义条款（Definition clause)
② 基本条款（Basic conditions)
③ 一般条款（General terms and conditions)
a.合同有效期限（Duration)
b.终止(Termination)
c.不可抗力（Force Majeure)
d.合同的让与（Assignment)
e.仲裁（Arbitration)
f.适用法律（governing law)
g.诉讼管辖（Jurisdiction)
h.通知手续（Notice)
i.合同的修改（Amendment)
j.其他（Others)
三.约尾（the tail)
① 结尾语包括合同的份数、使用的文字和效力等（Concluding sentence)
② 签名（Signature)
③ 盖印（Seal)
三、Features of legal documents
1.common words with unusual meaning
•action诉讼alienation转让 avoid取消 counterpart有同等效力的副本
• Prejudice提案 save除了vacation休庭期间 limitation时效 minor未成年人
• review审查案件，复审 tort侵权
Eg.1.Thank you for your consideration.•No consideration, no contract.合同无对价不成立。
Eg.2.The testator died without issue.立遗嘱人死亡时没有子嗣.•The parties could not agree on the issue.•The passport was issued by the Liverpool office.2.Old English
To make the compound words by adding after, by, in, of, on, to, under, upon, or with after here,there, or where
• Hereafter: in this document and after this point 此后, 以后
• Hereby: in this way or by this letter以此, 特此, 由此
• Thereby: by that 按此, 借此, 从而, 由此
• Therefrom: from that从那里
Whereas Party A is willing to employ Party B and Party B agrees to do as Party A’s engineer in
Beijing, it is hereby agrees as follows.鉴于甲方愿聘请乙方,乙方同意应聘为甲方在北京的工程师,双方协议如下:
In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreement herein contained, the parties agree
as follows.双方考虑到在此提出的契约和协议, 同意如下条款.3.Use the synonymous word with its relevant words
• Terms and conditions 条件 null and void 无效free and clear of 无
•able and willing 能够并愿意any duties, obligations or liabilities所有责任
• applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives,and rules 适用法律法规
•charges, fees, costs and expenses 各种费用any and all 全部
•covenants and agreements 合同，协议customs and usages 惯例
• import duty and tax 进口税捐keep secret and confidential保密
• licenses and permits 许可packing and wrapping expenses 包装费
• rights and interests 权益settle claims and debts 清理债务
• ships and vessels 船只sign and issue 签发
• support and maintenance 维护use and wont习惯，惯例
1）This Agreement made and entered into by and between ABC Co.and XYZ Co.ABC 公司和XYZ公司双方签订本协议。
2）All documents, letters, telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the
signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the
Contract comes into force.双方在签约前交换的所有文件、书信、电报和电传，应从本合同生效之日开始自动失效。
4.Latinate words
•alibi—不在犯罪现场ad hoc – 专门地de facto---事实上的•bona fide---真诚的alias---别名 versus---对，诉
eg.He established an alibi to the charge of murder.•他提供了谋杀案发生时不在场证明。
•他证实在谋杀案发生时，他不在场。
5.Formal words
• Compare the following two kinds of words and expressions
1）At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist/help Party B to install
the equipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术员帮助乙方安装设备
2）Party A shall send back/repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to
Beijing.甲方应将病人遣返中国，负责病人回到北京的旅费。
Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be/ be regarded as a material breach of this
agreement.•未能按上述要求通知甲方的，则视为构成实质违约。
Enclosed is our new Quotation NO.475 in lieu of/in place of the previous one.•随附我公司第475号报价替代前发的报价单。
Prices are subject to change/alteration with or without notice.•不管是否事先通知，价格可随时变动。
宪法优先于其他一切法律
• Constitution is before/ prior to all other laws.• 任何一方不得在不预先通知的情况下终止合同
•Either party shall not terminate /stop the contract without notice in advance.–Terminate, stopcommence, begin
– be deemed to,be regarded asin lieu of, in place of
– prior to, beforewhatsoever, whatever
– accomplish, doadditional, extraacquire, get
– alteration,changeapplication, useassistance, help
注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词语的法律内涵
• May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词的确很常见，但是在合同中这些
词具有特殊的意义，所以翻译起来要极其谨慎，避免引起纠纷。
a.May：在表示合同上的权利（Right）、权限（Power）或特权（Privilege）的场合中
使用。若表示某种权利在法律上具有强制性的时候，更多的是“be entitled”。
b.Shall：在合同中并不是单纯的将来时，一般用它来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务
（Obligation）。如未履行，即视为违约，并构成某种赔偿责任。所以，shall在译文里，通常
表示“应该”或“必须”，当然，也有不翻译的时候。例如：
• The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the ex-importers in
the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides.• 货物的质量和价格必须使进出口双方都能接受。
• The formation of this contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of
the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the People’s Republic of China.• 本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。
shall没有译出。
c.Should：在合同中通常只用来表示语气较弱的假设，多翻译成“万一”或“如果”，极少译成“应该”。
• The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman.Should the
chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the
board meeting.• 董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持；若董事长缺席，原则上应由副董事长召集、主
持。
• The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with
the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be
referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the
absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement
reached after such dispute occurs.• 双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未
果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有
管辖权的人民法院解决。
d.Will：一般使用在没有法律强制的情况下，也用做表示承担义务的声明，但语气和
强制力比Shall弱。
e.May not（或shall not）：用于禁止性义务，即“不得做什么”。
• 6.Terminology
•cause of action案由defendant 被告appeal 上诉
• damages损失，赔偿金force majeure不可抗力 …
Indemnity n.a promise to protect someone from money lost or goods damaged;赔偿的保证
repayment for this；赔偿金
An insurance contract that promises to pay for the replacement or repair of lost of
damaged goods赔偿物
e.g.to arrange an ~ against loss办理损失赔偿
to demand an ~ for the delayed payment因延期付款要求赔偿
Money demanded by a victorious nation at the end of awar as a condition of peace is an ~.战争结束时，战胜国作为和平条件索取之款项称为“赔款”。
Infringement: violation n.违反；违背；侵犯；侵害
Force majeure: an unexpected and unavoidable event that causes or allows a contract to
be changed or cancelled if it has a force majeure clause.e.g.As a result of force majeure the transaction was not completed.基于不可抗力的因素，交易未能完成。
Arbitration : the settling of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a
court of law.仲裁（通过中立的第三方不通过法庭解决纠纷）
e.g.They decided to settle the dispute by ~.他们决定通过仲裁解决争议。
Translation requirements
•1.Adequate & precise
•Eg.Unless it is legally or physically impossible, the contractor shall execute and
complete the works and remedy the defects therein in strict accordance with the
contract to the satisfaction of the engineer.•除法律或条件不允许的情况之外，承包方应严格按合同施工和竣工，并改进工作中的任何缺陷，达到工程师满意的程度。
•Party A shall send technicians atParty B’s expense to train Party B’s personnel withindays after signing the Contract.• 甲方应于签约后三十天内派遣技术员培训乙方的人员，有关费用由乙方承担。
•This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with
documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.•本合同的修改补充应有双方授权代表签名盖章的文件，才能进行
•合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。
•All the activities of the joint venture, shall comply with the provision of the laws,decrees and pertinent regulations of the Republic of China.• 拘役的期限，为十五日以上六个月以下。
•A term of criminal detention shall not be less than 15 days and no more than 6 months.2、expressiveness & smoothness
•合同文本是一种法律文件，属于庄严性文体。翻译商务合同时还应该把规范通
顺视为另一大原则。所谓“规范”，是指译文必须符合法律语言的特点，尽量体现出
契约文体的特点。而所谓“通顺”，是指译文应当符合汉语的语法要求，使译文清晰
易懂。
• During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract, the
two Parties shall hold a meeting very year to discuss problems arising form the execution
of the Contract.原译：在合同生效之日起到合同终止之日的期间内，双方每年举行一次会议，讨论合同
发行中出现的问题。
• 原文在理解上没有什么特别困难的地方，译文意思也算正确，但只对原文逐字逐句
翻译，显得呆板，改译为：
• 本合同有效期间，双方应每年正式会晤一次，以讨论本合同履行期间存在的问题。
• The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive proof of the date of shipment,six(6)days grace shall be allowed for shipment earlier or later than the time agreed
upon by the Parties.In the event of the goods for one order being shipped in more than
one lot, each lot shall be deemed to be a separate sale on Contract.• 原译：提单的日期应为交货日期的最后证明。双方允许交货比约定的时间早交或迟
交六天。一次订货多于一批装运，那么，每批货应被当作是合同的单独买卖。
• 原译文表达累赘，结构松散，不合乎汉语契约文体的简约风格。改译为：
• 交货日期以提单所载日期为准，双方同意在合同约定的交货期的基础上，允许有前
后六天的装运宽限期。若一次订货分批装运，则每一批货为合同项下的单独 买卖。
• One-third of the total amount shall be paid with the order when the Contract is signed,one third by documentary bill when shipment is effected, and the balance by clean bills
when the goods have arrived.• 合同签订时先预付货款总额的三分之一，装船后凭跟单汇票再付三分之一，剩余的三分之一在货物抵达时凭光票一次性付清。
• 译文充分利用添加的横线部分充分表明了原条款的三个付款阶段：交货前、交货时、交货后，使得层次清楚，表达通顺。
合同的订立、生效和履行
• 1.This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party.•此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。
• 2.What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix.• 本合同未尽事宜，可由双方增补作为合同附件。
• 3.本合同一式四份（正副本各两份）自签署后生效
• The Contract is written in quadruplicate(two for original and copy respectively)which
shall become valid on the date of signature.• 4.本合同为中英文两种文本，两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式两份。自双方签
字（盖章）之日起生效。
• This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English, each of which
shall be deemed equally authentic.This contract is in 2 copies effective since being signed by
both parties.•5.Unless the terms or context of this contract otherwise provide, all term used in this
Contract shall have the meanings set out in Schedule A hereto.• 除本合同条款或上下文另有所指，本合同中所有相关用语的定义见附录甲。
•6.it has full authority to enter into this Contract and to perform its obligations
hereunder;
• 该方有全权订立本合同以及履行本合同项下义务；
2.Modification
• 7.债务人将合同的义务全部或者部分转接给第三方的，应当经债权人同意。
•If the debtor intends to transfer all or part of his obligations under the contract to a
third party, consent shall be obtained from the creditor.•Where the obligor delegates its obligations under a contract in whole or in part to a
third party, such delegation shall be subject to the consent of the obligee.• 8.债权人转让权利的，应当通知债务人。未经通知，该转让对债务人不发生效力。
•Any transfer of rights by a creditor shall be notified to the debtor.The transfer
shall not bind the debtor without such notification.•Where the obligee assigns its rights, it shall notify the obligor.Such assignment will
have no effect on the obligor without notice thereof.3.Termination of contracts
• 9.This Contract may be terminated at any time prior to expiration of the Term by the
mutual written contract of the Parties.• 本合同期限届满之前，双方可通过书面协议随时终止本合同。
• 10.This Contract shall terminate upon the expiration of the Term unless extended
pursuant to Article.(Term).• 本合同于合同到期日终止，除非双方按照第[]条（合同期限的续展）的规定续约。
• 11.当事人可以约定一方解除合同的条件。解除合同的条件成就时，解除权人可以
解除合同。
•The parties may agree upon conditions under which either party may terminate the
contract.Upon satisfaction of the conditions, the party who has the right to terminate
may terminate the contract.• 12.Termination of this Agreement for any reason shall be without prejudice to any
right of action vested in either Party at the date of termination.• 本协议无论因何原因终止，不得损害任何一方在终止协议时的任何的行动权利。
• 13.合同的权利义务终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。
• The termination of rights and obligations under a contact shall not affect the validity of
clauses that related to the final settlement of accounts and winding-up.4.Liability for Breach of Contract
• 14.当事人双方都违反合同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。
• If both parties breach a contract, each party shall bear its own respective liabilities.• 15.If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or its performance fails to
satisfy the terms of the contract, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract such as to continue to perform its obligations, to take remedial measures, or to compensate for losses.• 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。
• 5.Applicable law and dispute resolution
• 16.Where other laws provide otherwise in respect of a contract, such provisions shall
prevail.• 其他法律对合同另有规定的，依照其规定。
• 17.本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。
• The formation, validity, interpretation and execution in respect of this contract shall be
governed by the relevant laws of the People's Republic of China.• 18.仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方都有约束力。
•The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.
第四篇：商务合同的翻译
商务合同的翻译
一、定义
商务合同是指平等的民事主体之间关于建立、变更和终止民事权利和义务，形成具有法律效力且受法律保护的协议。英语国际商务合同属于公文文体中的法律文书范畴，都是书面语，其特点是严肃、正规，行文一般以明确为第一旨，力戒含混隐晦。
二、词汇特征
1.正式词汇的使用
由于商务合同属于法律公文，为了显示其规范性、约束力和庄严性，商务合同经常选用正式、严肃的词或词组。例如，商务合同经常使用“expire”而非“end”表示“期满”；用“commence”而非“begin”表示“开始”；用“pertaining to”而非“about”表示“关于/涉及”；用“prior to”而非“before”表示“在…之前”；用“In the event that/in case”而不用“if”表示“如果”等。在翻译商务合同时，必须尽量选择正式、严肃的中文词汇以使译文和原文在用词方面做到功能对等。
2.专业术语的使用
专业术语一般都是名词或名词性词组。由于英文商务合同涉及各行各业，因此经常使用大量的专业术语。例如，法律专业术语：arbitration(仲裁)，litigation practice(诉讼业务)，bill of complaint(诉状)，without recourse(无追索权)等。财经类专业术语如：financial statement(财务报表)，factoring(保理)，auditing(审计)，acceptance(承兑)，collection(托收)等。为了准确地翻译出专业术语，译员不仅要有翻译专业术语的基本技巧，还要有必备的工具书和扎实的学科专业基础知识。像上述“acceptance”和“collection”这两个词，在专业语境中如翻译成“接受”和“收集”，将是十分粗心和不负责任的。因此，在翻译专业术语时，译员必须做到专业术语学科信息对等并使译文符合行规。
3.由here／there／where+介词构成的词的使用
商务合同往往大量使用由here／there／where+介词构成的英语。为了使文体功能对等，译员必须尽量把这类法律文书文体译成汉语的法律公文体。例如，“hereafter”译为“自此、今后”，“hereby”译为“特此、兹”，“herein”译为“此中，于此”，“hereinafter”译为“在下文中”，“ hereof”译为“在本文中、关于这点”，“ hereto”译为“在此、于此”，“thereto”译为“另外、随附”“whereas”译为“鉴于”，“whereof”译为“兹特”等等。
4.缩略语的使用
在英文商务合同中，缩略词的出现频率相当高。这些缩略词通常都是由几个单词的首字母构成，其意义单一固定，一般都用于国际贸易场合。使用缩略词的优点在于，往往一个简单的缩略词就能对贸易过程中的各项要求进行清楚的说明，大大地提高了工作的效率。缩略词一般根据国际商会的《国际贸易术语解释通则2000》进行解释。
三、句法特征
1.陈述句的使用
陈述句主要用于阐述、说明、解释客观事实。商务合同主要陈述和规定合同双方的利益和义务以及涉及运输、保险、付款方式等各方面的规定，因此一般都使用客观平实的陈述句。在翻译此类句型时，译员必须采取相应的中文陈述句，使译文和原文风格一致。
2.被动句的使用
由于商务合同是规定各方权利与义务的文书，文字叙述客观公正，措辞严谨庄重，因而英文商务合同中较多地使用被动句，以体现合同文体的严谨性。英文商务合同中有关包装、运输、保险、付款方式、检验、争议解决等条款大多采用被动句结构。在处理此类被动句时，可将其翻译为主动句，以符合中文的行文习惯。
3.长句的使用
为了确定合同双方的权利与义务，避免曲解、误解或歧义，英文商务合同往往采取结构复杂的长句。在英文合同中，往往出现多个状语从句和/或定义从句，或其它修饰成分，对主句的意义进行解释或补充。鉴于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，在翻译此类长句时，译员不可直接翻译成类似的汉语句型，而是适当切分句子，充分理解句子的意思，理清句子的层次和逻辑关系，找出句子的主干成分，然后再采取拆句、分译、调整语序等翻译方法对原句进行处理。例如：
“Vendor” shall mean the person to whom the Purchase Order is issued, who shall be deemed as an independent contractor and shall supply the Materials and/or perform the Works at its sole risk and account, and include its legal successors and/or assigns.在翻译此句之前，首先要分析其句子结构。本句共有两个定语，用于修饰“the person”，第一个为“to whom …issued”，第二个为“who shall be…assigns”，在第二个从句中，“who”作为主语拥有三个并列的谓语动词分别为“shall be deemed”、“shall supply”和“include”，因此在翻译时必须拆分句子，并适当添加主语。
译文：“销售商”系指采购订单的接受人。销售商必须被视作独立的承包商，必须独立承担提供材料和/或实施工程的风险和费用。销售商包括其合法接任者和/或代理人。
四、翻译要点
1.通读合同全文，把握合同主旨。
商务合同的种类繁多，包括货物销售合同、补偿贸易、国际租赁合同、技术转让合同、商业用房租赁合同等。译者在翻译前应该彻底弄清合同表达的中心意思，是关于货物销售的、专利转让的、技术合作的，还是劳务合同的等。然后要全面掌握该方面的知识，把合同的每个条款的内涵摸清楚，找出条款间的联系，由浅入深，仔细研读。如最常用的Sales Contract（国际货物销售合同）肯定会包括Article No（货号）、Description＆Specification（品名及规格）、Quantity（数量）、Unit Price（单价）、Terms of Payment（付款条件）等项条款。
2.规范用语，考虑措词。
合同的翻译不同于文学文体，它不讲究文采，不要求修饰词的渲染。它要求的是把“忠实严格”放在首位。商务合同属于法律性公文，所以翻译时，要慎重选词，可以参考上下文及其合同性质，用专业术语，或约定俗成的规范用语，同一词语如有多个意思，翻译时在上下文中译文要保持一致，以免发生歧义。
例如“The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China”，句中The undersigned要译为“下述签署人”，全句译文为：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。
3.调整句子结构，合理组词成句。
因为中英语言习惯的不同，直译有时会让上下文之间的关系不够明确，语气不太连贯，意思也不很清楚。遇到这种情况，可以分析一下原文，根据需要转换主语、宾语、定语等各种句子成分，也可以通过上下文的照应把某些词省略、补充或换序。
“The product fair will be held at the Standard Electrical Co.，New York，America with the Buyer’s representatives.”
译文：买方代表将参加在美国纽约标准电气公司举行的产品博览会。
五、实例分析
1.The Contract Products are, in their usual manner, used in buildings.XX shall therefore be liable for defects in the Contract Products for a period of 66(sixty-six)months with effect from the date of delivery and shall reimburse AAAA for all costs incurred related to this.译文：合同产品是以常规方式用于建筑之中。在交货之日起六十六个月内，如合同产品存在缺陷，XX方对其承担责任，并应当赔偿AAAA方所有与此相关发生的费用。
2.As regards technology, quality, price and delivery, the Contract Products must be at least equivalent to comparable products of competitors.Such a comparative product must meet AAAA’s requirements.译文：至于技术、质量、价格和交货等方面，合同产品必须至少与竞争对手的同类产品相当。这种同类产品必须满足AAAA方的要求。
3.Given AAAA’s agreement, XX may propose products as an alternative which are comparable in technology, quality and price, taking account of the release
requirements.The costs of any renewed release which may be necessary shall be borne by XX.译文：在得到AAAA方同意的前提下，考虑到发布要求，XX方可以提出在技术、质量和价格上相当的替代产品。任何必要的重新发布的费用由XX方承担。
4.Alterations and supplements to this Corporate Agreement(including this
Section 23.1)must be made in writing.译文：对于本公司协议的修改和补充（包括本节23.1）必须以书面形式进行。
5.This Corporate Agreement and all agreements under this Corporate Agreement and any disputes arising herefrom are subject to the laws of the People’s Republic of China excluding the conflict of laws provisions and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG).译文：本公司协议及其项下的所有协议和由此产生的任何争议，均受中华人共和国法律（冲突的法律条款除外）和《联合国国际货物销售合同公约（CISG)》的管辖。
6.The assignment of rights and the transfer of duties under this Corporate
Agreement requires the prior written consent of the other party.译文：本公司协议项下权利的转让和义务的转移，需要得到另一方事先的书面同意。
7.The Chinese version of this Agreement shall be for convenience purposes only.In case of any inconsistencies, the English version shall prevail.译文：本协议的中文版本仅为供方便。如有不一致，以英文版本为准。
第五篇：商务合同翻译
商务合同翻译
____年____月____日
_____(售方)与____(购方)签订合同如下：
第一条合同对象
依据____年____月____日双方签订的关于合作的协议，在售方国国境车上交货条件下售方售出，购方购入货物，其数量、种类、价格及交货期均按第____号附件办理，该附件为本合同不可分割的部分。
合同总金额为____
第二条价格
本合同所售出货物的价格以________计算，此项价格系卖方国国境车上交货，包括包皮、包装和标记费在内。
第三条品质
按本合同所售出货物的品质应符合________国国家标准，并符合本合同附件所规定的技术条件;凭样交货的商品品质应符合双方确认的样品。
商品质量应以售方国国家商品检验局出具的品质证明书证明。
第四条供货期
售方应在本合同附件规定的期限内发货。在征得购方同意的情况下，售方有权按双方商妥的数量和金额提前交货。
第五条标记
每个货箱均应用防水颜料在箱体的三面(上面、前面和左面)用____、____两种文字书写以下标记：合同号、收货人、箱号、毛重、净重。
第六条支付
本合同所供应的货物之价款，由购方按照_________所规定的办法凭下列单据向售方支付：
1.帐单4 份
2.盖有售方国发站印章的铁路运单副本1 份
3.明细单3 份
4.品质证明书1 份
第七条保证和索赔
卖方在提供的商品投入使用之后12个月内保证商品质量，但不超过供货之日起18个月。
对货物品质的异议应在发现缺陷后3 个月内提出，如在保证期发现缺陷，索赔日期不能迟于保证期结束后30天。
如商品在保证期内出现缺陷，供货一方排除缺陷或更换有缺陷的部分并负担费用。
第八条发货通知
售方应在发货后10天内以电传向购方通知有关货物自生产厂发运的情况，并注明发运日期、合同号、发动机号、件数、毛重和铁路运单号。
第九条仲裁
由本合同所产生或与本合同有关的一切纠纷，应尽可能通过双方谈判解决。如双方不能达成协议，提交被告国对外贸易仲裁机构审理。
第十条不可抗力条款
双方任何一方发生不可抗力情况(如火灾、自然灾害、各种军事行动、封锁、禁止进出口或不以双方意志为转移的其他情况)，使本合同全部或部分义务无法履行时，履行本合同义务的期限可相应推迟，在此期间合同义务仍然有效。
如果不可抗力情况持续30天以上，其中一方有权通知另一方免除继续履行合同义务，此时任何一方无权向对方提出补偿可能的损失。
无法履行本合同义务方应将不可抗力情况发生和结束及影响合同义务履行情况立即通知对方。
不可抗力发生和持续的时间应以售方或购方有关商会出具的证明书证明。On ____ ____ _____ years
________(seller)and ______(buy)the contract is as follows: The first object of the contract
Basis on ____ ____ ____ years about the cooperation agreement signed by both parties, the seller border on the delivery of the goods sold under the condition of seller, buyers to purchase the goods, its quantity, type, price and delivery time shall be dealt with in accordance with no _____ on attachment, the attachment is an integral part of this contract.Contract amount for ______ Article 2 the price
This contract is the price of the goods sold to _____ calculation, the price is the seller border that the car delivery, wrapping, packaging and marking fee included.Article 3 the quality
According to the quality of the goods sold by this contract shall conform to _____ the national standards, and in accordance with the technical conditions of the provisions of this contract as attached;By sample delivery goods quality should comply with the two sides confirmed the samples.Quality merchandise to sell party a certificate issued by the quality certificate of national commodity inspection bureau.Article 4 the coordination &liaision instead
Seller should delivery in this contract within the time limit stipulated by the attachment.Under the condition of the buyers consent, seller shall have the right to according to the quantity and amount for the two sides agreed upon delivery of the goods in advance.Article 5 the tag
Application of waterproof paint in every case the three sides of the enclosure(above, in front and on the left)is written with ____, ____ the following tag: contract no., consignee, package number, gross weight, net weight.Article 6 the payment
The price of the goods of this contract supply, the buyers shall, according to the aforementioned ____________________ to pay the seller against the following documents: 1.4 copies of bill
2.Cover availabl sellers country’s stand with the seal copy of railway bill 3.List three
4.1 quality certificate
Article 7 the guarantee and the claim
The seller in providing the products put into use after 12 months guarantee the quality of goods, but no more than 18 months from the date of delivery.The goods quality objection shall be made within 3 months after detection of the defects, such as defects in the guarantee period, the claim date not later than 30 days after the guarantee period.Such as goods within the guarantee period appear defects, supply one eliminate defects or replace defective parts and expenses.Article 8 the delivery notice
Seller shall within 10 days after shipment by telex to the buyers notice about the goods from the factory shipment, and indicate the date of shipment, contract number, engine number, packages, gross weight and railway waybill number.Article 9 the arbitration
Produced by this contract or in connection with this contract all disputes should be resolved as far as possible through the talks.If both parties fail to reach an agreement, submit the accused the foreign trade arbitration court.Article 10 the force majeure clause
Force majeure both parties any one party(e.g., fire, natural disaster, all kinds of military operations, blockade, import and export are forbidden or not based on the two sides will transfer the other case), is unable to make the contract in whole or in part an obligation, to perform the obligation of the contract deadline can be delayed accordingly, during this period contract is still valid.If the force majeure situation lasts 30 days or more, one party shall have the right to notify the other party to waive continue to perform the contract obligation, any party has no right to put forward to each other at this time to make up for the loss of the possible.Unable to fulfill the contract obligations should force majeure circumstances and end and affect the contract obligation to execute the situation immediately notify the other party.The duration of the force majeure occurs and should be to sell or buy the relevant certificate issued by the chamber of commerce certificate.
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