第一篇：商务英语翻译资料
1.中国外汇储备结束12个月连涨 较上月降270亿美元
China's foreign exchange reserves ended a 12-month run of gains, down $27 billion from the previous month.中国人民银行7日公布的最新外汇储备规模数据显示，截至2月末，中国外汇储备规模为31345亿美元，较1月末下降270亿美元，降幅为0.85%。此前，中国外汇储备已经连续12个月上涨，从2017年1月末的逾2.99万亿美元，一路升至2018年1月末的3.16万亿美元。
中国国家外汇管理局有关负责人当天就此回答记者提问时表示，2月，中国跨境资金流动和境内外主体交易行为总体平稳，外汇市场供求延续基本平衡格局。国际金融市场波动性上升，汇率及资产价格出现调整，主要非美元货币相对美元下跌和资产价格回调等因素共同作用，外汇储备规模小幅下降。这位负责人称，当前，中国经济保持中高速增长，供给侧结构性改革扎实推进，经济运行呈现出增长与质量、结构、效益相得益彰的良好局面。中国跨境资金双向流动、总体平衡的发展趋势已初步形成。
According to the latest foreign exchange reserve scale data released by the People's Bank of China on the 7th, as of the end of February, the size of China’s foreign exchange reserves was 3.1345 trillion U.S.dollars, a decrease of 27 billion U.S.dollars from the end of January, a decrease of 0.85%.Earlier, China’s foreign exchange reserves have risen for 12 consecutive months, rising from more than 2.99 trillion US dollars at the end of January 2017 to 3.16 trillion US dollars at the end of January 2018.The person in charge of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the People's Republic of China said the same day when he answered a reporter’s question.In February, China’s cross-border capital flows and domestic and foreign entities’ transactions were generally stable, and the supply and demand in the foreign exchange market continued to be basically balanced.The volatility of the international financial market has risen, and the exchange rate and asset prices have been adjusted.The major non-US dollar currencies have been working against factors such as the decline of the US dollar and the correction of asset prices.The scale of foreign exchange reserves has declined slightly.The person in charge said that at present, China’s economy has maintained a medium-to-high-speed growth, structural reforms on the supply side have been steadily advanced, and economic operations have shown a good situation in which growth, quality, structure, and benefits complement each other.The two-way flow of cross-border capital flows in China and the overall balanced development trend have taken shape.2.Facebook巨量信息被窃引爆信任危机
The theft of vast amounts of information from Facebook has triggered a crisis of confidence
因为涉嫌泄露5000万用户信息，美国社交巨头Facebook突然进入了一个极为危险的境地。
当地时间3月19日，Facebook股价经历了4年以来的最大下跌，跌幅达6.77%。市值蒸发367亿美元。投资者抛售Facebook股票的同时，其他科技巨头公司的股价也受到影响，谷歌母公司Alphabet下跌3.03%，苹果和亚马逊下跌1.53%。当地时间3月17日，美国纽约时报和英国观察者报（英国卫报的周日版）共同发布了深度报道，曝光Facebook上超过5000万用户信息数据被一家名为“剑桥分析”（Cambridge Analytica）的公司泄露，用于在2016年美国总统大选中针对目标受众推送广告，从而影响大选结果。
超过5000万用户的Facebook信息被第三方公司利用，利用算法向用户进行“精准营销”的商业操作，继而对Facebook用户施加政治影响。此事在世界范围内引发了轩然大波。甚至有投资者直言，Facebook创始人扎克伯格缺乏危机应对的能力，他应该下课。
Facebook内部显然也感受到了暴风雨来临。Facebook定于当地时间3月20日凌晨召开紧急会议，允许雇员就此事开展提问。
Because allegedly leaking 50 million user information, the US social giant Facebook suddenly entered an extremely dangerous situation.On March 19th, local time, Facebook's share price experienced the largest decline in four years, a drop of 6.77%.The market value evaporated 36.7 billion U.S.dollars.While investors dumped Facebook shares, the share prices of other technology giants were also affected, with Google’s parent company Alphabet falling by 3.03% and Apple and Amazon falling by 1.53%.On March 17, local time, the New York Times and the British Observer(British Guardian's Sunday edition)jointly published in-depth reports, revealing more than 50 million user information data on Facebook by a company called Cambridge Analytica.The leaked company was used to push advertisements for the target audience in the 2016 US presidential election, thereby affecting the results of the election.More than 50 million users' Facebook messages have been used by third-party companies to use algorithms to conduct “precision marketing” business operations and then to exert political influence on Facebook users.The incident caused a worldwide uproar.Some investors have even spoken out about Facebook founder mark Zuckerberg's lack of ability to deal with the crisis, and he should go.The storm is clearly felt inside Facebook, too.Facebook is scheduled to convene an emergency meeting early in the morning on March 20th to allow employees to ask questions on this matter.3.特朗普签署贸易备忘录，中方不惧贸易战
Trump signed the trade memorandum.China is not afraid of trade war
美国总统特朗普当地时间22日中午在白宫签署针对中国的总统备忘录，宣布基于“301调查”结果，将对约600亿美元进口自中国的商品加征关税，并对中资投资美国设限等。
中国随即作出回应。中国驻美大使馆发表声明说，中方不希望打贸易战，但绝不惧怕贸易战，有信心、有能力应对任何挑战。如果美方执意要打，我们将奉陪到底，并采取所有必要措施坚决捍卫自身合法权益。
几个小时后，中国商务部公布针对美国进口钢铁和铝产品232措施的中止减让产品清单，拟对约30亿美元自美进口商品加征关税。
US President Trump signed a presidential memorandum against China at noon on the 22nd at local time.He announced that based on the results of the “301 investigation,” he will impose tariffs on about 60 billion U.S.dollars of imports from China, and impose restrictions on Chinese investment in the United States, etc.China immediately responded.The Chinese Embassy in the United States issued a statement saying that China does not want to fight a trade war, but it is not afraid of a trade war and has confidence and ability to respond to any challenge.If the United States insists on fighting, we will follow suit and take all necessary measures to firmly defend our legitimate rights and interests.A few hours later, the Ministry of Commerce of China announced the list of suspension and concession products for the United States importing steel and aluminum products 232 measures, and proposed to impose tariffs on approximately US$3 billion in imports from the United States.4.博鳌亚洲论坛举行 中国与世界合作共赢
Boao Forum for Asia held, China has a win-win cooperation with the world
博鳌亚洲论坛2018年年会4月8日起开始举行，中国国家主席习近平将出席论坛年会开幕式并发表重要主旨演讲。外媒表示，中国将借此平台宣布一系列新的改革开放重要举措，中国的开放之路将带领该国和世界走向合作共赢。
中国国家主席习近平将在年会开幕式的主旨演讲中宣布一系列改革开放新举措，其中涉及“一带一路”、自由贸易港以及“中国制造2025”的内容尤其受到关注。这些计划将促进亚洲的发展，加强国际社会的团结。
今年是中国改革开放40周年，在逆全球化和贸易保护主义抬头的背景下，中国的开放之路将带领该国和世界走向合作共赢。中国国家主席习近平的“人类命运共同体”倡议，则是改革开放的“国际版”。
博鳌亚洲论坛的意义在不断变化和发展。作为一个公开看法、交换意见的平台，它具有非常重大的意义。
The Boao Forum for Asia 2018 was held starting from April 8, and Chinese President Xi Jinping will attend the opening ceremony of the forum and deliver an important keynote speech.Foreign media indicated that China will use this platform to announce a series of new important measures for reform and opening up.China’s open road will lead the country and the world towards a win-win cooperation.Chinese President Xi Jinping will announce a series of new reforms and opening-up measures in the keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the annual meeting.The contents concerning the “Belt and Road”, free trade ports, and “Made in China 2025” are particularly concerned.These plans will promote the development of Asia and strengthen the unity of the international community.This year marks the 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening up.Under the background of anti-globalization and trade protectionism, China’s opening up will lead the country and the world toward a win-win cooperation.The Chinese President Xi Jinping’s initiative of the “human destiny community” is an “international version” of reform and opening up.The significance of the Boao Forum for Asia is constantly changing and developing.As a platform for public opinions and exchange of opinions, it is of great significance.5.美国年内加息大概率增至4次
The United States raises the probability of raising interest rates to 4 times during the year
美国白宫21日向国会提交了特朗普政府第一份总统年度经济报告，报告预计今年美国经济增速将升至3.1％。与此同时，美联储和官员对经济前景和通胀乐观情绪也在增加，经济前景利好令越来越多的市场人士预计美国年内加息增至4次的可能性增加。
由于人口老龄化以及劳动生产率提升缓慢，美联储预计美国潜在经济增长率为1.8％。美国《华尔街日报》今年1月初对经济学家的调查也显示，虽然2018年美国经济增速可能进一步加快至2.7％，但2019年和2020年增速预计将逐步回落至2.2％和2％。这意味着特朗普的经济政策很难改变金融危机以来美国经济2％左右的温和增长趋势。
根据美联储官员们对经济前景的乐观情绪，美国经济学家保罗·阿什沃斯预计，美联储今年可能加息四次，并且这一观点逐渐成为市场主流判断，后市加息进程将取决于美国国内的通胀水平。
On the 21st, the White House presented to the Congress the Trump administration’s first annual presidential economic report, which is expected to grow to 3.1% this year.At the same time, the Fed and officials’ optimism about the economic outlook and inflation are also increasing.The favorable economic outlook has led more and more market participants to expect the United States to increase its interest rate increase to four times during the year.As the population ages and labor productivity increases slowly, the Fed expects the United States' potential economic growth rate to be 1.8%.A survey of economists conducted by the Wall Street Journal in early January this year also showed that although the US economy may accelerate further to 2.7% in 2018, the growth rate in 2019 and 2020 is expected to gradually fall to 2.2% and 2%.This means that Trump's economic policy is difficult to change the moderate growth of the US economy since the financial crisis around 2%.According to Fed officials' optimism about the economic outlook, US economist Paul Ashworth predicted that the Fed may raise interest rates four times this year, and this view gradually becomes the market's mainstream judgment.The process of interest rate increase in the future market will depend on the United States.The level of inflation.6.外媒称海南将成中国对外开放新窗口：繁荣或超香港
Foreign media say Hainan will be a new window for China to open up to the outside world: prosperous or ahead of Hong Kong
外媒称，在中国政府支持下，海南旅游吸引力的日渐增强使其成为中国深化全方位改革开放政策的新窗口。海南将成为环境友好型经济特区，逐步成为国际旅游消费中心，并将建设自由贸易试验区和中国特色自由贸易港。
报道称，海南自由贸易港将对标世界最高开放水平，繁荣程度很可能将超越国际公认较为成功的自由贸易港新加坡、迪拜和中国香港。报道还称，这是体现中国未来发展战略的重要决策，因为中国需要改变发展模式，在人民生活水平不断提高的背景下实现均衡高质量的发展。
在出口、工业和投资起着决定性作用多年后，中国正处于更重视国内消费、服务和技术创新的再平衡的过程中。报道还指出，政府选择海南作为开放的新窗口是因为它是改革开放40年的一个重要见证。
Foreign media said that with the support of the Chinese government, the increasing attraction of Hainan's tourism has made it a new window for China to deepen its all-round reform and opening up policy.Hainan will become an environmentally friendly special economic zone and gradually become an international tourism consumption center.It will also establish a free trade pilot zone and a free trade port with Chinese characteristics.According to the report, Hainan Free Trade Port will be the highest level of openness in the world, and the degree of prosperity will likely surpass internationally recognized and successful free trade ports Singapore, Dubai and Hong Kong.The report also stated that this is an important decision that reflects China’s future development strategy, because China needs to change its development model and achieve balanced and high-quality development in the context of the continuous improvement of people’s living standards.After years of decisive role in exports, industry, and investment, China is in the process of paying more attention to the rebalancing of domestic consumption, services, and technological innovation.The report also pointed out that the government chose Hainan as a new open window because it is an important testimony to the 40 years of reform and opening up.7.美宣布退出伊核协议，联合国秘书长回应:深感忧虑
The United States announces its withdrawal from the Iran nuclear agreement.The UN Secretary General responds: Deeply worried
联合国秘书长古特雷斯8日通过发言人发表声明，称对美国当天宣布将退出《联合全面行动计划》(JCPOA，即伊核协议)并重启对伊朗制裁“深感忧虑”。
美国总统特朗普当天下午在白宫宣布，美国将退出伊核协议并将重新对伊朗实施最严厉的经济制裁。他声称该协议缺乏遏制伊朗发展核武器及洲际弹道导弹的有效机制。近期，英国、法国、德国领导人曾分别与特朗普进行沟通，劝阻其退出伊核协议。
古特雷斯在声明中说，自己一直反复申明，伊核协议是核不扩散和外交方面的一项重大成就，并为区域和国际和平与安全作出了贡献。古特雷斯在声明中呼吁伊核协议的其他缔约方充分遵守各自根据协议作出的承诺，呼吁联合国所有其他会员国支持伊核协议。
日前，英、法、德三国及中国、俄罗斯分别发表联合声明，重申对伊核协议的支持。伊朗总统鲁哈尼在8日宣布，伊朗将暂时留在伊核协议中。
U.S.Secretary-General Guterres issued a statement on the 8th through a spokesperson, saying that he is “deeply worried” that the United States has announced that it will withdraw from the “Joint Comprehensive Action Plan”(JCPOA, the Iranian nuclear agreement)and resumed sanctions against Iran.U.S.President Donald trump announced at the White House this afternoon that the United States will pull out of the Iran nuclear deal and re-impose the toughest economic sanctions on Iran.He said the deal lacked an effective mechanism to curb Iran's development of nuclear weapons and intercontinental ballistic missiles.Recently, the leaders of Britain, France and Germany have separately spoken to Mr Trump to dissuade him from withdrawing from the Iran nuclear deal.Guterres said in a statement that he has repeatedly affirmed that the Iranian nuclear agreement is a major achievement in nuclear nonproliferation and diplomacy and has contributed to regional and international peace and security.In the statement, Guterres called on other parties to the Iranian nuclear agreement to fully comply with their respective commitments under the agreement and called on all other UN member states to support the Iran nuclear agreement.Recently, Britain, France, Germany and China and Russia respectively issued a joint statement reiterating their support for the Iran nuclear agreement.Iranian President Rohani announced on the 8th that Iran will temporarily stay in the Iran nuclear agreement.College Admissions: Showing Your Best Side on Social Media
大学招生：在社交媒体上展示你最好的一面
Social media has found its way into almost every part of everyday life.It has even affected college and university admissions.Many colleges and universities in the United States are now using social media to share information with applicants.Applicants' social media posts are affecting admissions decisions
This year, the test preparation company Kaplan released a study on how admissions officials view applicants' social media presence.Almost 400 admissions officials were questioned.About 70 percent said it was fair for them to consider an applicant's social media messages and pictures when making their decisions.Admissions officials do not always get a full picture of the kind of person an applicant is from the traditional application materials.Therefore, many officials view social media as a way of learning more about what an applicant is like beyond just their abilities in the classroom.“If a 20-year-old is reading what you're posting, and a 40-year-old is reading what you're posting, and a 60-year-old is reading what you're posting, and they don't find it offensive, then it's probably...good,” he said.社交媒体几乎渗透到日常生活的方方面面。它甚至影响了学院和大学的招生。美国许多学院和大学现在都在使用社交媒体与申请者分享信息。申请人在社交媒体上发布的信息正在影响录取决定
今年，备考公司Kaplan发布了一份关于招生官员如何看待申请者社交媒体的研究报告。近400名招生官员参与了此次研究。约70%的人表示，在做出决定时考虑应聘者的社交媒体信息和照片是公平的。
招生官员并不总是能从传统的申请材料中全面了解申请人是什么样的人。因此，许多官员将社交媒体视为一种了解申请者的方式，而不仅仅是了解他们在课堂上的能力。
“如果一个20岁的人在看你写的东西，一个40岁的人在看你写的东西，一个60岁的人在看你写的东西，他们不会觉得这是冒犯，那么这很可能……”好,”他说。
Smartphone Use May Lead to Addiction, Loneliness, Depression
使用智能手机可能会导致上瘾、孤独、抑郁
Nearly 2.4 billion people around the world used a smartphone in 2017.By the end of 2018, more than a third of the global population will be using a smartphone.However, smartphone technology can be a double-edged sword.On the one hand, it sends us unlimited amounts of information.We don't have to wait.Our devices ring, ping, vibrate and light up with the latest news from family, friends and around the world.On the other hand, this immediate access to information may become an addiction.And it may make some people feel lonely, anxious and depressed.The researchers warn that workers in the technology industry know how to manipulate our brains and turn us into addicts.They say that we can train our brains to be less addicted to our phones and computers.They suggest turning off push notifications and other such alerts on our phones.These instant announcements excite the same pathways in our brains that once warned us of dangers in our environment.But instead of warning us of a large predator looking for dinner, we are alerted to a sale on shoes or the fact that a friend from high school is eating a hamburger in Las Vegas.More often than not, our devices share unimportant information as if our lives depended on it.Our brains see the notices the same way.And that is a problem.So, just turn them off.The researchers also suggest taking control of when and where you answer a text or email.You do not need to answer them all.And you certainly don't need to answer them as soon as you get them.2017年，全球有近24亿人使用智能手机。到2018年底，全球超过三分之一的人口将使用智能手机。
然而，智能手机技术可能是一把双刃剑。
一方面，它给我们提供了无限的信息。我们不必等待。我们的设备响着、响着、震动着、点亮着来自家人、朋友和世界各地的最新消息。
另一方面，这种即时获取信息的方式可能会让人上瘾。这可能会让一些人感到孤独、焦虑和沮丧。
研究人员警告说，科技行业的工人知道如何操纵我们的大脑，把我们变成瘾君子。他们说我们可以训练我们的大脑少沉迷于手机和电脑。他们建议关掉手机上的推送通知和其他类似的提醒。这些即时的公告在我们的大脑中激起了同样的反应，就像曾经警告过我们环境中的危险一样。但是，我们并没有被警告说有一个大型食肉动物在找晚餐，而是被提醒说有一个卖鞋的大减价，或者一个高中的朋友正在拉斯维加斯吃汉堡。
通常情况下，我们的设备共享不重要的信息，就好像我们的生活依赖于它一样。我们的大脑以同样的方式看待这些注意。这是一个问题。把它们关掉。研究人员还建议控制你何时何地回复短信或电子邮件。你不需要全部回答。你当然不需要一拿到答案就回答。
The Iranian People Deserve Better 伊朗人民理应得到更好的待遇
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has made clear that new and severe economic sanctions will be imposed on the Iranian regime until it makes a fundamental strategic decision to end its support for terrorism;its aggression in the Middle East;its proliferation of ballistic missiles;its pursuit of nuclear weapons capability, and other malign behaviors.But in outlining the United States' new strategy for Iran after the U.S.withdrawal from the nuclear deal, Secretary Pompeo drew a sharp distinction between the regime and the Iranian people.He deplored the fact that flush with cash and economic relief from the deal, the regime for three years did nothing to relieve the economic hardships of ordinary Iranians;instead it spent vast sums to fuel its march of destruction across the region.He declared that in exchange for the major changes the United States has called for in Tehran's policies, the U.S.is prepared to take actions which will help the Iranian people: “Now is the time for the supreme leader and the Iranian regime to summon the courage to do something historically beneficial for [their] own people, for this ancient and proud nation.As for the United States,” he said, “our eyes are clear as to the nature of this regime, but our ears are open to what may be possible...We are looking for outcomes that benefit the Iranian people, not just the regime.”
国务卿迈克·庞培已经明确表示，将对伊朗政权实施新的和严厉的经济制裁，直到它作出根本的战略决定，停止对恐怖主义的支持;它在中东的侵略;其弹道导弹的扩散;其追求核武器能力等恶性行为。
但是，在美国退出核协议后，美国对伊朗的新战略进行了概述，Pompeo国务卿对该政权和伊朗人民进行了明确区分。
他对这笔交易的现金和经济救济感到遗憾，三年的政权并没有缓解普通伊朗人的经济困难;相反，它花费了大量资金来推动整个地区的毁灭进程。
他宣称，为了换取美国在德黑兰政策中所要求的重大变化，美国准备采取行动帮助伊朗人民：“现在是最高领导人和伊朗政权鼓足勇气的时候了为自己的人民，为这个古老而自豪的国家做一些历史上有益的事情。至于美国，“他说，”我们的眼睛对这个政权的性质很清楚，但我们的耳朵是可以接受的......我们正在寻找有益于伊朗人民的结果，而不仅仅是政权。”
第二篇：浅谈商务英语翻译
浅谈商务英语翻译
本文围绕商务英语翻译的特点、提高商务英语翻译能力的方法和商务英语翻译应注意的事项三个主题展开论述，以求在今后的翻译工作中做到运用自如
1.引言
商务英语是一种包含各种商务活动内容、满足商业需要的专门用途英语。其内容涉及贸易、金融、法律、广告等诸多专业，除外贸英语书信、合同等商业公文外，广告、仿单、经贸文章，相关法律公文等都可列入其中。因此，商务英语的语言现象比较复杂，文字风格也各不相同，翻译时是很难全凭某些程式，套语或经验来解决。但是就其重要性而言，商务英语的翻译在双方贸易中起着桥梁纽带的作用，甚至与整个公司的命运紧密联系在一起，所以我们在翻译过程中应根据某专业的特点和需要好好斟酌所选用的词汇。商务英语翻译的困难在于如何准确而又流畅地翻译出原语所要真正传达的信息，而解决这一问题的关键是如何在理论上和实践上加深对翻译的认识和了解。
马会娟在《商务英语翻译教程》（2004）一书中指出：商务英语翻译教程翻译是一种思想交流过程，它能使通晓不同语言的人通过了解原文所包含和传达的信息来交流思想。美国翻译理论家奈达认为翻译是“用最贴近而又自然的对等语言再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。”也就是说，翻译要用自然、地道的译入语把另一种语言所表达的内容以切合原文的文体，准确而完整地重新表达出来。
商务英语翻译是一种跨文化的语际交流，它要求译者熟悉多种文化，掌握语言运用技巧，具备熟练的语言知识，从而完成具有一定语用目的的商业文化交流。提高商务英语翻译技能就应关注商务英语的语言文化关联，巧妙灵活的达到原语的语言运用目的。在商务英语翻译工作中应灵活处理因不同文化背景、语言表达习惯等因素造成的交际障碍，根据语境做必要的调整，避免语用失误，造成交流和理解的困难。虽然奈达的功能对等原则在文化因素翻译方面有一些负面作用，但是对于商务英语翻译仍旧具有重大的意义，尤其是在以往历史上文化因素的翻译中起到了非常积极的作用。奈达的功能对等原则以交际为目的，以读者为中心，以目的语文化为归宿，避免了文化冲突，克服了文化障碍，促进了双方的文化交流。
2.研究现状
在国际贸易日益频繁的今天，很多企业为拓宽自己的市场，放眼国外以提高自己品牌的知名度和经济效益，因此商务英语翻译越来越为人们所重视。商务英语翻译的重要性，可以说，在一定程度上，决定了这个公司在国际上的潜力，就像一所学校的师资力量对于这所学校的发展起着决定性作用一样。在国内，类似商务英语翻译的书籍也应运而生，进一步促动了中国对外贸易的进程。尤其在改革开放后，随着国际贸易的不断增加，越来越多的专家和学者对商务英语翻译展开了研究，并撰写了诸多的论文，如：段梦敏的“现代商务英语翻译策略”，来东慧的“商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素”等；此类的教材也应运而生，如马会娟的《商务英语翻译教程》；周振邦的《商务英语翻译》,叶玉龙、王文翰、段云礼合著的《商务英语汉译教程》等。商务英语翻译将继续成为商务英语研讨会的主题、各大院校开设的主要课程及各有关学者关注和研究的方向。
3.商务英语翻译的特点
3.1 准确性
翻译是把一种语言所表达的内容用另一种语言准确地表达出来。为了使不通晓原语的读者能够看得明白，译文表达应该简洁明了。最重要的是，翻译的原则和标准应当忠实和通顺。“忠
实”主要是指译者要准确地表达原作者的意思，并且要表达全面；“通顺”是指译文语言要通顺易懂，便于读者的理解和接受。
例1：
原文：This support can be as detailed as the writing of contracts, for example, looking at shareholder structure or analyzing investment concepts.It can mean up-dating a company’s development concept, help in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution.It also means support in identifying new partners, in opening up international markets or in bringing the company to the point where it can go public or be sold.原译文：公司提供的支持包括撰写合同，分析股东结构或投资理念等。这意味着更新一个公司的发展理念，使其经营或招聘机制更趋现代化，改善其市场营销和销售策略。此外，这一支持系统还意味着我们能协助客户在国际市场上找到新的合作伙伴，帮助他们上市和出售。分析：将本译文与原文相比，可以看出译文多处翻译不够准确，令人费解。比如，原文说的是公司的提供的支持 “as detailed as the writing of contracts”（像撰写合同一样具体。）而原译文则是“包括撰写合同”；原文“in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution”（改善公司经营管理，使其招聘机制、市场营销和销售更趋现代化），而原译文则成了“使其经营或招聘机制更趋现代化，改善其市场营销和销售策略”；原文的“identifying new partners, opening up international markets”（寻找新的合作伙伴，开拓国际市场），在原译文中却成了“协助客户在国际市场上找到新的合作伙伴”！这种似是而非的翻译，使原文信息大为失真，不仅极有可能误导读者，而且可能给公司造成很大的损失。
修改后译文：我们提供的支持就像撰写合同一样具体，如：帮助分析股东结构或投资理念，也就是说帮助更新一个公司的发展理念，改善其经营管理，使其招聘机制、市场营销和销售更趋现代化。此外，这一支持还包含为公司寻找新的合作伙伴、开拓国际市场以及他们的上市和出售。
3.2 专业性
各行各业都有其不同的文化背景、特点及要求，并有其特定的专业术语。在翻译过程中，如果译者不能吃透其专业特点和掌握其专业术语，翻译结果则可能大相径庭。如，due diligence 在商务英语中不应译为“适当尽职”，而是“尽职调查”；option plan 应为“期权计划”，而不是“职工购买股票计划”等。
例2：
原文： Next, the participation agreements are negotiated and – if agreed – they are signed and certified by a lawyer.原译文：然后，双方就公司参与企业管理的问题进行磋商，如果达成共识，就会在协议上签字，并由一名律师公证。
分析：律师是不能公证的，只能见证合同的签署；公证是公证员的事。
修改后译文：然后，双方对提出的协议进行磋商，如果达成共识，双方在协议上签字。这一过程由一名律师进行见证。
例3：
原文：After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment: “Partial shipments and Transshipment allowed”.原译文：经过仔细核对信用证，兹要求贵方做如下修改：“允许部分转运和转船”。分析：将“Partial shipments”译成“部分转运”似乎欠妥；行话应是“分批”。
修改后译文：经仔细核对信用证后，兹要求贵方做如下修改：“允许分批运货和转船”。
3.3 文化性
由于东、西方种族、地理环境、宗教信仰等存在的差异，造成了东西方国家大相径庭的文化体系，商务英语翻译中也不可避免地受到文化的限制和影响。而我们所要做的就是在翻译时，选词要多斟酌，做到慎之又慎，以免造成“文化冲突”，引起不必要的麻烦。
例如：在美国的大商场有“rest room”，译成中文的“休息室”就会出笑话，因为“rest room”在此指“厕所”，而并非国际机场里所指的“休息室”。
又如：在西方，“十三”被认为是不吉利的数字，这与圣经故事中耶稣被他的第十三个门徒犹大出卖有关。所以，在西方国家，人们通常避免使用“十三”这个数字，正如中国人避免说或用数字“四”一样，（在中国，“四”与“死”同音）。在中国的传统文化中，数字“十三”没有这种文化含义，也就不忌讳使用了。但随着西方文化的深入影响，近来“十三”这种隐性的含义也被国人所接受。因此，我们在做翻译中应特别注意类似的问题。否则我们会在无意识间伤害对方或造成误会。
4.提高商务英语翻译能力的方法
中国加入WTO后，越来越多的中国企业已不满足国内市场，他们纷纷跨出国门，走向世界去寻求业务合作。英语作为沟通语言的作用非同小可。外贸谈判是一种交际活动，是拓展对外贸易的重要途径。交际活动则必须通过语言媒介来完成。因此，如何使用语言表达意愿和要求，如何恰当使用语言来表达谈判目的，这是商务英语使用者经常探索的问题之一。
4.1 熟悉英语相关专业知识
商务英语的翻译较普通英语翻译而言，其范围更广，涉及的内容也更多。如果说普通的英语翻译注重的是文化底蕴，那么商务英语的翻译则注重的是知识面。因此，我们在学习翻译理论的同时，应加强商务方面的知识，比如：国际贸易，国际兑汇，会计学，运输学等方面的知识。同时，还需要我们有比较丰富的法律知识和文化素养。商务英语翻译的人员对本国和他国经济领域的法律法规也应该有所了解，因为在商业活动中，一方在必要的时候，需要用合作对象国家的法律来维护自己的权利。在翻译一些协议或合同时，还需注意到各自的法律责任，以此保证各方的经济行为是正当的，不会有法律上的风险。近些年来屡次发生的反倾销斗争就是实例，因此在商务英语翻译过程中谨慎为上。
4.2 了解文化差异
上面提到了商务英语翻译中的文化性原则，为了更好地遵循这个原则，我们就必须了解文化差异，以免引起不必要的文化冲突。每个民族都有着其不同的文化背景，风土人情，而语言作为某种文化的载体，所反映出来的是一个民族的意志与底蕴。翻译作为一种加强文化交流的手段，更加会涉及到这方面的问题。尤其是在商务英语翻译中，稍有不慎便会引起重大损失以及尴尬。
比如：“dragon”（龙）这个词是我们中华民族的象征，是中国的吉祥物，“龙腾虎跃、龙马精神、龙飞凤舞、龙吟虎啸”等成语均体现了龙的精神和气势。而在西方国家“dragon”这个词却是罪恶的象征。因此在翻译“韩国，中国台湾，香港和新加坡亚洲四小龙”的时候，我们不用“Four Asian Dragons”，而用“Four Asian Tigers”。这就是文化差异的典型表现。总而言之，在翻译中我们必须尽量了解他国的文化与差异，并做出正确的翻译，以免造成不必要的误解。
4.3 掌握商务英语语言技巧
目前，语言技巧在商务活动中逐渐被忽略，我们需要进一步去研究。各种语言技巧在商务英语谈判中有不同的运用特点，以及语言技巧在外贸谈判中的作用，进一步分析外贸谈判英语语言特征，从而帮助外贸谈判工作者认识到英语语言在商务英语谈判中的运用技巧，使他们能灵活运用语言技巧，取得谈判成功。了解语言的特征的有助于谈判员有效地使用一些技巧,这样能更确保在谈判中取得胜利。有大量的语言技巧值得我们仔细研究，掌握了这些技巧不
仅能促进谈判的进程，而且在谈判过程中也不会使对方感到尴尬。因此，谈判顺利地完成，在商务英语谈判中谈判员就必须注意语言交流及技巧的使用。
4.4 遵循翻译原则
商务英语的翻译要求做到准确和专业化，这就要求翻译者具有相当熟练的英语水平。平时，我们必须广泛阅读商务英语的知识，并且注意语言与案例的结合，然后通过分析来掌握商务英语知识点。同时，商务英语翻译并不像文学英语的翻译那样，需要用丰富的词藻来描绘，它所要做到的就是“精、准”。因此商务英语不需要过多、过详细地描述某件事情，我们要做到是“精炼而又不失准确”。
综上所述，我们必须谨遵翻译的原则，努力把翻译做到精益求精。
5．商务英语翻译应注意的事项
5.1 注意细节问题
我们都知道，英汉对译中的一大特点便是英语重静态，汉语重动态。在汉语的表达过程中，我们经常运用动词来描绘，使得句子更加生动。因此，在商务英语翻译过程中，我们也应该时刻注意这些细节问题。
例4：
原文：An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation.译文：交易增加，要求流通的货币量也增加。
分析：英文原文中用了2个“increase”的名词形式来表达，而在中文翻译中，则选用了动词，尊重了汉语的特点。
古人云“一字值千金”。在商务英语中我们必须做到一个“准”字，以免造成“失之毫厘，谬以千里”的结果。标点符号亦是如此，在书写金额时，要注意小数点（.）与分节号（，）的位置，绝对不能马虎。在商务英语翻译的过程中，因为涉及到商业系统的规则与交易利润，这些细节上的问题需引起我们特别的注意。“细节”决定成败，这句话很有道理。
5.2 不断加强实践能力
正所谓“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，书本上的知识只能代表我们拥有了理论能力，但工作的能力是靠实际的锻炼得到培养的。如果我们缺乏实战经验，在翻译工作中很可能会上当受骗。例如，在外商草拟的合同草案中，我们不仅要理解其字面意思，更要弄清其潜在含义。当买方要求卖方提供某些与设计或技术有关的资料、数据、公式时，卖方很可能会用合同上的诸如 “The seller shall submit the data concerned to the buyer if possible”(如果可能，卖方将向买方提供有关数据)之类的句子推脱。因为“如果可能（possible）”在很大程度上意味着“不可能（impossible）”。总之，我们必须通过不断的实践来丰富自我，锻炼自我，提高我们的判别能力和工作能力。
结论
商务英语翻译是一种跨文化的语际交流，它要求译者熟悉多种文化，掌握语言运用技巧，具备熟练的语言知识，从而完成具有一定语用目的的商业文化交流。提高商务英语翻译技能就应关注商务英语的语言文化关联，巧妙灵活的达到原语的语言运用目的。在商务英语翻译工作中应灵活处理因不同文化背景、语言表达习惯等因素造成的交际障碍，根据语境做必要的调整，避免语用失误，造成交流和理解的困难。虽然奈达的功能对等原则在文化因素翻译方面有一些负面作用，但是对于商务英语翻译仍旧具有重大的意义，尤其是在以往历史上文化因素的翻译中起到了非常积极的作用。奈达的功能对等原则以交际为目的，以读者为中心，以目的语文化为归宿，避免了文化冲突，克服了文化障碍，促进了双方的文化交流。
可以这么说，商务英语翻译不仅关系着个人的命运，而且也关系着公司的前途和国家的形象。
商务英语的重要性决定了我们必须认真对待商务英语翻译，而认真对待的前提就是遵守翻译理论中的准确性、专业性、文化性这三个原则，这样才能力求在翻译实践中做到少犯低级错误。在此基础上，我们应多学理论知识，充实自己的头脑。机会是留给有准备的人的，所以我们必须做到有所准备，这样才能在翻译过程中做到游刃有余、左右逢源。当然光靠理论知识是完全不够的，正如上面提到的“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，我们也必须抓住机遇，多参加企业的商务活动，以加强自己的实践能力，这样既可以提高自己的翻译能力，也可以锻炼自己的实践能力。
第三篇：商务英语翻译
Chinese-English translation
1.只要我们秉承平等与互利的原则，双方的合作一定会进一步深化。
As long as we keep to the principle of equality and mutual benefit, trade between our two parties is sure to develop further.2.如果一方不执行合同，另一方有权撤销该合同。
In case one party fails to carry out the contract, the other party is entitled to cancel the contract.3.关于包装问题，我方将与厂商联系，要求他们对此加以重视。
As to packing, we will contact our manufacturers and call their attention to the matter.4.坚固的包装和箱内严密的填充可防止木箱受震、开裂。
Solid packing and overall stuffing can prevent the cases from vibration and jarring.5.很遗憾，这是我们的低价。如果你觉得价格不可行，我们只好取消这笔交易。I'm awfully sorry.This is our floor price.If you find it unworkable, we may as well call the deal off.6.请贵方惠寄商品目录并报价，谢谢。
I shall be glad if you will send me your catalogue together with quotations.7.我们一直在提高我们产品的设计水平，以满足世界市场的要求。
We are always improving our design and patterns to conform to the world market.8.我们通常采用的付款方式是保兑不可撤销的信用证。
The terms of payment we usually adopt are confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit.9.由于所订货物已备妥待运，请即开信用证，我方一收到信用证，立即装船。As the goods ordered are ready for shipment, please expedite your L/C, we will effect shipment as soon as it reaches us.10.我们已在中国人民控股公司替上述货物按4000美元投保了一切险。
We have covered the above shipment with PICC Holding Company against All Risks for $4,000.11.我们只投保水渍险，包括仓对仓条款，有效期为15天。
We cover only WPA including warehouse to warehouse clause valid for 15 days.12.只要在保险责任范围内，保险公司就应赔偿。
The insurance company is responsible for the claim, as far as it is within the scope of coverage.13.货物如果转运，我们得多付运费。
In case of transshipment, we have to pay extra transportation charges.14.由于贵方订货数量太大，目前无法订到足够的舱位，望贵方同意分批装运。As your order is a large one, we are not in a position to book enough shipping space, so we hope you will agree to partial shipment.15.请填写这份进口货物交运单和进口货物包装声明。
Please fill out the Import Cargo Shipping Instructions and the Import Cargo Packing Declaration here.16.由于你方未能及时交货，我方将向你方提出由此而遭受的全部损失的索赔。We shall lodge a claim for all the losses incurred as a consequence of your failure to ship our order in time.17.我方检验证明，货物受损是由于包装不当而造成的。因此，我方不得不将此事提交你处解决。
Our investigation shows that improper packing caused damage.Therefore we have to refer this matter to you.18.考虑到我们之间的业务关系，我们准备接受35吨短装的索赔。
In view of our friendly business relations, we are prepared to meet your claim for the 35 tons shortage in weight.19.这是由香港一个著名实验室提供的一份检验报告，证据绝对可靠。
Here’s a survey report by a well-known lab in Hong Kong, whose testimony is absolutely reliable.20.根据我们的检验报告，货物破损的原因是包装太差。
According to our survey report, the damage was caused by poor packing.
第四篇：商务英语翻译
（加黑部分重点掌握，其余部分只做了解。）
1.Please accept our thanks for the trouble you have taken.有劳贵方，不胜感激。
2.We are obliged to thank you for your kind attention in this matter.不胜感激贵方对此事的关照。
3.We tender you our sincere thanks for your generous treatment of us in this affair.对贵方在此事中的慷慨之举，深表感谢。
4.Allow us to thank you for the kindness extended to us.对贵方之盛情，不胜感谢。
7.We should be grateful for your furnishing us details of your requirements.如承赐示具体要求，不胜感激。
8.It will be greatly appreciated if you will kindly send us your samples.如承惠寄样品，则不胜感激。
9.We shall appreciate it very much if you will give our bid your favorable consideration.如承优惠考虑报价，不胜感激。
10.We are greatly obliged for your bulk order（大宗订货，in bulk 大量的）just received.收到贵方大宗订货，不胜感激。
14.We spare no efforts in endeavoring to be of service to you.我方将不遗余力为贵方效劳。
15.We shall be very glad to handle for you at very low commission charges.我方将很愉快与贵方合作，收费低廉。
18.We are always in a position to quote you the most advantageous prices for higher quality merchandise.我们始终能向贵方提供品质最佳的产品，报价最为优惠。
19.This places our dealers in a highly competitive position and also enable them to enjoy a maximum profit.这样可以使我方经营者具有很强的竞争力，还可获得最大的利润。
1.Having had your name and address from the Commercial Counselor's office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in..., we now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations by a start of some Practical transactions.从中华人民共和国驻……大使馆商务参赞处获悉贵公司名称和地址，现借此机会与贵方通信，意在达成一些实际交易为开端，以建立业务系。
5.We learn from...that your firm specializes in..., and would like to establish business relationship with you.从……获悉你公司专门经营……，现愿与你公司建立业务关系。
承……的介绍，获悉你们是……有代表性的进口商之一。
承贵地……银行通知，你们是……的主要进口商（出口商），并有意与中国进行这些方面的贸易。
8.The...Bank in your city has been kind enough to inform us that you are one of the leading importers(exporters)of...and are interested in trading with China in these lines...据了解，你们是中国……（商品）有潜力的买主，而该商品正属我们的业务经营范围。
9.We are given to understand that you are potential buyers of Chinese...,which comes within the frame of our business activities.Autonomous company 具有自主经营权的公司 availability 可销售能力 Award 裁决、判给 award dinner 颁奖宴会 Back 支持、资助、赞助 Backer 资助人 Backlog 积压
Back pay 补发工资（常为追补的加薪金额）
Bad debt 坏帐，呆帐，倒账（无法收回的应收账款）Bad publicity 负面影响
Baggage allowance 行李重量限额
Bagstuffer 公告传单，小型宣传品，通常在街头散发或在付款台前塞进顾客购物袋。Balance 余额，平衡
balance of payment 国际收支，简称BOP Bancassurance 银行保险业, 亦作bankassurance Bank charges 银行手续费
Banking business 金融业，银行业
Banner towing 条幅广告
Bar chart 矩形图，条形图，直方图 也称bar graph or histogram（是以宽度相同的长条，按其长短或高低来表示指标或数值大小的一种图形。有单式。复式和分段式三种。其中纵轴线称为vertical axis,横轴线称为horizontal axis.）
Bar code（打印在商品上，与电脑系统连接可读出商品价格和参考数据的）条形码，条码 Bar graph 矩形图，条形图，直方图，也称bar chart 或histogram Base pay 基本工资
base rate 基本利率，基础利率 Batch 成批的产品
Bear market 熊市(通常指股市、汇市等金融市场价格下跌或疲软)Benchmark 基价，基准尺度 Beneficiary 受益人
Benefit premium.(基本工资之外的)福利津贴
Benefits package 一揽子福利，福利套餐（指工资以外的福利，如健康保险，住房或股票等等）
best selling author 畅销书作家 Bill 要求……支付
Billboard 露天大广告牌 Bill of entry 报关单 Bill of lading 提单
Binding machine 装订机
Black Friday（尤指经济领域内灾难性的）黑色星期五，灾难性的一天 Black Monday(股市狂跌的)黑色星期一 Blockbuster 大力促销，生意兴隆 Blue chip 1 蓝筹股, 绩优股
accounts 1 账目例:The financial director was accused of falsifying the company accounts.accounts 2 会计部门 即 accounts department 例: She works in accounts.ccounts manager 会计部经理 accounts payable 应付账款例: Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.advance 预付款, 垫款例: I asked for an advance on my salary.advanced orders 预订货量例: The development of the game has taken two years but advanced orders are impressive.after-sales warranty 售后保单
against all risks 保全险例：These are goods insured against all risks.agency 代理行，经销处，公众服务机构，代理公司，中介公司例：The firm has agencies all over the world.agency recruitment通过职业介绍所招聘例：Recruitment in the UK is divided into agency recruitment, advertising or executive search.agenda 议程例：An agenda is a list of things to discuss at a meeting.agent 1 代理商，代理人例：He is an authorized agent for a large insurance company.airlines 航空公司(多用于航空公司名称中)例: English Royal Dutch Airlines(均大写)all-risk policy 全险,综合险,全险保单例: We have taken out an all-risk policy on the electronic equipment.annual general meeting 股东大会(根据法律规定每年举行,出席的包括公司成员,股东和董事),简称AGM.口语里也称the yearly shareholders' meeting.例: The financial results will be announced at the annual general meeting.as of 自......起,等于as from 例:I would like to inform you that as of September 6, 2001,the new name for our company will be Sunrise.Certificate of Origin certificate of origin of China showing
中国产地证明书 stating 证明 evidencing specifying 说明 indicating 表明 declaration of 声明
certificate of Chinese origin
中国产地证明书
Certificate of origin shipment of goods of … origin prohibited 产地证，不允许装运……的产品
packing list detailing…
详注……的装箱单
packing list showing in detail…
注明……细节的装箱单 weight list 重量单
weight notes 磅码单（重量单）detailed weight list 明细重量单 parcel post receipt 邮包收
certificate customs invoice on form 59A combined certificate of value and origin for developing countries 适用于发展中国家的包括价值和产地证明书的格式59A海关发票证明书 pure foods certificate 纯食品证书
combined certificate of value and Chinese origin
价值和中国产地联合证明书
loading port and destinaltion
装运港与目的港 date of shipment 装船期
partial shipments and transhipment 分运与转运
partial shipments are（not）permitted
（不）允许分运 partial shipments（are）allowed（prohibited）
准许（不准）分运 without transhipment
不允许转运
transhipment at Hongkong allowed
允许在香港转船
partial shipments are permissible，transhipment is allowed except at…
允许分运，除在……外允许转运
partial/prorate shipments are perimtted
允许分运/按比例装运 valid in…for negotiation until…
在……议付至……止
draft（s）must be presented to the negotiating（or drawee）bank not later than…
汇票不得迟于……交议付行（受票行）
expiry date for presention of documents…
交单满期日
draft（s）must be negotiated not later than…
汇票要不迟于……议付
this L/C is valid for negotiation in China（or your port）until 15th，July 1977
本证于1977年7月15日止在中国议付有效
bills of exchange must be negotiated within 15 days from the date of bills of lading but not later than August 8，1977
汇票须在提单日起15天内议付，但不得迟于1977年8月8日.this credit remains valid in China until 23rd May，1977（inclusive）
本证到1977年5月23日为止，包括当日在内在中国有效 expiry date August 15，1977 in country of beneficiary for negotiation
于1977年8月15日在受益人国家议付期满
expiry date 15th August，1977 in the country of the beneficiary unless otherwise
除非另有规定，（本证）于1977年8月15日受益人国家满期 draft（s）drawn under this credit must be negotiation in China on or before August 12，1977 after which date this credit expires
凭本证项下开具的汇票要在1977年8月12日或该日以前在中国议付，该日以后本证失效
expiry（expiring）date…
满期日……（有效期）.…if negotiation on or before…
在……日或该日以前议付
negoation must be on or before the 15th day of shipment
自装船日起15天或之前议付 this credit shall remain in force until 15th August 197 in China
本证到1977年8月15日为止在中国有效
the credit is available for negotiation or payment abroad until…
本证在国外议付或付款的日期到……为止
the amount and date of negotiation of each draft must be endorsed on reverse hereof by the negotiation bank
每份汇票的议付金额和日期必须由议付行在本证背面签注
this copy of credit is for your own file，please deliver the attached original to the beneficaries
本证副本供你行存档，请将随附之正本递交给受益人 without you confirmation thereon
（本证）无需你行保兑
documents must be sent by consecutive airmails
单据须分别由连续航次邮寄（注：即不要将两套或数套单据同一航次寄出）
all original documents are to be forwarded to us by air mail and duplicate documents by sea-mail
全部单据的正本须用航邮，副本用平邮寄交我行
please despatch the first set of documents including three copies of commercial invoices direct to us by registered airmail and the second set by following airmail
请将包括3份商业发票在内的第一套单据用挂号航邮经寄我行，第二套单据在下一次航邮寄出
original documents must be snet by Registered airmail，and duplicate by subsequent airmail
单据的正本须用挂号航邮寄送，副本在下一班航邮寄送 documents must by sent by successive（or succeeding）airmails
单据要由连续航邮寄送
all documents made out in English must be sent to out bank in one lot
用英文缮制的所有单据须一次寄交我行 method of reimbursement 索偿办法
available by your draft at sight payable by us in London on the basis to sight draft on New York
凭你行开具之即期汇票向我行在伦敦的机构索回票款，票款在纽约即期兑付
in reimbursement，please claim from our RMB￥ account held with your banking department Bank of China Head Office Beijing with the amount of your negotiation
偿付办法，请在北京总行我人民币帐户中索回你行议付之款项
upon presentation of the documents to us，we shall authorize your head office backing department by airmail to debit the proceeds to our foreign business department account
一俟向我行提交单证，我行将用航邮授权你总行借记我行国外营业部帐户
after negotiation，you may reimburse yourselves by debiting our RMB￥ account with you，please forward all relative documents in one lot to us by airmail
议付后请借记我行在你行开立的人民币帐户，并将全部有关单据用航邮一次寄给我行
all bank charges outside U.K.are for our principals account，but must claimed at the time of presentation of documents
在英国境外发生的所有银行费用，应由开证人负担，但须在提交单据是索取
negotiating bank may claim reimbursement by T.T.on the…bank certifying that the credit terms have been complied with
议付行须证明本证条款已旅行，并按电汇条款向……银行索回货款 abandonment clause: 委付条款 act of god: 不可抗力 actuary: 保险精算师
all-risks policy:一切险保单 Assignment clause: 转让条款 Average: 海损、海损分摊 Average adjuster: 海损理算人
Average clause: 共同海损分担条款 Certificate of insurance: 保险证明书 Claim: 索赔
Claim assessor: 索赔人 Damage: 损坏赔偿金
Damage certificate: 损坏证明书 Damage claim: 损坏索赔 Endorsement: 签注
Endowment policy: 人寿定期保险单 Faa(free of all average): 全损赔偿 Fpa(free of particular average): 单独海损不赔 Free of average: 全损赔偿 Insurance broker: 保险经纪人 Insurance policy: 保险单 Insurance premium: 保险费 Jettison: 投弃
Knock-for-knock agreement: 互撞免赔协议 Liability insurance: 责任保险 Life assured: 人寿保险投保人 Life fund: 人寿保险基金 Loading: 人寿保险附加费 Loss adjuster: 损失理算人 Loss ratio: 赔付率
Marine insurance: 海上运输保险
Mortality tables: 死亡率表（用于计算保险风险）Motor insurance: 汽车保险
Mutual insurance company: 互助保险公司 No-claims bonus: 无索偿奖金 Reinsurance: 再保险；转保 Renewal: 续保；延期 Renewal premium: 续保费
Salvage value: 残值；获救货物或船舶的价值 Third party insurance: 第三方保险 Time policy: 定期保险单 Unvalued policy: 不定值保单 U/w(underwriter): 承保人
第五篇：商务英语翻译
Abstract:
This article introduces the services and development of the Internet of Things, and analyzes the driving forces and obstacles behind such development.Looking at application types and the different development stages of the Internet of Things, this article categorizes its services into four types: identity related services, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services.For the first two types of services, applications and system framework are discussed;for the last two types, development trends are discussed.Services provided by the Internet of Things will gradually be integrated into human life and society;with the development of the Internet of Things, applications will evolve from relatively simple identity-related and information aggregation-related applications, to collaboratively-aware, and finally ubiquitous applications.It will then be possible for the Internet of Things to be fully integrated with Internet and telecommunications networks.摘要：
本文介绍了物联网的服务和发展和分析这种发展背后的推动力和障碍。寻找在应用程序类型和不同发展阶段的物联网，这篇文章总结为四种类型的服务：身份相关服务，信息聚合服务，协作感知的服务和无处不在服务。对于前两种类型的服务，对应用程序和系统框架进行了讨论，对于最后两个类型，对发展趋势进行了讨论。物联网提供的服务将逐步融入人类的生活和社会；随着互联网的发展，应用程序会从相对简单的身份到有关的信息聚合到协作感知相关的应用发展，并最终成为无处不在的应用。然后，它将充分结合互联网和电信网络。Development of the Internet of Things
The concept“Internet of Things”was coined by Kevin Ashton of Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in 1999, and is defined as follows: all things are connected to the Internet via sensing devices such as Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)to achieve intelligent
identification and management.Early in 1995, the book The Power to Predict [1] first described application scenarios of the Internet of Things.In recent times, the Internet of Things has developed rapidly and globally due to increasing government and enterprise investment in projects in regions such as the USA, Europe, Japan, and
South Korea.IBM’s Smarter Planet initiative will see an investment of 3 million dollars made in smart grid and digital healthcare projects.The EU has proposed an i2010 policy framework that aims to enhance economic efficiency and promote the development of Information and
Communication Technologies(ICT)through widespread use of these technologies.In Japan, the i-Japan strategy is based on E-Japan and U-Japan.South Korea has also proposed a new project for the Internet of Things.In China, Prime Minister Wen Jiabo presented the concept
of“Experiencing China”in August 2009.Driven by the Chinese Government, the Internet of Things industry has developed rapidly in China.1、互联网发展的因素
由凯文·阿什顿的美国麻省理工学院（MIT）于1999年提出的“物联网”的概念，定义如下：所有的东西都连接到互联网，如射频识别（RFID）传感装置，以实现智能化识别和管理。早在1995年，这本书的动力预测首先介绍了物联网的应用场景。
在最近几年，随着物联网和全球化的迅速发展，越来越多的政府和企业在美国，欧洲，日本，韩国等地区进行项目的投资。IBM的智慧地球倡议，将在智能电网和数字医疗保健项目中得到3亿美元的投资。欧盟已经提出了一个2010年的政策框架，其目的是提高经济效率和促进通过这些技术的广泛使用使信息和通信技术（ICT）得到发展。在日本，他的战略是基于E-日本和U-日本。韩国也提出了关于物联网的新项目。2009年8月，中国总理温家宝提出的“体验中国”的概念。在中国政府的推动下，物联网产业在中国发展迅速。
1.1 Driving Forces for Development of the Internet of Things
First, the development of the Internet of Things conforms to the trend of using information technologies to better serve society.On the one hand, modern society suffers development bottlenecks in the fields of energy, transport, logistics and financing.On the other, people have direct demands in health, and medical treatment and services.With a general belief that
information technologies make for smarter terminals, wider networks, and better services than other technologies, they are naturally chosen to solve problems encountered in social and economic development as well as to enhance standards of living.Second, the Internet of Things is regarded as a new source of economic growth by many
governments.The Information Superhighway Plan implemented by the Clinton administration brought 10 years of rapid economic development to the USA.Now, the Obama administration has put forward“Smarter Earth,”which probably has relations with the Information Superhighway Plan.In China, the Internet of Things is regarded as the practice of using information technologies to promote industrialization.In regions such as Europe, Japan, and South Korea, government plays an important role in Internet of Things planning.Third, with its businesses reaching saturation point, the telecom industry also regards the Internet of Things as a new breakthrough.In many European countries, mobile phone penetration rate has reached 100%.As a result, person-to-thing and thing-to-thing communication has been placed high on the agenda.The Internet of Things therefore represents a new stage in the development of the telecom industry.1.1 物联网的发展动力
首先，物联网的发展，符合在使用信息技术下可以更好地为社会服务的趋势。一方面，现代社会发展遭受瓶颈，包括能源，运输，物流和融资等领域。另一方面，人有直接的需求在卫生，医疗和服务方面。智慧型终端将更广泛的应用于网络，与其他技术相比，可以更好的服务于信息技术，可以用来解决在社会和经济发展中遇到的问题和提高人民生活水平。第二，物联网被许多国家的政府视为一个新的经济增长源。克林顿政府实施的“信息高速公路计划购买美国10年来经济快速发展。现在，奥巴马政府已提出“智慧地球”，这可能与信息高速公路计划的关系。在中国，物联网被视为利用信息技术推动工业化的方法。在欧洲，日本和韩国等地区，政府在物联网规划中起着重要的作用。
第三，互联网业务达到饱和点，电信业也被视为物联网发展的一个新的突破点。在欧洲许多国家，移动电话普及率已达100％。因此，人对事物和事物对事物通信已被提上议事日程。因此，物联网的发展代表电信业发展的一个新阶段。Services of the Internet of Things
There are a large number of applications that can be included as Internet of Things services, and these can be classified according to different criteria.According to technical features, Internet of Things services can be divided into 4 types: identity-related services[2], information
aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services[3].It is generally agreed that an inevitable trend for the Internet of Things will be its
development from information aggregation to collaborative awareness and ubiquitous
convergence, and that not all services of the Internet of Things will develop to the stage of ubiquitous convergence.Many applications and services only require information aggregation, and are not intended for ubiquitous convergence as the information is closed, confidential, and applicable only to a small group.2联网服务
物联网服务包括了大量的应用，而这些应用可以根据不同的标准分类。根据技术特点，就互联网服务可分为4种类型：[1]身份相关的服务[2]，聚合信息服务，[3]协同感知的服务，和[4]无处不在的服务。
人们普遍认为，一个必然的趋势物联网将是其发展的信息聚合协作意识和无处不在的收敛，并非所有的联网服务将无处不在的融洽。很多应用和服务的发展阶段，只需要信息聚合，不用于无处不在收敛的信息是封闭的，保密和适用只有一小群。
2.1 Identity-Related Services
Identity-related services adopt identity technologies such as RFID, two-dimensional code, and barcode.Figure 1 lists some identity-related services.According to the identification mode of the terminal, identity-related services can be divided into two categories: active and passive.They can also be classified by served objects(enterprise or individual): personal applications or enterprise services.The implementation of different applications may vary.Figure 2 illustrates the basic principle of tag-based information acquisition services.The general procedure for such services is as
follows: first, an RFID tag is attached to a thing.Then, a read device accesses the information in the RFID tag(including the identity information of the thing), and makes a request to the name resolution server of the Internet of Things.In this way, it may obtain the Uniform Resource Identifier(URI)of the thing.Finally, the read device obtains further information from the URI.2.1身份有关的服务
身份有关的服务采用身份的技术，如RFID，二维码和条码。图1列出了一些身份有关的服务。
根据终端识别模式，身份有关的服务可分为两个类别：主动和被动。它们也可以被列为服务对象（企业或个人）：个人申请或企业不同的应用服务。
实施可能会有所不同。图2显示了基于标签的信息获取服务的基本原则。一般程序这样的服务如下：首先，RFID标签连接到一件事。然后，读取设备的访问，在RFID标签的信息（包括身份信息的事情），使得联网名称解析服务器的请求。在这种方式，它可以得到的东西的统一资源标识符（URI）。最后，读取装置从URI取得进一步的信息。Key Technologies for the Internet of Things
The above discussion shows that implementation of services in the Internet of Things mainly involves the key technologies of sensor, sensor network, sensor network-related communication, communication network, the Internet of Things platform, and integrated technologies.The sensor is used to collect information in the Internet of Things;it is the basic part that senses the real world, and offers services and applications.However, due to the diversity of sensors(there are temperature, pressure, speed, humidity, height, video, image, and location sensors), information interfaces provided by these sensors vary widely.This is the greatest challenge for mass production of Internet of Things terminals.Much research has already been conducted into sensor networks, and a complete set of specifications have been made for the physical layer, link layer, and network layer.But sensor networks have not been put into application on a large scale[6].Typical sensor network-related communication technologies include Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association(IrDA), Wireless
Fidelity(Wi-Fi), ZigBee, RFID, Ultra-Wide Band(UWB), Near Filed Communication(NFC), and WirelessHart.Sensor networks will evolve to next generation IP networks(e.g.IPv6 networks), and sensor terminals will tend to become smarter.The intelligence of a sensor network is mainly reflected in its IP technology, low power consumption, small size, bidirectional transfer of information, and non-manual maintenance.Communication networks provide the data transmission channel for the Internet of Things.Current research into communication networks focuses on how to enhance existing networks to meet the service requirements of the Internet of Things(e.g.low data rate, low mobility).The Internet of Things platform works with terminals as well as exiting networks and systems to provide the capabilities to various applications.In terms of network architecture, a unified service platform that is suitable for applications of multiple industries is required to support cross-sector, unified information services.In particular, when the Internet of Things develops into the collaborative-aware or even ubiquitous service stages, more effective network framework, name address, routing, and communication protocols have to be worked out.3.物联网的关键技术
上述讨论表明，在实施物联网服务时将主要涉及传感器、传感器网络，基于传感器的沟通交流、网络沟通、物联网平台和综合技术等关键技术。
该传感器是用来收集在物联网中的信息，它是实现感知现实世界这一功能的基本组成部分并提供服务和应用。然而，由于传感器的多样性（比如温度，压力，速度，湿度，高度，视频，图像，位置传感器），这些传感器的信息接口的千差万别。这也成为了众多物联网终端最大的挑战。
许多研究已经针对传感器网络展开，并完成了一整套物理层，链路层和网络层的规格规范。但传感器网络仍尚未投入大规模的应用。典型传感器网络相关通讯技术包括蓝牙、红外通讯（IrDA）、无线保真（Wi-Fi的）、ZigBee、RFID、超宽带（UWB）、近场通信技术（NFC）和WirelessHART的。传感器网络将发展为下一代IP网络（例如IPv6网络），传感器终端将会变得更加聪明。传感器网络的智能主要体现在它的IP技术、低功耗、体积小、信息双向传输和自动维护上。
通信网络为物联网提供了数据的传输通道。目前关于通信网络的研究集中在如何增强现有的网络以满足物联网的服务需求（例如低数据率，低流动性）。
物联网平台和终端相兼容，也拥有在脱离网络和系统的情况下提供的各种应用的能力。在网络体系架构中，一个统一的适合多个行业应用的服务平台将需要跨部门，统一的信息服务的支持。特别是当物联网发展成为协同感知，甚至变成无处不在的服务的阶段，将需要制定更有效的网络框架、姓名、地址、路由。
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